Article(id=1320176105592565960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050137, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747324800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684111258, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684111258, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684111258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684111258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=340, endPage=349, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176106355929289, articleId=1320176105592565960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Nutrient and Flavor Substances in Lentinula edodes, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to obtain suitable drying methods and provide high-quality raw materials for the storage and deep processing of Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), the differences in eritadenine, purine, total sugar, protein, amino acid and flavor substances among fresh and four methods (vacuum freezing, heat pump, hot air, and natural) dried shiitake mushrooms were systematically analyzed and compared. The results showed that the four drying methods could reduce the levels of eritadenine, purine, total sugar, protein and total amino acid content to varying degrees, while their impact on the ratio coefficient of essential amino acids and flavor compounds was not directional. Among the dried mushrooms, the contents of eritadenine, total sugar, protein, and amino acids in vacuum freeze-dried ones were similar to those in undried mushroom, while the total purine content was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Heat pump and hot air drying could significantly reduce the eritadenine, total sugar, and protein content of shiitake mushrooms (P<0.05), and had no significant advantages in amino acid and flavor substance retention, and total purine control. Natural drying could significantly reduce total sugar, protein, adenine and hypoxanthine content (P<0.05), while significantly increase the essential amino acid ratio coefficient (P<0.05). Based on the above results, it was recommended to use vacuum freeze-drying as the preferred method for preparing shiitake mushroom raw materials for processing high value-added products such as lipid and uric acid lowering products. Natural drying clould be used as a second choice. But it was not recommended to use heat pumps and hot air drying for the drying of shiitake mushroom raw materials, which would be used for the development of high-quality and high value-added products.

, authors=Hongxia LIU1, 2, Xiuzhi FAN1, 3, *, Defang SHI1, 3, Yu ZHANG2, Chaomin YIN1, 3, Fen YAO1, Hong GAO1, 3, Lishui XIONG4, authorsList=Hongxia LIU, Xiuzhi FAN, Defang SHI, Yu ZHANG, Chaomin YIN, Fen YAO, Hong GAO, Lishui XIONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuzhi FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176110491513044, articleId=1320176105592565960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同干燥方式对香菇中营养及风味物质的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为获得合适的干燥方式为香菇的贮藏和精深加工提供优质原料,本研究系统分析和比较了4种方式(真空冷冻、热泵、热风和自然)干燥香菇与新鲜未干燥香菇中营养及风味物质(香菇嘌呤、嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质、氨基酸及风味物质)的差异。结果显示,4种干燥方式会不同程度地降低香菇中的香菇嘌呤、嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质含量和氨基酸总量,而对必需氨基酸比值系数、风味物质的影响则是不定向的。与未干燥香菇相比,真空冷冻干燥香菇中的香菇嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质及氨基酸总量与之接近,而总嘌呤含量显著降低(P<0.05);热泵与热风干燥显著降低香菇嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质含量(P<0.05),且在氨基酸、风味物质保留及总嘌呤含量控制没有明显优势;自然干燥会显著降低总糖和蛋白质含量(P<0.05),但也会显著降低腺嘌呤和次黄嘌呤含量并增加必需氨基酸比值系数(P<0.05)。因此,建议将真空冷冻干燥作为含香菇嘌呤的降脂产品、低嘌呤的辅助降尿酸等高附加值产品加工用香菇原料制备的首选方法,其次可选择自然干燥,而不建议将热泵和热风干燥作为高品质和高附加值产品加工用香菇原料的干制方式。

, authors=刘红霞1, 2, 范秀芝1, 3, *, 史德芳1, 3, 张玉2, 殷朝敏1, 3, 姚芬1, 高虹1, 3, 熊立水4, authorsList=刘红霞, 范秀芝, 史德芳, 张玉, 殷朝敏, 姚芬, 高虹, 熊立水, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=范秀芝, authorNote=

刘红霞(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
范秀芝(1984−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食用菌活性物质合成调控及精深加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4YOVJpMvtbr2jcc9ceSPCA==, magXml=8bXt24nx1AJXnFMQX5A3Sw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Dc++lizbEDCJwQ0ewvimZg==, pdfFileSize=1056205, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=4RBlJffIJmoZw/VyHUHjJg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zMy6KtnkFCrbvkKoSkFc0w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320176111133241570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=Hxia22@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320176111233904869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, authorId=1320176111133241570, language=EN, stringName=Hongxia LIU, firstName=Hongxia, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Institute of Agro-products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
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刘红霞(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:

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刘红霞(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:

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注:不同小字母表示不同样品数据差异显著,P<0.05;图2~图4同。

