Article(id=1320175859886051644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050097, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684052677, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684052677, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684052677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684052677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=315, endPage=328, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175861156925757, articleId=1320175859886051644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Volatile Substances in the Drying Process of Macadamia Nuts of Guangxi's Main Cultivars Based on GC-IMS Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to identify optimal drying conditions for shelled Macadamia nuts and to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of volatile compounds during the drying process, thereby offering a theoretical framework for quality control in the initial processing of Macadamia nuts. The study utilized six primary varieties of Australian Macadamia nuts cultivated in Guangxi—namely 'Gui Re 1' (designated as 1HAO), 695, OC, H2, A38, and A16—as experimental subjects. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was employed to detect and analyze the volatile organic compounds present in Macadamia nuts subjected to drying at 40 ℃ for one week, 50 ℃ for 96 hours, and 60 ℃ for 48 hours. The volatile components generated during the drying process were examined through the integration of chemical pattern recognition, sensory evaluation, and relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis, with the aim of elucidating the differences in volatile components among the various nut varieties. The analysis identified a total of 32 volatile compounds across the three drying treatments, comprising 11 alcohols, 7 aldehydes, 5 ketones, 1 acid, 6 esters, and 2 additional substances. Notably, the concentrations of alcohols and ketones were higher, whereas the aldehydes were present in lower concentrations. The analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in ester concentrations across the three treatments. However, the extent of differences in other categories varied among the treatments. Drawing on the characteristics of volatile components and existing literature, it was hypothesized that the volatile substances produced during the drying process primarily originated from lipid oxidation and enzymatic reactions. The principal flavor compound, 2,3-butanedione, known for its creamy aroma, exhibited significant differences between the 40 ℃ treatment group and the 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ treatment groups. However, no significant difference was observed between the 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ treatment groups. Sensory evaluation and energy consumption analysis indicated that the 50 ℃ treatment most effectively enhanced the texture, aroma, and overall acceptability of the nuts, without introducing significant adverse flavors. Consequently, when considering both quality and energy consumption factors, the optimal drying process for shelled Macadamia nuts was identified as 96 hours at 50 ℃. Utilizing the GC-IMS data under this condition, combined with chemical pattern recognition and ROAV analysis, eight distinctive volatile components were identified. Among these, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, and acetic acid emerged as the principal compounds that significantly influenced the overall flavor profile. Through the application of OPLS-DA, in conjunction with clustering heatmaps and analysis of variance, it has been demonstrated that acetic acid was a distinctive component of A38. Similarly, 2,5-dimethylfuran was identified as a shared characteristic component of both 1HAO and OC. The compounds ethyl acetate, isobutanol, and propanol were distinctive to H2, while isoamyl alcohol was specific to 695, ethanol to A16, and isopropanol to OC. The generation of volatile compounds during the drying process of various Macadamia nut varieties may be influenced by distinct metabolic pathways, which were in turn affected by variations in the internal content of substances such as sugars and amino acids. Nonetheless, the precise relationship between volatile components and intrinsic substances necessitated further investigation at the level of metabolic pathways.

, authors=Tao ZHANG1, Chen HUANG2, Dejun GUO2, Haiyun SONG1, Peng HE1, *, Xi CHEN1, Xinghao TU3, Qiujin TAN1, *, authorsList=Tao ZHANG, Chen HUANG, Dejun GUO, Haiyun SONG, Peng HE, Xi CHEN, Xinghao TU, Qiujin TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng HE, Qiujin TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175866135564630, articleId=1320175859886051644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于GC-IMS结合化学模式识别分析的广西主栽品种澳洲坚果干燥过程挥发性物质评价, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为筛选适宜的澳洲坚果带壳果干燥条件并初步探索干燥过程中挥发性物质的形成机制,为澳洲坚果初加工过程的品质控制提供理论参考。以广西6个主栽澳洲坚果品种‘桂热1号’(以下简称1HAO)、695、OC、H2、A38、A16为试验材料,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用技术(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)对40 ℃处理组(40 ℃干燥1周)、50 ℃处理组(50 ℃干燥96 h)、60 ℃处理组(60 ℃干燥48 h)三种干燥处理的澳洲坚果样品的挥发性有机物质进行检测分析,并结合化学模式识别、感官评价以及ROAV分析解析干燥过程产生的挥发性组分,探究不同品种间挥发性组分的差异。结果表明:三种干燥处理共定性检出32种挥发性成分,包括11种醇类、7种醛类、5种酮类、1种酸类、6种酯类及2种其他物质,其中醇类和酮类含量较高,醛类含量较低。方差分析显示,酯类在三种处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余类别在不同处理间差异程度不一。结合挥发性组分特征及前人研究,推测干燥过程中挥发性物质主要来源于脂质氧化和酶促反应。具有奶油香气的关键风味物质2,3-丁二酮在40 ℃处理组与50 ℃、60 ℃处理组间存在显著差异,而50 ℃与60 ℃处理组间无显著差异。感官评价与能耗分析表明,50 ℃处理在改善坚果质地、香气及整体可接受性方面效果最佳,且未引起明显不良风味。因此,综合品质与能耗因素,确定50 ℃干燥96 h为带壳澳洲坚果的最优干燥工艺。基于该条件下GC-IMS数据,结合化学模式识别与ROAV分析,进一步筛选出8种特征挥发性组分,其中异丁醇、异戊醇和乙酸为整体风味贡献较大的关键化合物。OPLS-DA结合聚类热图以及方差分析显示乙酸为A38的特征性组分,2,5-二甲基呋喃为1HAO和OC所共有的特征性组分,乙酸乙酯、异丁醇和丙醇为H2的特征性组分,异戊醇为695的特征性组分,乙醇为A16的特征性组分,异丙醇为OC的另一特征性组分。不同品种澳洲坚果因内含物质(如糖和氨基酸)含量的差异,可能在干燥过程中通过不同代谢途径影响挥发性物质的生成。然而,挥发性组分与内在成分之间的具体关联仍需从代谢途径层面开展更深入的机制研究。

, authors=张涛1, 黄晨2, 郭德军2, 宋海云1, 贺鹏1, *, 陈茜1, 涂行浩3, 谭秋锦1, *, authorsList=张涛, 黄晨, 郭德军, 宋海云, 贺鹏, 陈茜, 涂行浩, 谭秋锦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=贺鹏, 谭秋锦, authorNote=

张涛(1986−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带亚热带水果加工及其副产物综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
贺鹏(1990−),男,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向:果品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
谭秋锦(1986−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:热带果树遗传育种与栽培,E-mail:。
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张涛(1986−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带亚热带水果加工及其副产物综合利用,E-mail:

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张涛(1986−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带亚热带水果加工及其副产物综合利用,E-mail:

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Chemical Reviews, 2011, 111(10): 5944−5972., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175866399805783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175866408194392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, companyId=1320175866399805783, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Scientific Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Longzhou 532415, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175866416583001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, companyId=1320175866399805783, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广西农业科学院广西南亚热带农业科学研究所,广西龙州 532415)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320175866496274778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175866504663387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, companyId=1320175866496274778, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175866513051996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, companyId=1320175866496274778, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北部湾大学食品工程学院,广西钦州 535011)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320175866588549469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175866596938078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, companyId=1320175866588549469, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175866605326687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, companyId=1320175866588549469, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所,广东湛江 524091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175871114203538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Two-dimensional GC-IMS spectra of volatile components of Macadamia nuts under different drying treatment, figureFileSmall=AcadldZXN1P+btyTiZCjxA==, figureFileBig=iiKypxarY3nk5zw3vNSA1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871181312403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干燥处理下澳洲坚果挥发性组分二维GC-IMS谱图, figureFileSmall=AcadldZXN1P+btyTiZCjxA==, figureFileBig=iiKypxarY3nk5zw3vNSA1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871403610516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in the categorized content of volatile components of Macadamia nuts under different drying treatment, figureFileSmall=83OE5HaxJ2HRNXrq6SzL4w==, figureFileBig=xfOFMtYZnV5AZ6kbCE4DeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871479107989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥处理下澳洲坚果挥发性组分分类含量变化图

