Article(id=1320175830219731779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050085, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684045605, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684045605, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684045605, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684045605, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=202, endPage=213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175830425252676, articleId=1320175830219731779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Fermentation Process and Drying Process of Yam Probiotics, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, Baoding Qishan yam was used as the raw material, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was inoculated for fermentation. With the viable count in yam powder and sensory evaluation score as indicators, the optimal fermentation parameters for fermented yam were investigated via single-factor experiments and response surface optimization experiments on fermentation process parameters. Subsequently, fermented yam was powdered by freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave drying, and hot-air drying. The quality of probiotic yam powder prepared by the four drying methods was evaluated based on moisture content, bulk density, polysaccharide content, total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, viable count, and starch digestibility, so as to select the most suitable method for drying and powdering of fermented yam. The results showed that the optimal preparation process for fermented yam was determined as follows: Inoculum size of 2%, fermentation time of 48 h, and fermentation temperature of 37 ℃. Under these conditions, the highest viable count and the highest sensory evaluation score in fermented yam were achieved, which were 9.07 lg (CFU/mL) and 91.36 points, respectively. Probiotic fermentation could significantly increase the contents of polysaccharides, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and resistant starch (RS) in yam powder (P<0.05), while significantly (P<0.05) reduced the content of rapidly digestible starch (RDS). The quality of yam powder prepared by freeze-drying was the best, followed by that prepared by spray-drying. Although yam powder prepared by microwave drying had the highest total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, it severely reduced the polysaccharide content in yam. Microwave drying and hot-air drying, while drying the samples, killed a large number of probiotics in yam powder, thus reducing the quality of the final product. These results suggested that probiotic-fermented yam could significantly improve the quality of yam, and among the four drying methods, freeze-drying and spray-drying were more suitable for the preparation of probiotic yam powder compared with microwave drying and hot-air drying.

, authors=Yonggang HUANG1, Zheng YANG1, Yisen HE1, Jianxing LI2, Yaxing PANG1, Ye ZHU3, Liang ZHANG4, Yajing YU4, Zishu LI1, Zhaoran HE1, Guangfei HAO5, *, authorsList=Yonggang HUANG, Zheng YANG, Yisen HE, Jianxing LI, Yaxing PANG, Ye ZHU, Liang ZHANG, Yajing YU, Zishu LI, Zhaoran HE, Guangfei HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guangfei HAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175832094585685, articleId=1320175830219731779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=山药益生菌发酵工艺优化及干燥工艺研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以保定祁山药为原料,接种植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)进行发酵,以山药粉中的活菌数和感官评价得分为指标,通过对发酵工艺参数进行单因素实验与响应面优化试验,研究发酵山药的最佳发酵工艺参数。采用冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、微波干燥和热风干燥对发酵山药进行制粉,从水分含量、堆积密度、多糖含量、总多酚含量、总黄酮含量、菌株存活量和淀粉消化性质方面对四种干燥方式制备的益生菌发酵山药粉品质进行评价,选择最适合发酵山药干燥制粉的方法。结果表明,发酵山药的最佳制备工艺为接菌量2%、发酵时间48 h、发酵温度37 ℃,此时发酵山药中的活菌数最高同时具有最高的感官评价得分,分别为9.07 lg(CFU/mL)和91.36分。益生菌发酵可以显著增加山药粉中多糖、总多酚、总黄酮、抗消化淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)的含量(P<0.05),同时可以显著降低快消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)的含量(P<0.05)。冷冻干燥制备的山药粉品质最好,喷雾干燥次之,微波干燥制备的山药粉虽然有最高的总多酚和总黄酮含量,但是其会严重降低山药中的多糖含量。微波干燥和热风干燥在干燥样品的同时会大量杀灭山药粉中的益生菌,降低了成品的品质。综上,益生菌发酵山药可以显著提升山药的品质,四种干燥方式中冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥相比于微波干燥和热风干燥更适合于益生菌发酵山药粉的制备。

, authors=黄勇刚1, 杨铮1, 贺奕森1, 李建兴2, 庞亚星1, 朱叶3, 张亮4, 于亚静4, 李紫姝1, 贺兆然1, 郝光飞5, *, authorsList=黄勇刚, 杨铮, 贺奕森, 李建兴, 庞亚星, 朱叶, 张亮, 于亚静, 李紫姝, 贺兆然, 郝光飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郝光飞, authorNote=

黄勇刚(1978−),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:农业工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郝光飞(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
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Food Hydrocolloids, 2010, 24(1): 27−34., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175853355511829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FEKRI A, TORBATI M, YARI KHOSROWSHAHI A, et al. Functional effects of phytate-degrading, probiotic lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains isolated from Iranian traditional sourdough on the technological and nutritional properties of whole wheat bread[J]. Food Chemistry, 2020, 306: 125620., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175853426814998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=余世锋, 王海涛, 郭鹏, 等. 低温冻融处理对玉米淀粉糊微观结构及结晶特性的影响[J]. 食品工业, 2022, 43(6): 141−144. [YU Shifeng, WANG Haitao, GUO Peng, et al. Effect of freeze-thawing treatment on the microstructure and crystal inity of non-waxy corn starch gel[J]. The Food Industry, 2022, 43(6): 141−144.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175853519089687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Shifeng, WANG Haitao, GUO Peng, et al. Effect of freeze-thawing treatment on the microstructure and crystal inity of non-waxy corn starch gel[J]. 