Article(id=1320882637380637076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852561563, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852561563, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852561563, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852561563, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=501, endPage=511, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882639280656789, articleId=1320882637380637076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Progress on the Structure, Extraction and Function of Litchi Procyanidins, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Litchi is the main characteristic fruits of the subtropical region. As the world's leading producer of litchi, China ranks first globally in both cultivation area and yield. The byproducts generated during litchi processing, for example, shells and seeds are rich in phenolic compounds like A-type proanthocyanidins, and contain various isomers. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews on the recent research progress regarding litchi proanthocyanidins. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the structure, extraction methods, and bioactive functions of litchi proanthocyanidins. Currently, research on the chemical structure of litchi proanthocyanidins mainly focuses on elucidating their structural units, degree of polymerization, molecular weight distribution and major chemical composition. The extraction methods primarily involve multiple techniques, including traditional solvent, microwave-assisted, deep eutectic solvent, ultrasound-assisted, ultrasound-microwave synergistic, and ultra-high pressure-assisted extractions. In terms of functional activities, the biological activities of litchi proanthocyanidins, such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of Alzheimer's disease, are summarized in detail. Finally, this study provides an outlook on future research directions and development trends of litchi proanthocyanidins, aiming to offer theoretical guidance and references for their applications in the food industry.

, authors=Yuyao WU, Zhuoyan HU, Lei ZHAO, Kai WANG, Xuwei LIU*, authorsList=Yuyao WU, Zhuoyan HU, Lei ZHAO, Kai WANG, Xuwei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuwei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882640694137242, articleId=1320882637380637076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=荔枝原花青素的结构、提取及功能研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

荔枝是亚热带地区的主要特色水果。作为全球主要的荔枝生产国,中国在荔枝的种植面积和产量均居世界第一。荔枝在加工过程中会产生大量的果壳、果核等副产物,这些副产物富含A型原花青素等酚类物质,并含有多种同分异构体。然而,关于荔枝原花青素的近年来研究进展尚缺乏系统性的总结。因此,本文旨在对荔枝原花青素的结构、提取方法及功能活性研究进展进行全面综述。目前,荔枝原花青素的化学结构研究主要集中在其结构单元、聚合度范围、分子质量分布范围及主要化学组成。提取方法主要围绕多种技术展开,包括传统溶剂提取法、微波提取法、低共熔溶剂提取法、超声辅助提取法、超声-微波协同提取法以及超高压辅助浸提法等。在功能活性研究方面,重点总结了荔枝原花青素的抗氧化、肝脏保护、降糖、抗炎及改善阿尔茨海默病等生物活性。最后,本文对荔枝原花青素未来的研究方向和发展趋势提出展望,以期为其在食品行业中的应用提供理论指导和参考。

, authors=吴钰瑶, 胡卓炎, 赵雷, 王凯, 刘旭炜*, authorsList=吴钰瑶, 胡卓炎, 赵雷, 王凯, 刘旭炜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘旭炜, authorNote=

吴钰瑶(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘旭炜(1991−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与组分相互作用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wGsHe6xEFaGPZvOp0Q7M3w==, magXml=f/la5QAYncrgQMGNaM2KvQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LOmzgNwNqc43mniRe5KSug==, pdfFileSize=1753143, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7rq+fZ6swgxgqb6JUAbjnA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gfHACLCfhmMfO9kNUjML0g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882641251979679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=13434311672@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882641528803745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, authorId=1320882641251979679, language=EN, stringName=Yuyao WU, firstName=Yuyao, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320882641616884130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, authorId=1320882641251979679, language=CN, stringName=吴钰瑶, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=华南农业大学食品学院,广东省食品质量安全重点实验室,广东广州 510642, bio={"content":"

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017, 9(65): 1893−1899., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882641134539163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882641142927772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, companyId=1320882641134539163, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882641147122077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, companyId=1320882641134539163, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南农业大学食品学院,广东省食品质量安全重点实验室,广东广州 510642)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882645756662211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Appearance, origin and characteristics of major cultivated litchi fruits in