Article(id=1320886365005398609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853450298, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853450298, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853450298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853450298, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=82, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886365210919506, articleId=1320886365005398609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Soy Oligopeptides on the Quality Characteristics of Wheat Dough and Bread, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the potential application value of soy oligopeptides (SOP) in wheat bread, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, rheometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) were used to investigate the effects of SOP (replacing wheat flour at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%) on the moisture distribution, rheological properties, microstructure, and secondary structure of protein in wheat dough. After baking the dough into bread, the effects of SOP on the specific volume, porosity, textural properties, and relative crystallinity of the bread were investigated. The results showed that when the replacement amount of SOP was 1%, compared with the blank control group, the free water content in the dough decreased by 1.71% (P<0.05). Rheological analysis revealed that the addition of SOP reduced the G' and G" values of the dough and increased its viscosity. Infrared spectrum showed that SOP increased the total content of ordered structures (β-sheets and α-helixes) by up to 7.35%, suggesting a promotion of dough protein transformation from disordered to ordered conformations. The addition of SOP significantly increased the specific volume and porosity of bread and reduced its hardness (P<0.05). When the substitution level was 0.4%, the hardness of the bread decreased by 42.27% compared to the control group, and the relative crystallinity decreased by 1.16% compared with the control. At this substitution level, the bread exhibited a more homogeneous and finer cellular structure, accompanied by a softer and more palatable texture. These findings demonstrate that SOP exerts a beneficial impact on bread quality under low substitution conditions.

, authors=Chunqing SHI1, Sihai HAN1, 2, 3, *, Yanbin WANG1, Jingyu HE1, Peiyan LI1, 2, 3, Chonghui YUE1, 2, 3, Zhouya BAI1, 2, 3, Libo WANG1, 2, 3, Denglin LUO1, 2, 3, authorsList=Chunqing SHI, Sihai HAN, Yanbin WANG, Jingyu HE, Peiyan LI, Chonghui YUE, Zhouya BAI, Libo WANG, Denglin LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sihai HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886368033686109, articleId=1320886365005398609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=大豆低聚肽对小麦面团和面包品质特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究大豆低聚肽在小麦面包中的潜在应用价值,本文采用低场核磁共振、食品流变仪、扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换中远红外研究了大豆低聚肽(以0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1%替代小麦粉)对小麦面团水分分布、流变学特性、微观结构及蛋白质二级结构的影响,面团制成面包后,探究了大豆低聚肽对面包的比容、孔隙率、质构特性、相对结晶度的影响。结果表明,在大豆低聚肽取代量为1%时,与对照组相比,面团中自由水的含量降低了1.71%(P<0.05)。流变学分析结果表明,大豆低聚肽的加入能够降低面团的G'和G"值,增加面团的黏性。红外光谱表明,大豆低聚肽加入面团中,有序结构(β-折叠和α-螺旋)的总和最大可增加7.35%,说明大豆低聚肽的取代在一定程度上可以促进面团由无序向有序结构的转变。添加大豆低聚肽能够显著增加面包的比容、孔隙率、降低面包的硬度(P<0.05),当大豆低聚肽的取代量为0.4%时,面包的硬度与对照组相比降低了42.27%,面包的相对结晶度与对照组相比降低了1.16%,同时在此取代量下面包的气孔更加均匀细腻,口感更加柔软适口。综上,SOP在低取代量下对面包的品质具有积极的影响。

, authors=时春青1, 韩四海1, 2, 3, *, 王言彬1, 贺婧雨1, 李佩艳1, 2, 3, 岳崇慧1, 2, 3, 白周亚1, 2, 3, 王立博1, 2, 3, 罗登林1, 2, 3, authorsList=时春青, 韩四海, 王言彬, 贺婧雨, 李佩艳, 岳崇慧, 白周亚, 王立博, 罗登林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩四海, authorNote=

时春青(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品精深加工理论与技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩四海(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=UFj8LDclLs5sXCkrxQuM8Q==, magXml=EFqr01gR+/YawbcB+Ekz2A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=P3NashkeiMzY5Tw02NM1fA==, pdfFileSize=3722381, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=42pQzjd1L1F9ExA8BaSulw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GIS04XTZpeA26UTdS/loLQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320886814332801252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=shichunqing_scq@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320886814399910118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, authorId=1320886814332801252, language=EN, stringName=Chunqing SHI, firstName=Chunqing, middleName=null, lastName=SHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320886814487990503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, authorId=1320886814332801252, language=CN, stringName=时春青, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023, bio={"content":"