注:不同字母表示不同处理组间差异显著(P<0.05),图3、图4同。

, figureFileSmall=83OE5HaxJ2HRNXrq6SzL4w==, figureFileBig=xfOFMtYZnV5AZ6kbCE4DeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871567188374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of sensory quality of Macadamia nuts under different drying treatment, figureFileSmall=Ew+fOgXXHi9HGH4EqKhkaQ==, figureFileBig=T1xUZ8aPiNTeyAzjS7YVfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871642685847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥处理下澳洲坚果感官品质的变化, figureFileSmall=Ew+fOgXXHi9HGH4EqKhkaQ==, figureFileBig=T1xUZ8aPiNTeyAzjS7YVfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871730766232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation of 2,3-butanedione content under different drying treatment, figureFileSmall=E6G856vqljTIy4wGk8FEoQ==, figureFileBig=qeLmpicyYeMYiTK9vXNmDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871802069401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同干燥处理下2,3-丁二酮含量变化图, figureFileSmall=E6G856vqljTIy4wGk8FEoQ==, figureFileBig=qeLmpicyYeMYiTK9vXNmDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871902732698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fingerprints of volatile organic compounds in Macadamia nuts of various species treated at 50 ℃, figureFileSmall=mWNKF0UdcxI8rGIeIKgSSA==, figureFileBig=i7l7E8X9aUGuklQyKekqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175871986618779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图5, caption=50 ℃处理组各品种澳洲坚果挥发性有机物指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=mWNKF0UdcxI8rGIeIKgSSA==, figureFileBig=i7l7E8X9aUGuklQyKekqcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872057921948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Results of cluster analysis of different varieties of Macadamia nuts based on volatile fractions, figureFileSmall=uR3friXzsZ8VsDdMCCaRBA==, figureFileBig=2eUBk1ixe614rUMOKjWl+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872129225117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于挥发性组分的不同品种澳洲坚果的聚类分析结果, figureFileSmall=uR3friXzsZ8VsDdMCCaRBA==, figureFileBig=2eUBk1ixe614rUMOKjWl+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872196333982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Volatile components with large contributions from principal component 1 (A) and principal component 2 (B), figureFileSmall=SvI++PlEoTu9+31TwQQzzw==, figureFileBig=LIqaoDF27xk3cKOYp31Osg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872271831455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图7, caption=主成分1(A)和主成分2(B)贡献率较大的挥发性组分, figureFileSmall=SvI++PlEoTu9+31TwQQzzw==, figureFileBig=LIqaoDF27xk3cKOYp31Osg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872326357408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=PCA score plots of different varieties of Macadamia nuts based on volatile fractions, figureFileSmall=lf9F4pPog7NjD7Dkjg+H7w==, figureFileBig=reCDaK2AdZ2JkH8JAkM2Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872401854881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于挥发性组分的不同品种澳洲坚果的PCA 得分图, figureFileSmall=lf9F4pPog7NjD7Dkjg+H7w==, figureFileBig=reCDaK2AdZ2JkH8JAkM2Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872464769442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Plot of OPLS-DA scores (A) and Hotelling T2 distribution (B) for different varieties of Macadamia nuts, figureFileSmall=AnC7Ym4q/YatBZ4YHX35ew==, figureFileBig=Kc5GgBu6cJjdT4a/wPV92g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872531878307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同品种澳洲坚果的OPLS-DA得分图(A)和Hotelling T2分布图(B)

注:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别代表三个聚类。

, figureFileSmall=AnC7Ym4q/YatBZ4YHX35ew==, figureFileBig=Kc5GgBu6cJjdT4a/wPV92g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872615764388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=OPLS-DA model replacement validation, figureFileSmall=8D3Npxkhrr0e3CwaidpsTA==, figureFileBig=ee2p45Tm/4563Ht/UFHQ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175872691261861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图10, caption=OPLS-DA模型置换验证, figureFileSmall=8D3Npxkhrr0e3CwaidpsTA==, figureFileBig=ee2p45Tm/4563Ht/UFHQ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175874352206246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=OPLS-DA loading plot (A) and and VIP values (B) of volatile component, figureFileSmall=KelG1Q62w/l85H7bkPh83A==, figureFileBig=qLC/Tl5GUyoNPVNRCWuBnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175874440286631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图11, caption=挥发性组分的 OPLS-DA载荷图(A)和VIP值(B)

注:图A中X表示32种挥发性组分,Y表示聚为3类的6种澳洲坚果品种;红色同心圆表示VIP>1.0的挥发性组分。

, figureFileSmall=KelG1Q62w/l85H7bkPh83A==, figureFileBig=qLC/Tl5GUyoNPVNRCWuBnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175874507395496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Cluster heatmap based on 8 key differential volatile components in different varieties of Macadamia nuts, figureFileSmall=rxQ2LBRYMsL8c1b9nWilXw==, figureFileBig=6WmvownIwx3oSn6NtySaOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175874587087273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=图12, caption=基于不同品种澳洲坚果中8种关键差异性挥发性组分的聚类热图

注:热图以颜色梯度表示相对含量高低,绿色代表含量较低,红色代表含量较高。

, figureFileSmall=rxQ2LBRYMsL8c1b9nWilXw==, figureFileBig=6WmvownIwx3oSn6NtySaOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175874670973354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory scale of the quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分12345
口感非常松软松软中等脆非常脆
香气差良良好(合格)很好极好
外观色泽差良良好(合格)很好极好
不良风味无轻度中度较重严重
), ArticleFig(id=1320175874742276523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分12345
口感非常松软松软中等脆非常脆
香气差良良好(合格)很好极好
外观色泽差良良好(合格)很好极好
不良风味无轻度中度较重严重
), ArticleFig(id=1320175874805191084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Differential analysis of volatile components in various varieties of Macadamia nuts treated at 50 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代码挥发性成分CAS号分子量保留
指数
保留时
间(s)
迁移时
间(ms)
相对含量(%)
中文名称英文名称OC1HAO695A16A38H2
Z01异戊醇1-Butanol,3-methyl123-51-388.11223.2539.3421.243718.36±0.14c6.86±0.31d12.64±0.66a5.73±0.18e8.46±0.46c9.78±0.46b
Z02正丁醇1-butanol71-36-374.11157.9444.8061.180371.04±0.11b1.02±0.06bc1.21±0.06a0.90±0.01cd0.84±0.07d1.06±0.07b
Z03异丁醇1-Propanol, 2-methyl78-83-174.11108.7385.4751.169795.03±0.21e6.16±0.17c5.46±0.09d7.34±0.10b6.08±0.19c9.05±0.03a
Z04仲丁醇2-butanol78-92-274.11039.3328.2811.320532.68±0.17b3.38±0.12a2.46±0.04cd2.61±0.10bc2.50±0.08bcd2.35±0.10d
Z05丙醇1-Propanol71-23-860.11055.9340.4561.111551.88±0.05c1.57±0.03c1.82±0.02c2.36±0.16b1.73±0.05c4.88±0.38a
Z063-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol763-32-686.11267.6615.9361.167960.32±0.02b0.28±0.03b0.43±0.06a0.30±0.06b0.33±0.10b0.24±0.02b
Z07正戊醇1-Pentanol71-41-088.11270.2620.8061.254870.23±0.03d0.32±0.06bc0.35±0.03a0.26±0.03cd0.28±0.05bcd0.26±0.03cd
Z082-戊醇2-Pentanol6032-29-788.11134.4415.3651.206420.19±0.03a0.18±0.03b0.14±0.01c0.17±0.01bc0.16±0.01bc0.17±0.01bc
Z09异丙醇2-Propanol67-63-060.1935271.5931.089366.18±0.10a5.6±0.06b4.78±0.20d4.57±0.16d5.10±0.21c3.56±0.04e
Z10正己醇1-hexanol111-27-3102.21374808.6511.327080.38±0.02bc0.45±0.05a0.38±0.03bc0.39±0.03b0.35±0.03bc0.32±0.02c
Z11乙醇Ethanol64-17-546.1938.9273.251.0431620.07±0.21ab19.82±0.42bc18.85±0.14c20.91±0.52a19.18±0.70bc16.89±0.82d
Z12庚醛Heptaldehyde111-71-7114.21200.4503.8081.330270.42±0.04b0.43±0.06b0.40±0.03b0.40±0.01b0.51±0.03a0.36±0.07b
Z13己醛1-hexanal66-25-1100.21104.8381.0361.258520.40±0.04bc0.46±0.06ab0.37±0.04c0.39±0.04bc0.50±0.05a0.43±0.04abc
Z14正辛醛1-octanal124-13-0128.21308.4690.4751.401821.06±0.09b1.17±0.02a0.94±0.03c1.02±0.09bc0.99±0.04bc0.76±0.04d
Z15戊醛n-Pentanal110-62-386.11004.7304.2561.177890.45±0.03b0.45±0.05b0.35±0.02c0.40±0.06bc0.55±0.04a0.39±0.06bc
Z162-甲基丁醛2-Methylbutanal96-17-386.1863.1242.9671.159450.65±0.04d1.14±0.07a0.61±0.06d1.00±0.06b0.81±0.03c0.89±0.10bc
Z17丁醛Butanal123-72-872.1857.3240.8141.090085.33±0.47b5.37±0.04b4.84±0.15c6.24±0.21a5.76±0.17b4.02±0.17d
Z18异戊醛3-Methyl butanal590-86-386.1908260.4681.205540.18±0.03b0.17±0.02b0.18±0.02b0.19±0.02b0.17±0.04b0.24±0.03a
Z19环戊酮Cyclopentanone120-92-384.11142.5425.3441.108473.29±0.18a2.93±0.10b2.18±0.14c1.34±0.08d2.36±0.11c1.18±0.03d
Z201-戊烯-3-酮1-Penten-3-one1629-58-984.11030.7322.1251.087470.68±0.06bc0.68±0.02bc0.63±0.05cd0.76±0.02b0.54±0.02d0.92±0.13a
Z212-戊酮2-Pentanone107-87-986.11030.6322.0511.112720.37±0.01a0.33±0.03ab0.30±0.02b0.37±0.03a0.20±0.02c0.17±0.02c
Z222,3-丁二酮2,3-Butanedione431-03-886.1965.3284.6691.0437114.58±0.40ab14.67±0.50ab13.77±0.90bc15.07±0.23a13.49±0.30c15.14±0.41a
Z232-丁酮2-Butanone78-93-372.1921.5265.9931.058170.61±0.05c0.82±0.04a0.68±0.02bc0.87±0.02a0.72±0.04b0.62±0.06c
Z24乙酸Acetic acid64-19-760.11482.11048.7911.151770.12±0.11d0.83±0.01cd4.53±0.70ab4.30±1.51ab6.60±2.15a3.04±1.48bc
Z25乙酸乙酯Acetic acid ethyl ester141-78-688.1902.5258.2811.343971.78±0.04c2.27±0.06b1.90±0.06c2.59±0.08b1.74±0.03c6.53±0.44a
Z26乙酸丙酯Propyl acetate109-60-4102.1943.4275.1731.170335.56±0.25a5.63±0.12a5.08±0.13b5.41±0.13a4.69±0.24c4.87±0.18bc
Z27乙酸异丁酯2-methyl-1-propyl acetate110-19-0116.21034.8325.0571.234940.24±0.04a0.25±0.08a0.21±0.03a0.23±0.01a0.20±0.06a0.22±0.07a
Z28乙酸甲酯methyl acetate79-20-974.1865.6243.9331.035091.77±0.20bc2.19±0.02a1.62±0.05c1.74±0.04bc1.87±0.18b1.87±0.11b
Z29乙酸叶醇酯(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate3681-71-8142.21317.9706.4851.045051.02±0.06ab1.06±0.07a0.92±0.04bc1.01±0.03ab1.02±0.05ab0.91±0.06c
Z30反式-2-己烯酸乙酯(E)-Ethyl-2-hexenoate27829-72-7142.21334.1734.4651.320720.33±0.05a0.33±0.05a0.31±0.01a0.31±0.03a0.32±0.04a0.23±0.03b
Z312,5-二甲基呋喃2,5-Dimethylfuran625-86-596.1914.7263.1921.024839.01±0.32a8.89±0.31a7.20±0.13c7.59±0.21c8.28±0.17b4.47±0.17d
Z32异松油烯alpha-terpinolene586-62-9136.21292.1662.8681.218221.52±0.40a0.42±0.08b0.46±0.01b0.48±0.05b0.51±0.04b0.51±0.03b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175874884882861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