China, figureFileSmall=0SDUOMYZulsZz0115FeZ5w==, figureFileBig=7rq+fZ6swgxgqb6JUAbjnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882645844742596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=CN, label=图1, caption=我国部分主栽荔枝果实外观、来源及特征, figureFileSmall=0SDUOMYZulsZz0115FeZ5w==, figureFileBig=7rq+fZ6swgxgqb6JUAbjnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882647816065477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chemical structures of common proanthocyanidins and their isomers in lychee, figureFileSmall=3LEW1SbFXPmBFgSLhdAesw==, figureFileBig=gW2o7NjAGVMhL3kcwWHg4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882648227107270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=CN, label=图2, caption=荔枝中常见原花青素及其同分异构体的化学结构, figureFileSmall=3LEW1SbFXPmBFgSLhdAesw==, figureFileBig=gW2o7NjAGVMhL3kcwWHg4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882648302604744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Extraction methods of litchi proanthocyanidins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法品种及部位提取参数提取结果参考文献
溶剂提取法‘妃子笑’果壳乙醇浓度80%,固液比1:20 (W/V),提取温度50 ℃,提取时间120 min,pH6.0提取3次PAs得率为1.3%,纯度为87.45%[17]
‘黑叶’果壳乙醇浓度68%,提取温度59 ℃,提取时间为93 min,固液比1:20 (W/V),提取2次PAs得率为5.26%[18]
‘白糖罂’落果落果粉末与正己烷按1:10 (W/V) 固液比混合后,与70%乙醇混合提取总PAs含量为205.92±3.224 mg/g[19]
微波辅助
提取法
果核提取时间3 min,提取功率850 W,固液比1:20 (W/V),乙醇浓度70%黄酮的平均得率为2.86%[20]
果壳硫酸铵用量10 g/100 mL,微波时间90 s,微波功率270 W黄酮的提取率达到20.74%[21]
低共熔溶剂
提取法
‘妃子笑’果壳固液比1:20 (W/V),溶剂摩尔比1:4,溶剂含水量50%,提取温度60 ℃,提取时间90 minPAs含量高达5.07 mg/mL[22]
超声辅助提
取法
果壳酶浓度0.12 mg/mL,超声功率300 W,超声时间80 min以及固液比
1:10 (W/V)
低聚PAs的得率可提高至13.5%[23]
‘黑叶’果核粉末粒径100目,固液比1:8 (W/V),提取时间30 min,超声波功率600 W,提取温度20 ℃,乙醇浓度70%、pH5.0PAs提取率达13.11%[24]
超声-微波协同提取法‘糯米糍’果壳微波功率307 W,提取时间17 min,提取温度46 ℃,固液比1:31 (W/V)PAs得率为8.10%[25]
超高压辅助
浸提法
‘怀枝’果壳乙醇浓度70%,压力295 MPa,保压时间13 min,固液比为1:16 (W/V)PAs提取率达2.4%[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882648675897801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

荔枝原花青素的提取方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法品种及部位提取参数提取结果参考文献
溶剂提取法‘妃子笑’果壳乙醇浓度80%,固液比1:20 (W/V),提取温度50 ℃,提取时间120 min,pH6.0提取3次PAs得率为1.3%,纯度为87.45%[17]
‘黑叶’果壳乙醇浓度68%,提取温度59 ℃,提取时间为93 min,固液比1:20 (W/V),提取2次PAs得率为5.26%[18]
‘白糖罂’落果落果粉末与正己烷按1:10 (W/V) 固液比混合后,与70%乙醇混合提取总PAs含量为205.92±3.224 mg/g[19]
微波辅助
提取法
果核提取时间3 min,提取功率850 W,固液比1:20 (W/V),乙醇浓度70%黄酮的平均得率为2.86%[20]
果壳硫酸铵用量10 g/100 mL,微波时间90 s,微波功率270 W黄酮的提取率达到20.74%[21]
低共熔溶剂
提取法
‘妃子笑’果壳固液比1:20 (W/V),溶剂摩尔比1:4,溶剂含水量50%,提取温度60 ℃,提取时间90 minPAs含量高达5.07 mg/mL[22]
超声辅助提
取法
果壳酶浓度0.12 mg/mL,超声功率300 W,超声时间80 min以及固液比
1:10 (W/V)
低聚PAs的得率可提高至13.5%[23]
‘黑叶’果核粉末粒径100目,固液比1:8 (W/V),提取时间30 min,超声波功率600 W,提取温度20 ℃,乙醇浓度70%、pH5.0PAs提取率达13.11%[24]
超声-微波协同提取法‘糯米糍’果壳微波功率307 W,提取时间17 min,提取温度46 ℃,固液比1:31 (W/V)PAs得率为8.10%[25]
超高压辅助
浸提法
‘怀枝’果壳乙醇浓度70%,压力295 MPa,保压时间13 min,固液比为1:16 (W/V)PAs提取率达2.4%[26]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882648789144010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Biological activity of litchi proanthocyanidins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种器官/组织PAs结构提取溶剂研究模型生物活性主要结果参考文献
‘白糖罂’‘桂味’‘怀枝’
‘糯米糍’‘妃子笑’
落果、成熟果壳单体、二聚体、总A型PAs含量等70%乙醇DPPH·、ABTS+·清除能力和铁还原能力测定抗氧化落果与成熟果壳的酚类提取物能有效清除DPPH·和ABTS+·,FRAP值下降22.8%~46.3%。[27]
‘褐毛荔’果壳单体、A型二聚体、A型三聚体、A型四聚
体等
含1%乙酸的
70%甲醇
DPPH·、ABTS+·清除能力和铁还原能力
测定
抗氧化A型低聚PAs 的DPPH∙、ABTS+∙清除能力和FRAP总抗氧化能力分别为1144.60、2905.56、868.84 μmol Trolox/g DW。[28]
‘妃子笑’果肉、鲜果壳、干果壳、鲜果核、干果核−70%甲醇DPPH·清除能力抗氧化当多酚浓度为0.20 mg/mL时,除干荔枝果壳提取物外,其余所有提取物对DPPH·的清除率均高达80%以上;浓度为
0.40 mg/mL时,果肉、鲜核和干核的多酚提取物DPPH·清除能力与
维生素C接近。
[29]
−果肉−70%乙醇酒精性肝病小鼠模型肝脏保护有效缓解肝脂肪变性,降低血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性,并减少血清及肝脏甘油三酯水平,改善线粒体功能障碍。[30]
‘妃子笑’果肉槲皮素3-O-芸香糖、苷-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷酶、芦丁、(-)-表儿茶素70%乙醇高脂饮食诱导
小鼠模型
肝脏保护降低体内miR-33和miR-122的表达,显著改善肝脂质沉着。[31]
‘妃子笑’果肉B 型三聚体80%丙酮氧自由基吸收能力测定、细胞抗氧化活性测定、肝细胞脂肪变性测定法肝脏保护提取物中的12种主要成分均被视为荔枝果肉酚类提取物中针对非酒精性脂肪性肝病的保肝成分。[32]
‘妃子笑’果壳A2乙醇-硫酸铵
双水相体系
α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶的体外抑制作用降糖游离酚和结合酚对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度分别为11 μg/mL和112 μg/mL,而对α-淀粉酶的半抑制浓度则分别为
0.5 mg/mL和1.34 mg/mL。
[33]
‘妃子笑’果壳−80%丙酮自发性Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型降糖激活AMPK能量代谢途径,调节Nrf2氧化应激和NF-κB炎症信号通路。[34]
−果核A 型二聚体、三聚体和四
聚体
D101大孔树脂Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型降糖调节葡萄糖和脂肪酸的代谢,有效恢复了肝脏中IRS2/PI3K/Akt/mTOR胰岛素信号传导的损伤。[35]
−果肉A2、A 型三聚体、B 型三聚体和 B 型二聚体等70%乙醇葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型抗炎减轻葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎症和修复肠道损伤。[36]
‘白糖罂’落果A2、A型三聚体、A型四聚体70%乙醇RAW264.7
细胞炎症模型
抗炎A型低聚PAs抑制荔枝类甜蛋白诱导的炎症反应。[37]
−果核A2、B170%乙醇RAW264.7
细胞炎症模型
抗炎显著抑制NO和IL-6的释放,有效抑制IL-1β的释放。[38]
−果核儿茶素、A1、A270%乙醇地塞米松诱导的胰岛素抵抗细胞模型改善阿尔茨海默病减少β-淀粉样蛋白的沉积以及抑制Tau蛋白过度磷酸化,并通过抑制NF-κB通路改善糖尿病大鼠的认知功能,通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路来抑制GSK-3β信号
通路。
[39]