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注:A:空白,B:SOP 0.2%,C:SOP 0.4%,D:SOP 0.6%,E:SOP 0.8%,F:SOP 1%。

, figureFileSmall=/kN7Kikvi22tOw8Efept9A==, figureFileBig=ZK9oSbMJHyuZncxvgnddvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886821555392816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in secondary structure of different SOP substitution levels in wheat dough, figureFileSmall=e/EgsjcWKIxeRW2tNYdqZg==, figureFileBig=YpQDWZPCQrnurvYlsJy4Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886821626695985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同SOP取代量下小麦面团中蛋白质二级结构的变化, figureFileSmall=e/EgsjcWKIxeRW2tNYdqZg==, figureFileBig=YpQDWZPCQrnurvYlsJy4Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886821706387762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=X-ray diffraction patterns of breads, figureFileSmall=MdnFEaxt+XM0ustG0hjHVQ==, figureFileBig=ytTU2IzXEdBgO5EROO5m6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886821760913715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=CN, label=图5, caption=面包的X射线衍射图, figureFileSmall=MdnFEaxt+XM0ustG0hjHVQ==, figureFileBig=ytTU2IzXEdBgO5EROO5m6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886821815439668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of SOP on bread quality

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样品比容(cm3/g)孔隙率(%)
空白3.36±0.08b37.73±0.58e
SOP 0.2%3.54±0.19ab40.64±1.11d
SOP 0.4%3.55±0.03ab42.33±2.00cd
SOP 0.6%3.57±0.01ab43.43±0.97bc
SOP 0.8%3.62±0.09ab44.95±0.57ab
SOP 1%3.67±0.15a46.80±0.77a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886821890937141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SOP对面包品质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品比容(cm3/g)孔隙率(%)
空白3.36±0.08b37.73±0.58e
SOP 0.2%3.54±0.19ab40.64±1.11d
SOP 0.4%3.55±0.03ab42.33±2.00cd
SOP 0.6%3.57±0.01ab43.43±0.97bc
SOP 0.8%3.62±0.09ab44.95±0.57ab
SOP 1%3.67±0.15a46.80±0.77a
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Effects of SOP on the textural properties of bread

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样品硬度(g)弹性胶着性咀嚼性(g)回复性
空白270.94±8.17a0.85±0.06a164.11±16.83a140.32±23.72a0.27±0.06a
SOP 0.2%212.64±5.25b0.80±0.01a137.23±7.18b109.32±5.85b0.24±0.01a
SOP 0.4%156.39±7.80c0.57±0.02bc73.07±4.86e41.53±2.70c0.16±0.01b
SOP 0.6%179.73±2.20c0.60±0.02b85.61±9.18de50.99±4.66c0.16±0.02b
SOP 0.8%249.56±17.13a0.52±0.01cd94.76±1.38d49.45±0.70c0.12±0.01b
SOP 1%255.23±39.59a0.49±0.07d110.71±5.22c54.59±5.74c0.15±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886822033543479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SOP对面包质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(g)弹性胶着性咀嚼性(g)回复性
空白270.94±8.17a0.85±0.06a164.11±16.83a140.32±23.72a0.27±0.06a
SOP 0.2%212.64±5.25b0.80±0.01a137.23±7.18b109.32±5.85b0.24±0.01a
SOP 0.4%156.39±7.80c0.57±0.02bc73.07±4.86e41.53±2.70c0.16±0.01b
SOP 0.6%179.73±2.20c0.60±0.02b85.61±9.18de50.99±4.66c0.16±0.02b
SOP 0.8%249.56±17.13a0.52±0.01cd94.76±1.38d49.45±0.70c0.12±0.01b
SOP 1%255.23±39.59a0.49±0.07d110.71±5.22c54.59±5.74c0.15±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886822109040952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886365005398609, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of SOP on bread quality

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样品形态色泽质地纹理结构口感
空白8.9±1.20c10.6±1.43ab14.8±1.32b15.0±1.33b20.0±2.05c
SOP 0.2%10.1±1.20bc11.2±1.23a15.7±1.42ab15.2±0.92b20.8±1.03bc
SOP 0.4%11.5±1.08a11.4±0.84a16.2±1.14a16.6±0.70a22.8±2.10a
SOP 0.6%10.3±1.42ab10.9±0.99ab15.8±0.79ab15.9±0.88ab22.4±2.01ab
SOP 0.8%9.9±1.20bc10.5±1.27ab15.5±0.85ab15.4±0.97b21.9±0.99ab
SOP 1%9.5±1.27bc9.6±1.26b14.6±1.17b15.0±0.94b21.60±1.43abc