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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=w6DYNaEl5jCKud/094eZaQ==, figureFileBig=xuuMfxc2hLpaono/w8ayzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840038597545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of fermentation time on viable count and sensory evaluation of fermented yam, figureFileSmall=V4YiLHV8IlSLNRff+sxcIA==, figureFileBig=8ztWfr3FbEw7gL3n3bdiLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840101512106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=图2, caption=发酵时间对发酵山药活菌数和感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=V4YiLHV8IlSLNRff+sxcIA==, figureFileBig=8ztWfr3FbEw7gL3n3bdiLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840168620971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of fermentation temperature on viable count and sensory evaluation of fermented yam, figureFileSmall=swssLKSQrWkSIPAmM2+Tsg==, figureFileBig=nrigbuEnkP434KPm7WvpYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840239924140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵温度对发酵山药活菌数和感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=swssLKSQrWkSIPAmM2+Tsg==, figureFileBig=nrigbuEnkP434KPm7WvpYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840307033005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Moisture content of probiotic yam powder prepared by different drying methods, figureFileSmall=9OCX+Rt1B1gQzf2lKC5yYw==, figureFileBig=+kxva7ftZdShbrGnA5vScw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840382530478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同干燥方式制备益生菌发酵山药粉的水分含量, figureFileSmall=9OCX+Rt1B1gQzf2lKC5yYw==, figureFileBig=+kxva7ftZdShbrGnA5vScw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840462222256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Bulk density of probiotic yam powder prepared by different drying methods, figureFileSmall=qphhQfSniqrizI1P+fkKJg==, figureFileBig=NY6y8qGWbZHGfEmxRotrgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840546108337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同干燥方式制备益生菌发酵山药粉的堆积密度, figureFileSmall=qphhQfSniqrizI1P+fkKJg==, figureFileBig=NY6y8qGWbZHGfEmxRotrgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840625800114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Polysaccharide content of probiotic yam powder prepared by different drying methods, figureFileSmall=tsq7jTrkWILiBRJ6OJI5jA==, figureFileBig=MwevcBO+zshwG0p7pj7lkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840718074803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同干燥方式制备益生菌发酵山药粉的多糖含量, figureFileSmall=tsq7jTrkWILiBRJ6OJI5jA==, figureFileBig=MwevcBO+zshwG0p7pj7lkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840797766580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Content of total polyphenols and total flavonoids in probiotic yam powder prepared by different drying methods before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=HVOa5rNJZHiJVVqpHYcWOw==, figureFileBig=WcT4DV6hPylHz+RYu570AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840877458357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=图7, caption=发酵前后与不同干燥方式制备益生菌发酵山药粉的总多酚、总黄酮含量, figureFileSmall=HVOa5rNJZHiJVVqpHYcWOw==, figureFileBig=WcT4DV6hPylHz+RYu570AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175840957150134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes in the number of viable bacteria during storage of probiotic yam powder prepared by different drying methods, figureFileSmall=DJecBCggMfSjNxa0GpCrDA==, figureFileBig=xIXTjFFDJ+TD/dNYsT6KTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175841015870391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同干燥方式制备益生菌发酵山药粉贮藏过程中活菌数变化, figureFileSmall=DJecBCggMfSjNxa0GpCrDA==, figureFileBig=xIXTjFFDJ+TD/dNYsT6KTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175841078784952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Optimization of yam fermentation process response surface experimental factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A接种量(%)123
B发酵时间(h)364860
C发酵温度(℃)343740
), ArticleFig(id=1320175841150088121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山药发酵工艺优化响应面试验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A接种量(%)123
B发酵时间(h)364860
C发酵温度(℃)343740
), ArticleFig(id=1320175841225585594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation standard of fermented yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分项目评分标准分值
色泽(30)呈现山药的乳白色,色泽均匀21~30
较能呈现山药的乳白色,颜色较均匀11~20
无山药的乳白色,色泽不均匀0~10
气味(20)具有淡淡的山药清香,无其他异味14~20
山药清香稍弱,稍有轻微杂味8~13
几乎无山药清香,且有明显异味0~7
口感(30)口感柔和,酸甜适中21~30
口感较柔和,微甜或者微酸11~20
口感不柔和,过甜或者过酸0~10
状态(20)整体粘稠均匀,无溶液析出14~20
整体较粘稠均匀,稍微有溶液析出8~13
整体不粘稠均匀,有明显溶液析出0~7
), ArticleFig(id=1320175841309471675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发酵山药感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分项目评分标准分值
色泽(30)呈现山药的乳白色,色泽均匀21~30
较能呈现山药的乳白色,颜色较均匀11~20
无山药的乳白色,色泽不均匀0~10
气味(20)具有淡淡的山药清香,无其他异味14~20
山药清香稍弱,稍有轻微杂味8~13
几乎无山药清香,且有明显异味0~7
口感(30)口感柔和,酸甜适中21~30
口感较柔和,微甜或者微酸11~20
口感不柔和,过甜或者过酸0~10
状态(20)整体粘稠均匀,无溶液析出14~20
整体较粘稠均匀,稍微有溶液析出8~13
整体不粘稠均匀,有明显溶液析出0~7
), ArticleFig(id=1320175841376580540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface experiment design and results of fermentation yam process optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCY1活菌数
(lg (CFU·mL−1))
Y2感官评分(分)
10−118.8886.12
20009.0191.50
301−18.8985.70
4−1018.8985.50
50−1−18.9084.63
61−108.8788.13
70009.0191.00
80009.0191.75
9−10−18.9282.25
100009.0291.88
111108.8886.87
12−1−108.9283.75
1310−18.8986.10
140118.8586.08
151018.8486.57
160009.0091.63
17−1108.8787.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320175841485632445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

发酵山药工艺优化响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCY1活菌数
(lg (CFU·mL−1))
Y2感官评分(分)
10−118.8886.12
20009.0191.50
301−18.8985.70
4−1018.8985.50
50−1−18.9084.63
61−108.8788.13
70009.0191.00
80009.0191.75
9−10−18.9282.25
100009.0291.88
111108.8886.87
12−1−108.9283.75
1310−18.8986.10
140118.8586.08
151018.8486.57
160009.0091.63
17−1108.8787.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320175843180131262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Regression model analysis of variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2
模型0.0622145.8990.006916.2179.787.73<0.0001<0.0001****
A0.00199.5110.00199.521.4651.440.00240.0002****
B0.00111.51110.00111.5113.018.150.00870.0245***
C0.00233.91110.00233.9127.0621.140.00130.0025****
AB0.0016.15110.0016.1511.0833.290.01260.0007***
AC0.00011.93110.00011.930.934210.460.3660.0144*
BC0.00010.308110.00010.3080.64871.670.44710.2377
A20.015332.18110.015332.18176.72174.19<0.0001<0.0001****
B20.017621.07110.017621.07202.49114.06<0.0001<0.0001****
C20.01757.09110.01757.09196.27308.98<0.0001<0.0001****
残差0.00061.29770.00010.1848
失拟项0.00040.8331330.00010.27772.142.410.23830.2071不显著不显著
纯误差0.00020.4603440.00010.1151
总和0.0628147.181616