−果核−95%乙醇Aβ 25-35诱导的阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型改善阿尔茨海默病通过AKT/GSK-3β信号通路对阿尔茨海默病大鼠产生神经保护作用。[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882649166631371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882637380637076, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

荔枝原花青素的生物活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种器官/组织PAs结构提取溶剂研究模型生物活性主要结果参考文献
‘白糖罂’‘桂味’‘怀枝’
‘糯米糍’‘妃子笑’
落果、成熟果壳单体、二聚体、总A型PAs含量等70%乙醇DPPH·、ABTS+·清除能力和铁还原能力测定抗氧化落果与成熟果壳的酚类提取物能有效清除DPPH·和ABTS+·,FRAP值下降22.8%~46.3%。[27]
‘褐毛荔’果壳单体、A型二聚体、A型三聚体、A型四聚
体等
含1%乙酸的
70%甲醇
DPPH·、ABTS+·清除能力和铁还原能力
测定
抗氧化A型低聚PAs 的DPPH∙、ABTS+∙清除能力和FRAP总抗氧化能力分别为1144.60、2905.56、868.84 μmol Trolox/g DW。[28]
‘妃子笑’果肉、鲜果壳、干果壳、鲜果核、干果核−70%甲醇DPPH·清除能力抗氧化当多酚浓度为0.20 mg/mL时,除干荔枝果壳提取物外,其余所有提取物对DPPH·的清除率均高达80%以上;浓度为
0.40 mg/mL时,果肉、鲜核和干核的多酚提取物DPPH·清除能力与
维生素C接近。
[29]
−果肉−70%乙醇酒精性肝病小鼠模型肝脏保护有效缓解肝脂肪变性,降低血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性,并减少血清及肝脏甘油三酯水平,改善线粒体功能障碍。[30]
‘妃子笑’果肉槲皮素3-O-芸香糖、苷-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷酶、芦丁、(-)-表儿茶素70%乙醇高脂饮食诱导
小鼠模型
肝脏保护降低体内miR-33和miR-122的表达,显著改善肝脂质沉着。[31]
‘妃子笑’果肉B 型三聚体80%丙酮氧自由基吸收能力测定、细胞抗氧化活性测定、肝细胞脂肪变性测定法肝脏保护提取物中的12种主要成分均被视为荔枝果肉酚类提取物中针对非酒精性脂肪性肝病的保肝成分。[32]
‘妃子笑’果壳A2乙醇-硫酸铵
双水相体系
α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶的体外抑制作用降糖游离酚和结合酚对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度分别为11 μg/mL和112 μg/mL,而对α-淀粉酶的半抑制浓度则分别为
0.5 mg/mL和1.34 mg/mL。
[33]
‘妃子笑’果壳−80%丙酮自发性Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型降糖激活AMPK能量代谢途径,调节Nrf2氧化应激和NF-κB炎症信号通路。[34]
−果核A 型二聚体、三聚体和四
聚体
D101大孔树脂Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型降糖调节葡萄糖和脂肪酸的代谢,有效恢复了肝脏中IRS2/PI3K/Akt/mTOR胰岛素信号传导的损伤。[35]
−果肉A2、A 型三聚体、B 型三聚体和 B 型二聚体等70%乙醇葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型抗炎减轻葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎症和修复肠道损伤。[36]
‘白糖罂’落果A2、A型三聚体、A型四聚体70%乙醇RAW264.7
细胞炎症模型
抗炎A型低聚PAs抑制荔枝类甜蛋白诱导的炎症反应。[37]
−果核A2、B170%乙醇RAW264.7
细胞炎症模型
抗炎显著抑制NO和IL-6的释放,有效抑制IL-1β的释放。[38]
−果核儿茶素、A1、A270%乙醇地塞米松诱导的胰岛素抵抗细胞模型改善阿尔茨海默病减少β-淀粉样蛋白的沉积以及抑制Tau蛋白过度磷酸化,并通过抑制NF-κB通路改善糖尿病大鼠的认知功能,通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路来抑制GSK-3β信号
通路。
[39]
−果核−95%乙醇Aβ 25-35诱导的阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型改善阿尔茨海默病通过AKT/GSK-3β信号通路对阿尔茨海默病大鼠产生神经保护作用。[40]
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荔枝原花青素的结构、提取及功能研究进展
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吴钰瑶(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

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吴钰瑶(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

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吴钰瑶 , 胡卓炎, 赵雷, 王凯, 刘旭炜*
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学食品学院,广东省食品质量安全重点实验室,广东广州 510642
通讯作者:
刘旭炜(1991−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与组分相互作用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴钰瑶(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

Progress on the Structure, Extraction and Function of Litchi Procyanidins
Yuyao WU , Zhuoyan HU, Lei ZHAO, Kai WANG, Xuwei LIU*
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050083
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荔枝是亚热带地区的主要特色水果。作为全球主要的荔枝生产国,中国在荔枝的种植面积和产量均居世界第一。荔枝在加工过程中会产生大量的果壳、果核等副产物,这些副产物富含A型原花青素等酚类物质,并含有多种同分异构体。然而,关于荔枝原花青素的近年来研究进展尚缺乏系统性的总结。因此,本文旨在对荔枝原花青素的结构、提取方法及功能活性研究进展进行全面综述。目前,荔枝原花青素的化学结构研究主要集中在其结构单元、聚合度范围、分子质量分布范围及主要化学组成。提取方法主要围绕多种技术展开,包括传统溶剂提取法、微波提取法、低共熔溶剂提取法、超声辅助提取法、超声-微波协同提取法以及超高压辅助浸提法等。在功能活性研究方面,重点总结了荔枝原花青素的抗氧化、肝脏保护、降糖、抗炎及改善阿尔茨海默病等生物活性。最后,本文对荔枝原花青素未来的研究方向和发展趋势提出展望,以期为其在食品行业中的应用提供理论指导和参考。

岭南特色水果  /  荔枝  /  黄酮类化合物  /  加工  /  化学结构  /  生物活性

Litchi is the main characteristic fruits of the subtropical region. As the world's leading producer of litchi, China ranks first globally in both cultivation area and yield. The byproducts generated during litchi processing, for example, shells and seeds are rich in phenolic compounds like A-type proanthocyanidins, and contain various isomers. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews on the recent research progress regarding litchi proanthocyanidins. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the structure, extraction methods, and bioactive functions of litchi proanthocyanidins. Currently, research on the chemical structure of litchi proanthocyanidins mainly focuses on elucidating their structural units, degree of polymerization, molecular weight distribution and major chemical composition. The extraction methods primarily involve multiple techniques, including traditional solvent, microwave-assisted, deep eutectic solvent, ultrasound-assisted, ultrasound-microwave synergistic, and ultra-high pressure-assisted extractions. In terms of functional activities, the biological activities of litchi proanthocyanidins, such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of Alzheimer's disease, are summarized in detail. Finally, this study provides an outlook on future research directions and development trends of litchi proanthocyanidins, aiming to offer theoretical guidance and references for their applications in the food industry.