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SOP对面包品质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品形态色泽质地纹理结构口感
空白8.9±1.20c10.6±1.43ab14.8±1.32b15.0±1.33b20.0±2.05c
SOP 0.2%10.1±1.20bc11.2±1.23a15.7±1.42ab15.2±0.92b20.8±1.03bc
SOP 0.4%11.5±1.08a11.4±0.84a16.2±1.14a16.6±0.70a22.8±2.10a
SOP 0.6%10.3±1.42ab10.9±0.99ab15.8±0.79ab15.9±0.88ab22.4±2.01ab
SOP 0.8%9.9±1.20bc10.5±1.27ab15.5±0.85ab15.4±0.97b21.9±0.99ab
SOP 1%9.5±1.27bc9.6±1.26b14.6±1.17b15.0±0.94b21.60±1.43abc
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大豆低聚肽对小麦面团和面包品质特性的影响
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时春青 1 , 韩四海 1, 2, 3, * , 王言彬 1 , 贺婧雨 1 , 李佩艳 1, 2, 3 , 岳崇慧 1, 2, 3 , 白周亚 1, 2, 3 , 王立博 1, 2, 3 , 罗登林 1, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(10): 82-89
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (10) : 82 -89
大豆低聚肽对小麦面团和面包品质特性的影响
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时春青1 , 韩四海1, 2, 3, * , 王言彬1, 贺婧雨1, 李佩艳1, 2, 3, 岳崇慧1, 2, 3, 白周亚1, 2, 3, 王立博1, 2, 3, 罗登林1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
  • 2河南省食品原料工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023
  • 3河南省食品绿色加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室(河南科技大学),河南洛阳 471023
通讯作者:
韩四海(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

时春青(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品精深加工理论与技术,E-mail:

Effects of Soy Oligopeptides on the Quality Characteristics of Wheat Dough and Bread
Chunqing SHI1 , Sihai HAN1, 2, 3, * , Yanbin WANG1, Jingyu HE1, Peiyan LI1, 2, 3, Chonghui YUE1, 2, 3, Zhouya BAI1, 2, 3, Libo WANG1, 2, 3, Denglin LUO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Material, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 3Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control (Henan University of Science and Technology), Luoyang 471023, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050080
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为研究大豆低聚肽在小麦面包中的潜在应用价值,本文采用低场核磁共振、食品流变仪、扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换中远红外研究了大豆低聚肽(以0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1%替代小麦粉)对小麦面团水分分布、流变学特性、微观结构及蛋白质二级结构的影响,面团制成面包后,探究了大豆低聚肽对面包的比容、孔隙率、质构特性、相对结晶度的影响。结果表明,在大豆低聚肽取代量为1%时,与对照组相比,面团中自由水的含量降低了1.71%(P<0.05)。流变学分析结果表明,大豆低聚肽的加入能够降低面团的G'和G"值,增加面团的黏性。红外光谱表明,大豆低聚肽加入面团中,有序结构(β-折叠和α-螺旋)的总和最大可增加7.35%,说明大豆低聚肽的取代在一定程度上可以促进面团由无序向有序结构的转变。添加大豆低聚肽能够显著增加面包的比容、孔隙率、降低面包的硬度(P<0.05),当大豆低聚肽的取代量为0.4%时,面包的硬度与对照组相比降低了42.27%,面包的相对结晶度与对照组相比降低了1.16%,同时在此取代量下面包的气孔更加均匀细腻,口感更加柔软适口。综上,SOP在低取代量下对面包的品质具有积极的影响。

大豆低聚肽  /  面团  /  水分分布  /  微观结构  /  面包  /  质构特性  /  感官评价

To explore the potential application value of soy oligopeptides (SOP) in wheat bread, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, rheometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) were used to investigate the effects of SOP (replacing wheat flour at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%) on the moisture distribution, rheological properties, microstructure, and secondary structure of protein in wheat dough. After baking the dough into bread, the effects of SOP on the specific volume, porosity, textural properties, and relative crystallinity of the bread were investigated. The results showed that when the replacement amount of SOP was 1%, compared with the blank control group, the free water content in the dough decreased by 1.71% (P<0.05). Rheological analysis revealed that the addition of SOP reduced the G' and G" values of the dough and increased its viscosity. Infrared spectrum showed that SOP increased the total content of ordered structures (β-sheets and α-helixes) by up to 7.35%, suggesting a promotion of dough protein transformation from disordered to ordered conformations. The addition of SOP significantly increased the specific volume and porosity of bread and reduced its hardness (P<0.05). When the substitution level was 0.4%, the hardness of the bread decreased by 42.27% compared to the control group, and the relative crystallinity decreased by 1.16% compared with the control. At this substitution level, the bread exhibited a more homogeneous and finer cellular structure, accompanied by a softer and more palatable texture. These findings demonstrate that SOP exerts a beneficial impact on bread quality under low substitution conditions.