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Composition and content of amino acids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类含量(g/100 g)
未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥
天冬氨酸Asp1.30±0.04a1.28±0.11ab1.19±0.05b1.20±0.01ab1.24±0.03ab
苏氨酸Thr*0.56±0.01a0.53±0.01b0.54±0.02ab0.53±0.00b0.54±0.02ab
丝氨酸Ser0.65±0.01a0.63±0.04b0.63±0.01ab0.60±0.01c0.60±0.02ab
谷氨酸Glu2.20±0.15bc2.23±0.66bc2.05±0.14c2.77±0.11ab2.81±0.07a
甘氨酸Gly0.56±0.01a0.53±0.07ab0.51±0.01ab0.48±0.01b0.48±0.01b
丙氨酸Ala1.07±0.01a1.06±0.17a1.01±0.03a0.96±0.02a0.96±0.01a
胱氨酸Cys2.62±0.03a2.50±0.03b2.48±0.01b2.58±0.1ab2.54±0.07ab
缬氨酸Val*0.68±0.01c0.73±0.03ab0.68±0.01c0.75±0.01a0.72±0.01b
蛋氨酸Met*0.99±0.01a0.94±0.02a0.96±0.01a0.96±0.04a0.96±0.04a
异亮氨酸Ile*0.83±0.04a0.71±0.03b0.74±0.03ab0.74±0.08ab0.73±0.09ab
亮氨酸Leu*3.53±0.15a3.32±0.08a3.35±0.11a3.38±0.17a3.46±0.22a
酪氨酸Tyr*2.52±0.39a2.45±0.33a2.35±0.25a2.56±0.48a2.43±0.39a
苯丙氨酸Phe*0.75±0.47a0.60±0.45a0.66±0.33a0.62±0.48a0.55±0.41a
赖氨酸Lys*0.66±0.25a0.59±0.04a0.58±0.20a0.73±0.24a0.73±0.23a
组氨酸His4.14±0.11ab3.78±0.28b3.61±0.13b4.22±0.34a3.98±0.09ab
精氨酸Arg0.44±0.02a0.35±0.02c0.39±0.03b0.36±0.01bc0.38±0.02bc
脯氨酸Pro0.41±0.01a0.28±0.01ab0.43±0.14a0.24±0.01b0.41±0.14a
氨基酸总量(TAA)23.9022.5122.1223.6923.50
必需氨基酸总量(EAA)10.529.889.8410.2810.11
非必需氨基酸总量(NEAA)13.3912.6312.2813.4113.40
EAA/TAA0.440.440.450.430.43
EAA/NEAA0.790.780.800.770.76
鲜味氨基酸3.503.513.233.974.05
甜味氨基酸5.214.954.924.834.88
苦味氨基酸11.3710.4210.3711.0410.77
无味氨基酸0.660.590.580.730.73
), ArticleFig(id=1320176116355150113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氨基酸组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类含量(g/100 g)
未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥
天冬氨酸Asp1.30±0.04a1.28±0.11ab1.19±0.05b1.20±0.01ab1.24±0.03ab
苏氨酸Thr*0.56±0.01a0.53±0.01b0.54±0.02ab0.53±0.00b0.54±0.02ab
丝氨酸Ser0.65±0.01a0.63±0.04b0.63±0.01ab0.60±0.01c0.60±0.02ab
谷氨酸Glu2.20±0.15bc2.23±0.66bc2.05±0.14c2.77±0.11ab2.81±0.07a
甘氨酸Gly0.56±0.01a0.53±0.07ab0.51±0.01ab0.48±0.01b0.48±0.01b
丙氨酸Ala1.07±0.01a1.06±0.17a1.01±0.03a0.96±0.02a0.96±0.01a
胱氨酸Cys2.62±0.03a2.50±0.03b2.48±0.01b2.58±0.1ab2.54±0.07ab
缬氨酸Val*0.68±0.01c0.73±0.03ab0.68±0.01c0.75±0.01a0.72±0.01b
蛋氨酸Met*0.99±0.01a0.94±0.02a0.96±0.01a0.96±0.04a0.96±0.04a
异亮氨酸Ile*0.83±0.04a0.71±0.03b0.74±0.03ab0.74±0.08ab0.73±0.09ab
亮氨酸Leu*3.53±0.15a3.32±0.08a3.35±0.11a3.38±0.17a3.46±0.22a
酪氨酸Tyr*2.52±0.39a2.45±0.33a2.35±0.25a2.56±0.48a2.43±0.39a
苯丙氨酸Phe*0.75±0.47a0.60±0.45a0.66±0.33a0.62±0.48a0.55±0.41a
赖氨酸Lys*0.66±0.25a0.59±0.04a0.58±0.20a0.73±0.24a0.73±0.23a
组氨酸His4.14±0.11ab3.78±0.28b3.61±0.13b4.22±0.34a3.98±0.09ab
精氨酸Arg0.44±0.02a0.35±0.02c0.39±0.03b0.36±0.01bc0.38±0.02bc
脯氨酸Pro0.41±0.01a0.28±0.01ab0.43±0.14a0.24±0.01b0.41±0.14a
氨基酸总量(TAA)23.9022.5122.1223.6923.50
必需氨基酸总量(EAA)10.529.889.8410.2810.11
非必需氨基酸总量(NEAA)13.3912.6312.2813.4113.40
EAA/TAA0.440.440.450.430.43
EAA/NEAA0.790.780.800.770.76
鲜味氨基酸3.503.513.233.974.05
甜味氨基酸5.214.954.924.834.88
苦味氨基酸11.3710.4210.3711.0410.77
无味氨基酸0.660.590.580.730.73
), ArticleFig(id=1320176116430647586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of essential amino acids and FAO/WHO pattern spectrum (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥FAO/WHO模式
苏氨酸Thr2.342.352.442.242.304.0
缬氨酸Val2.843.243.073.173.065.0
蛋氨酸Met+胱氨酸Cys15.1015.2815.5214.9514.883.5
异亮氨酸Ile3.473.153.343.133.104.0
亮氨酸Leu14.7614.7515.1214.2714.717.0
酪氨酸Tyr+苯丙氨酸Phe13.6813.5513.5813.4312.676.0
赖氨酸Lys2.762.622.623.083.105.5
总计54.9654.9555.6954.2753.8335.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320176116489367843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

必需氨基酸与FAO/WHO模式谱的比较(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
必需氨基酸未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥FAO/WHO模式
苏氨酸Thr2.342.352.442.242.304.0
缬氨酸Val2.843.243.073.173.065.0
蛋氨酸Met+胱氨酸Cys15.1015.2815.5214.9514.883.5
异亮氨酸Ile3.473.153.343.133.104.0
亮氨酸Leu14.7614.7515.1214.2714.717.0
酪氨酸Tyr+苯丙氨酸Phe13.6813.5513.5813.4312.676.0
赖氨酸Lys2.762.622.623.083.105.5
总计54.9654.9555.6954.2753.8335.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320176116556476708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

RAA, RC, and SRC values of essential amino acids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥
RAARCRAARCRAARCRAARCRAARC
苏氨酸Thr0.590.370.590.370.610.370.560.350.570.37
缬氨酸Val0.570.360.650.410.610.380.630.400.610.39
蛋氨酸Met+胱氨酸Cys4.312.704.372.734.442.724.272.704.252.71
异亮氨酸Ile0.870.540.790.490.830.510.780.490.780.49
亮氨酸Leu2.111.322.111.322.161.322.041.292.101.35
酪氨酸Tyr+苯丙氨酸Phe2.281.422.261.412.261.392.241.422.111.36
赖氨酸Lys0.500.310.480.300.480.290.560.350.560.36
SRC11.9110.9111.1312.3712.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320176116619391269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