50 ℃处理组各个品种澳洲坚果挥发性组分差异性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代码挥发性成分CAS号分子量保留
指数
保留时
间(s)
迁移时
间(ms)
相对含量(%)
中文名称英文名称OC1HAO695A16A38H2
Z01异戊醇1-Butanol,3-methyl123-51-388.11223.2539.3421.243718.36±0.14c6.86±0.31d12.64±0.66a5.73±0.18e8.46±0.46c9.78±0.46b
Z02正丁醇1-butanol71-36-374.11157.9444.8061.180371.04±0.11b1.02±0.06bc1.21±0.06a0.90±0.01cd0.84±0.07d1.06±0.07b
Z03异丁醇1-Propanol, 2-methyl78-83-174.11108.7385.4751.169795.03±0.21e6.16±0.17c5.46±0.09d7.34±0.10b6.08±0.19c9.05±0.03a
Z04仲丁醇2-butanol78-92-274.11039.3328.2811.320532.68±0.17b3.38±0.12a2.46±0.04cd2.61±0.10bc2.50±0.08bcd2.35±0.10d
Z05丙醇1-Propanol71-23-860.11055.9340.4561.111551.88±0.05c1.57±0.03c1.82±0.02c2.36±0.16b1.73±0.05c4.88±0.38a
Z063-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol763-32-686.11267.6615.9361.167960.32±0.02b0.28±0.03b0.43±0.06a0.30±0.06b0.33±0.10b0.24±0.02b
Z07正戊醇1-Pentanol71-41-088.11270.2620.8061.254870.23±0.03d0.32±0.06bc0.35±0.03a0.26±0.03cd0.28±0.05bcd0.26±0.03cd
Z082-戊醇2-Pentanol6032-29-788.11134.4415.3651.206420.19±0.03a0.18±0.03b0.14±0.01c0.17±0.01bc0.16±0.01bc0.17±0.01bc
Z09异丙醇2-Propanol67-63-060.1935271.5931.089366.18±0.10a5.6±0.06b4.78±0.20d4.57±0.16d5.10±0.21c3.56±0.04e
Z10正己醇1-hexanol111-27-3102.21374808.6511.327080.38±0.02bc0.45±0.05a0.38±0.03bc0.39±0.03b0.35±0.03bc0.32±0.02c
Z11乙醇Ethanol64-17-546.1938.9273.251.0431620.07±0.21ab19.82±0.42bc18.85±0.14c20.91±0.52a19.18±0.70bc16.89±0.82d
Z12庚醛Heptaldehyde111-71-7114.21200.4503.8081.330270.42±0.04b0.43±0.06b0.40±0.03b0.40±0.01b0.51±0.03a0.36±0.07b
Z13己醛1-hexanal66-25-1100.21104.8381.0361.258520.40±0.04bc0.46±0.06ab0.37±0.04c0.39±0.04bc0.50±0.05a0.43±0.04abc
Z14正辛醛1-octanal124-13-0128.21308.4690.4751.401821.06±0.09b1.17±0.02a0.94±0.03c1.02±0.09bc0.99±0.04bc0.76±0.04d
Z15戊醛n-Pentanal110-62-386.11004.7304.2561.177890.45±0.03b0.45±0.05b0.35±0.02c0.40±0.06bc0.55±0.04a0.39±0.06bc
Z162-甲基丁醛2-Methylbutanal96-17-386.1863.1242.9671.159450.65±0.04d1.14±0.07a0.61±0.06d1.00±0.06b0.81±0.03c0.89±0.10bc
Z17丁醛Butanal123-72-872.1857.3240.8141.090085.33±0.47b5.37±0.04b4.84±0.15c6.24±0.21a5.76±0.17b4.02±0.17d
Z18异戊醛3-Methyl butanal590-86-386.1908260.4681.205540.18±0.03b0.17±0.02b0.18±0.02b0.19±0.02b0.17±0.04b0.24±0.03a
Z19环戊酮Cyclopentanone120-92-384.11142.5425.3441.108473.29±0.18a2.93±0.10b2.18±0.14c1.34±0.08d2.36±0.11c1.18±0.03d
Z201-戊烯-3-酮1-Penten-3-one1629-58-984.11030.7322.1251.087470.68±0.06bc0.68±0.02bc0.63±0.05cd0.76±0.02b0.54±0.02d0.92±0.13a
Z212-戊酮2-Pentanone107-87-986.11030.6322.0511.112720.37±0.01a0.33±0.03ab0.30±0.02b0.37±0.03a0.20±0.02c0.17±0.02c
Z222,3-丁二酮2,3-Butanedione431-03-886.1965.3284.6691.0437114.58±0.40ab14.67±0.50ab13.77±0.90bc15.07±0.23a13.49±0.30c15.14±0.41a
Z232-丁酮2-Butanone78-93-372.1921.5265.9931.058170.61±0.05c0.82±0.04a0.68±0.02bc0.87±0.02a0.72±0.04b0.62±0.06c
Z24乙酸Acetic acid64-19-760.11482.11048.7911.151770.12±0.11d0.83±0.01cd4.53±0.70ab4.30±1.51ab6.60±2.15a3.04±1.48bc
Z25乙酸乙酯Acetic acid ethyl ester141-78-688.1902.5258.2811.343971.78±0.04c2.27±0.06b1.90±0.06c2.59±0.08b1.74±0.03c6.53±0.44a
Z26乙酸丙酯Propyl acetate109-60-4102.1943.4275.1731.170335.56±0.25a5.63±0.12a5.08±0.13b5.41±0.13a4.69±0.24c4.87±0.18bc
Z27乙酸异丁酯2-methyl-1-propyl acetate110-19-0116.21034.8325.0571.234940.24±0.04a0.25±0.08a0.21±0.03a0.23±0.01a0.20±0.06a0.22±0.07a
Z28乙酸甲酯methyl acetate79-20-974.1865.6243.9331.035091.77±0.20bc2.19±0.02a1.62±0.05c1.74±0.04bc1.87±0.18b1.87±0.11b
Z29乙酸叶醇酯(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate3681-71-8142.21317.9706.4851.045051.02±0.06ab1.06±0.07a0.92±0.04bc1.01±0.03ab1.02±0.05ab0.91±0.06c
Z30反式-2-己烯酸乙酯(E)-Ethyl-2-hexenoate27829-72-7142.21334.1734.4651.320720.33±0.05a0.33±0.05a0.31±0.01a0.31±0.03a0.32±0.04a0.23±0.03b
Z312,5-二甲基呋喃2,5-Dimethylfuran625-86-596.1914.7263.1921.024839.01±0.32a8.89±0.31a7.20±0.13c7.59±0.21c8.28±0.17b4.47±0.17d
Z32异松油烯alpha-terpinolene586-62-9136.21292.1662.8681.218221.52±0.40a0.42±0.08b0.46±0.01b0.48±0.05b0.51±0.04b0.51±0.03b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175874972963246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ROAV of volatile fractions of individual varieties of Macadamia nuts treated at 50 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代码挥发性成分阈值
(mg/L)[61]
ROAV
中文名称英文名称OC1HAO695A16A38H2
Z01异戊醇1-Butanol,3-methyl0.1601.612±0.0171.315±0.0152.583±0.0341.069±0.0171.763±0.0581.816±0.036
Z02正丁醇1-butanol48.0000.0007±0.0000.0006±0.0000.0008±0.0000.0006±0.0000.0005±0.0000.0007±0.000
Z03异丁醇1-Propanol, 2-methyl0.0364.311±0.0625.249±0.0344.967±0.2436.088±0.0105.633±0.0517.475±0.177
Z04仲丁醇2- butanol14.4000.006±0.0000.007±0.0000.005±0.0000.005±0.0000.006±0.0000.005±0.000
Z05丙醇1-Propanol0.8000.072±0.0000.060±0.0000.074±0.0040.088±0.0050.072±0.0000.181±0.009
Z063-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇3-Methyl-3-buten-1-olNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Z07正戊醇1-Pentanol30.0000.000±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.000
Z082-戊醇2-Pentanol1.0000.006±0.0000.005±0.0000.004±0.0000.005±0.0000.005±0.0000.005±0.000
Z09异丙醇2-Propanol2.5000.076±0.0000.068±0.0020.062±0.0010.054±0.0010.068±0.0010.042±0.000
Z10正己醇1 -hexanol0.7400.016±0.0000.018±0.0010.017±0.0000.016±0.0000.016±0.0010.013±0.000
Z11乙醇Ethanol7.8000.079±0.0010.078±0.0010.079±0.0040.080±0.0000.082±0.0010.064±0.001
Z12庚醛Heptaldehyde0.1500.086±0.0060.088±0.0090.087±0.0000.079±0.0000.113±0.0040.071±0.012
Z13己醛1-hexanal0.1600.077±0.0050.088±0.0080.075±0.0030.073±0.0060.104±0.0080.079±0.005
Z14正辛醛1-octanal0.1700.192±0.0110.211±0.0030.181±0.0060.179±0.0130.194±0.0030.133±0.003
Z15戊醛n-Pentanal0.1000.139±0.0050.138±0.0110.114±0.0000.119±0.0160.183±0.0090.116±0.014
Z162-甲基丁醛2-Methylbutanal0.1000.200±0.0070.349±0.0090.199±0.0060.298±0.0130.270±0.0040.264±0.022
Z17丁醛Butanal0.0276.086±0.3706.104±0.1625.867±0.2026.899±0.1277.116±0.0524.424±0.067
Z18异戊醛3-Methyl butanal0.00163.463±0.4833.253±0.2733.669±0.1693.543±0.3193.533±0.7564.451±0.437
Z19环戊酮Cyclopentanone35.0000.003±0.0000.002±0.0000.002±0.0000.001±0.0000.002±0.0000.001±0.000
Z201-戊烯-3-酮1-Penten-3-oneNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Z212-戊酮2-Pentanone12.0000.001±0.0000.0008±0.0000.0008±0.0000.0009±0.0000.0005±0.0000.0004±0.000
Z222,3-丁二酮2,3 Butanedione0.0045100±2.743100±3.408100±6.536100±1.526100±2.224100±2.708
Z232-丁酮2-ButanoneNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Z24乙酸Acetic acid0.0250.146±0.1321.018±0.0225.898±0.5305.118±1.7258.767±2.6743.584±1.663
Z25乙酸乙酯Acetic acid ethyl ester0.6000.092±0.0000.116±0.0000.104±0.0030.129±0.0020.097±0.0000.323±0.013
Z26乙酸丙酯Propyl acetate0.3500.490±0.0080.493±0.0060.475±0.0180.462±0.0040.447±0.0130.413±0.004
Z27乙酸异丁酯2-methyl-1-propyl acetate2.4000.003±0.0000.003±0.0000.003±0.0000.002±0.0000.003±0.0000.003±0.000
Z28乙酸甲酯methyl acetate0.7000.078±0.0070.096±0.0020.076±0.0030.074±0.0000.089±0.0060.079±0.002
Z29乙酸叶醇酯(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate0.0201.573±0.0491.624±0.0521.505±0.0331.508±0.0221.701±0.0451.351±0.052
Z30反式-2-己烯酸乙酯(E)-Ethyl-2-hexenoate0.2000.051±0.0060.050±0.0060.051±0.0020.046±0.0040.053±0.0050.034±0.003
Z312,5-二甲基呋喃2,5-Dimethylfuran100.0000.003±0.0000.003±0.0000.002±0.0000.002±0.0000.003±0.0000.001±0.000
Z32异松油烯alpha-terpinolene1.5000.031±0.0070.008±0.0010.010±0.0000.009±0.0000.011±0.0000.010±0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1320175875056849327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175859886051644, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