), ArticleFig(id=1320175843276600255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2Y1Y2
模型0.0622145.8990.006916.2179.787.73<0.0001<0.0001****
A0.00199.5110.00199.521.4651.440.00240.0002****
B0.00111.51110.00111.5113.018.150.00870.0245***
C0.00233.91110.00233.9127.0621.140.00130.0025****
AB0.0016.15110.0016.1511.0833.290.01260.0007***
AC0.00011.93110.00011.930.934210.460.3660.0144*
BC0.00010.308110.00010.3080.64871.670.44710.2377
A20.015332.18110.015332.18176.72174.19<0.0001<0.0001****
B20.017621.07110.017621.07202.49114.06<0.0001<0.0001****
C20.01757.09110.01757.09196.27308.98<0.0001<0.0001****
残差0.00061.29770.00010.1848
失拟项0.00040.8331330.00010.27772.142.410.23830.2071不显著不显著
纯误差0.00020.4603440.00010.1151
总和0.0628147.181616
), ArticleFig(id=1320175843381457856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175830219731779, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Differences in digestive properties of probiotic yam powder prepared by different drying methods before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标发酵前发酵后冷冻干燥喷雾干燥热风干燥微波干燥
TS(%)61.75±0.32a45.48±0.41b44.35±0.24c45.67±0.55b42.73±0.18d43.29±0.45d
RDS(%)31.19±0.25a12.98±0.22b9.81±0.23c11.55±0.49b8.34±0.26d8.84±0.26e
SDS(%)14.57±0.18a11.83±0.13c12.47±0.24b11.20±0.12d10.05±0.33f10.49±0.31e
RS(%)15.99±0.13e20.67±0.31d22.07±0.17c22.92±0.60bc24.34±0.14a23.96±0.13b
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发酵前后及不同干燥方式制备益生菌发酵山药粉的消化性质区别

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指标发酵前发酵后冷冻干燥喷雾干燥热风干燥微波干燥
TS(%)61.75±0.32a45.48±0.41b44.35±0.24c45.67±0.55b42.73±0.18d43.29±0.45d
RDS(%)31.19±0.25a12.98±0.22b9.81±0.23c11.55±0.49b8.34±0.26d8.84±0.26e
SDS(%)14.57±0.18a11.83±0.13c12.47±0.24b11.20±0.12d10.05±0.33f10.49±0.31e
RS(%)15.99±0.13e20.67±0.31d22.07±0.17c22.92±0.60bc24.34±0.14a23.96±0.13b
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山药益生菌发酵工艺优化及干燥工艺研究
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黄勇刚 1 , 杨铮 1 , 贺奕森 1 , 李建兴 2 , 庞亚星 1 , 朱叶 3 , 张亮 4 , 于亚静 4 , 李紫姝 1 , 贺兆然 1 , 郝光飞 5, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(12): 202-213
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (12) : 202 -213
山药益生菌发酵工艺优化及干燥工艺研究
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黄勇刚1 , 杨铮1, 贺奕森1, 李建兴2, 庞亚星1, 朱叶3, 张亮4, 于亚静4, 李紫姝1, 贺兆然1, 郝光飞5, *
作者信息
  • 1保定市京津冀现代农业协同创新发展服务中心,河北保定 071000
  • 2保定市种子工作站,河北保定 071000
  • 3河北省保定市农机安全服务所,河北保定 071000
  • 4保定市农业科学院,河北保定 071000
  • 5河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院,河北邯郸 056000
通讯作者:
郝光飞(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄勇刚(1978−),男,本科,高级工程师,研究方向:农业工程,E-mail:

Optimization of Fermentation Process and Drying Process of Yam Probiotics
Yonggang HUANG1 , Zheng YANG1, Yisen HE1, Jianxing LI2, Yaxing PANG1, Ye ZHU3, Liang ZHANG4, Yajing YU4, Zishu LI1, Zhaoran HE1, Guangfei HAO5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Baoding Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Modern Agriculture Collaborative Innovation and Development Service Center, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2Baoding Seed Workstation, Baoding 071000, China
  • 3Hebei Province Baoding Agricultural Machinery Safety Service Institute, Baoding 071000, China
  • 4Baoding Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
  • 5College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050085
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本研究以保定祁山药为原料,接种植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)进行发酵,以山药粉中的活菌数和感官评价得分为指标,通过对发酵工艺参数进行单因素实验与响应面优化试验,研究发酵山药的最佳发酵工艺参数。采用冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、微波干燥和热风干燥对发酵山药进行制粉,从水分含量、堆积密度、多糖含量、总多酚含量、总黄酮含量、菌株存活量和淀粉消化性质方面对四种干燥方式制备的益生菌发酵山药粉品质进行评价,选择最适合发酵山药干燥制粉的方法。结果表明,发酵山药的最佳制备工艺为接菌量2%、发酵时间48 h、发酵温度37 ℃,此时发酵山药中的活菌数最高同时具有最高的感官评价得分,分别为9.07 lg(CFU/mL)和91.36分。益生菌发酵可以显著增加山药粉中多糖、总多酚、总黄酮、抗消化淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)的含量(P<0.05),同时可以显著降低快消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)的含量(P<0.05)。冷冻干燥制备的山药粉品质最好,喷雾干燥次之,微波干燥制备的山药粉虽然有最高的总多酚和总黄酮含量,但是其会严重降低山药中的多糖含量。微波干燥和热风干燥在干燥样品的同时会大量杀灭山药粉中的益生菌,降低了成品的品质。综上,益生菌发酵山药可以显著提升山药的品质,四种干燥方式中冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥相比于微波干燥和热风干燥更适合于益生菌发酵山药粉的制备。

山药  /  乳酸菌  /  发酵  /  工艺优化  /  干燥工艺

In this study, Baoding Qishan yam was used as the raw material, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was inoculated for fermentation. With the viable count in yam powder and sensory evaluation score as indicators, the optimal fermentation parameters for fermented yam were investigated via single-factor experiments and response surface optimization experiments on fermentation process parameters. Subsequently, fermented yam was powdered by freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave drying, and hot-air drying. The quality of probiotic yam powder prepared by the four drying methods was evaluated based on moisture content, bulk density, polysaccharide content, total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, viable count, and starch digestibility, so as to select the most suitable method for drying and powdering of fermented yam. The results showed that the optimal preparation process for fermented yam was determined as follows: Inoculum size of 2%, fermentation time of 48 h, and fermentation temperature of 37 ℃. Under these conditions, the highest viable count and the highest sensory evaluation score in fermented yam were achieved, which were 9.07 lg (CFU/mL) and 91.36 points, respectively. Probiotic fermentation could significantly increase the contents of polysaccharides, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and resistant starch (RS) in yam powder (P<0.05), while significantly (P<0.05) reduced the content of rapidly digestible starch (RDS). The quality of yam powder prepared by freeze-drying was the best, followed by that prepared by spray-drying. Although yam powder prepared by microwave drying had the highest total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, it severely reduced the polysaccharide content in yam. Microwave drying and hot-air drying, while drying the samples, killed a large number of probiotics in yam powder, thus reducing the quality of the final product. These results suggested that probiotic-fermented yam could significantly improve the quality of yam, and among the four drying methods, freeze-drying and spray-drying were more suitable for the preparation of probiotic yam powder compared with microwave drying and hot-air drying.