soy oligopeptides  /  dough  /  moisture distribution  /  microstructure  /  bread  /  textural properties  /  sensory evaluation
时春青, 韩四海, 王言彬, 贺婧雨, 李佩艳, 岳崇慧, 白周亚, 王立博, 罗登林. 大豆低聚肽对小麦面团和面包品质特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050080
Chunqing SHI, Sihai HAN, Yanbin WANG, Jingyu HE, Peiyan LI, Chonghui YUE, Zhouya BAI, Libo WANG, Denglin LUO. Effects of Soy Oligopeptides on the Quality Characteristics of Wheat Dough and Bread[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050080
面包作为基础膳食的重要构成,在当前食品工业领域,为提升烘焙制品的品质,制造商普遍采用添加改良剂的方法来提升面包的品质。面包改良剂通常包含酶制剂[1]、乳化剂[2]、亲水胶体[3]等,可以单独添加或以复合配方的形式应用,这些改良剂的添加旨在改善面包的质地、口感及延长面包的保质期,从而满足消费者对高品质食品的需求。尽管面包作为碳水化合物的重要来源具备基础营养价值,但其在膳食结构完整性评估中仍显现出显著的短板,如优质蛋白质和微量元素含量较少。随着人们生活水平的提高和健康意识的增强,消费者对面包的需求发生了显著的变化。他们不再仅仅追求饱腹感,而是更加注重面包的营养价值[4]。因此,研究者们将研究重点聚焦于具有功能营养性的生物活性物质,并将其加入面包面团之中,从而使面包不仅在品质上得到显著的提升,同时还具备了更好的营养特性。现有的研究表明,肽因其良好的生理功能性和理化性质,成为研究天然型功能食品的优质辅料,目前已被广泛应用于食品领域,作为一种新型的营养强化剂[5]。许多研究已经证实,肽具有降血脂、降血压、抗癌等生理功能[6],可以预防各种慢性疾病。Li等[7]研究发现,将鱼胶原蛋白肽加入馒头中,能够改善馒头的质地和抗氧化活性。Zhang等[8]研究发现,将小麦低聚肽加入到面包卷中,能够改善面包卷的比容和内部结构。大豆低聚肽(soy oligopeptides,SOP)是大豆蛋白经过水解后得到的小分子肽,其分子量低于1000 Da。这种肽类物质含有丰富的必需氨基酸,且易于被人体消化吸收,特别适合蛋白质消化吸收能力较弱的人群食用[9]。大豆低聚肽被认为具有多种健康益处,包括抗高血压、抗胆固醇、改善脂质代谢、预防动脉硬化和抗疲劳等。作为一种高品质的功能性蛋白配料,非常适合焙烤食品营养健康和创新的需求。
本研究旨在探讨大豆低聚肽对小麦面团特性和面包品质的影响。利用低场核磁、食品流变仪、扫描电子显微镜及傅里叶变换中远红外分析小麦面团的水分分布、流变特性、微观结构和蛋白质的二级结构等特性的变化。采用质构仪和X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)分析小麦面包的质构特性和面包的相对结晶度,并对添加大豆低聚肽后的面包的感官特性进行评价,为大豆低聚肽在焙烤产品中的应用提供科学依据。
大豆低聚肽(大豆蛋白的水解物,分子量:≤500 Da,纯度:92.8%) 湖北健肽生物科技有限公司;高筋面粉 中国周口益海小麦工业有限公司;绵白糖 中国南京日照凌云海糖业有限公司;盐 中国湖北孝感市光岩华源盐业有限公司;活性干酵母 中国湖北安琪酵母有限公司;黄油 内蒙古伊利实业集团有限公司金山分公司。