Lingnan fruit  /  Litchi  /  flavonoids  /  processing  /  chemical structure  /  physiological activity
吴钰瑶, 胡卓炎, 赵雷, 王凯, 刘旭炜. 荔枝原花青素的结构、提取及功能研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 501 -511 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050083
Yuyao WU, Zhuoyan HU, Lei ZHAO, Kai WANG, Xuwei LIU. Progress on the Structure, Extraction and Function of Litchi Procyanidins[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 501 -511 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050083
荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)为无患子科的常绿乔木,分布于亚热带和热带地区。成熟时,荔枝果壳呈鲜亮红色,果肉半透明,味甜多汁,而果核则为棕色光泽[1−2]。荔枝原产于中国南部,有超过两千年的栽培历史,以其鲜美的口感、独特的风味以及丰富的营养价值而备受推崇[3]。作为岭南地区的优质水果,荔枝产业是广东省农村振兴的重要支撑之一[4]。根据2024年的数据,中国的荔枝栽培面积保持基本稳定,约为785.13万亩,总产量约为178.10万吨,其中广东省的栽培面积为403.27万亩,产量为87.64万吨,均位居全国第一[5]。目前,主要的商业化栽培品种包括‘妃子笑’‘白糖罂’‘糯米糍’‘白蜡’‘仙进奉’‘黑叶’、‘桂味’‘挂绿’等[6],其外观特征及相关信息如图1所示。现代药理研究表明,荔枝富含多种营养成分,包括多酚、有机酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物、维生素和多种矿物质,且不同部位及不同品种的含量存在差异[7]。其中,荔枝中富含的多酚类化合物,特别是原花青素,具有显著的生物活性[8],有助于增强机体免疫力,抵御疾病的侵害。因此,荔枝及其制品不仅仅是一种美味的食物,更应该被视为具有潜力的功能性食品,对促进人体健康具有重要的支持作用。
原花青素(Proanthocyanidins,PAs),又称缩合单宁,是一类广泛存在于植物中的多酚类化合物,其结构单元为黄烷-3-醇,以C - C键聚合而成。由于黄烷-3-醇属于黄酮类,因此原花青素可视为黄酮的聚合物衍生物。这些化合物广泛分布于植物的果实、叶片、果壳、种子和根部,因其呈现出抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌等生物活性而引起广泛关注[9−10]。根据黄烷-3-醇单体的不同结构,PAs可分为三种主要亚类:procyanidins (PCs)、prodelphinidins (PDs)和propelargonidins。PCs由(+) -儿茶素或(-) -表儿茶素单元组成;PDs由(+) -没食子儿茶素或(-) -表没食子儿茶素单元组成,具有3',4',5'-三羟基模式;而propelargonidins则由(+) - afzelechin或(-) - epiafzelechin组成,具有4'-羟基模式。此外,根据黄烷-3-醇单体之间黄烷键的不同,PAs进一步分为A型和B型,A型PAs通过额外的C-O-C键连接在C2与C7或C2与C5之间[11],形成基于两个连锁键的刚性三维结构,能够特异性地与生物大分子相互作用,具有重要的应用潜力[12]。与之相对,B型PAs的黄烷-3-醇单体仅通过一个C-C键连接,通常位于C4-C8或C4-C6之间。B型PAs在自然界中较为常见,尤其广泛存在于果蔬及谷物中,特别是在葡萄籽和苹果皮中含量丰富[13]。相较之下,荔枝作为少数以A型PAs为主的植物之一,A型PAs的含量占原花青素总量的60%以上。这一独特的组成特征使荔枝成为研究A型PAs的重要植物材料[14]。根据其聚合度的不同,PAs可分为单体、寡聚体和多聚体:寡聚体由2~4个单体组成,而多聚体至少包含5个单体[15]。单体的聚合度及其连接方式对PAs的生物活性有重要影响,通常情况下,PAs的生物利用度随着主链聚合度的提高而降低。在荔枝中,A型PAs主要以低聚形式存在,例如A2、A4以及A型二聚体、三聚体和四聚体等,这种特定的组成结构在其他水果中并不常见,因此对荔枝原花青素的研究具有特别重要的科学价值[16]。
荔枝PAs作为一种具有多种生物活性的天然产物,蕴藏着广泛的应用前景和巨大的经济价值。在提取方面,传统的溶剂提取法[17−19]和微波提取法[20−21]已被广泛应用,而新兴的提取方法如低共熔溶剂提取法[22]、超声辅助提取法[23−24]、超声-微波协同提取法[25]以及超高压辅助浸提法[26]逐渐引起了研究者的关注。这些方法不仅提高了提取效率,还降低了能耗和生产成本。此外,荔枝PAs丰富的生物活性使其在多个功能方向展现出重要的应用潜力,包括但不限于抗氧化[27−29]、肝脏保护[30−32]、降糖[33−35]、抗炎[36−38]及改善阿尔茨海默病[39−40]。因此,在开发功能性食品及保健品方面,荔枝PAs具有重要的前景。尽管已有大量关于荔枝中PAs的研究,但对这些研究结果的全面综述依然匮乏。基于此,本综述旨在系统总结荔枝PAs的结构、提取方法及其生物活性研究的最新进展,以期为未来荔枝PAs在食品行业中的应用提供理论依据。
目前对荔枝PAs结构的研究主要围绕荔枝果壳、果肉、果核和生理落果等展开,借助高效液相色谱电喷雾四级杆飞行时间质谱[28]、电喷雾液质联用四级杆飞行时间质谱[19]、红外光谱法[41]、分光光度法[42]、核磁共振技术[43−44]、高效液相色谱法[45]、液相色谱-质谱联用技术等[26]对其结构单元、聚合度范围、分子质量分布范围和主要化学组成进行表征。