yam  /  lactic acid bacteria  /  fermentation  /  process optimization  /  drying process
黄勇刚, 杨铮, 贺奕森, 李建兴, 庞亚星, 朱叶, 张亮, 于亚静, 李紫姝, 贺兆然, 郝光飞. 山药益生菌发酵工艺优化及干燥工艺研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 202 -213 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050085
Yonggang HUANG, Zheng YANG, Yisen HE, Jianxing LI, Yaxing PANG, Ye ZHU, Liang ZHANG, Yajing YU, Zishu LI, Zhaoran HE, Guangfei HAO. Optimization of Fermentation Process and Drying Process of Yam Probiotics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 202 -213 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050085
祁山药(Dioscoreae Rhizoma)是河北省保定市特产,“八大祁药”之一,全国农产品地理标志,具有健脾益胃、益肺止咳、降低血糖、增强免疫力等功效[1]。《本草纲目》中记载,山药具备“益肾气、健脾胃、止泻痢、化痰涎、润皮毛”五大药理作用。但是,新鲜山药的季节性较强,采后的新鲜山药水分含量较高,存在易腐败、难运输、难保藏的问题[2],这严重制约了山药产业的发展。因此,对新鲜山药进行合理的精深加工就显得尤为重要。益生菌发酵是常见的食品精深加工方式,其不仅能提升营养价值,还能改善风味。其中,植物乳植杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)因为对植物源底物的适应性强常被用来发酵山药这类食品[3]。近年来与益生菌发酵山药有关的研究主要围绕山药乳酸菌饮料展开,现有研究表明,乳酸菌发酵山药汁可以有效提升山药中的各种生物活性物质的含量[4−5],提升营养价值。但是常见的益生菌发酵制品均存在难以长时间保存的问题,且益生菌发酵制品大部分为液体,还存在运输成本高的问题,将山药进行发酵后制粉则能很好地解决这一问题。既提升了山药的营养价值,又延长了其保藏期限。但是常见的发酵方式制备的发酵山药中含有大量的水分,并不适合于山药粉的制备,因此山药的发酵工艺也有待进一步改进。
合适的干燥方式是制备益生菌发酵山药粉的重点,生产中常见的干燥方式有热风干燥、微波干燥、喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥等。不同的干燥方式因为原理的不同,会对产品性质产生不同的影响。热风干燥依靠热空气作为传热介质传递热量,使物料水分蒸发,凭借操作简单、成本低廉的优势在山药制粉中大量应用[6]。但由于干燥过程中物料长时间处于较高温度环境,易导致益生菌因受热失活,同时样品中的热敏性营养成分也可能被破坏,还可能使粉体出现褐变、风味劣变等问题[7]。微波干燥是利用微波的热效应和非热效应,通过微波深入物料内部促使极性分子振动摩擦生热,实现快速干燥[8]。不过,微波加热易出现局部温度过高、加热不均匀的情况,可能导致局部益生菌大量死亡,且山药中的有效成分可能因过热发生降解,影响产品营养价值[9]。喷雾干燥是将液态物料经雾化器分散成雾滴,与热空气充分接触后迅速干燥成粉[10]。但该过程中热空气的高温环境易造成益生菌存活率降低,且雾化过程中部分活性成分可能因受热或表面氧化而损失。冷冻干燥先将物料冷冻至冰点以下使水分结冰,再在高真空条件下通过升华除去水分[11]。该方式能最大程度减少益生菌和营养成分的破坏,但存在干燥周期长、能耗极高、设备投资大的问题,导致生产成本显著增加,难以适应大规模工业化生产需求[9]。不同干燥方式会直接影响益生菌发酵山药粉的品质与经济性,因此选择合适的干燥方式至关重要。
针对目前存在的问题,本研究以祁山药为研究对象,采用益生菌对其进行发酵,并运用单因素和响应面试验对益生菌发酵山药粉的发酵工艺进行优化。通过水分含量、堆积密度、多糖含量、总多酚含量、总黄酮含量、菌株存活量和淀粉消化性质对四种干燥方式制备的益生菌发酵山药粉品质进行评价,挑选出最适合益生菌发酵山药粉制备的生产工艺,为祁山药的精深加工产品的生产提供新思路。
新鲜山药 保定本地农贸市场;植物乳杆菌TH515 实验室自行分离;柠檬酸、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、无水乙醇(99%)、氯化钠、盐酸、苯酚、浓硫酸、葡萄糖、没食子酸、碳酸钠、亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝、氢氧化钠 西陇科学股份有限公司;芦丁、甲醛、福林酚 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;MRS肉汤培养基 北京路桥有限公司;麦芽糊精、β-环糊精、阿拉伯胶、α-淀粉酶(1×105 U/mL) 上海源叶生物有限公司;葡萄糖(GO)检测试剂盒、淀粉(HK)检测试剂盒 德国默克集团;实验所用试剂均为分析纯。
DW-86L型超低温冰箱 海尔集团;S-300型小型喷雾干燥仪 瑞士步琦公司;SAM-255微波干燥箱 美国CEM公司;DHG-9140 A型电热鼓风恒温干燥箱 上海右一仪器有限公司;JMLB-80型立式胶体磨 上海科劳机械设备有限公司;BHS-2型数显恒温水浴锅 常州澳华仪器;CM2000型胶体磨 上海依肯机械设备有限公司;SW-CJ-2F型双人超净工作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;ZXGP-B2160隔水式电热恒温箱 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;RS-FS1411型打粉机 合肥荣事达电子电器集团。
山药浆的制备:将山药洗净之后切段放在沸水中煮30 min,煮制好的山药待冷却之后,沥干水分刮去外皮,将去皮的山药切成2~3 mm的薄片,切片之后在浓度0.2%的柠檬酸中浸泡30 min,然后按照料水比1:0.5加水打浆。山药浆在75 ℃下巴氏杀菌20 min,待山药浆冷却后进行接菌发酵。
接种发酵:取冻存的菌悬液50 μL,接种到5 mL MRS液体培养基中,37 ℃培养24 h,活化两代;吸取第二代活化的菌悬液50 μL,接种到50 mL MRS液体培养基中,于37 ℃培养24 h;将活化好的菌液在5000 r/min离心5 min,倒掉上清液用0.85%的生理盐水将菌体冲洗干净,调整菌体浓度至1×108 CFU/mL。在超净台中将菌株按照3%(V/V)接种量比例接入山药浆中,摇匀后将发酵罐置于37 ℃发酵48 h。