必需氨基酸的RAA、RC和SRC值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸种类未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥
RAARCRAARCRAARCRAARCRAARC
苏氨酸Thr0.590.370.590.370.610.370.560.350.570.37
缬氨酸Val0.570.360.650.410.610.380.630.400.610.39
蛋氨酸Met+胱氨酸Cys4.312.704.372.734.442.724.272.704.252.71
异亮氨酸Ile0.870.540.790.490.830.510.780.490.780.49
亮氨酸Leu2.111.322.111.322.161.322.041.292.101.35
酪氨酸Tyr+苯丙氨酸Phe2.281.422.261.412.261.392.241.422.111.36
赖氨酸Lys0.500.310.480.300.480.290.560.350.560.36
SRC11.9110.9111.1312.3712.52
), ArticleFig(id=1320176116715860262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of volatile flavor compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风味物质名称保留时间(min)相对含量(%)
未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥
醇类正己醇25.63−0.42±0.020.50±0.010.13±0.010.32±0.01
1-辛烯-3-醇29.8427.42±0.8020.28±0.1521.77±0.1226.82±0.2322.46±0.18
1-辛烯-4-醇29.8812.65±0.21−−−−
2-乙基己醇31.440.10±0.000.39±0.010.22±0.010.43±0.020.21±0.01
正辛醇34.23−1.06±0.150.27±0.03−−
反-2-十三烯醇36.44−−−0.08±0.01−
反式-2-辛烯-1-醇36.562.59±0.110.09±0.000.02±0.001.24±0.080.05±0.00
1-壬醇38.26−0.77±0.050.31±0.01−0.39±0.02
八乙二醇56.150.01±0.00−−−−
小计42.77±0.1323.01±0.0923.09±0.0928.70±0.1123.43±0.08
酮类3-辛酮21.0527.76±1.800.30±0.000.18±0.100.63±0.030.80±0.06
3-环庚烯-s1-酮9.130.01±0.00−−−−
3-己烯-2-酮15.76−−−−−
1-辛烯-3-酮23.073.46±0.140.52±0.03−0.74±0.032.62±0.01
反-辛-3-烯-2-酮27.93−−−0.03±0.00−
甲基壬基甲酮35.860.04±0.00−−−−
2-十一酮35.88−−0.08±0.000.10±0.000.27±0.02
2-辛烯-1-酮36.440.05±0.00−−−−
小计31.32±0.100.82±0.030.26±0.041.50±0.023.69±0.05
醛类正己醛13.410.07±0.002.12±0.110.89±0.090.48±0.020.16±0.01
正庚醛17.82−0.19±0.01−0.11±0.01−
正辛醛22.44−−−−0.84±0.02
反-2-庚醛24.16−−−0.30±0.01−
壬醛27.130.37±0.021.42±0.010.61±0.041.95±0.091.03±0.00
反-2-辛烯醛28.810.21±0.020.22±0.01−0.48±0.020.44±0.01
癸醛31.700.08±0.000.15±0.01−0.28±0.01−
苯甲醛32.830.12±0.020.13±0.01−0.06±0.00−
2-苯基乙醛37.550.05±0.000.04±0.00−−−
小计0.90±0.004.27±0.031.50±0.043.66±0.042.47±0.01
酯类辛酸甲酯26.940.02±0.00−−−−
溴乙酸辛酯34.250.69±0.03−−−−
小计0.71±0.03−−−−
酚类2,5-二叔丁基酚57.42−−−0.13±0.01−
2,6-二叔丁基苯酚57.42−0.18±0.00−−−
2,4-二叔丁基酚57.430.19±0.00−0.17±0.01−−
小计0.19±0.000.18±0.000.17±0.010.13±0.01−
硫化物香菇素56.30−0.25±0.02−0.32±0.010.17±0.00
烯类1,3-辛二烯9.100.01±0.00−−0.01±0.000.08±0.00
1,4-辛二烯9.42−−−0.07±0.010.01±0.00
环辛烯9.44−−−0.02±0.00−
反-3,4-二甲基-2-戊烯15.82−−0.19±0.01−−
2-甲基-6-亚甲基-2,7-辛二烯33.730.06±0.00−−−−
小计0.07±0.00−0.19±0.010.10±0.000.09±0.00
其他2-戊基呋喃19.700.32±0.020.13±0.010.13±0.000.29±0.020.25±0.02
1,3-二叔丁基苯28.520.13±0.01−−−−
甲氧基苯肟41.784.42±0.21−−−−
双(甲基硅基)甲烷56.400.01±0.00−−−−
小计4.88±0.110.13±0.010.13±0.000.29±0.020.25±0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1320176116791357735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176105592565960, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