50 ℃处理组各个品种澳洲坚果挥发性组分的ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代码挥发性成分阈值
(mg/L)[61]
ROAV
中文名称英文名称OC1HAO695A16A38H2
Z01异戊醇1-Butanol,3-methyl0.1601.612±0.0171.315±0.0152.583±0.0341.069±0.0171.763±0.0581.816±0.036
Z02正丁醇1-butanol48.0000.0007±0.0000.0006±0.0000.0008±0.0000.0006±0.0000.0005±0.0000.0007±0.000
Z03异丁醇1-Propanol, 2-methyl0.0364.311±0.0625.249±0.0344.967±0.2436.088±0.0105.633±0.0517.475±0.177
Z04仲丁醇2- butanol14.4000.006±0.0000.007±0.0000.005±0.0000.005±0.0000.006±0.0000.005±0.000
Z05丙醇1-Propanol0.8000.072±0.0000.060±0.0000.074±0.0040.088±0.0050.072±0.0000.181±0.009
Z063-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇3-Methyl-3-buten-1-olNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Z07正戊醇1-Pentanol30.0000.000±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.0000.0003±0.000
Z082-戊醇2-Pentanol1.0000.006±0.0000.005±0.0000.004±0.0000.005±0.0000.005±0.0000.005±0.000
Z09异丙醇2-Propanol2.5000.076±0.0000.068±0.0020.062±0.0010.054±0.0010.068±0.0010.042±0.000
Z10正己醇1 -hexanol0.7400.016±0.0000.018±0.0010.017±0.0000.016±0.0000.016±0.0010.013±0.000
Z11乙醇Ethanol7.8000.079±0.0010.078±0.0010.079±0.0040.080±0.0000.082±0.0010.064±0.001
Z12庚醛Heptaldehyde0.1500.086±0.0060.088±0.0090.087±0.0000.079±0.0000.113±0.0040.071±0.012
Z13己醛1-hexanal0.1600.077±0.0050.088±0.0080.075±0.0030.073±0.0060.104±0.0080.079±0.005
Z14正辛醛1-octanal0.1700.192±0.0110.211±0.0030.181±0.0060.179±0.0130.194±0.0030.133±0.003
Z15戊醛n-Pentanal0.1000.139±0.0050.138±0.0110.114±0.0000.119±0.0160.183±0.0090.116±0.014
Z162-甲基丁醛2-Methylbutanal0.1000.200±0.0070.349±0.0090.199±0.0060.298±0.0130.270±0.0040.264±0.022
Z17丁醛Butanal0.0276.086±0.3706.104±0.1625.867±0.2026.899±0.1277.116±0.0524.424±0.067
Z18异戊醛3-Methyl butanal0.00163.463±0.4833.253±0.2733.669±0.1693.543±0.3193.533±0.7564.451±0.437
Z19环戊酮Cyclopentanone35.0000.003±0.0000.002±0.0000.002±0.0000.001±0.0000.002±0.0000.001±0.000
Z201-戊烯-3-酮1-Penten-3-oneNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Z212-戊酮2-Pentanone12.0000.001±0.0000.0008±0.0000.0008±0.0000.0009±0.0000.0005±0.0000.0004±0.000
Z222,3-丁二酮2,3 Butanedione0.0045100±2.743100±3.408100±6.536100±1.526100±2.224100±2.708
Z232-丁酮2-ButanoneNDNDNDNDNDNDND
Z24乙酸Acetic acid0.0250.146±0.1321.018±0.0225.898±0.5305.118±1.7258.767±2.6743.584±1.663
Z25乙酸乙酯Acetic acid ethyl ester0.6000.092±0.0000.116±0.0000.104±0.0030.129±0.0020.097±0.0000.323±0.013
Z26乙酸丙酯Propyl acetate0.3500.490±0.0080.493±0.0060.475±0.0180.462±0.0040.447±0.0130.413±0.004
Z27乙酸异丁酯2-methyl-1-propyl acetate2.4000.003±0.0000.003±0.0000.003±0.0000.002±0.0000.003±0.0000.003±0.000
Z28乙酸甲酯methyl acetate0.7000.078±0.0070.096±0.0020.076±0.0030.074±0.0000.089±0.0060.079±0.002
Z29乙酸叶醇酯(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate0.0201.573±0.0491.624±0.0521.505±0.0331.508±0.0221.701±0.0451.351±0.052
Z30反式-2-己烯酸乙酯(E)-Ethyl-2-hexenoate0.2000.051±0.0060.050±0.0060.051±0.0020.046±0.0040.053±0.0050.034±0.003
Z312,5-二甲基呋喃2,5-Dimethylfuran100.0000.003±0.0000.003±0.0000.002±0.0000.002±0.0000.003±0.0000.001±0.000
Z32异松油烯alpha-terpinolene1.5000.031±0.0070.008±0.0010.010±0.0000.009±0.0000.011±0.0000.010±0.000
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基于GC-IMS结合化学模式识别分析的广西主栽品种澳洲坚果干燥过程挥发性物质评价
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张涛 1 , 黄晨 2 , 郭德军 2 , 宋海云 1 , 贺鹏 1, * , 陈茜 1 , 涂行浩 3 , 谭秋锦 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(12): 315-328
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (12) : 315 -328
基于GC-IMS结合化学模式识别分析的广西主栽品种澳洲坚果干燥过程挥发性物质评价
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张涛(1986−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带亚热带水果加工及其副产物综合利用,E-mail:

