Article(id=1320884310807262110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852960539, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852960539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852960539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852960539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=324, endPage=332, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884311008588703, articleId=1320884310807262110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Quality Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Guizhou Export Black Tea, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To evaluate the quality of Guizhou export black tea and establish a comprehensive quality evaluation system, this study analyzed 21 Guizhou export black tea samples based on sensory evaluation and physical and chemical index determinations. Core indicators were identified through correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses. The entropy weight method was then used to determine their values and weights, ultimately constructing a quality evaluation system for export black tea. Results revealed that Guizhou export black tea had certain distinctive sensory characteristics. Specifically, Congou Black Tea was found to be characterized by its sweet and mellow taste with a flowery and fruity aroma, whereas Broken Black Tea had a distinct heavy and mellow flavor accompanied by bright red liquor. Based on analyses, this study obtained average values of 6.20%, 5.71%, 63.63%, and 37.33% for the moisture content, total ash, water-soluble ash ratio, and water extract of export black teas, respectively, all of which comply with both domestic and international standards. However, at 8.45%, the mean tea polyphenols content determined in this study falls below the standard limit of 9%. Moreover, strong correlations were detected between the physical and chemical indicators, and based on principal component analysis, three major components were identified with a cumulative variance contribution of 70.686%. In addition, six core quality indicators were screened out, tea polyphenols, theaflavins, water-soluble ash ratio, moisture content, water extract, and total ash, among which, water-soluble ash ratio (22.078%), moisture content (19.267%), and total ash (18.428%) emerged as key factors determining the quality of Guizhou export black tea. This comprehensive evaluation enabled the establishment that Guizhou Congou Black Tea had a significantly better quality compared to Brocken Black Tea. Consistent with the results of sensory evaluation, the following quality ranking for the different tea types was obtained: Spiral (CS)>long-shape (CL)>curly (CC)>fanning (BF)>broken (BB). These findings will provide a scientific reference for the quality control of export black tea in Guizhou.

, authors=Qinfei SONG1, Minglu ZHANG2, Wei ZHAO1, Juhua ZHUANG1, Suzhen NIU3, *, authorsList=Qinfei SONG, Minglu ZHANG, Wei ZHAO, Juhua ZHUANG, Suzhen NIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Suzhen NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884312073941926, articleId=1320884310807262110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=贵州出口红茶品质分析及综合评价, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为客观评价贵州出口红茶品质,建立出口红茶质量评价体系,本研究以21款贵州出口红茶为材料,通过感官审评及理化指标检测明确其品质,结合相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析筛选核心指标,采用熵权法确定熵值和权重,构建出口红茶质量评价体系。结果显示:贵州出口红茶感官各具特色,工夫红茶甜醇,显花果香;红碎茶浓醇,汤色红亮。出口红茶水分含量、总灰分、水溶性灰分占比及水浸出物含量均值分别为6.20%、5.71%、63.63%和37.33%,符合国内外标准;但茶多酚含量均值为8.45%,低于9%的标准限值。各理化指标间具有较强相关性;主成分分析提取出3个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到70.686%;筛选出茶多酚、茶褐素、水溶性灰分占比、水分含量、水浸出物、总灰分共6项核心指标,其中水溶性灰分占比、水分含量和总灰分权重值分别为22.078%、19.267%和18.428%,是影响贵州出口红茶质量的关键因子。综合评价表明贵州出口工夫红茶品质显著优于红碎茶,各类型质量排序为盘花型(CS)>条型(CL)>卷曲型(CC)>片茶(BF)>碎茶(BB),与感官审评结果一致,本研究为贵州出口红茶品质控制提供科学参考。

, authors=宋勤飞1, 张明露2, 赵伟1, 庄菊花1, 牛素贞3, *, authorsList=宋勤飞, 张明露, 赵伟, 庄菊花, 牛素贞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛素贞, authorNote=

宋勤飞(1978−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:茶产品开发与品质控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
牛素贞(1980−) ,女,博士,教授,研究方向:茶树种质资源挖掘与产品开发,E-mail:。
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注:“*”、“**”分别表示相关性达到显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)水平。