挥发性风味物质分析

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风味物质名称保留时间(min)相对含量(%)
未干燥热泵干燥热风干燥真空冷冻干燥自然干燥
醇类正己醇25.63−0.42±0.020.50±0.010.13±0.010.32±0.01
1-辛烯-3-醇29.8427.42±0.8020.28±0.1521.77±0.1226.82±0.2322.46±0.18
1-辛烯-4-醇29.8812.65±0.21−−−−
2-乙基己醇31.440.10±0.000.39±0.010.22±0.010.43±0.020.21±0.01
正辛醇34.23−1.06±0.150.27±0.03−−
反-2-十三烯醇36.44−−−0.08±0.01−
反式-2-辛烯-1-醇36.562.59±0.110.09±0.000.02±0.001.24±0.080.05±0.00
1-壬醇38.26−0.77±0.050.31±0.01−0.39±0.02
八乙二醇56.150.01±0.00−−−−
小计42.77±0.1323.01±0.0923.09±0.0928.70±0.1123.43±0.08
酮类3-辛酮21.0527.76±1.800.30±0.000.18±0.100.63±0.030.80±0.06
3-环庚烯-s1-酮9.130.01±0.00−−−−
3-己烯-2-酮15.76−−−−−
1-辛烯-3-酮23.073.46±0.140.52±0.03−0.74±0.032.62±0.01
反-辛-3-烯-2-酮27.93−−−0.03±0.00−
甲基壬基甲酮35.860.04±0.00−−−−
2-十一酮35.88−−0.08±0.000.10±0.000.27±0.02
2-辛烯-1-酮36.440.05±0.00−−−−
小计31.32±0.100.82±0.030.26±0.041.50±0.023.69±0.05
醛类正己醛13.410.07±0.002.12±0.110.89±0.090.48±0.020.16±0.01
正庚醛17.82−0.19±0.01−0.11±0.01−
正辛醛22.44−−−−0.84±0.02
反-2-庚醛24.16−−−0.30±0.01−
壬醛27.130.37±0.021.42±0.010.61±0.041.95±0.091.03±0.00
反-2-辛烯醛28.810.21±0.020.22±0.01−0.48±0.020.44±0.01
癸醛31.700.08±0.000.15±0.01−0.28±0.01−
苯甲醛32.830.12±0.020.13±0.01−0.06±0.00−
2-苯基乙醛37.550.05±0.000.04±0.00−−−
小计0.90±0.004.27±0.031.50±0.043.66±0.042.47±0.01
酯类辛酸甲酯26.940.02±0.00−−−−
溴乙酸辛酯34.250.69±0.03−−−−
小计0.71±0.03−−−−
酚类2,5-二叔丁基酚57.42−−−0.13±0.01−
2,6-二叔丁基苯酚57.42−0.18±0.00−−−
2,4-二叔丁基酚57.430.19±0.00−0.17±0.01−−
小计0.19±0.000.18±0.000.17±0.010.13±0.01−
硫化物香菇素56.30−0.25±0.02−0.32±0.010.17±0.00
烯类1,3-辛二烯9.100.01±0.00−−0.01±0.000.08±0.00
1,4-辛二烯9.42−−−0.07±0.010.01±0.00
环辛烯9.44−−−0.02±0.00−
反-3,4-二甲基-2-戊烯15.82−−0.19±0.01−−
2-甲基-6-亚甲基-2,7-辛二烯33.730.06±0.00−−−−
小计0.07±0.00−0.19±0.010.10±0.000.09±0.00
其他2-戊基呋喃19.700.32±0.020.13±0.010.13±0.000.29±0.020.25±0.02
1,3-二叔丁基苯28.520.13±0.01−−−−
甲氧基苯肟41.784.42±0.21−−−−
双(甲基硅基)甲烷56.400.01±0.00−−−−
小计4.88±0.110.13±0.010.13±0.000.29±0.020.25±0.02
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不同干燥方式对香菇中营养及风味物质的影响
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刘红霞 1, 2 , 范秀芝 1, 3, * , 史德芳 1, 3 , 张玉 2 , 殷朝敏 1, 3 , 姚芬 1 , 高虹 1, 3 , 熊立水 4
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(12): 340-349
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (12) : 340 -349
不同干燥方式对香菇中营养及风味物质的影响
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刘红霞1, 2 , 范秀芝1, 3, * , 史德芳1, 3, 张玉2, 殷朝敏1, 3, 姚芬1, 高虹1, 3, 熊立水4
作者信息
  • 1湖北省农业科学院农产品加工与核农技术研究所,湖北武汉 430064
  • 2湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院,湖北武汉 430000
  • 3农业农村部农产品冷链物流技术重点实验室,湖北武汉 430064
  • 4湖北省蔬菜办公室,湖北武汉 430070
通讯作者:
范秀芝(1984−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食用菌活性物质合成调控及精深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘红霞(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵工程,E-mail:

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Nutrient and Flavor Substances in Lentinula edodes
Hongxia LIU1, 2 , Xiuzhi FAN1, 3, * , Defang SHI1, 3, Yu ZHANG2, Chaomin YIN1, 3, Fen YAO1, Hong GAO1, 3, Lishui XIONG4
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agro-products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
  • 2School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430064, China
  • 4Hubei Province Vegetable Office, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050137
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为获得合适的干燥方式为香菇的贮藏和精深加工提供优质原料,本研究系统分析和比较了4种方式(真空冷冻、热泵、热风和自然)干燥香菇与新鲜未干燥香菇中营养及风味物质(香菇嘌呤、嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质、氨基酸及风味物质)的差异。结果显示,4种干燥方式会不同程度地降低香菇中的香菇嘌呤、嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质含量和氨基酸总量,而对必需氨基酸比值系数、风味物质的影响则是不定向的。与未干燥香菇相比,真空冷冻干燥香菇中的香菇嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质及氨基酸总量与之接近,而总嘌呤含量显著降低(P<0.05);热泵与热风干燥显著降低香菇嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质含量(P<0.05),且在氨基酸、风味物质保留及总嘌呤含量控制没有明显优势;自然干燥会显著降低总糖和蛋白质含量(P<0.05),但也会显著降低腺嘌呤和次黄嘌呤含量并增加必需氨基酸比值系数(P<0.05)。因此,建议将真空冷冻干燥作为含香菇嘌呤的降脂产品、低嘌呤的辅助降尿酸等高附加值产品加工用香菇原料制备的首选方法,其次可选择自然干燥,而不建议将热泵和热风干燥作为高品质和高附加值产品加工用香菇原料的干制方式。

香菇  /  干燥方式  /  香菇嘌呤  /  嘌呤  /  品质保持

In order to obtain suitable drying methods and provide high-quality raw materials for the storage and deep processing of Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), the differences in eritadenine, purine, total sugar, protein, amino acid and flavor substances among fresh and four methods (vacuum freezing, heat pump, hot air, and natural) dried shiitake mushrooms were systematically analyzed and compared. The results showed that the four drying methods could reduce the levels of eritadenine, purine, total sugar, protein and total amino acid content to varying degrees, while their impact on the ratio coefficient of essential amino acids and flavor compounds was not directional. Among the dried mushrooms, the contents of eritadenine, total sugar, protein, and amino acids in vacuum freeze-dried ones were similar to those in undried mushroom, while the total purine content was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Heat pump and hot air drying could significantly reduce the eritadenine, total sugar, and protein content of shiitake mushrooms (P<0.05), and had no significant advantages in amino acid and flavor substance retention, and total purine control. Natural drying could significantly reduce total sugar, protein, adenine and hypoxanthine content (P<0.05), while significantly increase the essential amino acid ratio coefficient (P<0.05). Based on the above results, it was recommended to use vacuum freeze-drying as the preferred method for preparing shiitake mushroom raw materials for processing high value-added products such as lipid and uric acid lowering products. Natural drying clould be used as a second choice. But it was not recommended to use heat pumps and hot air drying for the drying of shiitake mushroom raw materials, which would be used for the development of high-quality and high value-added products.