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张涛1 , 黄晨2, 郭德军2, 宋海云1, 贺鹏1, * , 陈茜1, 涂行浩3, 谭秋锦1, *
作者信息
  • 1广西农业科学院广西南亚热带农业科学研究所,广西龙州 532415
  • 2北部湾大学食品工程学院,广西钦州 535011
  • 3中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所,广东湛江 524091
通讯作者:
贺鹏(1990−),男,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向:果品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
谭秋锦(1986−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:热带果树遗传育种与栽培,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张涛(1986−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:热带亚热带水果加工及其副产物综合利用,E-mail:

Evaluation of Volatile Substances in the Drying Process of Macadamia Nuts of Guangxi's Main Cultivars Based on GC-IMS Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis
Tao ZHANG1 , Chen HUANG2, Dejun GUO2, Haiyun SONG1, Peng HE1, * , Xi CHEN1, Xinghao TU3, Qiujin TAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Scientific Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Longzhou 532415, China
  • 2College of Food Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
  • 3South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524091, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050097
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为筛选适宜的澳洲坚果带壳果干燥条件并初步探索干燥过程中挥发性物质的形成机制,为澳洲坚果初加工过程的品质控制提供理论参考。以广西6个主栽澳洲坚果品种‘桂热1号’(以下简称1HAO)、695、OC、H2、A38、A16为试验材料,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用技术(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)对40 ℃处理组(40 ℃干燥1周)、50 ℃处理组(50 ℃干燥96 h)、60 ℃处理组(60 ℃干燥48 h)三种干燥处理的澳洲坚果样品的挥发性有机物质进行检测分析,并结合化学模式识别、感官评价以及ROAV分析解析干燥过程产生的挥发性组分,探究不同品种间挥发性组分的差异。结果表明:三种干燥处理共定性检出32种挥发性成分,包括11种醇类、7种醛类、5种酮类、1种酸类、6种酯类及2种其他物质,其中醇类和酮类含量较高,醛类含量较低。方差分析显示,酯类在三种处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余类别在不同处理间差异程度不一。结合挥发性组分特征及前人研究,推测干燥过程中挥发性物质主要来源于脂质氧化和酶促反应。具有奶油香气的关键风味物质2,3-丁二酮在40 ℃处理组与50 ℃、60 ℃处理组间存在显著差异,而50 ℃与60 ℃处理组间无显著差异。感官评价与能耗分析表明,50 ℃处理在改善坚果质地、香气及整体可接受性方面效果最佳,且未引起明显不良风味。因此,综合品质与能耗因素,确定50 ℃干燥96 h为带壳澳洲坚果的最优干燥工艺。基于该条件下GC-IMS数据,结合化学模式识别与ROAV分析,进一步筛选出8种特征挥发性组分,其中异丁醇、异戊醇和乙酸为整体风味贡献较大的关键化合物。OPLS-DA结合聚类热图以及方差分析显示乙酸为A38的特征性组分,2,5-二甲基呋喃为1HAO和OC所共有的特征性组分,乙酸乙酯、异丁醇和丙醇为H2的特征性组分,异戊醇为695的特征性组分,乙醇为A16的特征性组分,异丙醇为OC的另一特征性组分。不同品种澳洲坚果因内含物质(如糖和氨基酸)含量的差异,可能在干燥过程中通过不同代谢途径影响挥发性物质的生成。然而,挥发性组分与内在成分之间的具体关联仍需从代谢途径层面开展更深入的机制研究。

澳洲坚果  /  GC-IMS  /  化学模式识别  /  干燥过程  /  挥发性物质评价

This study aimed to identify optimal drying conditions for shelled Macadamia nuts and to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of volatile compounds during the drying process, thereby offering a theoretical framework for quality control in the initial processing of Macadamia nuts. The study utilized six primary varieties of Australian Macadamia nuts cultivated in Guangxi—namely 'Gui Re 1' (designated as 1HAO), 695, OC, H2, A38, and A16—as experimental subjects. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was employed to detect and analyze the volatile organic compounds present in Macadamia nuts subjected to drying at 40 ℃ for one week, 50 ℃ for 96 hours, and 60 ℃ for 48 hours. The volatile components generated during the drying process were examined through the integration of chemical pattern recognition, sensory evaluation, and relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis, with the aim of elucidating the differences in volatile components among the various nut varieties. The analysis identified a total of 32 volatile compounds across the three drying treatments, comprising 11 alcohols, 7 aldehydes, 5 ketones, 1 acid, 6 esters, and 2 additional substances. Notably, the concentrations of alcohols and ketones were higher, whereas the aldehydes were present in lower concentrations. The analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in ester concentrations across the three treatments. However, the extent of differences in other categories varied among the treatments. Drawing on the characteristics of volatile components and existing literature, it was hypothesized that the volatile substances produced during the drying process primarily originated from lipid oxidation and enzymatic reactions. The principal flavor compound, 2,3-butanedione, known for its creamy aroma, exhibited significant differences between the 40 ℃ treatment group and the 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ treatment groups. However, no significant difference was observed between the 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ treatment groups. Sensory evaluation and energy consumption analysis indicated that the 50 ℃ treatment most effectively enhanced the texture, aroma, and overall acceptability of the nuts, without introducing significant adverse flavors. Consequently, when considering both quality and energy consumption factors, the optimal drying process for shelled Macadamia nuts was identified as 96 hours at 50 ℃. Utilizing the GC-IMS data under this condition, combined with chemical pattern recognition and ROAV analysis, eight distinctive volatile components were identified. Among these, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, and acetic acid emerged as the principal compounds that significantly influenced the overall flavor profile. Through the application of OPLS-DA, in conjunction with clustering heatmaps and analysis of variance, it has been demonstrated that acetic acid was a distinctive component of A38. Similarly, 2,5-dimethylfuran was identified as a shared characteristic component of both 1HAO and OC. The compounds ethyl acetate, isobutanol, and propanol were distinctive to H2, while isoamyl alcohol was specific to 695, ethanol to A16, and isopropanol to OC. The generation of volatile compounds during the drying process of various Macadamia nut varieties may be influenced by distinct metabolic pathways, which were in turn affected by variations in the internal content of substances such as sugars and amino acids. Nonetheless, the precise relationship between volatile components and intrinsic substances necessitated further investigation at the level of metabolic pathways.