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Information of test materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号编号名称来源序号编号名称来源
1CC1普安红贵州习普生物科技有限公司12CS3红宝石特级贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
2CC2普安红贵州习普生物科技有限公司13CS4红宝石一级贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
3CC3−遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司14CS5红宝石贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
4CC4−贵州梵锦茶业有限公司15BB1颗粒红茶1号遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司
5CC5−贵州梵锦茶业有限公司16BB2颗粒红茶2号遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司
6CL1−贵州习普生物科技有限公司17BB3颗粒红茶3号遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司
7CL2红毛峰贵州习普生物科技有限公司18BF1红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
8CL3普安红贵州习普生物科技有限公司19BF2红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
9CL4条形遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司20BF3红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
10CS1红碧螺贵州习普生物科技有限公司21BF4红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
11CS2红宝石一级贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1320884316465378266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试材料信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号编号名称来源序号编号名称来源
1CC1普安红贵州习普生物科技有限公司12CS3红宝石特级贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
2CC2普安红贵州习普生物科技有限公司13CS4红宝石一级贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
3CC3−遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司14CS5红宝石贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
4CC4−贵州梵锦茶业有限公司15BB1颗粒红茶1号遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司
5CC5−贵州梵锦茶业有限公司16BB2颗粒红茶2号遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司
6CL1−贵州习普生物科技有限公司17BB3颗粒红茶3号遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司
7CL2红毛峰贵州习普生物科技有限公司18BF1红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
8CL3普安红贵州习普生物科技有限公司19BF2红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
9CL4条形遵义七味茗香茶叶进出口有限公司20BF3红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
10CS1红碧螺贵州习普生物科技有限公司21BF4红片贵州梵锦茶业有限公司
11CS2红宝石一级贵州铜仁贵茶茶业股份有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1320884316549264347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation of Guizhou export black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型编号外形汤色香气滋味叶底得分
CBTCC1条索较紧尚卷、乌泛棕较润、多毫(86)橙红亮(92)甜香花香、高长(94)甜尚醇、干涩(85)芽叶细嫩完整、褐红较亮、稍硬(85)88.20
CC2条较细较弯、乌润多毫、脱档(83)橙红明艳(92)甜香、略闷(82)苦、生涩(80)红黄带青张、较亮、较碎(82)82.65
CC3条较弯、乌润多毫
匀整(90)
橙红、明亮
较艳(91)
甜香、薯香(88)较甜醇(87)芽头较肥软、红棕较亮、较匀整(84)88.10
CC4条索较紧结较弯、较乌润、匀净(88)橙红较亮(87)甜香、有陈气(79)较醇、带甜(86)红棕较亮、较匀整、较硬(83)84.55
CC5梗叶粗老断碎、棕褐尚润(75)橙黄较亮(87)带酵气、酸(72)酸(78)红褐尚亮、断碎、硬(82)77.05
CL1条较紧结平伏、带梗
乌泛褐显毫(87)
红褐较暗(80)陈气(73)较醇、带陈、带苦(82)红褐较硬、带青张、较亮、较匀整(81)80.70
CL2条索较紧结、乌泛棕较润、显毫(86)橙红尚亮(84)甜香、有烟气(83)甜尚醇、粗涩、带烟味(81)黄红带青褐较亮、短碎茎多、稍硬(80)82.95
CL3条较碎、带茎梗
乌较润显毫(83)
红浓较亮(88)甜香、带火工香(87)甜醇、带酸、带陈(83)红褐尚亮、较硬、断碎(81)84.30
CL4短条、花杂欠润、较碎(80)橙红较亮(88)甜香、带烟味(81)较甜醇、略粗涩、带烟味(82)红褐尚亮,较硬、断碎(81)81.75
CS1盘花较紧结、乌褐润显毫、匀整(87)橙红较亮(87)焦糊气(75)尚醇带甜、略酸、较苦焦糊味(76)芽叶较软完整、黄褐泛青较亮、(84)80.40
CS2盘花较紧结、较乌润、有毫(90)橙红较亮(85)花蜜香(90)较醇和(86)芽叶完整、较红尚亮、有花青叶(83)87.60
CS3盘花重实较紧结、较乌、润、带毫(92)橙红亮(91)甜香带花香(92)较浓醇、有花蜜味(90)芽叶完整匀净、较红亮、有花青叶(83)90.40
CS4盘花较紧结、较乌润、有毫(89)橙红亮(91)甜香带花香(92)较浓尚醇、略苦(84)芽叶完整、棕红较亮、有花青叶(82)87.75
CS5盘花紧结、乌略泛褐、油润、匀(87)红泛褐青、欠亮(73)甜香、较平(87)较醇、酸、带苦、带陈(78)芽叶完整柔软,黄褐泛青,较亮(84)82.60
BBTBB1颗粒状2~3 mm、黄棕土色(85)黄橙略浑(78)甜香、带淀粉味(84)香甜、较平、略粗(75)土黄较亮、匀齐(85)81.00
BB2颗粒状1 mm、黄棕土色(83)橙红、暗(75)带淀粉味、较平、略粗(82)醇和较厚、较甜,带粗带酸(82)土黄较亮、匀齐(85)81.80
BB3颗粒状0.1~0.2 mm、黄棕土色,较碎(80)橙红尚亮(81)清凉感、药香、酸甜韵(85)药香味、甜带涩(83)土黄较亮、较匀齐(83)82.80
BF1片状1~2 mm、棕尚亮(78)红略泛青、尚亮(80)青气(75)较醇、带青味(80)黄褐尚亮、尚匀齐(81)78.20
BF2片状2~3 mm、乌褐较亮(82)橙红较亮(85)青气(75)较浓强(84)黄褐尚亮、较匀齐(82)80.80
BF3片状2~3 mm、棕褐尚亮(80)红较亮(87)甜香、花香(89)较浓、醇正(85)黄褐尚亮,尚匀齐(80)84.90
BF4片状3~4 mm、乌褐较亮(82)红浓较亮(89)纯正、略带花香(84)较浓、醇和回甘(87)红褐较亮、尚匀齐(82)84.80
), ArticleFig(id=1320884316624761820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贵州出口红茶感官审评