荔枝作为富含PAs的典型物种,其不同组织部位及品种间PAs组成特征存在显著差异,常见PAs及其同分异构体的化学结构如图2所示。研究表明,表儿茶素作为PAs的关键结构单元,广泛存在于荔枝果壳、果肉及果核中,但呈现组织特异性分布规律[46−47]。在PAs结构特征方面,邓兆雯[42]采用分光光度法测定显示荔枝果壳中PAs的平均聚合度为4.5,经分离纯化后寡聚体的平均聚合度为6.12,低聚体的平均聚合度为2.20,呈现明显双峰特征。吕强[43]运用多维分析技术在‘褐毛荔’果肉中鉴定出32种PAs,包括15种A型及17种B型结构,聚合度为2~6,其中低聚体含量占PAs总含量的84.93%。特别值得关注的是,该研究首次报道了新型C1型PAs,为荔枝PAs结构多样性研究提供了新证据。针对果壳特异性组分,张瑞芬[26]采用液相色谱-质谱连用方法从荔枝果壳中鉴定出7个黄酮单体化合物和4个PAs寡聚体(A1、A2、B2、C1),并新发现包括2个A型二聚体异构体、1个B型二聚体异构体以及10个三聚体异构体在内的13种新型结构。这一发现与曾雨等[28]的研究类似,后者利用高效液相色谱电喷雾四级杆飞行时间质谱在7个不同品种荔枝果壳中均鉴定出12种PAs组分,包括表儿茶素、三种A型二聚体(含A2、A4)、四种A型三聚体、四种A型四聚体,分子量范围扩展至290.08~1152.25 Da。此外,谢翀等[19]发现荔枝生理落果多酚纯化物中发现特殊的低聚PAs组成模式,其中A4、A2及A型二聚体、四聚体构成主要成分,提示发育阶段可能影响PAs的聚合特征。
目前,荔枝PAs的传统提取方法主要有溶剂提取法[17−19]和微波提取法[20−21]。与此同时,近年来新兴的提取技术逐渐受到关注,包括低共熔溶剂提取法[22]、超声辅助提取法[23−24]、超声-微波协同提取法[25]以及超高压辅助浸提法[26]等。溶剂提取法因其经济性和操作简便性成为提取荔枝PAs的主流方法,但其提取效率因原料和条件不同而差异显著,‘妃子笑’果壳中PAs的提取率为1.3%[17],‘黑叶’果壳中PAs的提取率为5.26%[18],‘白糖罂’生理落果中PAs含量为205.92±3.224 mg/g[19],这种差异可能与荔枝不同生长阶段中活性成分的积累有关,其中生理落果可能因代谢变化或环境胁迫导致次生代谢产物(如PAs)富集,从而显著高于成熟果皮。在众多新兴技术中,超声辅助提取法表现出显著优势,其提取效率的大幅提升可归因于超声波特有的物理化学效应,包括空化作用导致的细胞结构破坏、微射流增强的传质效率以及机械振动对扩散障碍的消除。该技术对荔枝果核与果壳中PAs的提取率可达13.11%[24]、13.5%[23],是目前文献报道中最高的,这一技术不仅实现了提取效率的突破,还因其低温操作条件和溶剂节约特性符合绿色化学原则,具有良好的产业化前景,尤其适用于对提取效率和活性保留要求较高的场景,有望成为未来荔枝PAs提取的重要发展方向。
溶剂提取法是提取PAs的常用技术,其关键在于选择适当的溶剂,以确保有效成分的高溶解度并减少杂质的溶解。传统的提取溶剂主要包括水和有机溶剂。水在安全和环保方面具有明显优势,但其提取效率往往低于有机溶剂;相对而言,有机溶剂虽具较强的溶解能力,但因其渗透性较差、提取耗时较长且易破坏热不稳定成分,导致提取物中杂质含量较高、后续纯化过程也更具挑战性。因此,有机溶剂通常不单独使用,而是与水混合,以改善这些问题[48]。目前,乙醇是提取PAs常用的有机试剂,周玮婧等[17]通过单因素实验和正交试验,对‘妃子笑’果壳进行碾磨,提取其PAs,结果表明在乙醇浓度为80%、固液比为1:20 (W/V)、提取温度为50 ℃、提取时间为120 min、pH为6.0的条件下,PAs的提取率为1.3%;李焕清等[18]在乙醇浓度为68%、提取温度为59 ℃、提取时间为93 min、固液比为1:20(W/V),提取2次的条件下,经粉碎处理的‘黑叶’果壳中原花青素得率为5.26%;谢翀等[19]将热风干燥的荔枝生理落果粉末与正己烷以1:10(W/V)的固液比混合,静置过夜后,与70%乙醇混合,在室温下重复提取至溶液基本无色,浓缩后冻干得到荔枝生理落果多酚粗提物,经纯化后,荔枝生理落果中原花青素含量为205.92±3.224 mg/g。综上,不同荔枝品种的PAs提取率差异较大,这可能与原料代谢状态及细胞结构有关。通过优化溶剂浓度、温度、时间等提取参数,可有效提高提取效率。当前该方法虽具有操作简便、成本低廉的优点,但仍存在提取周期长、选择性较差等局限性。未来需进一步通过工艺优化或与其他提取技术联用,以提升其整体竞争力。
微波辅助提取法是一种借助微波的热效应和强穿透力来提取植物成分的技术。该方法通过迅速升温植物组织,促进细胞壁的破裂,从而使目标产物更易溶出。此外,微波的作用还加速了溶剂与植物细胞内有效成分之间的传质过程。这种提取技术在药物提取、中药制备以及药物质量控制等领域得到了广泛应用,尤其是在中药制备中,微波辅助提取法能够快速有效地破坏植物细胞壁,使得有效成分的提取变得更加高效和便捷。近年来,超声波提取技术因其提取时间短、提取得率高和工艺简单等优点,逐渐在植物多酚的提取中获得广泛应用[49]。林大专等[20]通过单因素实验和正交试验对微波法提取干燥荔枝果核粗粉中的黄酮进行了系统研究,结果表明,在乙醇浓度为70%、提取时间为3 min、提取功率为850 W、固液比为1:20(W/V)的条件下,黄酮的平均得率为2.86%。与之相比,王维力等[21]采用Box-Behnken方法进行响应曲面设计,建立了微波联用双水相提取干燥荔枝果壳粉末中黄酮的实验理论模型,在硫酸铵用量为10 g/100 mL、微波时间为90 s、微波功率为270 W的条件下,黄酮的提取率达到了20.74%。近年来,微波辅助提取技术在传统溶剂提取的基础上进行了多项重要改进,如微波水扩散萃取、微波蒸汽扩散萃取、高压微波辅助萃取等[34]。作为一种成熟且具有发展前景的提取方法,微波辅助提取在植物成分的研究中具有显著学术和应用价值,但其对热敏成分的潜在影响仍需关注。