PE4680和面机 广东立仁电器实业有限公司;CF570卡士发酵箱 中山卡士电器有限公司;SM522烤箱 新迈机械有限公司;10N-50A真空冷冻干燥机 杭州旌斐仪器科技有限公司;SM-IT200日本电子扫描电镜 惠州市华高仪器设备有限公司;TA.XT食品物性分析仪 英国稳定微系统有限公司;DHR-2食品流变仪 美国沃特斯公司;SmartLab SE X-射线多晶衍射仪 日本理学株式会社;NMI20-015V-I低场核磁共振成像分析仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司。
面团的基础配方:高筋面粉100 g、盐1 g、活性干酵母1.2 g、绵白糖20 g、黄油10 g和水51 g。分别用SOP替代0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%和1%的高筋面粉(干基,w/w),空白对照组不用SOP替代。SOP先溶于水,将干料混匀之后加入水,使用和面机低速揉3 min,加入黄油后高速揉4 min制成面团。
采用低场核磁共振仪测定面团的水分分布。参照Bai等[10]描述的方法,并稍作修改。每个样品重量设定为3±0.01 g,搓成条用保鲜膜包裹置于核磁试管中,实验参数设置如下:连续扫描间隔时间(TW)为3500 ms,回波时间(TE)为0.200 ms,回波数(NECH)为2000,扫描次数(NS)为16。为了确保准确性,每个面团需要进行三次测量。
面团的动态频率测试使用食品流变仪,为了避免发酵对流变特性的影响,制作面团时不添加酵母,参照Azeem等[11]描述的方法,并稍作修改。从制备好的面团的中心区域取出4 g样品,搓成球状,放置在平行板(TA-DHR2,1.5 mm间隙,40 mm直径)中。把面团压至1.5 mm之后将多余部分刮掉,并涂上硅油,防止水分的流失,频率扫描参数设置为:恒定应变力为0.5%,温度25 ℃,频率范围0.1~100 Hz。记录面团的弹性模量(G')、黏性模量(G")和tanδ (tanδ= G"/G')。
将冻干后的面团样品截断面用导电胶固定在铝板上,并喷金。在5 kV电压下,用扫描电子显微镜观察面团的微观结构[12]。放大倍数为500倍。
面团中蛋白质二级结构的测定,参照Ke等[13]建立的方法,并稍作修改。将冷冻干燥的面团样品研磨成粉末与KBr按照1:100的比例混合,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱在4000~400 cm−1波数范围、分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描32次,测定面团中蛋白质的二级结构。利用OMNIC 8.0和Peak Fit 4.0软件进行处理,计算蛋白质二级结构的含量。
将制备好的面团分割成60 g/个,然后整形搓圆后放入模具中,在模具中松弛5 min,在37 ℃、85%相对湿度的发酵箱中发酵90 min。将发酵好的面团放入已经预热好的烤箱中,上火温度160 ℃,下火温度170 ℃,烘烤8 min。
采用油菜籽置换法[14]测定面包样品的比容(cm3/g)。使用Image J软件对面包图像进行处理和数据计算。结果以孔隙率的形式呈现。
将面包芯切成小方块(2 cm×2 cm×2 cm),使用食品物性分析仪测定面包的质构特性,使用P/36R探头[15]。面包测试参数为:测试前速率为3 mm/s,测试中速率为1 mm/s,测试后速率为2 mm/s,触发力为5 g,按压变量为50%,间隔时间为2 s。
面包样品冷冻干燥后磨成粉末,采用X射线衍射仪进行测定,扫描速度为5°/min,衍射角范围为5°~50°。目标电压和电流分别为40 kV和40 mA。利用Origin软件分析峰区和非晶区的晶体性质并用结晶式计算相对结晶度[16]。结果以相对结晶度表示。
$ \mathrm{TC}=\frac{\mathrm{lc}}{\mathrm{lc}+\text{la}} $
式中:TC表示相对结晶度;lc表示晶相的积分强度;la表示非晶相的积分强度。