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型编号外形汤色香气滋味叶底得分
CBTCC1条索较紧尚卷、乌泛棕较润、多毫(86)橙红亮(92)甜香花香、高长(94)甜尚醇、干涩(85)芽叶细嫩完整、褐红较亮、稍硬(85)88.20
CC2条较细较弯、乌润多毫、脱档(83)橙红明艳(92)甜香、略闷(82)苦、生涩(80)红黄带青张、较亮、较碎(82)82.65
CC3条较弯、乌润多毫
匀整(90)
橙红、明亮
较艳(91)
甜香、薯香(88)较甜醇(87)芽头较肥软、红棕较亮、较匀整(84)88.10
CC4条索较紧结较弯、较乌润、匀净(88)橙红较亮(87)甜香、有陈气(79)较醇、带甜(86)红棕较亮、较匀整、较硬(83)84.55
CC5梗叶粗老断碎、棕褐尚润(75)橙黄较亮(87)带酵气、酸(72)酸(78)红褐尚亮、断碎、硬(82)77.05
CL1条较紧结平伏、带梗
乌泛褐显毫(87)
红褐较暗(80)陈气(73)较醇、带陈、带苦(82)红褐较硬、带青张、较亮、较匀整(81)80.70
CL2条索较紧结、乌泛棕较润、显毫(86)橙红尚亮(84)甜香、有烟气(83)甜尚醇、粗涩、带烟味(81)黄红带青褐较亮、短碎茎多、稍硬(80)82.95
CL3条较碎、带茎梗
乌较润显毫(83)
红浓较亮(88)甜香、带火工香(87)甜醇、带酸、带陈(83)红褐尚亮、较硬、断碎(81)84.30
CL4短条、花杂欠润、较碎(80)橙红较亮(88)甜香、带烟味(81)较甜醇、略粗涩、带烟味(82)红褐尚亮,较硬、断碎(81)81.75
CS1盘花较紧结、乌褐润显毫、匀整(87)橙红较亮(87)焦糊气(75)尚醇带甜、略酸、较苦焦糊味(76)芽叶较软完整、黄褐泛青较亮、(84)80.40
CS2盘花较紧结、较乌润、有毫(90)橙红较亮(85)花蜜香(90)较醇和(86)芽叶完整、较红尚亮、有花青叶(83)87.60
CS3盘花重实较紧结、较乌、润、带毫(92)橙红亮(91)甜香带花香(92)较浓醇、有花蜜味(90)芽叶完整匀净、较红亮、有花青叶(83)90.40
CS4盘花较紧结、较乌润、有毫(89)橙红亮(91)甜香带花香(92)较浓尚醇、略苦(84)芽叶完整、棕红较亮、有花青叶(82)87.75
CS5盘花紧结、乌略泛褐、油润、匀(87)红泛褐青、欠亮(73)甜香、较平(87)较醇、酸、带苦、带陈(78)芽叶完整柔软,黄褐泛青,较亮(84)82.60
BBTBB1颗粒状2~3 mm、黄棕土色(85)黄橙略浑(78)甜香、带淀粉味(84)香甜、较平、略粗(75)土黄较亮、匀齐(85)81.00
BB2颗粒状1 mm、黄棕土色(83)橙红、暗(75)带淀粉味、较平、略粗(82)醇和较厚、较甜,带粗带酸(82)土黄较亮、匀齐(85)81.80
BB3颗粒状0.1~0.2 mm、黄棕土色,较碎(80)橙红尚亮(81)清凉感、药香、酸甜韵(85)药香味、甜带涩(83)土黄较亮、较匀齐(83)82.80
BF1片状1~2 mm、棕尚亮(78)红略泛青、尚亮(80)青气(75)较醇、带青味(80)黄褐尚亮、尚匀齐(81)78.20
BF2片状2~3 mm、乌褐较亮(82)橙红较亮(85)青气(75)较浓强(84)黄褐尚亮、较匀齐(82)80.80
BF3片状2~3 mm、棕褐尚亮(80)红较亮(87)甜香、花香(89)较浓、醇正(85)黄褐尚亮,尚匀齐(80)84.90
BF4片状3~4 mm、乌褐较亮(82)红浓较亮(89)纯正、略带花香(84)较浓、醇和回甘(87)红褐较亮、尚匀齐(82)84.80
), ArticleFig(id=1320884316687676381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contents of physical and chemical indexes in Guizhou export black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标出口红茶(BT)出口工夫红茶(CBT)出口红碎茶(BBT)
变幅均值变异系
数(%)
变幅均值变异系
数(%)
变幅均值变异系
数(%)
水分(%)4.11~8.046.29a14.904.11~8.046.20a15.265.41~7.896.47a14.92
总灰分(%)4.64~6.665.71ab9.674.64~6.665.92a8.984.86~5.855.31b6.59
水溶性灰分占比(%)46.81~77.3563.63b14.5858.31~77.3569.20a7.2746.81~55.9752.49c7.29
水浸出物(%)26.53~43.5537.33a13.1832.05~43.0538.21a9.0026.53~43.5535.57a19.80
茶多酚(%)4.43~17.378.45ab29.266.26~17.379.68a35.484.43~7.696.00b20.39
可溶性糖(%)1.75~3.742.64a39.711.75~3.612.48a24.192.4~3.742.96a13.81
咖啡碱(%)1.20~4.573.26a22.082.75~4.573.80a12.101.2~3.262.18b33.15
氨基酸(%)2.71~4.653.48a16.132.84~4.653.59a16.212.71~3.883.25a14.63
茶黄素(%)0.16~0.450.30ab23.370.16~0.450.33a22.860.21~0.30.26b13.15
茶红素(%)2.73~5.824.06a18.773.29~5.824.27a15.072.73~4.683.62a23.09
茶褐素(%)5.27~14.168.66ab26.505.27~14.169.40a26.146.18~8.297.20b11.90
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318348620766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

贵州出口红茶理化指标含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标出口红茶(BT)出口工夫红茶(CBT)出口红碎茶(BBT)
变幅均值变异系
数(%)
变幅均值变异系
数(%)
变幅均值变异系
数(%)
水分(%)4.11~8.046.29a14.904.11~8.046.20a15.265.41~7.896.47a14.92
总灰分(%)4.64~6.665.71ab9.674.64~6.665.92a8.984.86~5.855.31b6.59
水溶性灰分占比(%)46.81~77.3563.63b14.5858.31~77.3569.20a7.2746.81~55.9752.49c7.29
水浸出物(%)26.53~43.5537.33a13.1832.05~43.0538.21a9.0026.53~43.5535.57a19.80
茶多酚(%)4.43~17.378.45ab29.266.26~17.379.68a35.484.43~7.696.00b20.39
可溶性糖(%)1.75~3.742.64a39.711.75~3.612.48a24.192.4~3.742.96a13.81
咖啡碱(%)1.20~4.573.26a22.082.75~4.573.80a12.101.2~3.262.18b33.15
氨基酸(%)2.71~4.653.48a16.132.84~4.653.59a16.212.71~3.883.25a14.63
茶黄素(%)0.16~0.450.30ab23.370.16~0.450.33a22.860.21~0.30.26b13.15
茶红素(%)2.73~5.824.06a18.773.29~5.824.27a15.072.73~4.683.62a23.09
茶褐素(%)5.27~14.168.66ab26.505.27~14.169.40a26.146.18~8.297.20b11.90
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318428312543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Principal component analysis eigenvalues, variance contribution rate and cumulative variance contribution rate

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主成分特征值方差贡献率(%)累积方差贡献率(%)
14.49640.86940.869
21.93517.58958.458
31.34512.22870.686
40.8317.55578.241
50.6726.10784.348
60.4964.51188.859
70.3973.60792.467
80.3663.32595.792
90.2832.57698.368
100.1020.92899.296
110.0770.704100.000
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318499615712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

特征值、方差贡献率及累积方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分特征值方差贡献率(%)累积方差贡献率(%)
14.49640.86940.869
21.93517.58958.458
31.34512.22870.686
40.8317.55578.241
50.6726.10784.348
60.4964.51188.859
70.3973.60792.467
80.3663.32595.792
90.2832.57698.368
100.1020.92899.296
110.0770.704100.000
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318554141665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Load matrix of physical and chemical indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标主成分
PC1PC2PC3
水分0.1200.6060.266
总灰分0.805−0.240−0.006
水溶性灰分占比0.8320.133−0.336
水浸出物0.3800.7960.178
可溶性糖−0.165−0.3040.854
咖啡碱0.8570.261−0.226
茶多酚0.7560.0980.253
氨基酸0.649−0.2650.298
茶黄素0.541−0.6830.059
茶红素0.6380.2230.392
茶褐素0.732−0.331−0.202
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318625444834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