低共熔溶剂(Deep eutectic solvent,DES)是目前新兴的生物活性物质提取溶剂,由两种或多种试剂通过氢键供体(Hydrogen-bond donor,HBD)和氢键受体(Hydrogen-bond acceptor,HBA)的形式在一定的温度下结合而成的高粘度透亮的溶剂。HBD和HBA通常来源于天然物质,具有成本低、安全性高和可降解性良好等优点,因此DES被认为是一种环境友好的绿色溶剂。由于DES具有独特的溶解性和结构,它能够在中药有效成分的提取过程中与目标物形成较强的分子间氢键,从而提高目标物的溶出率,增加生物活性物质的提取率[50]。此外,DES还能够增强生物活性物质的抗菌和抗氧化性能,改善其热稳定性和储藏可靠性。因此,这类溶剂在兼顾安全性与环保性的同时,能够确保提取效率,有望成为PAs的理想提取剂。郑德瑜等[22]通过单因素实验结合正交试验优化,确定了使用氯化胆碱-1,3-丁二醇提取荔枝果壳PAs的最佳工艺条件为固液比1:20 (W/V),溶剂摩尔比1:4,溶剂含水量50%,提取温度60 ℃,提取时间90 min,在该条件下,提取液中的荔枝果壳PAs含量高达5.07 mg/mL,是70%乙醇提取的1.4倍,该方法因其优异的可持续性和对活性成分的保护作用,成为PAs提取的理想选择,然而,在实际应用过程中仍存在若干技术瓶颈,首先,DES的高粘度特性会显著降低传质效率,增加搅拌能耗,并可能影响工业放大过程中的混合均匀性;其次,溶剂回收困难是制约其工业化应用的关键因素,目前的回收方法在能耗和效率方面仍需优化。因此,未来研究应着重解决DES的粘度调控和高效回收等关键问题,以推动该方法在PAs提取领域的实际应用。
PAs属于细胞内产物,而细胞壁的存在是从植物细胞中提取PAs的主要障碍。超声辅助提取是一种新型的天然产物提取技术,利用超声波产生的空化作用、热效应和机械作用加速细胞壁的破碎,使胞外溶剂更容易渗入细胞内部,促使胞内物质向溶液中释放,因此具有较高的提取效率。近年来,超声辅助提取技术因其操作简便、提取效率高以及对活性成分影响小等优点,在天然产物提取领域得到了广泛应用,尤其在提取PAs等热敏性物质方面表现出良好的效果[51]。Li等[23]借助超声法和酶法联合提取荔枝果壳的低聚PAs,在酶浓度为0.12 mg/mL,超声功率为300 W,超声时间为80 min,固液比为1:10 (W/V)的条件下,荔枝果壳低聚PAs的得率可提高至13.5%。刘新等[24]对超声提取阴干‘黑叶’果核中PAs的工艺进行了研究,结果表明,粉末粒径为100目,固液比为1:8 (W/V),提取时间为30 min,超声波功率为600 W,温度为20 ℃,乙醇浓度为70%及pH为5的条件下,PAs提取效果最佳,提取率可达13.11%。从可持续性角度来看,该技术兼具高效性与环境友好性,且能耗相对较低。然而,在规模化应用过程中仍面临若干技术挑战,主要包括超声波能量的均匀分布问题以及大体积提取时的能耗控制,这些因素可能影响工艺的稳定性和经济性,需要进一步研究解决。表1列举了荔枝原花青素的提取方法。
超声和微波的耦合提取技术是一种新兴且有效的方法,并被认为是较有前景的快速高效混合提取技术之一。该方法结合了超声振动所产生的空化作用和微波的高能作用,使样品的各个部分均匀受力,从而降低目标物与样品基体之间的结合力,促进目标物从固相到溶剂中的转移[52]。这种协同作用显著提高了提取率,具有低能耗和高效率的优势,能够实现比传统提取、微波辅助萃取和超声辅助萃取更高的提取率。邓兆雯等[25]采用超声-微波协同法提取‘糯米糍’果壳冻干粉末中PAs,并通过响应面优化法确定了最佳工艺参数,在微波功率为307 W,提取时间为17 min,提取温度为46 ℃,固液比为1:31 g/mL的条件下,PAs得率达到了8.10%。该方法具有提取时间短、能耗低、温度控制精准等突出优势,特别适合热敏性成分的提取。然而,其实际应用仍面临设备系统复杂、工艺参数优化困难等关键挑战。不同原料的最佳工艺条件存在显著差异,需要建立系统的参数优化方法。此外,放大生产过程中的能量均匀分布问题也需要特别关注
超高压提取技术作为一种新兴的非热加工技术,通过提升压力对原料细胞施加较大的作用力,从而导致细胞壁的破裂,加速活性成分与溶剂的接触,使得活性成分更易溶于提取溶剂中[53]。该技术具有短时、节能、操作简单和高效等优点,能够有效保持热敏性及小分子物质的活性。目前,超高压提取技术不仅用于果酱、果酒等的灭菌处理及中药材营养成分等物质的提取,还广泛应用于植物中活性物质的提取,如花青素和花色苷等。张瑞芬[26]通过响应面法优化了冻存‘怀枝’果壳中PAs的超高压辅助浸提工艺,在乙醇浓度为70%、压力为295 MPa、保压时间为13 min、固液比为1:16(W/V)的条件下,PAs的提取率达2.4%;研究还比较了超高压辅助溶剂浸提、传统溶剂浸提和超声辅助溶剂浸提三种方法的提取效果,结果表明,超高压辅助提取的PAs提取率比传统乙醇浸提提高了30.8%,比超声辅助浸提提高了13.9%。然而该技术在推广应用时仍面临诸多挑战,高昂的设备成本制约了中小企业的采用,规模化连续生产工艺尚不成熟,不同原料的适应性需要针对性优化,有机溶剂的使用限制其在食品医药领域的应用,能耗和安全性问题仍需改善,此外相关行业标准体系也有待完善。未来需要从降低设备成本、开发绿色工艺、优化规模化生产等方面进行突破,以推动该技术从实验室走向工业化应用。
荔枝PAs的生物活性与其多元酚结构所具有的独特理化性质(如蛋白质结合能力、金属离子络合能力、自由基清除能力和还原性等)密不可分。研究人员目前已经报道了荔枝PAs的抗氧化、肝脏保护、降糖、抗炎及改善阿尔茨海默病活性等作用。表2列举了荔枝原花青素的生物活性。
正常生理条件下,氧化应激仍然是导致细胞损伤的重要因素,使用抗氧化剂能够有效地控制细胞损伤及由氧化应激引起的代谢紊乱,减轻自由基的影响,保护分子和细胞免受损伤,从而增强对氧化应激的抵御能力[54]。Xie等[27]通过DPPH·、ABTS+·清除法及FRAP法评价了不同荔枝品种在不同生长期的酚类提取物的抗氧化活性。研究结果显示,荔枝落果和成熟荔枝果壳的酚类提取物在浓度分别为0.204~0.291 mg/mL、0.272~0.409 mg/mL时,可以清除一半的DPPH·,在0.211~0.338 mg/mL、0.430~0.590 mg/mL的浓度下能清除一半的ABTS+·;此外,荔枝落果和成熟荔枝果壳的FRAP值下降22.8%~46.3%,表明荔枝中的酚类化合物具有较强的抗氧化活性;经过主成分分析和皮尔逊相关分析发现,表现出的抗氧化活性与酚类化合物中的单体、二聚体、总PAs、总A型PAs含量以及总酚含量呈显著相关。曾雨等[28]也通过DPPH·、ABTS+·清除法及FRAP法对7个品种的荔枝果壳提取物进行抗氧化活性比较,研究结果表明,‘褐毛荔’果壳提取物中A型低聚PAs含量最高,体外抗氧化活性方面表现最佳,DPPH∙清除能力为1144.60 μmol Trolox/g DW,ABTS+·清除能力为2905.56 μmol Trolox/g DW,FRAP总抗氧化能力为868.84 μmol Trolox/g DW;皮尔逊相关分析显示,总酚、总PAs、总黄酮含量以及单体、A型二聚体、A型三聚体、A型四聚体与抗氧化能力间存在显著相关性。刘展眉等[29]的研究发现荔枝各部位的多酚提取物的DPPH·清除能力均随着多酚质量浓度的升高而提高,其中,果肉多酚提取物的DPPH·清除能力最强,除干果壳外,其他部位的多酚提取物浓度为0.20 mg/mL时,DPPH·清除率均达80%以上。荔枝及其副产物中的酚类化合物具有显著抗氧化活性,可应用于食品、保健品和医药领域,如天然抗氧化剂或功能性食品成分。但实际应用中需考虑其生物利用度、稳定性及规模化提取的可行性,荔枝多酚的水溶性和胃肠吸收效率可能影响其体内功效,加工条件及品种差异可能影响活性和产品一致性,未来可通过纳米递送或结构修饰等手段优化其应用潜力。