Macadamia  /  GC-IMS  /  chemical pattern recognition  /  drying process  /  evaluation of volatile substances
张涛, 黄晨, 郭德军, 宋海云, 贺鹏, 陈茜, 涂行浩, 谭秋锦. 基于GC-IMS结合化学模式识别分析的广西主栽品种澳洲坚果干燥过程挥发性物质评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 315 -328 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050097
Tao ZHANG, Chen HUANG, Dejun GUO, Haiyun SONG, Peng HE, Xi CHEN, Xinghao TU, Qiujin TAN. Evaluation of Volatile Substances in the Drying Process of Macadamia Nuts of Guangxi's Main Cultivars Based on GC-IMS Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 315 -328 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050097
澳洲坚果(Macadamia integrifolia),又名夏威夷果、昆士兰坚果,为山龙眼科(Proteaceae)澳洲坚果属(Macadamia F. Muell.)热带、亚热带多年生的常绿乔木果树[1−2]。目前已在云南、广西、广东等地大面积种植,我国澳洲坚果种植面积已位居世界第一位,现已被国家列入特色木本粮油推广种植树种[3]。近年来广西多地出台相关支持政策,将澳洲坚果作为特色产业大力发展,澳洲坚果已成为广西喀斯特石漠化地区的重要收入来源和实现乡村振兴的主要途径[4]。澳洲坚果带壳果的干燥处理是澳洲坚果初加工的关键环节,是后续加工获得优质原料的基础,因此开展澳洲坚果带壳果干燥处理相关研究对延长产业链、促进产业健康发展意义重大。
坚果类产品的最终风味受到果实生长和成熟过程中生成的挥发性化合物的影响。在果实收获后的贮藏以及加工过程中,挥发性组分会进一步地发生变化,从而影响加工产品的感官品质[5]。挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的前体主要是果实中存在的脂肪酸、碳水化合物和氨基酸等[6]。研究显示澳洲坚果果仁中含有油脂、糖类、蛋白质、游离脂肪酸与氨基酸,油脂平均含量在70%左右[7],其油脂富含单不饱和脂肪酸,主要是油酸和棕榈油酸[8−9],且不同品种、产区间的澳洲坚果所含脂肪酸的种类相似,但是含量存在一定差异[10]。因此澳洲坚果果仁中含有生成挥发性有机化合物的各种前体物质。尤其是坚果的主要成分脂类,其含量及脂肪酸组成对坚果焙烤后香气的感官特征有着重要影响[11]。坚果的香气及特征风味主要由挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的相互作用而形成,不仅与浓度和味道特征有关,还与阈值密不可分[12],通过计算气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)和相对气味活度值(relative odor activity values,ROAV)可以较好地判断该VOCs是否为关键香气活性物质[13]。这一分析方法已广泛应用于茶叶[14−15]、乳制品[16]等关键挥发性物质分析。
离子迁移谱(ion mobility spectrometry,IMS)通过利用不同气相离子在电场中迁移率的差异来进行痕量化合物的检测、鉴别及监测[17]。气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用(GC-IMS)技术结合了气相色谱高分离度和离子迁移谱高灵敏度的优势,可快速检测样品中的痕量挥发性有机化合物,广泛应用于各类食品风味物质的检测分析[18−22]。化学模式识别(chemical pattern recognition,CPR)是利用统计学、信号处理、数学等工具从化学量测数据中找出样本的特征,进而将原始数据集中差异性信息提取并对样本进行识别和归类的化学计量学方法[23]。化学模式识别按照有无训练可划分为无监督模式识别和有监督模式识别方法。两者的本质区别在于是否对实验样本所属的类别进行预先分类[24]。前者只有样本的数据但样本的类别(属性、特征)未知,通过样本本身的数据信息实现分类,包括聚类分析(cluster analysis,CA)、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)等;后者是用一组已知类别的样本作为训练集建立分类模型,或称类模型,然后再利用模型对待测样本的类别进行预测,包括簇类独立软模式法(soindependent modeling of class analogy,SIMCA)、判别分析(discriminant analysis,DA)、偏最小二乘法-判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)、人工神经网络(artificial neural networks,ANNS)等[24−25]。已广泛应用于食品、中草药等的品质评价[23−27]。
生干的澳洲坚果原料几乎没有任何特征香气,但经过焙烤后果仁会呈现典型的奶油香味,可能就是焙烤过程导致某些特征风味化合物物质的形成或增加所致[28]。国外有学者研究表明焙烤可以显著提升澳洲坚果果仁品质,同时对果仁蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖成分影响最小,还可以获得更佳的产品货架期[29−32]。国内研究则更深入地探讨了焙烤引发的物质变化规律及其机制。研究发现,焙烤过程中产生的吡嗪类等挥发性物质可作为焙烤程度的标志;同时,焙烤虽会引起脂质变化,但也能显著提升多酚的生物利用度并增强果仁的氧化稳定性[33−35]。可见,烘烤有助于澳洲坚果品质的提升,但现阶段国内外研究主要集中在高温短时烘烤对澳洲坚果果仁感官以及挥发性组分的影响,作为澳洲坚果初加工关键阶段的带壳果干燥过程挥发性组分的产生却未见报道,而开展澳洲坚果带壳果干燥过程挥发性组分研究,对选择合适的干燥处理条件,以获得高品质澳洲坚果果仁原料至关重要。故本研究以广西6个主栽品种澳洲坚果为试验样品,采用GC-IMS对不同干燥处理下的澳洲坚果的挥发性有机物质进行检测分析,并结合化学模式识别解析干燥过程产生的挥发性组分,探究不同品种间挥发性组分的差异,确定澳洲坚果带壳果合适的干燥处理条件,初步探索干燥过程澳洲坚果挥发性物质的产生机制,以期为澳洲坚果初加工过程的品质控制提供理论参考。
‘桂热1号’(以下简称1HAO)、695、OC、H2、A38、A16 广西主栽品种澳洲坚果样品:2024年果实成熟期(8月下旬至9月上旬)于广西南亚热带农业科学研究所澳洲坚果资源圃采摘获得。
AFTP-6.0澳洲坚果脱皮机、AFPK-6.0澳洲坚果破壳机 奥福智能装备股份有限公司;FR2202CN电子分析天平 奥豪斯仪器有限公司;FD53恒温烘箱 德国Binder公司;GC-IMS 德国G.A.S公司;CTC-PAL自动顶空进样装置 瑞士CTC Analytics公司。
采摘获得的6个广西主栽品种澳洲坚果样品,脱去外层青皮后得到带壳果,清洗干净后摊晾于晾果架上,并置于阴凉通风处备用。
6个品种澳洲坚果带壳果,每个品种进行三组干燥试验,每组50个坚果。40 ℃处理组:40 ℃干燥1周(7 d);50 ℃处理组:50 ℃干燥96 h(4 d);60 ℃处理组:60 ℃干燥48 h(2 d),至果仁水分3.5%左右。每组坚果干燥结束即进行下一步分析试验。
通过GC-IMS技术测定不同品种不同干燥处理的挥发性风味物质,参照周春红等[36]的研究方法与条件,并进行改良,具体实验方法如下:
不同品种澳洲坚果经不同干燥处理后的带壳果经破壳机处理获得果仁,然后利用研钵将果仁样品碾碎,使用精密度为0.01 g的电子天平,分别称取1.00 g不同坚果样品于20 mL顶空瓶中,在80 ℃条件下顶空孵育15 min后进样。顶空进样的体积为500 μL;进样针温度为85 ℃;孵化转速为500 r/min。每份样品做3组平行实验。
GC条件:MXT-WAX(15 m×0.53 mm×1 μm);柱温:60 ℃;载气:高纯N2,纯度≥99.999%;运行时间:30 min;气体流量:载气起始流速2 mL/min,保持2 min后,18 min内线性增至100 mL/min,漂移气持续20 min保持150 mL/min的流速。
IMS条件:漂移管长度9.8 cm;管内线性电压400 V/cm;温度45 ℃;漂移气流速150 mL/min(N2,纯度≥99.99%)。
GC-IMS数据分析:使用仪器自带的VOCal软件和插件进行结果分析。VOCal用于分析谱图和数据的定性定量,应用软件内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库可对物质进行定性分析;Gallery Plot插件可直观且定量地比较不同样品之间的挥发性有机物差异得到指纹图谱;面积归一化法计算样品中物质相对含量,SPSS、SIMCA软件进行分析。