理化指标因子载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标主成分
PC1PC2PC3
水分0.1200.6060.266
总灰分0.805−0.240−0.006
水溶性灰分占比0.8320.133−0.336
水浸出物0.3800.7960.178
可溶性糖−0.165−0.3040.854
咖啡碱0.8570.261−0.226
茶多酚0.7560.0980.253
氨基酸0.649−0.2650.298
茶黄素0.541−0.6830.059
茶红素0.6380.2230.392
茶褐素0.732−0.331−0.202
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318797411299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Standardization of core physical and chemical indexes in Guizhou export black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号总灰分水溶性灰分占比水浸出物水分茶多酚茶褐素
CC10.7580.5660.6300.3950.4530.512
CC20.5680.8010.9530.3870.0000.854
CC30.5070.8300.7230.3760.2410.417
CC40.4370.9670.9170.4420.8580.764
CC50.0000.3770.9710.3910.7971.000
CL10.9530.6980.8490.6340.3520.000
CL21.0000.7130.5410.3460.4650.480
CL30.9080.7070.6370.0000.6540.306
CL40.7470.5190.4601.0000.7910.384
CS10.7890.7660.6540.5650.4960.627
CS20.4480.8090.8830.4190.8220.626
CS30.6640.7860.4890.3220.8350.632
CS40.4360.7250.5800.8530.7770.765
CS50.6321.0000.3240.4170.7830.130
BB10.1100.1050.0000.6170.9900.897
BB20.1870.0640.2060.6491.0000.893
BB30.4480.0000.1880.6690.9130.835
BF10.3420.2780.9130.0370.8200.660
BF20.2070.2880.9230.2280.8700.723
BF30.4240.2660.4870.3120.7480.784
BF40.5960.3001.0000.2860.8090.687
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318889685988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

贵州出口红茶核心理化指标数据标准化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号总灰分水溶性灰分占比水浸出物水分茶多酚茶褐素
CC10.7580.5660.6300.3950.4530.512
CC20.5680.8010.9530.3870.0000.854
CC30.5070.8300.7230.3760.2410.417
CC40.4370.9670.9170.4420.8580.764
CC50.0000.3770.9710.3910.7971.000
CL10.9530.6980.8490.6340.3520.000
CL21.0000.7130.5410.3460.4650.480
CL30.9080.7070.6370.0000.6540.306
CL40.7470.5190.4601.0000.7910.384
CS10.7890.7660.6540.5650.4960.627
CS20.4480.8090.8830.4190.8220.626
CS30.6640.7860.4890.3220.8350.632
CS40.4360.7250.5800.8530.7770.765
CS50.6321.0000.3240.4170.7830.130
BB10.1100.1050.0000.6170.9900.897
BB20.1870.0640.2060.6491.0000.893
BB30.4480.0000.1880.6690.9130.835
BF10.3420.2780.9130.0370.8200.660
BF20.2070.2880.9230.2280.8700.723
BF30.4240.2660.4870.3120.7480.784
BF40.5960.3001.0000.2860.8090.687
), ArticleFig(id=1320884318956794853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Information entropy, utility value and weight of core physical and chemical indexes in Guizhou export black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标出口红茶(BT)出口工夫红茶(CBT)出口红碎茶(BBT)
信息
熵值
信息
效用值
权重(%)信息
熵值
信息
效用值
权重(%)信息
熵值
信息
效用值
权重(%)
总灰分0.9500.05018.4280.9570.04313.2050.8370.16317.843
水溶性灰分占比0.9400.06022.0780.9490.05115.5900.8620.13815.044
水浸出物0.9580.04215.3010.9330.06720.5900.8330.16718.225
水分0.9470.05319.2670.9460.05416.7060.8680.13214.398
茶多酚0.9690.03111.3900.9510.04915.1420.8560.14415.748
茶褐素0.9630.03713.5370.9390.06118.7670.8280.17218.742
), ArticleFig(id=1320884319040680934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

贵州出口红茶核心理化指标信息熵、信息效用值及权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标出口红茶(BT)出口工夫红茶(CBT)出口红碎茶(BBT)
信息
熵值
信息
效用值
权重(%)信息
熵值
信息
效用值
权重(%)信息
熵值
信息
效用值
权重(%)
总灰分0.9500.05018.4280.9570.04313.2050.8370.16317.843
水溶性灰分占比0.9400.06022.0780.9490.05115.5900.8620.13815.044
水浸出物0.9580.04215.3010.9330.06720.5900.8330.16718.225
水分0.9470.05319.2670.9460.05416.7060.8680.13214.398
茶多酚0.9690.03111.3900.9510.04915.1420.8560.14415.748
茶褐素0.9630.03713.5370.9390.06118.7670.8280.17218.742
), ArticleFig(id=1320884319195870183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Scores and rankings of the comprehensive evaluation of the quality in Guizhou export black tea

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编号得分排名编号得分排名编号得分排名编号得分排名编号得分排名
CC10.5612CL10.626CS10.663BB10.4021BF10.4519
CC20.627CL20.619CS20.665BB20.4420BF20.4816
CC30.5413CL30.5414CS30.618BB30.4618BF30.4617
CC40.721CL40.664CS40.692BF40.5711
CC50.5315
均值0.59a0.61a0.64a0.43b0.49b
变异系数(%)13.068.357.007.2510.69
), ArticleFig(id=1320884319262979048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884310807262110, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

贵州出口红茶品质综合评价得分及排名

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编号得分排名编号得分排名编号得分排名编号得分排名编号得分排名
CC10.5612CL10.626CS10.663BB10.4021BF10.4519
CC20.627CL20.619CS20.665BB20.4420BF20.4816
CC30.5413CL30.5414CS30.618BB30.4618BF30.4617
CC40.721CL40.664CS40.692BF40.5711
CC50.5315
均值0.59a0.61a0.64a0.43b0.49b
变异系数(%)13.068.357.007.2510.69
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宋勤飞 1 , 张明露 2 , 赵伟 1 , 庄菊花 1 , 牛素贞 3, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(8): 324-332
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (8) : 324 -332
贵州出口红茶品质分析及综合评价
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宋勤飞1 , 张明露2, 赵伟1, 庄菊花1, 牛素贞3, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州大学茶学院,贵州贵阳 550025
  • 2贵州省绿色食品发展中心,贵州贵阳 550001
  • 3贵州大学农业生物工程研究院,贵州贵阳 550025
通讯作者:
牛素贞(1980−) ,女,博士,教授,研究方向:茶树种质资源挖掘与产品开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