研究表明,荔枝果肉中的酚类提取物通过抑制脂肪酸β-氧化,不仅能够对酒精性肝病提供保护,还能改善约束应激诱导的肝损伤,并抑制线粒体功能障碍。Xiao等[30]指出,荔枝果肉中的酚类提取物对独立接受乙醇流质饮食的小鼠产生显著的治疗效果,能够有效缓解肝脂肪变性,降低血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性,并减少血清及肝脏甘油三酯水平;进一步的实验表明,补充荔枝果肉酚类提取物可通过改善线粒体功能障碍,减轻酒精性肝损伤。除了酒精性肝病之外,非酒精性脂肪肝也是导致慢性肝病的重要原因,由于其高发率及潜在的严重后果,正迅速成为一个重大的公共卫生问题,Su等[31]发现,高脂饮食小鼠通过服用荔枝果肉酚类物质降低体内与脂质代谢相关的miRNA的表达,能显著改善肝脂质沉着,这意味着荔枝果肉酚类物质也能有效治疗非酒精性脂肪肝。Jia等[32]通过在线敲除法识别了荔枝果肉酚类提取物中的12种主要成分,包括四种PAs和八种黄酮类化合物,这些成分对荔枝果肉酚类提取物的氧自由基吸收能力起积极作用,研究还发现包括B2、表儿茶素、两种槲皮素糖苷和两种PAs三聚体在内的六种成分被认为是抑制脂质积累作用的关键因素,其中B型PAs三聚体被确定为主要贡献者,所有十二种成分均被视为荔枝果肉酚类提取物中针对非酒精性脂肪性肝病的保肝成分。这些发现为开发新型肝病防治制剂提供了重要依据,但实际应用中仍需解决若干关键问题:首先需要明确各活性成分的协同作用机制,其次要优化提取工艺以保证成分稳定性,此外还需通过临床研究验证其人体有效性和安全性。未来研究可重点关注活性成分的靶向递送技术和标准化质量控制体系的建立,以充分发挥其临床应用价值。
糖尿病是全球最严峻的健康问题之一,主要由胰岛素不足或作用缺陷引起[55]。研究发现,荔枝中PAs能通过抑制肝脏糖合成、调节葡萄糖转运系统蛋白表达和增加肝脏及骨骼肌的糖酵解,改善葡萄糖稳态,其中A型PAs治疗效果优于B型。杨丽珍[33]指出,荔枝果壳中游离酚的主要成分包括儿茶素和A2,结合酚包含荭草苷和没食子酸等成分,研究结果表明,荔枝果壳的游离酚和结合酚对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶均表现出显著的抑制效果,且抑制类型为混合型抑制。具体来说,游离酚和结合酚对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半数抑制浓度分别为11 μg/mL和112 μg/mL,而对α-淀粉酶的半数抑制浓度则分别为0.5 mg/mL和1.34 mg/mL,说明荔枝果壳的游离酚和结合酚在降低餐后血糖水平方面具有积极作用。此外,荔枝果壳提取物能够改善自发性Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型的糖代谢紊乱、氧化应激、炎症反应和胰岛素抵抗[34],其机制包括激活腺苷5′-单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶,抑制磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶表达,减少肝脏糖异生;同时促使核因子红细胞相关因子2易位进入细胞核,启动抗氧化因子超氧化物歧化酶和NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1的转录,减轻氧化应激和氧化损伤,并阻止核因子κB的核易位及炎症反应,因此荔枝果壳提取物对治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病具有良好的效果。Man等[35]的研究发现,荔枝果核提取物降低了Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠的胰岛素抵抗指数和尿中葡萄糖水平,同时降低了胰高血糖素的表达以增强胰腺功能;通过增加葡萄糖转运蛋白2、葡萄糖转运蛋白4、胰岛素受体和胰岛素受体底物的表达来调节葡萄糖和脂肪酸的代谢,并有效恢复了肝脏中胰岛素信号传导通路(IRS2/PI3K/Akt/mTOR)的损伤,提供了荔枝果核提取物在Ⅱ型糖尿病治疗中的潜在应用依据,并为未来的临床应用研究提供了方向。
溃疡性结肠炎是一种慢性且易复发的肠道炎症疾病,其发病率的上升引起了全球的广泛关注。Huang等[36]研究显示荔枝果肉酚类物质对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎有积极影响,能够减轻肠道屏障破坏,增加紧密连接蛋白表达从而增强上皮细胞完整性。研究中,荔枝果肉酚类物质治疗能降低Toll样受体4、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3和促炎细胞因子的表达,高剂量的荔枝果肉酚类物质治疗有效提升脂肪酸受体的表达以及短链脂肪酸的含量;此外,荔枝果肉酚类物质能改善肠道微生物群组成,促进有益菌群生长并抑制有害细菌,这些变化能够保护肠上皮屏障、抑制炎症反应帮助减轻葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎症和修复肠道损伤。