shiitake mushroom  /  drying methods  /  eritadenine  /  purine  /  quality preservation
刘红霞, 范秀芝, 史德芳, 张玉, 殷朝敏, 姚芬, 高虹, 熊立水. 不同干燥方式对香菇中营养及风味物质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 340 -349 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050137
Hongxia LIU, Xiuzhi FAN, Defang SHI, Yu ZHANG, Chaomin YIN, Fen YAO, Hong GAO, Lishui XIONG. Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Nutrient and Flavor Substances in Lentinula edodes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 340 -349 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050137
香菇(Lentinula edodes)是一种药食兼用真菌,富含蛋白质、维生素、膳食纤维、矿物质以及多糖、多酚、甾醇等营养及活性物质,可发挥抗菌、抗病毒、抗癌/抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、抗氧化、抗衰老、保肝和免疫调节等多种生物学功能[1]。此外,香菇中还含有多种与人体健康有关的核苷类物质,包括嘌呤类物质(腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、次黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤)和香菇嘌呤[2,3-二羟基-4-(-9-腺嘌呤)丁酸,又名赤酮嘌呤]。香菇嘌呤(eritadenine)作为一种腺嘌呤衍生物,是香菇特有的物质[2],具有降血脂、预防血栓、保肝[3]及改善焦虑[4]的作用。而香菇中的嘌呤类物质在核酸合成、能量供应及调节代谢等方面发挥着重要作用[5]。但由于嘌呤代谢的最终产物是尿酸,有消费者和学者认为摄入香菇会引起高尿酸血症[6]。然而,最新证据表明并非所有含嘌呤的食物都会影响尿酸水平[7],且Zhang等[8]研究发现大量食用香菇与高尿酸血症呈负相关,提示香菇还可能有助于预防高尿酸血症。
新鲜香菇的含水率通常超过80%,在采收后极易发生褐变、开伞及腐烂,严重影响外观、口感及营养价值。干燥可将香菇中水分降低至10%或以下,能有效抑制微生物活性,已成为延长香菇货架期、提高储运稳定性的有效加工手段[9]。目前,已报道用于香菇干燥的方法主要有自然干燥、热风干燥、真空干燥、热泵干燥、微波干燥及联合干燥等。但不同干燥方式会对香菇的品质产生不同的影响。吴迪等[10]在用热风干燥、自然干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥对新鲜香菇和杏鲍菇进行干燥时发现,真空干燥处理得到的干品具有浓郁的蘑菇风味,游离单糖和游离氨基酸含量高,且含有较高的鲜味核苷酸5’-GMP。Politowicz等[11]、Zhang等[12]均指出真空冷冻干燥有助于挥发性物质、鲜味氨基酸和等效鲜味浓度的保留。然而,Yang等[13]发现,与冷冻干燥相比热风干燥香菇中风味化合物含量更高,其中,60 ℃热风干燥香菇中总游离氨基酸和总有机酸含量最高,50 ℃热风干燥香菇中总核苷酸含量最高,70 ℃干制香菇的等效鲜味浓度(EUC)最高。而侯会[14]在比较干燥方式对香菇理化和风味特征影响时发现,真空冷冻与热风联合干燥比真空冷冻和热风干燥单独使用时在香菇风味提升方面具有更强的优势,联合干燥可提升香菇中鲜味氨基酸、核苷酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸等与鲜味相关的滋味物质及可溶性糖和糖醇、甜味氨基酸的含量,使香菇表现出良好的整体风味。此外,盛梦龙等[15]在研究热风干燥、热风-微波干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥、微波真空干燥和多段式热风干燥对香菇粉物化性质、抗氧化性能和风味影响时发现,真空冷冻干燥的香菇粉在吸水性指数、膨胀度和色泽等物化性质上均优于其他干燥方式,且真空冷冻干燥香菇粉总酚含量最高、DPPH阳离子自由基清除力最强,而热泵干燥香菇粉中的醇类和酯类香气成分含量最多,热风干燥香菇粉中的醛类物质含量最多,真空冷冻干燥香菇粉有利于保留芳香类化合物,热风-微波干燥是获得高鲜味、低苦味香菇粉的干燥方式。此外,Zhang等[16]在比较热风干燥、冷冻干燥以及阴干方式香菇总酚、氨基酸和中性糖的含量时发现,冷冻干燥香菇中具较高的香菇嘌呤含量,而50 ℃热风干燥香菇具有较高的总酚、氨基酸、糖醛酸和中性糖含量以及抗氧化活性。而王娅等[17]发现太阳能干燥香菇中氨基酸含量更高。Xiao等[18]在干燥对香菇中嘌呤影响的研究中发现,与晒干和烤干加工相比,冷冻干燥可显著影响香菇的嘌呤释放,降低总嘌呤含量。
综上可以看出,现有干燥方式对香菇品质影响的研究主要集中在风味物质的含量和种类上,对香菇嘌呤及蛋白质、糖、氨基酸等含量影响的报道较少,且都是不同干燥方式间的比较,缺少干制与新鲜香菇的差异分析。因此,本研究以热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥和自然干燥4种方式对香菇进行干制,系统比较新鲜及不同干燥方式下香菇中香菇嘌呤、嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质、氨基酸及挥发性风味物质的影响,筛选出能有效保持或提升香菇嘌呤含量、控制或减少4种嘌呤含量,并保持香菇营养和风味等品质的干燥方式,为香菇贮藏及香菇精深加工优质原料的获得奠定基础。
新鲜香菇 购自湖北长久菌业有限公司;香菇嘌呤标准品 购自加拿大TRC公司;次黄嘌呤、腺嘌呤、黄嘌呤、鸟嘌呤标准品 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;苯酚、浓硫酸、溴甲酚蓝、甲基红、氢氧化钠、无水葡萄糖、乙醇、磷酸二氢钾等 均为分析纯,购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;高氯酸 分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;色谱级乙酸铵、甲醇 美国Fisher公司。