宋勤飞(1978−),女,硕士,讲师,研究方向:茶产品开发与品质控制,E-mail:

Quality Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Guizhou Export Black Tea
Qinfei SONG1 , Minglu ZHANG2, Wei ZHAO1, Juhua ZHUANG1, Suzhen NIU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2Guizhou Green Food Development Center, Guiyang 550001, China
  • 3Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050108
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为客观评价贵州出口红茶品质,建立出口红茶质量评价体系,本研究以21款贵州出口红茶为材料,通过感官审评及理化指标检测明确其品质,结合相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析筛选核心指标,采用熵权法确定熵值和权重,构建出口红茶质量评价体系。结果显示:贵州出口红茶感官各具特色,工夫红茶甜醇,显花果香;红碎茶浓醇,汤色红亮。出口红茶水分含量、总灰分、水溶性灰分占比及水浸出物含量均值分别为6.20%、5.71%、63.63%和37.33%,符合国内外标准;但茶多酚含量均值为8.45%,低于9%的标准限值。各理化指标间具有较强相关性;主成分分析提取出3个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到70.686%;筛选出茶多酚、茶褐素、水溶性灰分占比、水分含量、水浸出物、总灰分共6项核心指标,其中水溶性灰分占比、水分含量和总灰分权重值分别为22.078%、19.267%和18.428%,是影响贵州出口红茶质量的关键因子。综合评价表明贵州出口工夫红茶品质显著优于红碎茶,各类型质量排序为盘花型(CS)>条型(CL)>卷曲型(CC)>片茶(BF)>碎茶(BB),与感官审评结果一致,本研究为贵州出口红茶品质控制提供科学参考。

贵州  /  出口红茶  /  品质  /  熵权法  /  综合评价

To evaluate the quality of Guizhou export black tea and establish a comprehensive quality evaluation system, this study analyzed 21 Guizhou export black tea samples based on sensory evaluation and physical and chemical index determinations. Core indicators were identified through correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses. The entropy weight method was then used to determine their values and weights, ultimately constructing a quality evaluation system for export black tea. Results revealed that Guizhou export black tea had certain distinctive sensory characteristics. Specifically, Congou Black Tea was found to be characterized by its sweet and mellow taste with a flowery and fruity aroma, whereas Broken Black Tea had a distinct heavy and mellow flavor accompanied by bright red liquor. Based on analyses, this study obtained average values of 6.20%, 5.71%, 63.63%, and 37.33% for the moisture content, total ash, water-soluble ash ratio, and water extract of export black teas, respectively, all of which comply with both domestic and international standards. However, at 8.45%, the mean tea polyphenols content determined in this study falls below the standard limit of 9%. Moreover, strong correlations were detected between the physical and chemical indicators, and based on principal component analysis, three major components were identified with a cumulative variance contribution of 70.686%. In addition, six core quality indicators were screened out, tea polyphenols, theaflavins, water-soluble ash ratio, moisture content, water extract, and total ash, among which, water-soluble ash ratio (22.078%), moisture content (19.267%), and total ash (18.428%) emerged as key factors determining the quality of Guizhou export black tea. This comprehensive evaluation enabled the establishment that Guizhou Congou Black Tea had a significantly better quality compared to Brocken Black Tea. Consistent with the results of sensory evaluation, the following quality ranking for the different tea types was obtained: Spiral (CS)>long-shape (CL)>curly (CC)>fanning (BF)>broken (BB). These findings will provide a scientific reference for the quality control of export black tea in Guizhou.