参照郑苗等[5]的研究,以菌种接种量3%、发酵时间48 h、发酵温度37 ℃,在工艺条件和其他影响指标相同的情况下,研究菌种接种量(1%、2%、3%、4%和5%)、发酵时间(24、36、48、60和72 h)、发酵温度(31、34、37、40和43 ℃)对发酵的影响,以样品活菌数和感官评价得分作为评价指标对产品进行评价。
在前期单因素实验的基础上,以发酵山药样品活菌数(Y1)和感官评价得分(Y2)为响应值,以接种量(A)、发酵时间(B)、发酵温度(C)为考察因素,设计3因素3水平的响应面试验,因素与水平见表1。
参照徐文雅等[12]、任广跃等[13]和黄略略等[14]的方法稍作修改后对山药发酵液进行干燥制粉。冷冻干燥:将山药发酵液倒入直径15 cm不锈钢托盘中,铺平至厚度1.0~1.5 cm,在−80 ℃超低温预冻12 h,然后转移至冷冻干燥机干燥48 h,干燥结束后高速粉碎并过80目筛,自封袋收集后保存;喷雾干燥:将山药发酵液按体积比1:2加水混匀,胶体磨循环研磨30 min,然后按比例加入50%麦芽糊精、10%的β-环糊精和1%的阿拉伯胶,混匀后在40 MPa下高压均质10 min,然后在进口温度130 ℃、进风量0.5 m3/min的条件下进行喷雾干燥,干燥结束后待样品冷却后用自封袋收集保存;微波干燥:将山药发酵液倒入20 cm陶瓷托盘,铺平至厚度0.5~1.0 cm,然后调整功率为600 W微波干燥2 h,期间每30 min翻动一次防止过热,干燥结束后待样品冷却后粉碎过80目筛,然后用自封袋收集保存;热风干燥:将山药发酵液倒入30 cm×20 cm不锈钢托盘中,铺平至厚度0.8~1.0 cm,然后将托盘至于50 ℃恒温干燥箱中干燥24 h,干燥结束后粉碎过80目筛,然后用自封袋收集保存。
参照于倩楠[15]的方法稍作修改对山药粉贮藏期间活菌数的变化进行测定,将4种干燥方式干燥制得的山药粉分别用塑料薄膜真空包装,在室温下避光贮藏,每两个月测定山药粉中的活菌数。
参照GB 4789.35-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验乳酸菌检验》对样品中的乳酸菌活菌数进行测定。
参照袁金祥[16]的方法稍作修改进行感官评价,采用定量描述性评价,按照表2的发酵山药感官评分标准,分别选取10名(5男5女)经过专业培训的人员组成小组,从色泽、气味、口感和状态四个方面对发酵山药进行打分,满分100分。进行口感评价时需先冲泡益生菌发酵山药粉,具体步骤为:称取山药粉样品10.0 g(精确至0.001 g),置于玻璃杯中,先倒入适量温水(50 ℃),液体量以能没过粉末为宜(约50~100 mL),轻轻搅拌至粉末初步分散,避免结块。然后加入剩余温水至总容量约150~200 mL,继续用勺子搅拌10~15 s,直至粉末完全溶解,无明显颗粒沉淀。结果去掉最高分和最低分后取平均值。
参照GB/T 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法对山药样品的水分含量进行测定。
准确称量50 mL空量筒的质量,之后将漏斗置于50 mL量筒上方,把制备的山药粉缓慢倒入漏斗中,使物料自然堆积流入容量筒内,直至物料堆积至量筒刻度线处。称量出量筒和山药粉的质量,并按式(1)对样品的堆积密度进行计算。
$\rm\rho=\frac{m_1-m_2}{V} $
式中:ρ为堆积密度,g/cm3;m1为量筒和山药粉的质量,g;m2为50 mL空量筒的质量,g;V为山药粉的体积,cm3。
采用苯酚-硫酸法测定样品中的多糖含量,用0.1 mg/mL的葡萄糖标准溶液绘制标准曲线。标准曲线线性回归方程为:y=0.0068x+0.0042,R2=0.9997。其中,x为葡萄糖的质量浓度(mg/mL),y为吸光度。准确称取1 g山药样品,加入20 mL纯水,充分混合,90 ℃水浴浸提2 h,之后4000 r/min离心10 min。取上清液1 mL于100 mL容量瓶中,精确定容。在495 nm处测定吸光度,带入标准曲线,并按照公式(2)计算样品中的多糖含量。
$ \mathrm{X}=\frac{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{N}\times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{M}(1-\mathrm{A})} $
式中:X为多糖的含量,mg/g,以葡萄糖标准品计;C为根据葡萄糖标准曲线计算出的山药中多糖的浓度,mg/mL;V为样品加入体积,mL;N为稀释倍数;M为山药样品的质量,g;A为样品含水量,%。
参考郑茜等[17]的方法稍作修改对样品中的总多酚含量进行测定。在10 mL的比色管中分别加入0.1 mol/mL的没食子酸标准溶液0、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6 mL,同时加入0.4 mL的福林酚溶液,摇匀,再加入质量分数为20%的碳酸钠溶液0.8 mL,用蒸馏水定容到10 mL后混匀,静置反应1 h,于765 nm处测定吸光度,根据得到的数据绘制标准曲线。
称取山药粉样品1.0 g(精确至0.001 g),置于50 mL锥形瓶中,加入20 mL 70%乙醇溶液,搅拌使样品分散。将锥形瓶置于60 ℃恒温水浴锅中,保温提取30 min,每隔10 min搅拌一次。提取结束后,将混合液转移至离心管中,4000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液;残渣用10 mL 70%乙醇溶液重复提取一次,合并两次上清液,用70%乙醇溶液定容至50 mL,摇匀。准确吸取1 mL山药粉提取液于10 mL具塞比色管中,用蒸馏水补足至2 mL,后续操作同标准曲线绘制。测定其在765 nm处的吸光度,代入标准曲线回归方程,总多酚含量按式(3)计算。
$ \text{X=}\frac{\text{C×}{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}\text{×}{\text{V}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{m×}{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}} $
式中:X为总多酚含量,mg/g;C为由标准曲线得到的样品提取液中多酚浓度,mg/mL;V1为样品提取液定容体积,mL;V2为测定时吸取的样品提取液体积,mL;V3为测定时反应体系总体积,mL;m为山药粉样品质量,g。
参考丘苑新等[18]的方法稍作修改对样品中的总黄酮含量进行测定。在10 mL的棕色比色管中分别加入0.1 mol/mL的芦丁标准溶液0、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0 mL,加入质量分数为5%的亚硝酸钠0.3 mL,静置反应5 min,加入质量分数为10%的硝酸铝0.3 mL,静置反应5 min,加入4 mL质量分数4%的NaOH,用纯水定容至10 mL,静置15 min,于510 nm处测定吸光度,根据得到的数据绘制标准曲线。