XMTD-8222电热鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏试验设备有限公司;AGHD-15ELC空气能热泵干燥箱 佛山澳亿美节能设备有限公司;FD5-3P真空冷冻干燥机 美国金西蒙公司;A11研磨仪和T18均质机 德国IKA公司;LC-20A高效液相色谱、UV-1800紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;Insert Sustain AQ-C18色谱柱 岛津技迩(上海)商贸有限公司;7890A GC-MS 美国安捷伦公司;LA8080全自动氨基酸分析仪 日本HITACHI公司。
选择同一批次采摘的新鲜香菇,挑选大小相近、未开伞且无机械损伤及病害的,洗净晾干表面水分后切片,分成五等份,其中1份不进行干燥置于−80 ℃保存,其余4份分别进行热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥、自然干燥。
热风干燥:切片新鲜香菇置热风干燥箱中,温度60 ℃,干燥至恒重。
热泵干燥:切片新鲜香菇置热泵干燥箱中,温度60 ℃、风速3 m/s,干燥至恒重。
真空冷冻干燥:切片新鲜香菇先于−80 ℃预冻12 h,后置真空冷冻干燥器中,在真空度20~40 Pa、冷捕集器温度−50 ℃条件下干燥48 h。
自然干燥:切片新鲜香菇在通风良好、阳光充足的位置干燥至恒重。
按GB/T 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》规定的方法测定新鲜未干燥和干燥后香菇中水分含量,将鲜香菇、干香菇样品质量换算成干重后计算测定指标的含量,所有指标含量均以干重计。
准确称取烘至恒重的香菇嘌呤标准品1.0 mg,加超纯水定容至10 mL,得到0.1 mg/mL的标准溶液作为标样储备液。然后用超纯水稀释得到1.0、10.0、20.0、30.0、40.0、50.0 μg/mL的香菇嘌呤标准溶液,放入4 ℃冰箱保存备用。
参考姚芬等[19]的方法,取新鲜香菇1.0 g、香菇粉0.1 g,分别按料液比1:10、1:100加入10 mL 3%的乙醇(V:V),浸泡4 h后,超声30 min(功率400 W),离心取上清液,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后注入进样瓶。香菇嘌呤的测定条件为:8 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH4.5):甲醇=95:5(V:V),测定温度30 ℃,检测波长260 nm,流速0.8 mL/min,进样量10 μL。以香菇嘌呤质量浓度作为横坐标(X,mg/L),峰面积为纵坐标(Y,mAu)绘制标准曲线,线性回归方程分别为Y=42052X−35952(R2=0.9985)。
准确称取烘至恒重的腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤标准品各2 mg,分别溶于0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠水溶液中并定容至10 mL,配制成200 μg/mL的标样储备液,放入4 ℃冰箱保存备用,根据峰面积调整不同嘌呤标准品浓度,配制混合标准溶液。
采用高效液相色谱法测定香菇中4种嘌呤含量。提取方法参照王梓杭等[20]的描述,分别称取0.6 g干制香菇粉和3 g新鲜香菇匀浆液,加入15 mL 25%(V:V)HClO4溶液混合均匀,100 ℃恒温水浴1 h后,冰浴降至室温。调节pH至7.0,定容至35 mL,离心取上清液3 mL,调节pH至4.0,定容至10 mL,随后离心,取上清液2 mL用0.22 μm滤膜过滤后注入进样瓶用于HPLC分析。检测条件为:50 mmol/L乙酸铵(pH4.0):甲醇=97:3(V:V),流速0.6 mL/min,进样量为10 μL,检测温度30 ℃,波长为254 nm[21]。以质量浓度为横坐标(X,mg/L)、峰面积为纵坐标(Y,mAu)绘制标准曲线,获得线性回归方程分别为腺嘌呤Y=79848X−36027(R2=0.9981)、鸟嘌呤Y=54928X−11099(R2=0.9981)、次黄嘌呤Y=75909X−13569(R2=0.9980)、黄嘌呤Y=41676X−15846(R2=0.9978)。
参考GB/T 15672-2009《食用菌中总糖含量的测定》,以葡萄糖质量浓度为横坐标(X,μg/mL)、对应吸光度为纵坐标(Y)构建标准曲线,获得线性回归方程Y=0.0095X−0.007(R2=0.9999)。
按照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》规定的方法测定新鲜和干燥香菇中蛋白质含量。
参照GB 5009.124-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》规定的方法测定香菇中氨基酸含量。根据FAO/WHO评分模式中必需氨基酸含量,计算必需氨基酸比值(RAA)、氨基酸比值系数(RC)和氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)[22−23]。
参照刘璐等[24]的方法,分别称取0.5 g香菇粉和1.5 g香菇浆于50 mL棕色顶空瓶中,加入3 g NaCl,12 mL去离子水并混匀,放入转子,盖紧瓶盖后,置于60 ℃恒温磁力搅拌器中水浴平衡10 min,插入萃取头顶空吸附40 min,随后立即收回萃取头,并插入GC-MS进样口,在200 ℃条件下解析5 min。
采用Agilent HP-5ms非极性毛细管柱(60 m×25 μm×0.25 μm)。升温程序:初始温度40 ℃,保持2 min,3 ℃/min升温至180 ℃,保持2 min,再以10 ℃/min升温至200 ℃,保持1 min;载气为高纯氦(He),流速为1.0 mL/min,进样口温度200 ℃,不分流;电子电离源:电子能量70 eV,电压350 V,质量扫描范围m/z 50~450;传输线温度200 ℃;离子源温度230 ℃;四级杆温度150 ℃。结合文献和NIST08数据库检索结果对物质进行定性,采用峰面积归一法所得到的色谱峰进行相对定量,得到各组分的相对含量[24]。
本研究中所有实验和检测均重复三次,数值以平均值±SD表示。使用IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0对数据进行显著性分析,P<0.05认为数值间存在显著性差异,使用Origin 2021b(Origin Lab,USA)对分析结果进行绘图。