Guizhou  /  export black tea  /  quality  /  entropy weight method  /  comprehensive evaluation
宋勤飞, 张明露, 赵伟, 庄菊花, 牛素贞. 贵州出口红茶品质分析及综合评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 324 -332 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050108
Qinfei SONG, Minglu ZHANG, Wei ZHAO, Juhua ZHUANG, Suzhen NIU. Quality Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Guizhou Export Black Tea[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 324 -332 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050108
茶叶根据加工工艺和品质特征不同分为红茶、绿茶、黄茶、白茶、青茶(乌龙茶)和黑茶六类[1]。红茶作为全发酵茶,凭借丰富独特的风味和多元化的饮用方式深受各年龄段消费者喜爱,是全球消费量最大的茶类,占茶叶消费量的75%以上[2]。红茶品质受产地、品种、原料、加工工艺、加工技术等多种因素影响。消费者的口味偏好与市场动态反馈到红茶生产环节对原料选取、加工工艺等产生引导,也影响红茶产品品质。我国内销红茶主要为工夫红茶,其滋味甜醇、带花果甜香[3];而国外传统红茶消费以滋味“浓强鲜”特征突出的红碎茶为主。目前红碎茶消费是国际红茶消费的主导,占到全球红茶消费量的60.2%[4]。但随着茶叶贸易市场的发展和新茶饮等的兴起,国际红茶市场上,工夫红茶的占比也逐年提高。
国际市场上,我国红茶的品质不及斯里兰卡、肯尼亚、印度的红茶[5]。我国外销红茶的茶味、香气偏淡,鲜度较差[6];出口的拼配红碎茶汤色红浓,香气欠纯,滋味偏淡欠醇,叶底欠匀亮[7]。同时国内出口CTC(crush tear and curl,CTC)红碎茶加工时对萎凋程度控制不严格,导致品质不稳定,差异较大[8]。采用传统工艺制作的中小叶种红茶茶黄素含量相对较低,无法满足国际市场对于“浓、强、鲜”口感的追求[9−10]。但通过对红毛茶进行精制分级能够对口感进行细致的调整,稳定红茶品质,其中高级别茶叶通常具有更浓郁的香气和更柔和的口感[11],这有助于提高出口红茶的质量。
红茶起源于中国,也是目前我国主要的出口茶类。2024年,我国红茶出口量2.48万吨,占全国茶叶出口总量的6.75%;出口额1.72万美元,占比12.62%,是仅次于绿茶的第二大出口茶类[12]。贵州是我国茶园面积最大的省份,生产和出口红茶起步也较早。‘上隆红茶’在20世纪80年代就出口欧洲,上隆果茶场是当时贵州省唯一能生产红碎茶二套样的企业[13]。近年来,随着“遵义红”、“普安红”等优质红茶产品的出现,贵州红茶出口贸易也逐年增多。据《2024世界与中国红茶产销情况解析》报告,2024年贵州红茶出口量911.67吨、出口额1370.57万美元,双双位居全国第一。但目前针对贵州出口红茶品质的系统研究不足。
本研究以目前贵州出口红茶代表性产品为材料,通过感官审评及理化指标检测,并与国内、国际红茶标准进行对比,明确贵州出口红茶产品类别及其品质特征;同时通过多元数据处理方法筛选出口红茶核心指标,建立简单快捷的出口红茶评价体系,准确评价出口红茶品质,以期科学指导出口红茶的生产,提升出口红茶品质,优化产品与市场结构,增强红茶贸易综合效益。
红茶茶样(2024年) 共21款,由贵州省内从事出口红茶业务的4家重点企业提供,根据加工工艺和干茶外形不同分为5种类型,其中工夫红茶(Congou Black Tea,CBT)有3种类型:卷曲型(Congou black tea Curly,CC)5款、条型(Congou black tea Long-shape,CL)4款和盘花型(Congou black tea,Sprial,CS)5款;红碎茶(Brocken Black Tea,BBT)包含两种类型:碎茶型 (Brocken black tea Broken, BB)3款和片茶型(Brocken Black Tea Fanning,BF)4款,样品详细信息见表1;没食子酸标准品(Gallic acid,GA,≥99%)、茶氨酸标准品(Theanine,The,≥99%)、咖啡碱标准品(Caffeine,CAF,≥99%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;甲醇、福林酚、碳酸钠、十二水合磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钾、茚三酮、氯化亚锡、碱式乙酸铅、盐酸、硫酸、蒽酮、葡萄糖、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、乙醇、碳酸氢钠、草酸 均为分析纯,北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
H1850R高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪仪器有限公司;UH5300 Hitachi双光束分光光度计 日立(中国)有限公司;PL203型电子分析天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;DK-98-Ⅱ型电热恒温水浴锅 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;SX2-4-10A箱式电阻炉 上海索阈试验设备有限公司。
组织5名具有高级评茶员及以上资格的评茶员按照GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》中红茶审评方法进行感官审评并评分。5项审评因子外形、汤色、香气、滋味、叶底的评分分别按百分制,最后得分取5名评茶员的平均分。感官审评得分为各审评因子评分乘以各因子评分系数之和,其中工夫红茶感官审评得分=外形评分×25%+汤色评分×10%+香气评分×25%+滋味评分×30%+叶底评分×10%;红碎茶感官审评得分=外形评分×20%+汤色评分×10%+香气评分×30%+滋味得分×30%+叶底得分×10%。
参考国际标准化组织红茶标准ISO 3720:2011 《Black tea—Definition and basic requirements》和中国国家标准红茶相关产品标准GB/T 13738.1-2017《红茶 第1部分:红碎茶》、GB/T 13738.2-2017《红茶 第2部分:工夫红茶》,并充分考虑国内外红茶加工方式和饮茶习惯的差异[14],选取水分含量(Moisture content,MC)、总灰分(Total ash,TA)、水溶性灰分(Water-soluble ash,WA)、水浸出物(Water extractables,WE)、茶多酚(Tea polyphenols,TP)、可溶性糖(Soluble sugars,SS)、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸总量(Free amino acid,AA)、茶黄素(Theaflavins,TF)、茶红素(Thearubigins,TR)和茶褐素(Theabrownins,TB)共11个理化指标进行测定。