称取山药粉样品1.0 g(精确至0.001 g),置于50 mL锥形瓶中,加入25 mL的浓度60%乙醇,搅拌使样品分散。将锥形瓶置于70 ℃恒温水浴锅中,保温提取60 min,期间每隔15 min搅拌一次。提取结束后,将混合液冷却至室温,4000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液;残渣用10 mL 60%乙醇重复提取一次,合并两次上清液,用60%乙醇定容至50 mL,摇匀。准确吸取2 mL山药粉提取液于25 mL具塞比色管中,用60%乙醇补足至10 mL,后续操作同标准曲线绘制。测定其在510 nm处的吸光度,代入标准曲线回归方程,总黄酮含量按式(4)计算。
$ \text{F}=\frac{\text{C×}{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}\text{×}{\text{V}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{m×}{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}} $
式中:F为总黄酮含量,mg/g;C为由标准曲线得到的样品提取液中黄酮的浓度,mg/mL;V1为样品提取液定容体积,mL;V2为测定时吸取的样品提取液体积,mL;V3为测定时反应体系总体积,mL;m为山药粉样品质量,g。
采用Englyst法测定山药淀粉的消化特性。称取山药粉样品0.2 g(精确至0.001 g),置于50 mL具塞三角瓶中,加入10 mL 0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液,振荡摇匀,使样品充分分散。加入1 mL α-淀粉酶溶液,摇匀后置于37 ℃恒温水浴锅中准确反应0、20、120 min,反应结束后立即加入4 mL 0.5 mol/L盐酸溶液终止反应。取适量反应液于离心管中,在4000 r/min下离心10 min后取1 mL上清液使用葡萄糖含量试剂盒测定其葡萄糖含量,使用总淀粉试剂盒测定制备山药粉中总淀粉的含量。分别计算样品中的消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)、慢消化淀粉(Slowly Digestible Starch,SDS)和抗消化淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)的含量。
$\rm RDS(\text{%}) = \frac{(G_{20} - FG) \times 0.9}{TS} $
$ \rm SDS(\text{%}) = \frac{(G_{120} - G_{20}) \times 0.9}{TS} $
$\rm RS(\text{%}) = \frac{TS - (RDS + SDS)}{TS} $
式中:RDS为快速消化淀粉含量,%;SDS为慢消化淀粉的含量,%;RS为抗消化淀粉的含量,%;G20为样品酶解20 min后产生的葡萄糖的量,mg;FG为样品处理前中游离葡萄糖的含量,mg;G120为样品酶解120 min后产生的葡萄糖的量,mg;TS为测定山药样品的总淀粉含量,mg。
发酵前和发酵后样品中多糖、总多酚、总黄酮、总淀粉、样品中的消化淀粉(RDS)、慢消化淀粉(SDS)和抗消化淀粉(RS)的含量均为减去水分后样品的理论含量。
所有实验数据均取三次测量的平均值,采用SPSS20.0进行显著性分析、Design-Expert-13进行响应面分析,使用Origin9.0软件绘图。
如图1所示,在发酵山药的接种量优化试验中,当接种量为2%时,乳酸菌活菌数与感官评价分数均达到最高值,分别为9.01 lg(CFU/mL)和92.13分,表现出最优的发酵效果。从微生物生长动力学角度分析,接种量为1%时,乳酸菌活菌数最低,且显著低于其他接种量水平,这一结果与低接种量下微生物迟缓期延长的经典理论一致[19]。微生物接种后需经历迟缓期以适应新环境,合成生长所需的酶类、辅酶及其他必要代谢物,而初始菌浓度过低时,这一适应过程被拉长,导致对数生长期启动延迟,最终活菌数积累不足[20]。当接种量增至3%、4%和5%时,乳酸菌活菌数虽较2%组略有下降,但并没有显著差异,这与欧阳佳等[21]在复合乳酸菌发酵淮山药中的研究结果一致。感官评价结果显示,随着接种量从2%增至5%,评分呈逐渐下降的趋势。这一现象除与乳酸菌代谢产物积累相关外,还可能与发酵过程中风味物质的平衡被打破有关:当接种量过高时,乳酸菌代谢活动增强,短链脂肪酸生成量增加,导致发酵山药酸味过强[22];同时,过量菌体可能通过蛋白酶过度降解山药中的蛋白质,产生苦味肽或胺类物质,进而影响口感与风味协调性[23]。姜琳等[24]在乳酸菌发酵番茄汁的研究中也观察到类似规律,表明植物基发酵体系中,接种量对感官品质的负面影响具有一定普遍性。由此可见,接种量过低不利于发酵山药中乳酸菌的生长,接种量过高则不利于发酵山药中风味物质的积累。因此,选择接种量2%、3%、4%进行响应面试验。
如图2所示,随着发酵时间的延长,样品中的活菌数量及感官评价得分均呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。其中发酵48 h的样品表现出最高的活菌数和感官评分,其活菌数为8.96 lg(CFU/mL),感官评价得分为90.38分。当发酵时间为72 h时,样品的活菌数和感官评价得分均降至最低,分别为8.72 lg(CFU/mL)和77.50分。这一现象可能与微生物发酵过程中的阶段性特征有关,即发酵过程遵循延滞期、对数期、稳定期和衰亡期的先后顺序。发酵时间过短,发酵尚处于延滞期阶段,样品中活菌数量增长缓慢,风味物质积累不够,导致感官评分较低[24]。发酵时间过长,发酵进入衰亡期阶段,营养物质的持续消耗导致菌体繁殖速率放缓,同时代谢产物的累积既会抑制菌株的生长也会影响产品的口感,导致活菌数和感官评分均下降。由此可见,发酵时间过长或者过短都不利于发酵山药中乳酸菌的生长和风味物质的积累。因此,选择发酵时间36、48、60 h进行响应面试验。
如图3所示,随着发酵温度的提升,样品中的活菌数及感官评价得分也呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。当发酵温度为37 ℃时,样品的活菌数和最高感官评价得分最高,分别达到8.98 lg(CFU/mL)和88.25分。而在31 ℃和43 ℃的条件下,样品的活菌数和感官评价得分均较低。这可能是因为温度的变化对微生物的生长产生了不利影响。具体而言,温度对乳酸菌的生长代谢及产物积累具有显著影响。在低温条件下,乳酸菌细胞内酶的活性降低,致使代谢速率下降[25],这不仅导致其生长速率降低,相同培养时间内的活菌数低于其他温度条件,还使得代谢产生的风味物质积累速率减缓,最终造成感官评分较低。而在高温条件下,过高的温度可能破坏乳酸菌细胞内酶与蛋白质的空间结构,干扰其正常生理功能[26],造成乳酸菌生长受到抑制甚至直接死亡,进而导致样品中活菌数减少,同时因为乳酸菌数量较低样品中的风味物质的合成与积累过程受阻,进而使感官评分降低。由此可见,发酵温度过高或者过低都不利于发酵山药中乳酸菌的生长和风味物质的积累。因此,选择发酵温度34、37、40 ℃进行响应面试验。