4种干燥方式下,香菇嘌呤含量由高到低依次为真空冷冻干燥(135.77±6.28 mg/100 g)>自然干燥(125±3.0 mg/100 g)>热风干燥(107.83±3.09 mg/100 g)>热泵干燥(102±2.86 mg/100 g)(图1)。与鲜香菇(140.37±5.77 mg/100 g)相比,除真空冷冻干燥香菇中香菇嘌呤含量与其差异不显著外,其余3种干燥方式含量均显著下降(P<0.05)。类似的,Zhang等[16]以菇盖、香菇柄为研究对象,也发现冻干处理香菇中香菇嘌呤含量比自然干燥和热风干燥的高约50%。分析原因可能是真空冷冻干燥的低温和真空环境能够有效抑制酶促反应,避免了香菇嘌呤在干燥过程中被分解;自然干燥可能因为温度较低在一定程度上抑制了相关分解或转化反应;而热风和热泵干燥则可能由于处理温度较高,加上氧化反应的发生,导致香菇嘌呤部分降解或反应[16]。因此,若要实现对香菇嘌呤的开发利用,可将真空冷冻干燥作为香菇原料优选的干制方式。
利用1.2.4中所述方法在新鲜及干制香菇中均未检测到黄嘌呤。经检测,新鲜香菇中腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤和次黄嘌呤含量分别为127.32±3.69 mg/100 g、50.54±1.88 mg/100 g、72.09±2.41 mg/100 g,总嘌呤含量为249.95±4.79 mg/100 g。由图2可以看出,对于腺嘌呤,除热风干燥香菇中的含量与新鲜香菇中的无显著差异外(P>0.05),其余3种方式干燥香菇中的含量均显著下降(P<0.05),其中真空冷冻干燥香菇中的含量最低,为112.43±4.61 mg/100 g;鸟嘌呤却相反,4种方式干燥香菇中的含量均显著增加(P<0.05),真空冷冻干燥香菇中的含量最低,为61.26±2.58 mg/100 g;而与新鲜香菇相比,4种方式干燥香菇中的次黄嘌呤含量都有所降低,其中真空冷冻干燥和自然干燥香菇中的含量下降显著(P<0.05),同样真空冷冻干燥香菇中次黄嘌呤含量最低,为51.80±1.91 mg/100 g。综上,真空冷冻干燥是有效控制香菇中嘌呤含量的干燥方式,这一结果与Xiao等[18]的报道一致。这可能是由于冷冻干燥过程中的低温使细胞处于休眠状态,使其细胞壁不容易受到破坏而导致嘌呤释放减少[25]。考虑到次黄嘌呤在体内代谢会产生尿酸,为控制次黄嘌呤释放并降低总嘌呤含量,可选择真空冷冻干燥为香菇的干燥方式。
新鲜香菇中总糖含量为(19.93±0.41 g/100 g),干制后香菇中总糖含量均有不同程度的下降(图3)。其中,自然干燥香菇中总糖含量最低,为(12.29±0.55 g/100 g),其次为热风干燥的(12.67±1.42 g/100 g),二者差异不显著(P>0.05)。经热泵干燥香菇中总糖含量为(14.09±0.24 g/100 g)与新鲜香菇中总糖含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),而真空冷冻干燥香菇中总糖含量(18.62±0.33 g/100 g)与新鲜香菇中的差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同干燥方式下香菇中总糖含量的差异可能与其美拉德反应程度不同有关[26]。自然干燥由于温度适中,易因微生物和酶的作用而引起糖的降解[27],热风和热泵干燥由于高温和水分快速蒸发化学反应加快,美拉德反应较显著导致糖类物质损失较大,而真空冷冻干燥则因真空、低温可有效抑制此类反应[28]。
新鲜未干燥及不同方式干燥香菇中蛋白质含量如图4所示。与新鲜香菇(21.15±0.23 g/100 g)相比,4种方式干燥香菇中蛋白质含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。其中,热风干燥香菇中蛋白质含量最低,为(17.14±0.66 g/100 g),其次为热泵干燥(17.65±0.87 g/100 g)和自然干燥的(18.22±0.79 g/100 g),三种方式干燥香菇中蛋白质含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但与真空冷冻干燥香菇中蛋白质含量(19.78±0.35 g/100 g)差异显著(P<0.05)。真空冷冻干燥香菇中较高的蛋白质含量可能与低温环境下蛋白水解酶活性受到抑制、蛋白质分解能力下降有关[29]。而热泵干燥和热风干燥作为热处理加工方式,香菇中蛋白质可能因高温导致变性并参与美拉德反应而损失[30−31],自然干燥的香菇则可能因为长时间的暴露导致蛋白质降解或变性而损失[32]。
氨基酸组成是香菇营养价值、风味可靠指标,也是香菇中功能性必需化合物的主要成分[33]。新鲜未干燥和四种方式干燥香菇中均检测到17种氨基酸(表1),但含量存在差异。新鲜香菇中总氨基酸含量(TAA)最高,为23.90 g/100 g,经干燥后香菇中TAA含量依次为真空冷冻干燥的(23.69 g/100 g)、自然干燥的(23.50 g/100 g)、热泵干燥的(22.51 g/100 g)和热风干燥的(22.12 g/100 g),推测可能是高温处理在一定程度上造成了氨基酸的降解或转化。
从表1可以看出,新鲜和干制香菇中均含有8种必需氨基酸:苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和赖氨酸(Lys)。4种干燥方式下,真空冷冻干燥香菇中的必需氨基酸(EAA)总量最高,为(10.28 g/100 g),其次为自然干燥香菇的(10.11 g/100 g)。必需氨基酸占比是衡量蛋白质品质的一个重要指标,世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)的建议,理想情况蛋白质的EAA/TAA约为0.4,同时NEAA/TAA比值应高于0.6[34]。从表1可以看出,新鲜未干燥及不同方式干燥香菇中EAA/TA和NEAA/TAA比值均接近或超过理想蛋白质均衡值,表明它们符合理想蛋白质要求,均可作为成人营养蛋白质的良好来源。
此外,食用菌中的氨基酸根据其味道特性分为鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸和无味氨基酸。由表1可以看出,干燥方式可改变香菇中鲜味氨基酸的含量,其中自然干燥可有效提高香菇中的鲜味氨基酸的含量(增幅为15.71%),其次为真空冷冻干燥;4种干制香菇中甜味氨基酸含量相当,但较新鲜未干燥香菇中的含量均有所下降;苦味氨基酸在各组中含量占比较高(均大于10%),但干制后其含量均有所下降,且热风和热泵干燥香菇中苦味和无味氨基酸的含量更低,表明热加工方式更利于减少苦味和无味氨基酸的含量。因此,在后续的加工过程中可根据需求选择合适的干制方式以获得优质的加工原料。
新鲜未干燥与不同方式干燥香菇中的必需氨基酸质量分数与FAO/WHO必需氨基酸模式谱标准如表2所示,从中可以看出,除热风干燥香菇中必需氨基酸总量较未干燥香菇的高外,其余3种干燥方式的均有所降低,但未干燥及4种干燥香菇的总量均高于FAO/WHO模式值。