面包样品感官评价由10名经过培训的评审员(男女各5名,平均年龄20~55岁),参照国家面包感官评价标准(国家标准GB/T 20981-2021)略作调整。本研究获得了受试者的知情同意。面包样品被切成薄片(1 cm×1 cm×2 cm),并放在随机编码的一次性塑料杯中。每次品尝后,要漱口。小组成员被要求对不同的感官指标进行评定并给出相应的分数,包括形态(15分):外观完整、丰满、无塌陷、无严重变形、大小均匀;色泽(15分):表面呈金黄色,色泽均匀,无异常色斑;面包芯质地(20分):柔软且富有弹性,无干硬、掉渣现象;纹理结构(20分):气孔均匀细腻,无大空洞;口感(30分):松软适口,无异味,无酸败味,吞咽顺畅。
每个试验至少有三个重复,数据处理结果以均数±标准差表示。样本间的统计学差异采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),以P<0.05为统计学显著性。实验数据采用Microsoft Excel、IBM SPSS Statistics 26和Origin Pro 2021进行处理。
图1A为面团典型的T2弛豫分布曲线,T21代表结合水,是流动性最弱的水,说明水与淀粉、蛋白质等大分子结合紧密。T22被称为半结合水,流动性介于结合水和自由水之间。T23为流动性最大的自由水[17]。面团的主要成分是半结合水,随着SOP取代量的增加,当SOP的取代量大于等于0.4%时,T21与对照组相比是下降的,但在统计学上没有显著性的差异(P>0.05),T23没有明显的规律。T21是T2弛豫时间最短的峰,T21降低表明面团体系中水分与大分子结合得更紧密,说明面团的持水能力增强[18]。研究结果与大蒜肽对面团中水分的影响结果相似,在面团中加入大蒜肽导致T21与对照组相比显著降低,表明面团的保水能力增强[19]。SOP加入面团中导致水的流动性降低,这可能归因于SOP的强亲水性和强保水能力,SOP含有多个亲水性氨基酸残基,这些氨基酸上的羧基和酰胺基团能够与水分子形成氢键。氢键可以限制水分子的运动,使得水分子的运动变得缓慢[20]。
图1B为结合水、半结合水和自由水的相对占比。随着SOP取代量的增加,面团中自由水(A23)的比例呈下降的趋势(P<0.05),当SOP取代量为1%时,面团中自由水的含量与对照组相比降低了1.71%。SOP的取代量越大,A23越小,说明SOP的加入对面团自由水含量影响较大,而紧密结合水(A21)和半结合水(A22)整体比例呈现上升趋势,加入SOP后,A21没有显著的变化,当SOP的取代量在0.4%时,A21与对照组更接近。A22与对照组相比均呈现增加的趋势,这是因为部分的紧密结合水和自由水向半结合水转变,归因于SOP具有强吸水性,将部分的自由水向半结合水迁移。SOP与面筋蛋白竞争水分,使部分的紧密结合水向半结合水迁移。面团中SOP的存在促进了自由水和紧密结合水向半结合水转变。这种现象可能与SOP中的极性基团有关,极性基团与水结合形成氢键,通过氢键的形成削弱了水与面筋蛋白的结合[21]。总的来说,水分分布的变化反映出了SOP与系统中淀粉基质和面筋蛋白之间竞争性水分迁移的影响。
不同取代量的SOP对小麦面团流变特性的影响如图2所示,对样品的G'、G"、tanδ进行了表征,以探究面团分子间的相互作用。储存模量G'表示面团可逆变形时储存的能量,反映了面团的弹性。损耗模量G"表示不可逆变形而造成的能量损失,反映面团的黏性。损耗正切值tanδ是损耗模量G"与储存模量G'之比[10]。面团的G'和G"的频率扫描结果如图2A和图2B所示,结果表明,样品的G'和G"随频率的增加而增加,且G'大于G",说明面团以弹性为主,表现出固体性质[22]。G'和G"随着SOP取代量的增加而减小,说明SOP对面团结构和面筋网络有负面影响,且随着SOP含量的增加,这种负面影响更为明显。这些发现与Li等[23]在面团中加入选择性水解大豆蛋白有类似的结果,在面团中添加选择性水解大豆蛋白导致G'和G"与对照组相比显著降低。这种影响可能与加入大豆蛋白后,面筋含量的稀释有关;这种稀释会阻碍蛋白质网络结构的形成,进一步降低面团的黏弹性。同样这些发现也与Liu等[19]在面团中加入大蒜肽有类似的研究结果,在面团中加入大蒜肽导致G'和G"与对照组相比显著降低,这可能是由于大蒜肽中含有大量的Asp。Asp通过降低面筋蛋白之间的二硫键来作用于面团,产生游离巯基(-SH)。在面团加入SOP后,与空白对照组相比,G'和G"降低的原因可能是SOP中的亲水性氨基酸上的羧基和酰胺基团与水分子形成氢键,从而干扰了面筋蛋白分子间的相互作用。水在面筋网络形成中是必不可少的,水的高竞争力也会削弱面筋网络[24]。