对6个品种的澳洲坚果样品在经过三种干燥处理后,立即进行感官评价。评价小组成员(5名男性和5名女性)经验丰富,从21岁到50岁不等,被要求评估6个品种澳洲坚果样品干燥后的品质,从质地、香气、酸味(苦味)、整体外观等多方面入手。具体的感官评分标准见表1所示,并将这些指标的平均值作为感官品质的评估[35]。
采用刘登勇等[37]报道的方法计算各挥发性化合物的ROAV。将对样品风味贡献最大的组分的ROAV定义为100,其他化合物的ROAV计算如式(1)所示。若某化合物ROAV大于1,表明其对样品风味有贡献,为样品的关键风味化合物;当ROAV在0.1与1之间时,表明其对样品风味有修饰作用。
$ \text{ROAV≈}\frac{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{stan}}}\times \frac{{\mathrm{T}}_{\text{stan}}}{\mathrm{T}}\text{×100} $
式中:Cstan与Tstan分别为对样品风味贡献最大组分的相对含量(%)及阈值(mg/L);C与T分别为各挥发性物质的相对含量(%)和阈值(mg/L)。
采用Excel 2013软件对测定数据进行整理统计;利用SPSS 26.0统计分析软件进行系统聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis,HCA)以及方差分析,并采用Duncan’s新复极差法进行Post-hoc显著性检验;利用SIMCA14.1分析软件进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)分析[38];采用OriginPro2021的HeatMap Dendrogram工具制作聚类热图[39]。
采用GC-IMS确定不同干燥处理下澳洲坚果果实的挥发性物质,通过获得离子迁移时间和离子峰强度,对每种成分进行定性分析,同一干燥处理下制备的不同品种澳洲坚果果实样品,其挥发性化合物具有一定的差异性,不同干燥处理下制备的相同品种澳洲坚果果实样品,其挥发性化合物具有一定的相似性,但个别信号强度略有不同[40−42]。
从二维GC-IMS谱图(图1)可见,整个图背景为蓝色,图中反应离子峰两侧的每一个点代表一种挥发性有机物,一种物质可能产生多个信号,白色表示浓度较低,红色表示浓度较高,颜色越深表示浓度越大[40−42]。不同干燥处理下各个品种澳洲坚果果实的挥发性物质通过GC-IMS得到很好分离,而且大多数挥发性物质信号出现在200~600 min的保留时间和8.0~10.0 ms的迁移时间,同时从第一组干燥处理到第三组,随着处理温度的上升,可以直观地看出其间的差异,表明干燥温度的变化对澳洲坚果果实挥发性成分变化具有不同的作用。
通过GC-IMS内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库对不同干燥处理下澳洲坚果挥发性组分进行定性分析,在三种干燥处理下6个品种澳洲坚果样品中共检测出55种挥发性成分,定性32种。定性的32种挥发性成分包括醇类物质11种、醛类7种、酮类5种、酸类1种、酯类6种以及其他2种。其中醇类和酮类的含量相对较高。方差分析显示醇类在三种处理下无显著差异,其他类在50 ℃处理组与40 ℃处理组和60 ℃处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05);醛类在60 ℃处理组与40 ℃处理组和50 ℃处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05);酮类在40 ℃处理组与50 ℃处理组和60 ℃处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05),酯类在40 ℃处理组与50 ℃处理组与60 ℃处理组间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);酸类在40 ℃处理组与50 ℃处理组和60 ℃处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05),详见图2。
涂行浩[35]研究生干、轻度以及中度烘烤产生的挥发性组分与本文干燥过程产生的挥发性组分存在一定的相似性,比如,乙酸、己醛、辛醛。而在深度烘烤中产生的吡嗪类化合物,在本研究三种干燥处理条件下都未出现。现有研究表明醛和醇类是脂肪酸氧化产生的最具代表性的挥发性物质[43],例如辛醛、壬醛是油酸的主要氧化产物[44],己醛、2-壬烯醛一般认为是亚油酸的氧化产物,同时这些醇类、醛类还可以进一步氧化成酸类。还有样品果实内源酶的作用,如淀粉酶和糖酵解相关酶,导致糖类物质代谢分解,产生更多中间产物如乙醇和乙酸[45];还有就是脂质水解和氨基酸降解也可以产生醇类和酸类[46−48]。吡嗪类化合物主要是脂质氧化与美拉德反应产物相互作用产生的化合物,同时美拉德反应受温度的影响较大[49]。而澳洲坚果果仁中富含油酸、棕榈油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸[50],极易氧化。另外在干燥的初始阶段可能提供了一个较为温和的环境,让糖代谢相关的酶在未被完全破坏的情况下继续作用,导致糖类分解增加,同时脂质水解和氨基酸降解,共同作用从而导致产生更多中间产物乙醇和乙酸。本研究的三种干燥处理温度条件相对温和,且经过处理的果仁呈现乳白色,无明显褐变,我们可以认为本研究干燥处理下美拉德反应不明显,导致吡嗪类化合物产生较少而未被检测到。因此我们推测本研究干燥处理下挥发性物质主要是脂质氧化和酶促反应的结果。
六个品种澳洲坚果样品经三种不同温度干燥处理后的感官品质变化如图3所示。与40 ℃处理组相比,50 ℃和60 ℃处理组在质地、香气及整体外观方面均有显著提升(P<0.05),但60 ℃与50 ℃处理组之间差异不显著。感官评估结果一致表明,所有品种经50 ℃干燥后,其酥脆度和香气均较40 ℃处理显著增强(P<0.05),而60 ℃处理与50 ℃处理相比改善幅度有限,差异不显著。此外,随着干燥温度升高,样品中未出现明显的不良气味(如酸味),相关指标得分增长均低于1分,说明提高干燥温度并未引入明显异味。依据以上结果,50 ℃干燥处理在改善澳洲坚果感官品质方面已达到最佳效果,既能有效提升风味和质地,又避免了高温可能带来的负面风味影响。
新鲜澳洲坚果干燥后果仁会带有浓郁的奶香味,而奶油香味的呈味物质是2,3-丁二酮[51],不同干燥处理下2,3-丁二酮含量变化如图4所示。40 ℃低温干燥与50 ℃、60 ℃干燥产生的2,3-丁二酮含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),但是50 ℃与60 ℃间不存在显著差异。表明50 ℃以后,温度的上升对干燥过程奶香味的产生影响不大。
故综合上述试验结果,在50 ℃处理组干燥条件下,澳洲坚果果仁中心内部几乎没有发生褐变现象,而且感官品质指标得到显著改善。为避免乙酸过多影响果仁口感风味,保持澳洲坚果特有的奶香味,并从能耗的角度综合考量,选择50 ℃处理组(50 ℃干燥96 h)这一方案,下一步的分析依据这一干燥处理下获得的数据进行。
为了进一步对50 ℃处理组各品种澳洲坚果的挥发性成分定性分析,通过GC-IMS自带的Gallery Plot插件绘制指纹图谱,结果如图5所示。从指纹图谱中可直观地比较50 ℃处理组各品种澳洲坚果的相似性化合物与差异性化合物,尽管乙醇、乙酸、2,3-丁二酮及异丙醇为各品种所共有(图5区域A),表明干燥过程中脂质氧化和酶促反应等基础路径的普遍发生,同时结合表2的方差分析结果,OC中异松油烯与环戊酮的特异积累、1HAO中仲丁醇的显著生成,以及A38中己醛与H2中乙酸乙酯的突出表现,均表明干燥工艺并非简单促发挥发性物质的生成,而是与品种自身的代谢背景协同作用,调控关键挥发性物质的形成路径与积累水平。
基于50 ℃处理组(50 ℃烘烤96 h)获得的澳洲坚果挥发性组分数据,采用Ward法(离差平方和法),根据欧氏距离对6个品种澳洲坚果进行聚类分析[52],结果见图6。结果表明:在欧氏距离为12.5处,供试6个品种澳洲坚果被分成3组,其中,OC、‘桂热1号’两个品种聚为一组,A16、A38、695三个品种聚为一组,H2单独为一组。表明从干燥处理后挥发性组分的角度分析,不同品种间存在一定的相似性,HCA分析结果为下一步的PCA分析提供了可能。
采用SIMCA14.0软件对6个品种澳洲坚果的果实32种挥发性组分指标进行PCA分析,结果显示PCA模型有良好的拟合参数,其中$ R_{\text{x}}^{2} $为0.987,大于0.7,表明模型对数据特征的捕捉能力较强,同时$ Q_{}^{2} $为0.936,大于0.5,表明模型具有较好的预测稳定性。样本可信度全部处于95%置信区间内,样本分布区域未出现异常值,表明模型的预测能力较强。