发酵山药工艺优化响应面试验结果见表3,方差分析结果见表4。根据表4的分析结果,以活菌数(Y1)和感官评价得分(Y2)作为评价指标,所构建的回归模型均显示出极高的统计显著性(P<0.01),而失拟项则未表现出显著性差异(P>0.05)。具体而言,Y1的决定系数R2为0.9903,调整后的决定系数R2adj为0.9779;Y2的决定系数R2为0.9912,调整后的决定系数R2adj为0.9799。这些数据表明模型具有良好的拟合度,并且实验设计具有较高的可靠性。进一步分析P值可知,在以样品活菌数为评价指标时,一次项A、B、C以及二次项A2、B2、C2对响应值均表现出极显著影响(P<0.01),而交互项AB则表现出显著(P<0.05)影响。在以感官评价得分为评价指标时,一次项A、B、C以及二次项A2、B2、C2和交互项AB对响应值均表现出极显著影响(P<0.01),交互项AC表现出显著(P<0.05)影响。通过F值分析,以样品活菌数为评价指标时,各因素对模型的影响程度依次为发酵温度(C)>接种量(A)>发酵时间(B);而以感官评价得分为评价指标时,各因素的影响程度依次为接种量(A)>发酵温度(C)>发酵时间(B)。
运用Design-Expert-13软件对实验数据进行分析,确定了山药发酵过程的最佳工艺参数为接种量2.02%、发酵时间47.78 h、发酵温度36.95 ℃。在此条件下,理论计算得到的发酵山药中活菌数为9.01 lg(CFU/mL),感官评价得分为91.56分。为了便于实际生产操作,将上述发酵条件优化调整为接种量2%、发酵时间48 h、发酵温度37 ℃。在该优化工艺条件下,进行三次重复实验验证,发酵山药中的活菌数为9.07 lg(CFU/mL),感官评价得分平均为91.36分,与理论预测值相吻合,说明了该工艺条件适用于发酵山药的生产过程。
如图4所示,通过四种不同的干燥方法制备的山药粉在水分含量上表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。其中喷雾干燥法得到的山药粉水分含量最低,为5.28%,热风干燥法得到的水分含量最高,为6.55%。冷冻干燥和微波干燥法得到的水分含量分别为6.19%和5.68%。徐文雅等[12]在研究助干剂对山药喷雾干燥的影响时测定得到的山药粉水分含量为5.49%,本实验与之接近。导致山药粉水分含量差异的主要原因是四种干燥技术的原理存在较大区别。其中在热风干燥中当热空气与物料表面接触时,水分首先在表面快速蒸发,导致表面层迅速干燥并形成致密的硬壳,硬壳的存在阻碍了内部水分向表面的扩散[27]。微波干燥虽然也会有类似的现象,但是其干燥温度较热风干燥高得多,故其水分含量也较低。相比之下,喷雾干燥法通过将液滴雾化后与热空气接触,利用热空气中的热量迅速汽化液滴中的水分,实现样品的快速干燥。由于其高效的热交换效率以及样品受热的均匀性,使得喷雾干燥法得到的样品水分含量最低。从水分含量的角度分析,四种干燥方式的排序为喷雾干燥>微波干燥>冷冻干燥>热风干燥。
堆积密度作为食品品质与特性评价的关键指标之一,其测定结果对于食品加工与储存具有重要意义。如图5所示,通过四种不同干燥技术制备的山药粉,其堆积密度存在显著(P<0.05)差异。具体而言,微波干燥法得到的山药粉堆积密度最低,为0.503 g/cm3;而喷雾干燥法得到的山药粉堆积密度最高,为0.552 g/cm3。冷冻干燥与热风干燥法得到的山药粉堆积密度分别为0.525和0.540 g/cm3。在本研究中,山药粉的颗粒尺寸与水分含量是影响堆积密度的主要因素。冷冻干燥、微波干燥及热风干燥后的样品均经过粉碎与筛分处理,颗粒尺寸差异较小,因此,水分含量成为影响其堆积密度差异的主要因素。相比之下,喷雾干燥法直接制得的粉末,其颗粒尺寸差异成为影响堆积密度的主要因素。从堆积密度的角度分析,四种干燥方式的排序为喷雾干燥>热风干燥>冷冻干燥>微波干燥。
多糖作为山药中的关键活性成分,具有抗氧化[28]、免疫调节[29–30]、抗肿瘤[31]、延缓衰老[32]以及预防糖尿病[33]等多种生物活性。如图6所示,山药经发酵处理后,其多糖含量显著提升,由16.15%增至19.74%。这一现象可能是因为乳酸菌在发酵过程中的双重作用:一方面,乳酸菌能够合成并分泌胞外多糖[34];另一方面,乳酸菌产生的酶类,例如糖苷酶等,能够作用于食品原料中的多糖复合物,促使原本与蛋白质、脂质等结合的多糖释放,进而提高可提取的多糖含量[35]。此外,乳酸菌代谢产生的酸性环境亦可促进多糖的水解和转化,导致大分子多糖降解为小分子多糖[36]。陈晓维等[37]在采用干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌进行两两复配的方式发酵红枣浆也有类似的发现,三种复配方式发酵得到的红枣浆中多糖的含量均得到了显著提升。Yang等[38]、Wang等[39]和Shao等[40]则分别研究了植物乳杆菌和酵母发酵对山药多糖的影响,发现微生物发酵不仅可以改变山药中的多糖含量,还能降低山药多糖的分子量,使其具有更好的生物活性。在四种干燥方式中,冷冻干燥后的山药粉多糖含量最高,与发酵后相比差异不显著,表明冷冻干燥技术能有效保护山药粉中的多糖免受干燥过程中的破坏,这主要得益于其采用的低温干燥原理,有效避免了高温对多糖结构的破坏[41]。相比之下,微波干燥的山药粉多糖含量最低,且显著低于发酵前水平,这可能是因为微波干燥过程中样品内部温度过高,导致多糖结构受损,加速了多糖的氧化分解,最终导致多糖含量下降[13]。从多糖含量的角度分析,四种干燥方式的排序为冷冻干燥>喷雾干燥>热风干燥>微波干燥。
多酚和黄酮也是山药中重要的活性成分物质,如图7所示,在发酵后样品中的总多酚和总黄酮含量得到了显著性的提升,分别从1.16 mg/g增加到1.34 mg/g,0.64 mg/g增加到0.88 mg/g。这可能是因为在发酵过程中乳酸菌能够将一些结合态的多酚和黄酮转化为游离态,从而提高其生物活性[42]。同时乳酸菌发酵过程中产生的酶类可以作用于底物中的蛋白质和酯类物质,从而释放出与这些物质结合的多酚和黄酮[43]。Liu等[44]在使用植物乳杆菌对枸杞汁进行发酵后也有类似的发现,发酵不仅可以促使枸杞汁中结合态的多酚被释放转化为游离态多酚,还能提高枸杞汁中多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,帮助多酚分解。此外,乳酸菌的代谢过程中还会产生一些有机酸。这些有机酸可以降低发酵体系的pH,从而促进多酚和黄酮的溶解和释放[45]。Yang等[46]对发酵对食品中多酚的影响进行研究发现,发酵不仅可以提高食品中的多酚含量,使其具有更高的生物活性和生物利用度,多酚被代谢成小分子的物质后还能选择性地促进有益微生物的生长,抑制致病菌的繁殖。四种干燥方式中冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的总多酚和总黄酮含量与发酵后无显著性变化,说明从总多酚和总黄酮的角度这两种干燥方式适合应用到益生菌发酵山药粉的干燥中。微波干燥的总多酚和总黄酮含量显著(P<0.05)高于其他干燥方式,且显著(P<0.05)高于发酵后,达到了1.51 mg/g和0.95 mg/g,这可能是由于微波干燥的过程中产生的高温破坏了细胞壁[47],使细胞内的黄酮和多酚更容易释放出来。从总多酚和总黄酮含量的角度分析,四种干燥方式的排序为微波干燥>冷冻干燥≈喷雾干燥>热风干燥。