tanδ反映面团的加工质量。较低的tanδ表明面团具有较高的塑性。图2C的结果表明,所有样品的tanδ都小于1,这进一步表明在0.1~100 Hz范围内面团的弹性大于黏性,随着频率的增大,tanδ呈现先减小后增大的趋势。结果表明,在缓慢变形时,面团更符合固体行为,而在快速变形时,面团则相反。
为了探究不同取代量的SOP与蛋白质和淀粉颗粒之间的相互作用,采用扫描电子显微镜对添加和未添加SOP的面团样品的微观结构进行了表征。扫描电子显微镜的扫描结果如图3所示,可以观察到面团内部的微观结构呈现连续且有序的面筋网络,淀粉颗粒被面筋网络所包裹,这是小麦面团的典型结构[25]。没有添加SOP时,淀粉被面筋网络很好地包裹和覆盖如图3A所示。不同取代比例的SOP会影响面团的微观结构,添加0.2%的SOP后,面筋网络结构开始被削弱,部分淀粉颗粒被暴露出来如图3B所示。随着SOP取代量的增加,面筋网络的连续性和完整性逐渐被削弱,面筋链之间的连接减少,淀粉颗粒逐渐被暴露出来的数量增加,面筋网络中也出现了少量的孔洞和裂痕。这与选择性水解大豆蛋白和大蒜肽加入面团中的研究结果相似,选择性水解大豆蛋白和大蒜肽加入到面团中,也会削弱面筋网络结构,使部分淀粉颗粒暴露出来,同时出现少量的孔洞和裂痕[19,23]。
面团聚集网络的稳定性在很大程度上取决于面筋蛋白的二级结构[26]。结果表明,SOP破坏了面筋网络的完整性。这可能是由于SOP与面筋之间竞争水分造成的[27],从而导致面筋水化不足,面筋网络结构被破坏。SOP添加量越多,竞争的水分就越多,面筋网络结构被破坏的就越严重。这种现象类似于鱼皮胶原蛋白肽(FSCP)对未冷冻面团微观结构的影响。随着SOP添加量的增加,更多的淀粉被暴露出来的原因可能是因为SOP通过氢键与面筋蛋白结合,减少了蛋白质与淀粉颗粒之间的相互作用,从而导致淀粉被暴露[25]。
面团中蛋白质的二级结构的相对含量变化如图4所示,面团中蛋白质的二级结构主要包括α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲,它们在酰胺I波段的特征峰波数分别为1650~1660 cm−1、1610~1640 cm−1、1660~1700 cm−1和1640~1650 cm−1。α-螺旋和β-折叠是蛋白质分子中较为常见的二级结构,被认为是蛋白质中较稳定的结构[28],氢键是维持α-螺旋结构稳定的主要作用力。β-折叠与α-螺旋形状截然不同,α-螺旋在氢键的作用下形成双螺旋结构,而β-折叠是在氢键的作用下形成锯齿状结构[29]。两者都属于相对致密且稳定的有序结构,共同赋予面筋蛋白良好的性质,两者相对含量较高,说明面筋网络结构越致密,黏弹性较好。相反,β-转角和无规卷曲被认为是一种无序结构,它们的含量越高说明面筋网络结构的性能越差[10]。由图4可知,面包面团中蛋白质二级结构的相对含量为:β-转角>β-折叠>α-螺旋>无规则卷曲。随着SOP取代量的增加,β-折叠的相对含量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,与对照组相比具有显著性的差异(P<0.05),α-螺旋的相对含量变化无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与空白对照组相比,有序结构(β-折叠和α-螺旋)的总和最大可增加7.35%,说明SOP的加入在一定程度上可以促进面团中蛋白质的二级结构由无序向有序结构的转变。这主要是由于SOP中亲水性氨基酸中的羧基能够与水形成更多的氢键,氢键是维持β-折叠和α-螺旋的主要作用力,从而促进β-折叠和α-螺旋的形成。同时,在面团中,SOP通过疏水基团的暴露和氢键的重组,促进蛋白质的有序化。