先用不锈钢研磨机磨碎少量茶样,弃去,再磨碎其余部分,磨碎茶样过40目筛后用于理化指标的测定。水分含量按GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》第一法直接干燥法进行;总灰分、水溶性灰分参照GB5009.4-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中灰分的测定》第一法和第二法测定;水浸出物含量按GB/T 8305-2013《 茶 水浸出物测定》的方法进行测定;茶多酚含量采用GB/T 8313-2018 《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》中的福林酚比色法进行测定;咖啡碱含量按GB/T 8312-2013《茶 咖啡碱测定》中第二法—紫外分光光度法测定;游离氨基酸总量按GB/T 8314-2013 《茶 游离氨基酸总量的测定》的方法进行测定。采用蒽酮比色法[15]测定可溶性糖含量;采用系统分析法[15]测定茶黄素、茶红素及茶褐素含量。每个指标重复测定三次,以平均值为最终值。
采用SPSS23.0对数据进行描述统计、方差分析、t检验、聚类分析及数据的标准化;方差分析采用最小显著差异法(Least Significant Difference,LSD);聚类分析采用组间连接方法,以平方欧式距离进行测量;采用Origin2021绘制相关性热图及主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA);采用SPSSRRO进行熵值、权重值计算和综合评价。
表2显示贵州出口红茶中工夫红茶的外形整体较为均匀。除部分原料较为粗老的茶样,如CC5梗叶断碎,色泽偏棕褐外,其余茶样条索或盘花紧结或较紧结,色泽也多表现为乌润、乌较润、较乌润等,符合GB/T 13738.2-2017《红茶 第2部分:工夫红茶》对中小叶种工夫红茶的外观色泽要求。出口红碎茶形态为碎茶和片茶,其中碎茶色泽为黄棕土色,片茶色泽呈棕-棕褐-乌褐,与采用云南大叶种所制CTC红碎茶棕褐的色泽接近[16]。内质方面,贵州出口工夫红茶的汤色以橙红为主,亮度较高,仅CL1、CS5两个样品亮度较低。红碎茶汤色明显偏红,以红较亮为主,与国内海南、云南、广东等地大叶种所制红碎茶及斯里兰卡红碎茶“红亮”汤色相似[7],可见红碎茶“轻萎凋,重揉切”的工艺使发酵更加充分均匀[17],茶叶中茶红素与茶黄素比值更大,汤色更红。出口工夫红茶香型多样,呈现甜香、花香、火工香等,但有部分样品带有烟味、焦糊气、陈气等不良气味,推测与加工时的控温不当和储藏不规范有关。部分红碎茶热嗅时有明显青气,这可能是由于目前贵州红碎茶加工通常采用CTC工艺,其萎凋和发酵时间较短,加工温度相对较低,鲜叶中不饱和脂肪酸降解产物增多[18],其产生的带青草气的成分保留量较大所致[19]。贵州出口工夫红茶滋味以甜醇为主,而出口红碎茶滋味偏浓醇,接近国外红茶所具有的浓强、较醇厚的滋味[20−22]。5种类型贵州出口红茶感官审评得分均值大小为CS(85.75)>CC(84.11)>CL(82.43)>BF(82.18)>BB(81.87),出口工夫红茶的感官审评得分高于出口红碎茶。
茶叶水分含量直接影响茶叶品质,同时也决定着茶叶的货架期长短。表3显示贵州出口红茶(包含工夫红茶和红碎茶)水分含量为4.11%~8.04%,均值6.29%。工夫红茶中除样品CL3外,其余样品水分含量均达到GB/T 13738.2-2017《红茶 第2部分:工夫红茶》中水分≤7%的规定。出口工夫红茶和红碎茶的水分含量间没有显著差异。
贵州出口红茶总灰分、水溶性灰分占比的均值分别为5.71%和63.63%,均符合ISO 3720:2011 《Black tea—Definition and basic requirements》和GB/T 13738.1-2017《红茶 第1部分:红碎茶》、GB/T 13738.2- 2017《红茶 第2部分:工夫红茶》的规定。工夫红茶总灰分、水溶性灰分占比均显著高于红碎茶(P<0.05)。这可能与目前贵州的出口工夫红茶主要是一芽一叶、一芽二叶等较幼嫩原料生产,其矿质元素含量更高[23],而红碎茶生产原料主要为一芽三四叶及以上的成熟叶片,矿质元素含量较低有关。
水浸出物含量即茶叶中可溶于水的物质总量,其高低直接影响茶汤滋味的浓淡,是决定茶叶品质的重要因子。ISO 3720:2011 《Black tea—Definition and basic requirements》、GB/T 13738.1-2017《红茶 第1部分:红碎茶》和GB/T 13738.2- 2017《红茶 第2部分:工夫红茶》中对红茶水浸出物含量的要求分别为≥32%、≥28%~36%(四六级~特级)、≥32%~34%(中小叶~大叶)。贵州出口红茶水浸出物含量为26.53%~43.55%,均值为37.33%(表3),除样品BB1水浸出物含量仅有26.53%,低于GB/T 13738.1-2017《红茶 第1部分:红碎茶》的规定外,其余样品均符合要求。此外有5款工夫红茶和3款红碎茶的水浸出物含量超过40%,其原因在于贵州独特的高海拔、低纬度、寡日照的地理气候环境促进了茶叶内含物质的积累。
茶多酚是构成红茶茶汤浓度和滋味的重要因子,也是红茶产品标准的测定指标。从表3可知贵州出口红茶茶多酚的含量偏低,均值为8.45%;有8款(占比57.14%)工夫红茶、7款红碎茶(占比100%)样品茶多酚含量低于限量值9%,尤其是红碎茶茶多酚含量均值只有6%,最大值也只有7.69%。
贵州出口红茶可溶性糖、咖啡碱、氨基酸、茶黄素、茶红素及茶褐素含量的均值分别为2.64%、3.26%、3.48%、0.30%、4.06%和8.66%,各指标在样品间的变异系数均大于15%,达到中等变异水平,表明这些指标在样品间的差异较大。工夫红茶咖啡碱、茶黄素和茶褐素含量均显著高于红碎茶。这与两类红茶加工原料嫩度和工艺不同有关。咖啡碱含量通常随新梢成熟而降低[24];以一芽二叶原料加工的红茶茶黄素及其组分含量高于其他嫩度原料[25−26]。因此以一芽一二叶为主要原料的贵州出口工夫红茶其咖啡碱和茶黄素含量高于原料更加成熟的出口红碎茶。茶褐素是一类呈暗褐色、含有大量羟基,羧基和烷基的高聚物,其形成除与茶黄素、茶红素的氧化有关外,还与多酚的聚合及与氨基酸、糖类等物质的偶联聚合有关[27]。红茶加工过程中发酵时间长、高温、缺氧通常会增加茶褐素的积累[28]。相比红碎茶加工,工夫红茶揉捻时细胞破碎程度小,发酵时间长,细胞内部更容易处于缺氧状态,多酚类物质的聚合反应更强烈,导致形成更多的茶褐素。