根据表2计算新鲜未干燥和不同方式干燥香菇的氨基酸的RAA、RC和SRC值,结果如表3所示。RAA和RC值等于1,表明氨基酸与FAO/WHO模式一致,营养价值最高;RAA和RC大于或小于1则表明氨基酸相对过剩或相对不足[23]。从表3可以看出,Met+Cys、Leu和Tyr+Phe的RAA和RC值均大于1,表明其含量超过了FAO/WHO模式值,为相对过剩氨基酸,而其余必需氨基酸的RAA和RC值均小于1,表明其含量相对不足,为限制性氨基酸。 通过RC值可以看出新鲜未干燥和不同方式干燥香菇中的第一限制氨基酸均为Lys。由于同一样品中必需氨基酸间较大的含量差异导致其RC值分散(如热风干燥香菇RC值在0.29~2.72之间)、变异系数大,SRC值小(表3)。这一结果可能与本研究所用香菇品种有关。虽然未干燥及不同方式干燥香菇中SRC值较小,但通过表3仍可以看出,干燥方式会影响氨基酸的SRC值,其中自然和真空冷冻干燥香菇中必需氨基酸SRC值均较新鲜未干燥香菇的有所提升,表明这两种干燥方式有利于改善香菇蛋白质营养价值。
由于本研究所用香菇的SRC值较低、营养不均衡,在后续食用和加工时应注意与其他食物搭配,充分利用其蛋氨酸、亮氨酸和酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量优势,并注意补充赖氨酸等RC值小于1的必需氨基酸以实现营养均衡。
新鲜未干燥及4种方式干燥香菇中共检测到41种挥发性风味物质(表4),其中未干燥香菇中检测到25种,热泵、热风、真空冷冻和自然干燥香菇中分别检测到18、13、22、16种,表明干燥会减少香菇中挥发性成分的种类,这与Tian等[35]的报道存在差异,分析原因可能与原料品种、干燥条件及香菇内部风味前体转化效率差异有关。
检测到的风味物质包括醇类、酮类、醛类、酯类和烯类等。醇类物质,特别是八碳醇,是普遍存在于食用菌中的特征性风味物质,是典型“蘑菇味”的主要来源[36]。由表4可以看出,干燥后香菇中醇类物质的相对含量较未干燥香菇的均有所下降,其中真空冷冻干燥香菇中醇类物质保留率较其他三种干燥方式的稍高。相对含量较高的1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-4-醇和反式-2-辛烯-1-醇在干制后含量均有所下降,其中1-辛烯-4-醇在干燥后香菇中均未检测到,这可能与八碳醇挥发性较强、稳定性不高有关[37]。而正辛醇、1-壬醇和反-2-十三烯醇在部分干燥香菇中的相对含量有所上升,可能与干燥过程中高脱羧酶活性引起的酮酸转化有关[38]。
酮类挥发性化合物常具有果香味,从种类上看,干制香菇中的酮类物质少于新鲜香菇的(表4);与八碳醇类物质一样,八碳酮类物质如1-辛烯-3-酮、2-辛烯-1-酮、3-辛酮在干燥香菇中相对含量较未干燥香菇的有所降低,其中自然干燥香菇中酮类物质总量保留率较高,推测可能是因为较缓的干燥速度减缓了该物质挥发。
醛类物质由于低气味阈值和强烈的气味特性,对食用菌特征香气的形成具有重要的贡献作用[35]。从表4可以看出,干燥后香菇中醛类物质含量较新鲜未干燥香菇中的有所提高。其中,热泵干燥在提高香菇中苯甲醛、正己醛、正庚醛含量方面有优势,而真空冷冻干燥在提高香菇癸醛、壬醛、反-2-庚醛含量上更有优势。
香菇素被认为是香菇重要的气味物质之一,但本文在未干燥和热风干燥香菇中并未检测到该物质,可能与样品处理方法和检测条件有关。其余三种方式干燥香菇中,真空冷冻干燥的香菇素的相对含量更高。香菇中的酚类、烯烃类及其他风味物质也是构成香菇风味的重要成分,其含量同样受干燥方式的影响(表4)。
综上可以看出,与未干燥香菇相比,4种干燥方式中真空冷冻干燥对香菇挥发性风味物质的保留效果较好,其次为自然干燥,热泵和热风干燥可能由于高温使挥发性成分在干燥过程中流失而造成含量降低[37]。
本研究系统分析和比较了4种方式(真空冷冻、热泵、热风和自然)干燥香菇与新鲜未干燥香菇中香菇嘌呤、嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质、氨基酸及风味物质的差异,发现不同干燥方式会不同程度地降低香菇中的香菇嘌呤、嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质含量和氨基酸总量,而对必需氨基酸比值系数、风味物质的影响则是不定向的。
4种干燥方式中,真空冷冻干燥能最大程度地保留鲜香菇中的香菇嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质及总氨基酸含量,并显著降低腺嘌呤和次黄嘌呤的含量。由于真空冷冻干燥技术能耗和成本较高,因此,建议将其作为香菇嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质开发利用及适用于高尿酸血症和痛风人群等的高附加值产品加工用香菇原料的制备。热泵与热风干燥在香菇嘌呤、总糖、蛋白质、氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸营养保持方面没有表现出优势,且在嘌呤类物质含量控制方面优势也不明显,考虑到其成本和能耗,不建议将它们作为高品质和高附加值产品加工用香菇原料的干制方式。自然干燥虽然在总糖和蛋白质含量保持方面没有明显优势,但可以在一定程度上有效保留香菇嘌呤、总氨基酸以及风味物质含量,有效控制腺嘌呤和次黄嘌呤的含量,并增加必需氨基酸比值系数,由于其成本投入低,因此在对品质要求不是特别高的情况下,可以将其作为一种首选的干燥方式。以上结论为香菇贮藏及不同品质需求香菇精深加工原料的干制方式选择提供了指导。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050137
  • 接收时间:2025-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-16
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    1湖北省农业科学院农产品加工与核农技术研究所,湖北武汉 430064
    2湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院,湖北武汉 430000
    3农业农村部农产品冷链物流技术重点实验室,湖北武汉 430064
    4湖北省蔬菜办公室,湖北武汉 430070

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范秀芝(1984−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食用菌活性物质合成调控及精深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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