主成分的贡献率较大的挥发性组分如图7所示,载荷数值反映原始变量对各主成分影响的大小,正负表示影响的方向[53−54]。第1主成分的异戊醇(Z01)、异丁醇(Z03)、异丙醇(Z09)、乙醇(Z11)、丁醛(Z17)、2,3-丁二酮(Z22)、乙酸(Z24)、乙酸丙酯(Z26)、2,5-二甲基呋喃(Z31)有较高载荷系数,表明这9个组分指标与第1主成分相关性较强;第2主成分中乙酸乙酯(Z25)有较高载荷系数,表明这个组分指标对第2主成分的贡献大。
同时,以32种澳洲坚果挥发性组分指标为变量,建立6个澳洲坚果品种的PCA得分模型[54],结果如图8所示。由PCA得分图可知,OC、‘桂热1号’两个品种聚为一类,A16、A38、695三个品种聚为一类,H2单独为一类,与“2.2.1”的HCA结果相符合,也再次证明从干燥处理后挥发性组分的角度分析,不同品种间存在一定的相似性,HCA结合PCA分析为下一步的OPLS-DA分析奠定了基础。
结合HCA与PCA分析的聚类结果,以32种挥发性组分数据为X变量,6种不同澳洲坚果品种为Y变量进行OPLS-DA分析,建立挥发性组分与三类澳洲坚果品种样本之间的关系模型,通过S-plot图初步筛选具有代表性的组分,观察置换200次检验图的直线斜率判定模型是否存在过拟合现象,并且通过计算变量投影重要度(variable important for the projection,VIP)判别挥发性组分对各类样本分类判别的影响强度和解释能力,达到辅助筛选特征性组分的目的[55−56]。
由图9A可知,各类澳洲坚果品种聚类趋势明显,结果与HCA、PCA结果相一致。建立的OPLS-DA模型有良好的拟合参数,其中$ R_{\text{x}}^{2} $为0.744,$ R_{\text{x}}^{2} $越接近1,模型越稳定;$ R_{\text{y}}^{2} $为0.930,$ R_{\text{y}}^{2} $越大,模型的解释能力越强,$ Q_{}^{2} $为0.757,大于0.5;同时样本可信度全部处于95%置信区间内(图9B),表明模型的预测能力较强。
为验证模型拟合程度的可靠性,分别对3类澳洲坚果品种的Y矩阵变量进行200次置换后验证,检验结果如图10所示。结果最右侧的$ R_{}^{2} $值和$ Q_{}^{2} $值均高于左侧的$ R_{}^{2} $值和$ Q_{}^{2} $值, $ Q_{}^{2} $回归线在Y轴截距分别为−1.060、−0.669、−0.464,均小于零,说明模型未出现过拟合现象,模型可靠,可用于判别分析3类澳洲坚果品种挥发性组分的组间差异[57]。
图11A是OPLS-DA分析得到的二维载荷图,反映了各组分变量对不同品种澳洲坚果在得分图上的分布,离密集区越远的变量对不同品种澳洲坚果区分的影响越大[39]。通过变量重要性投影值(variable importance for the projection,VIP),以VIP>1为标准筛选出乙酸(Z24)、乙酸乙酯(Z25)、2,5-二甲基呋喃(Z31)、异丁醇(Z03)、丙醇(Z05)、异戊醇(Z01)、乙醇(Z11)、异丙醇(Z09)8种关键组分指标。VIP值详见图11B。通常认为VIP>1.0的变量在判别过程中具有重要作用[58],VIP值越大,所对应的组分在不同品种澳洲坚果间差异越显著,因此以上8种指标可能是不同品种澳洲坚果间差异显著的特征性挥发性组分,而且乙酸(Z24)离密集区最远,是对样本区分的影响最大的指标,己醛(Z13)处于密集区的中心,是对样本区分的影响最小的指标。与“2.2.2”的PCA结果基本一致。
50 ℃处理组各品种澳洲坚果挥发性组分的ROAV如表3所示。异戊醇、异丁醇、丁醛、异戊醛、2,3-丁二酮、乙酸、乙酸叶醇酯7种挥发性组分的ROAV值大于1,表明这7种物质对样品整体风味有贡献,为本研究50 ℃处理组澳洲坚果的关键风味化合物。其中的异丁醇、异戊醇、乙酸三种物质也是OPLS-DA筛选的特征性组分,OPLS-DA特征性组分的筛选主要依据相对含量高低,而ROAV分析则是依据相对含量与阈值的共同作用,由表2可知这三种物质的相对含量较高,由表3可知这三种物质的阈值相对较低,因此这三种物质的ROAV值高,大于1,而其他OPLS-DA筛选的特征性组分,虽然其相对含量相对较高,但阈值也较高,导致ROAV值小于1。因此异丁醇、异戊醇、乙酸三种物质是对整体风味具有显著贡献的关键化合物。
基于筛选出的8种关键差异挥发性化合物在不同品种澳洲坚果中的相对含量分布情况,绘制了热图(图12)。通过OPLS-DA分析发现,VIP值最高的化合物为乙酸(Z24)。结合聚类热图结果可知,乙酸是品种A38的特征性挥发性组分。进一步根据表2的方差分析及表3的ROAV分析结果,A38中乙酸的相对含量显著高于其他三个品种(P<0.05),且其ROAV值也最高。依据谭秋锦等[59]的研究,A38中较高的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量可能通过糖酵解和氨基酸降解途径促进了乙酸的生成。VIP值次高的化合物为乙酸乙酯(Z25),其形成途径主要包括乙酸与乙醇的酯化反应,以及酵母菌和霉菌等微生物的代谢活动[60]。聚类热图分析表明,乙酸乙酯、异丁醇和丙醇是品种H2的特征挥发性组分。表2的方差分析结果显示,H2中这三种化合物的相对含量显著高于其他五个品种(P<0.05)。VIP值大于1且排名第三的化合物是2,5-二甲基呋喃(Z31)。热图显示该化合物是品种1HAO和OC的特征组分,表2的方差分析也证实其在这两个品种中的相对含量最高,且与其他四个品种存在显著差异(P<0.05)。异戊醇(Z01)和乙醇(Z11)的VIP值大于1但排名相对靠后。其中,异戊醇被确定为品种695的特征性组分,其在该品种中的相对含量最高,并与其他五个品种差异显著(P<0.05)。乙醇则是品种A16的特征组分,其相对含量在A16与OC之间无显著差异,但显著高于另外四个品种(P<0.05)。VIP值大于1的化合物中排名最后的是异丙醇(Z09)。聚类热图表明其为OC的特征组分,但方差分析显示其在695与A16之间差异不显著,而这两个品种与其他四个品种均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,OC的异丙醇相对含量最高,且显著高于其他五个品种(P<0.05)。综上所述,不同品种澳洲坚果因内含物质(如糖和氨基酸)含量的差异,可能在干燥过程中通过不同代谢途径影响挥发性物质的生成。然而,挥发性组分与内在成分之间的具体关联仍需从代谢途径层面开展更深入的机制研究。
酮类化合物主要由不饱和脂肪酸或氨基酸的热氧化降解产生[62]。结合本研究前期的结论—脂质氧化是挥发性物质形成的主要途径,我们推测此类酮类物质主要来源于不饱和脂肪酸的氧化降解。作为澳洲坚果中具有典型奶油香味的呈味物质,2,3-丁二酮在干燥阶段可能生成量有限,加之在后续加工或储存过程中的挥发损失,可能导致其在最终检测中的相对含量较低。
本研究采用GC-IMS技术,结合化学模式识别方法,系统分析了三种干燥处理对广西6个主栽品种澳洲坚果挥发性物质的影响。结果表明,干燥过程中挥发性物质的形成主要源于脂质氧化和酶促反应;综合感官评价与能耗分析,50 ℃干燥96 h可较好保持澳洲坚果特有的奶油香气,为带壳果较优干燥条件。基于该条件下GC-IMS数据与化学模式识别分析,共筛选出8种特征挥发性组分,其中异丁醇、异戊醇和乙酸为对整体风味贡献较大的关键化合物。OPLS-DA结合聚类热图以及方差分析显示乙酸为A38的特征性组分,2,5-二甲基呋喃为1HAO与OC所共有的特征性组分,乙酸乙酯、异丁醇和丙醇为H2的特征性组分,异戊醇为695的特征性组分,乙醇为A16的特征性组分,异丙醇为OC的另一特征性组分。不同品种澳洲坚果因内含物质(如糖和氨基酸)含量的差异,可能在干燥过程中通过不同代谢途径影响挥发性物质的生成。然而,挥发性组分与内在成分之间的具体关联仍需从代谢途径层面开展更深入的机制研究。
本研究为澳洲坚果初加工品质控制提供了理论依据,也为基于品种风味差异的多元化产品开发提供了数据支持。后续研究将重点优化干燥工艺以更好地保留奶油风味,并深入解析挥发性物质与内在成分之间的代谢关联。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050097
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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    1广西农业科学院广西南亚热带农业科学研究所,广西龙州 532415
    2北部湾大学食品工程学院,广西钦州 535011
    3中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所,广东湛江 524091

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贺鹏(1990−),男,硕士,高级农艺师,研究方向:果品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
谭秋锦(1986−),女,硕士,研究员,研究方向:热带果树遗传育种与栽培,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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