不同干燥方式益生菌发酵山药粉的活菌数及贮藏期间活菌数变化如图8所示,微波干燥与热风干燥制备的山药粉初始活菌数明显大于冷冻干燥与喷雾干燥,其中冷冻干燥的初始菌株数量为8.91 lg(CFU/g)(8.11×108 CFU/g),喷雾干燥的初始菌株数量为8.82 lg(CFU/g)(6.56×108 CFU/g),喷雾干燥样品中活菌数为冷冻干燥的80.89%。热风干燥和微波干燥中的初始活菌数分别为7.54 lg(CFU/g)(3.45×107 CFU/g)和7.72 lg(CFU/g)(5.26×108 CFU/g),两者初始活菌数量均不足冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的十分之一。冷冻干燥作为菌株保存的常见手段,其具有高效、保藏期长等特点[48]。因此冷冻干燥制备得到的山药粉在六个月的贮藏过程中其菌株存活量的变化没有显著性差异,均维持在较高水平。喷雾干燥、微波干燥、热风干燥的山药粉制品中乳酸菌活菌数较少的主要原因是干燥过程中的热胁迫作用[49]。喷雾干燥在干燥样品的过程中是将雾化后的液滴在干燥室内与热空气接触,热空气中的热量传递给液滴,使液滴中的水分迅速汽化,从而达到快速干燥样品的目的,虽然其温度较高,但是接触时间较短,对乳酸菌的影响较小。微波干燥这是通过高频电磁波的作用使得样品可以快速被加热,从而迅速脱去水分,但是由于发酵山药浆中含有大量的水分,且微波干燥所能达到的温度较高,所以其在干燥过程中对样品中乳酸菌的损伤较为严重[9]。热风干燥则是通过吹入热风使空气流动加快,从而达到使样品干燥的目的,虽然去干燥温度较低,但是样品中的水分含量较高,且干燥时间较长,乳酸菌长时间的处于湿热环境下,损伤也较严重[7]。后期贮藏过程中菌株的存活量也说明了这一点,微波干燥和热风干燥样品中的菌株存活量一直呈现显著(P<0.05)变化。因此,从菌株存活量的角度,冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的方式更适合益生菌发酵山药粉的制备,热风干燥和微波干燥并不适合于益生菌发酵山药粉的制备。
抗消化淀粉是指一类在小肠中无法被酶解,但在结肠中能与挥发性脂肪酸发生发酵反应的淀粉。该类淀粉在调节糖脂代谢、改善肠道菌群结构及代谢功能方面发挥着重要作用。实验发现,经过发酵及干燥处理的山药,其总淀粉(Total Starch,TS)和抗消化淀粉含量均出现显著变化。如表5所示,发酵处理后的山药总淀粉含量显著(P<0.05)降低,其中快消化淀粉含量降幅最大,从31.19%降至12.98%。此现象可能是因为乳酸菌在生长过程中分泌的酶将淀粉水解为单糖,以满足其生长和繁殖需求。与此同时,发酵后的山药样品中抗消化淀粉含量显著增加,这可能是由于乳酸菌发酵产生的酸性环境导致淀粉分子结构发生改变,形成更难消化的结构,从而提升抗消化淀粉含量[50]。四种干燥方式中喷雾干燥和发酵后的样品总淀粉含量没有显著差异,但是冷冻干燥、热风干燥和喷雾干燥的样品总淀粉含量均显著下降(P<0.05)。这可能是因为,相比于其他三种干燥方式,喷雾干燥具有处理时间快的特点,样品在高温环境下存在的时间较短对总淀粉的影响较小[51],而冷冻干燥过程中的低温虽然会抑制酶活性,但不会完全失活,其中内源性淀粉酶在0 ℃以下仍有微弱活性,在长时间干燥过程中,物料中残留的微量水分为酶提供了微弱反应环境,淀粉酶可缓慢催化淀粉水解为游离糖,导致总淀粉含量的下降[52]。热风干燥则因为50~60 ℃是多数内源性淀粉酶的最适活性温度,在长时间作用下,淀粉酶高效催化淀粉水解为游离糖,导致总淀粉含量减少[53]。微波干燥则会因为局部过热与非热效应加速淀粉降解,局部高温会激活淀粉酶,快速催化淀粉水解,同时微波会破坏淀粉分子的氢键结构,使其更易被淀粉酶攻击,加速降解[54]。四种不同干燥方式制备的山药粉中,抗消化淀粉含量均有所提高,其中热风干燥样品的抗消化淀粉含量最高,达到24.34%。这可能是因为热风干燥过程中形成的湿热环境导致大量支链淀粉分子键断裂,形成短直链淀粉,这些淀粉与原山药中的直链淀粉在降温过程中通过氢键连接,形成新的抗消化淀粉[55]。喷雾干燥和微波干燥样品中抗消化淀粉含量的提升可能也源于此机制。而冷冻干燥导致样品中抗消化淀粉含量增加的原因可能与冷冻干燥过程中低温环境引起的淀粉结构变化有关[56]。由结果可知,益生菌发酵和干燥处理均能显著改变山药粉的消化特性,这一结果可以为新型控血糖、抗消化山药产品的研发提供理论依据。
本研究对发酵山药的制备工艺进行优化,通过单因素实验和响应面试验确定发酵山药的最佳制备工艺为接菌量2%、发酵时间48 h、发酵温度37 ℃,此时发酵山药中的活菌数最高同时具有最高的感官评价得分,分别为9.07 lg(CFU/mL)和91.36分。之后对益生菌发酵的山药进行制粉处理,对四种干燥方式制备得到的山药粉性质进行比较。结果表明益生菌发酵可以显著增加山药粉中多糖、总多酚、总黄酮、抗消化淀粉(RS)的含量(P<0.05),同时可以显著降低快消化淀粉(RDS)的含量(P<0.05)。总体来说冷冻干燥制备的山药粉品质最好,喷雾干燥次之,微波干燥制备的山药粉虽然有最高的总多酚和总黄酮含量,但是其会严重降低山药中的多糖含量。其和热风干燥在干燥样品的同时会大量杀灭山药粉中的益生菌,降低了成品的品质。本研究结果表明,发酵山药的最佳制备工艺为接菌量2%、发酵时间48 h、发酵温度37 ℃,益生菌发酵山药可以显著提升山药的品质,四种干燥方式中冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥相比于微波干燥和热风干燥更适合于益生菌发酵山药粉的制备。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050085
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
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    1保定市京津冀现代农业协同创新发展服务中心,河北保定 071000
    2保定市种子工作站,河北保定 071000
    3河北省保定市农机安全服务所,河北保定 071000
    4保定市农业科学院,河北保定 071000
    5河北工程大学生命科学与食品工程学院,河北邯郸 056000

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郝光飞(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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