罗杨合等[37]从荔枝落果中分离得到的A型低聚PAs纯化物主要成分为A2、2个A型三聚体和1个A型四聚体,纯度达88.69%;在构建的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型中,添加A型低聚PAs可抑制荔枝类甜蛋白诱导的一氧化氮(NO)、细胞炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的分泌,在120 μg/mL的A型低聚PAs处理下,对NO、IL-6和TNF-α的抑制率分别为58.38%、39.80%和86.31%;蛋白免疫印迹分析显示,该浓度下的A型低聚PAs能降低诱导型一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶2的表达量,并显著抑制p65、NF-κB抑制蛋白、c-Jun氨基末端激酶、细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶和p38的磷酸化水平,表明A型低聚PAs通过下调NF-κB抑制蛋白和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路中下游蛋白的磷酸化,抑制荔枝类甜蛋白诱导的炎症反应。赵欢等[38]的研究发现,荔枝果核提取物显著抑制了脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞中NO和IL-6的释放,其中醇提物对NO和IL-6释放的抑制效果优于阳性对照地塞米松;且能有效抑制细胞因子IL-1β的释放。利用UHPLC -Q-Orbitrap MS对荔枝核提取物的化学成分进行分析鉴定,醇提物中的29种黄酮类物质包括A2和B1。这些发现为开发基于荔枝活性成分的抗炎药物或功能性食品提供了理论依据,尤其在慢性肠道炎症的辅助治疗和肠道微生态调节领域具有应用前景。但长期服用的潜在副作用及与其他药物的相互作用需进一步验证。未来研究可结合临床实验和递送技术优化,推动其从实验室向产业化转化。
阿尔茨海默病是一种常见的痴呆症,主要影响记忆、思维和日常活动能力,全球患者数量庞大且持续增长,Xiong等[39]指出其病理特征包括β-淀粉样蛋白积累、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化以及神经元死亡。流行病学数据显示,胰岛素抵抗(Insulin resistance,IR)会导致细胞对胰岛素反应异常,抑制IRS-1/PI3K/Akt信号通路从而引发Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化,最终导致神经元死亡和认知障碍;该研究在地塞米松诱导的HepG2和HT22细胞IR模型中,3.75 μg/mL荔枝果核活性组分、10 μmol/L儿茶素、10 μmol/L A1和10 μmol/L A2均能显著提高地塞米松预处理细胞的糖原合成,提示这些化合物可改善HepG2和HT22细胞的IR,进而上调IRS-1/ PI3K/Akt通路,下调GSK-3β通路,抑制过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白,分子对接结果进一步证明了这些多酚类物质与胰岛素受体具有良好的结合特性。Sun等[40]研究发现荔枝果核提取物可以增加穿过平台的大鼠数量和平台象限停留时间,改善认知功能,并且上调Akt蛋白表达水平,显著下调GSK-3β和Tau蛋白表达水平,通过Akt/GSK-3β信号通路对阿尔茨海默病大鼠产生神经保护作用。这些发现为开发基于荔枝果核多酚的阿尔茨海默病预防和治疗策略提供了科学依据,特别是在改善胰岛素抵抗相关的神经退行性病变方面具有重要价值。未来研究需进一步明确其活性成分的生物利用度和血脑屏障穿透能力,以推动其临床应用。
本文系统综述了荔枝PAs的化学结构、提取工艺及生物活性的研究进展。研究表明,荔枝副产物中富含PAs[56−57],其独特的低聚结构赋予其显著的抗氧化、肝脏保护、降糖、抗炎及神经保护等生物活性。通过超声辅助提取、超声-微波协同提取等新兴技术,荔枝PAs的提取效率显著提升,为规模化生产奠定了基础。此外,荔枝PAs在调节代谢性疾病、改善肠道健康及延缓神经退行性疾病等方面的潜力,为其在功能性食品和医药领域的应用提供了理论依据。
目前,荔枝的高值化利用已在产业化应用中取得初步进展。例如,广药集团旗下广州王老吉大健康产业有限公司以荔枝为原料开发的首批“荔小吉”系列饮品,打造了广东荔枝深加工品牌产品,建成了全国最大荔枝饮料生产基地,该基地以荔枝原浆及荔枝罐装饮料生产加工为主,填补了国内荔枝加工技术的空白。然而,当前研究仍存在一定局限性,未来可围绕以下方向进一步深化研究:开发高效、绿色的提取工艺。尽管超高压辅助浸提、超声-微波协同提取等技术已取得进展,但可探索超临界流体萃取、亚临界水提取等新型技术,并结合智能优化算法实现工艺参数的精准调控,进一步提升提取效率并降低能耗;完善分离纯化体系。现有研究多聚焦于粗提物活性,而高纯度PAs单体和寡聚体的分离仍面临挑战。未来可采用大孔树脂联用高速逆流色谱、制备型液相色谱等技术,结合质谱和核磁共振精准鉴定组分,明确不同聚合度及构型PAs的分布规律;深化结构-活性关系研究。目前对荔枝PAs的构效关系解析尚不全面,需结合分子对接、分子动力学模拟等手段,阐明A型低聚体与特定靶点(如炎症因子、胰岛素受体)的相互作用机制,为定向修饰或结构优化提供依据。第四,推进功能改性研究。针对荔枝PAs水溶性低、稳定性差等问题,可通过纳米包埋、与多糖或蛋白共价耦联等策略改善其生物利用度,同时开发脱苦工艺以提升其在食品中的适用性。最后,加速产业化应用进程。整合荔枝加工副产物资源,开发PAs强化食品(如功能饮料、烘焙制品)、天然防腐剂或医用辅料,并探索其在智能包装材料中的抗氧化应用,推动荔枝产业链的高值化与可持续发展。综上,荔枝PAs的研究兼具科学价值与经济潜力,通过多学科交叉与技术融合,有望为功能性成分开发及健康产业创新注入新动力。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050083
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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    华南农业大学食品学院,广东省食品质量安全重点实验室,广东广州 510642

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刘旭炜(1991−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与组分相互作用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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