贵州出口红茶理化指标间存在一定的相关性(图1)。除可溶性糖与水溶性灰分占比、水浸出物含量、咖啡碱、茶褐素呈负相关,茶黄素与水分、水浸出物呈负相关外,其余指标间均表现为正相关关系,说明指标之间具有协同作用。其中总灰分与茶多酚、氨基酸、茶黄素和茶红素的相关性达到了显著(P<0.05)水平,与咖啡碱、茶褐素的相关性达到了极显著(P<0.01)水平。茶叶中总灰分(矿物质)含量与土壤培肥和茶树吸收能力呈正比,其含量越高表明土壤肥力和茶树吸肥能力越强。推测茶树大量吸收土壤矿质元素时也促进了对C、N等元素的吸收,提高了茶叶中茶多酚、氨基酸等物质的含量。茶多酚含量与咖啡碱、氨基酸含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与茶红素含量呈显著(P<0.05)正相关,这与对云南红茶的研究结果相似[29]。绝大部分指标间相关系数的绝对值大于0.3,表明指标间相关性较强,可进行主成分分析。
对贵州出口红茶的11个理化指标进行主成分分析,以特征值>1进行主成分提取,共提取出3个主成分,方差贡献率分别为40.869%、17.589%和12.228%,累积方差贡献率达到70.686%(表4),能够代表贵州出口红茶的主要信息。由各理化指标的载荷矩阵(表5)可知,除可溶性糖外,其余指标与PC1均呈正相关关系,且总灰分、水溶性灰分占比、咖啡碱、茶多酚、氨基酸、茶红素、茶褐素等7个指标在PC1上具有较高载荷,说明PC1代表的是这7个指标的信息。PC2主要代表的是水分、水浸出物含量及茶黄素含量的信息。PC3上载荷最高的指标是可溶性糖含量。
以PC1、PC2构建PCA得分图(图2)。由图2可知,贵州出口红碎茶(BBT)中碎茶类(BB)、片茶类(BF)离散程度较大,表明两种外形红碎茶理化指标差异显著。3种外形的出口工夫红茶(CBT)中,除部分卷曲形(CC)与条形(CL)样品分散距离较大外,其他工夫红茶的聚合程度较高,说明外形不同的工夫红茶在理化指标方面并没有明显差异。此外红碎茶中片茶类(BF)与工夫红茶的聚合程度较高,尤其是与卷曲形(CC)、盘花状(CS)工夫红茶的聚集度极大,说明三者在理化指标上更为接近。
为进一步确定核心评价指标,采用组间联接的方法对贵州出口红茶的理化指标进行系统聚类,在平方欧式距离5处11个指标被分为3类(图3)。第I类中除茶多酚外,均为一般性检测指标;第II类包括了水溶性灰分占比、水分、水浸出物等3个指定检测指标和1个一般性检测指标氨基酸;第III类只有1个指标,即总灰分。
结合各指标的相关性、主成分分析载荷因子对3类指标进行筛选。第I类指标中可溶性糖与其余指标的相关性都不显著,可剔除;茶多酚与咖啡碱、茶红素之间呈显著或极显著正相关,且茶多酚是指定检测指标,可以用茶多酚代替咖啡碱和茶红素;茶黄素仅与茶褐素呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,茶褐素在主成分上的载荷以及在样品间的变异系数均大于茶黄素,表明其在不同样品间的离散程度更高,数据中的个体差异大,故以茶褐素作为替代指标。第II类指标中氨基酸与其余指标均无显著相关性,故剔除;其余3个指标均为指定检测指标,应保留。第III类指标的总灰分也为指定检测指标,应保留。最终确定茶多酚、茶褐素、水溶性灰分占比、含水量、水浸出物、总灰分共6个指标为贵州出口红茶品质评价的核心指标。
熵权法利用信息熵的定义,通过计算某一指标的信息熵来评估该指标的离散程度;通过计算各个品质指标权重,可以为多指标综合评价提供依据,也使评价结果更加客观。目前该方法已广泛运用于茶叶[30−31]、中草药[32]、果树[33]及食品[34−35]的质量综合评价中。
上述6个指标对红茶品质的影响方向不同。通常认为总灰分、水溶性灰分占比、水浸出物含量越高,茶叶品质越好,即这3个指标为正向指标;而水分、茶褐素和茶多酚含量越高,对红茶品质的负面影响越大,将其设为负向指标[36]。为消除各指标不同影响方向以及指标数据不同量纲对评价结果的影响,对6个核心指标数据进行规范化和无量纲处理,得到标准化数据(表6),以此为基础计算各项指标的熵值和权重(表7),并获得样品综合评分(表8)。
从表7可知,贵州出口红茶各理化指标的权重不同。在不考虑红茶类型的情况下,水溶性灰分占比、水分、总灰分的权重值分别为22.078%、19.267%和18.428%,是权重排名前三的指标,表明这3个指标是决定贵州出口红茶品质的主要因子;而茶多酚对出口红茶品质的影响最小,权重仅占11.390%。各指标对于贵州出口工夫红茶和红碎茶品质影响的权重值大小分别为:水浸出物>茶褐素>水分>水溶性灰分占比>茶多酚>总灰分,茶褐素>水浸出物>总灰分>茶多酚>水溶性灰分占比>水分。可见水浸出物和茶褐素对两类红茶品质的影响较大,排名都在前三;但水分对出口工夫红茶品质的影响要远大于对红碎茶的影响,这与两类红茶工艺不同导致其在含水量控制上的差异有关。红碎茶由于揉切工序,其外形更细碎,干燥时水分散失更加均匀;而工夫红茶揉捻时因细胞破损程度差异较大导致干燥时走水不均匀,其水分含量差异也较大,从而对品质造成较大的影响。
通过熵权法对贵州出口红茶品质进行综合评分,如表8所示,得分排名前5的样品全部为工夫红茶,依次是CC4、CS4、CS1、CL4和CS2;而红碎茶中除BF4得分排名第11位外,其余6个样品得分位于最后6位。不同外形工夫红茶样品间得分均值以及两种外形红碎茶间得分均值接近,无显著差异;但工夫红茶的得分均明显高于红碎茶。5种类型出口红茶的品质高低依次为CS>CL>CC>BF>BB,工夫红茶综合品质高于红碎茶。各类型出口红茶得分的变异较小,最大的变异为CC类型,其变异系数为13.06%,也属于弱变异范围,说明目前贵州出口红茶中同一类型的样品间品质较为均匀,这对实现出口红茶的标准化生产具有积极意义。
贵州出口红茶包括工夫红茶和红碎茶。出口工夫红茶甜醇、花香、果香突出;红碎茶滋味浓醇、汤色红亮,各具特色。除个别样品外,贵州出口红茶水分含量、总灰分、水溶性灰分占比、水浸出物含量均符合国内外红茶相关标准;但所采样的贵州出口红茶茶多酚含量总体略低于标准限量值。基于贵州出口红茶11项理化指标的多变量统计分析筛选出茶多酚、茶褐素、水溶性灰分占比、水分含量、水浸出物含量、总灰分共6个核心指标,熵权法赋权结果显示水溶性灰分占比、水分含量、总灰分是影响贵州出口红茶品质的关键因子;利用核心指标构建的综合评价体系显示贵州出口红茶中工夫红茶品质明显优于红碎茶,各类型出口红茶品质高低为CS>CL>CC>BF>BB,与感官审评结果一致。本研究建立的出口红茶评价体系具有可行性和准确性,适用于贵州出口红茶质量综合评价,研究结果也为贵州出口红茶品质控制提供科学参考。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050108
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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    1贵州大学茶学院,贵州贵阳 550025
    2贵州省绿色食品发展中心,贵州贵阳 550001
    3贵州大学农业生物工程研究院,贵州贵阳 550025

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牛素贞(1980−) ,女,博士,教授,研究方向:茶树种质资源挖掘与产品开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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