面包比容的计算由成品质量与体积共同决定,发酵与焙烤过程中酵母产气效率与面团持气能力的动态平衡,直接影响着最终面包体积与质量的协同变化[30]。不同取代量的SOP对面包比容的影响如表1所示,从结果中可以看出,SOP的加入对面包的比容有显著性的影响(P<0.05),与空白对照组相比,SOP的添加均能增加面包的比容,是因为肽的相对分子质量介于蛋白质和氨基酸之间,更容易被酵母吸收利用,SOP能够为酵母的生长繁殖提供所需要的氨基酸等营养成分,营造出良好的发酵环境,进而增强酵母的产气能力,最终使面包的比容得以增加[31]。SOP能够增加面包的比容,这与鲣鱼肽和玉米肽的研究结果一致,它们都能增加面包的比容[32]。
SOP对面包孔隙率的影响如表1所示,SOP的添加对面包孔隙率有显著性的影响(P<0.05),与空白对照组相比,SOP的添加能够增加面包的孔隙率。随着SOP取代量的增加,面包的孔隙率也随之增加,这是因为SOP的加入使酵母的持气量增加的原因。这与杜仲叶微粉加入面团中对面包孔隙率的影响结果一致,将杜仲叶微粉加入面团中制成面包,面包的孔隙率与空白对照组相比,添加量在1%以下,能够显著增加面包的孔隙率[15]。
面包的质构特性,是衡量其感官品质的关键因素之一,对消费者的接受度和满意度有着很大的影响[33]。质构特性直接影响面包的口感,主要包括硬度、弹性、胶着性、咀嚼性及回复性这五个重要指标。添加SOP对面包质构特性的影响如表2所示,面包硬度作为质构特性核心指标,直接影响产品的感官品质评估,是消费者偏好研究中关键性质量判定要素之一[34]。当SOP的取代量小于0.5%时,面包的硬度下降,而当取代量超过0.5%时,硬度虽然上升,但仍低于不含SOP的空白对照组。当SOP的取代量在0.4%时,此时面包的硬度达到最低值(P<0.05),与对照组相比降低了42.27%,说明此时的面包更柔软。SOP通过与淀粉和蛋白质的相互作用改变了面团中水分的流动性和迁移。经水分分布分析证实,面团的保水能力增强,延缓了淀粉的降解,降低了硬度[19]。
面包的弹性与空白对照组相比是下降的,当SOP的取代量为1%时,面包的弹性达到最低值,所以较小的SOP取代量对面包的弹性影响较小,可能是因为随着SOP取代量的增加,面包变得更加的粘。由于SOP具有良好的溶解性和吸水性使得在面包制作过程中能够吸收更多的水分,从而增加面包的粘性。与空白对照组相比,SOP的加入能够显著降低面包的胶着性和咀嚼性(P<0.05)。当SOP的取代量为0.4%时,此时面包的硬度比对照组降低了42.27%,胶着性和咀嚼性同样达到最低值。SOP可能通过弱化面筋网络、调节水分分布及协同脂质作用等多重机制,来降低面包的胶着性和咀嚼性。面包的回复性随着SOP取代量的增加,呈现降低的趋势,这也可能与SOP弱化面筋网络有关[35]。
面包中淀粉的结晶度是影响面包质地和保质期的关键因素。了解烘焙过程中淀粉结晶度的变化,有助于提高面包的品质[30]。利用XRD分析了SOP的取代对面包相对结晶度(RC)的影响。图5为不同取代量的SOP面包的XRD图谱。面包样品在2θ约为17°和20°处观察到两个衍射峰,分别对应于支链淀粉和直链淀粉的重结晶的特征峰[16,36−37]。其中17°处出现的衍射峰表征B型晶体结构的形成,主要由支链淀粉的外侧支链通过双螺旋结构有序堆积形成[38]。20°处出现的衍射峰表征V型晶体结构的形成,代表着直链淀粉-脂质复合物的形成[39]。加入SOP后,衍射峰的位置没有发生改变,说明加入SOP后没有形成新的晶体类型。
由图5可知,随着SOP的取代量的增加,面包的相对结晶度呈现先下降后增加的趋势,当SOP的取代量为0.4%时,面包的相对结晶度由12.81%下降到11.65%,此时面包的相对结晶度与对照组相比降低了1.16%。这可能是因为SOP与淀粉竞争水分,导致可用于淀粉水合的无定形区减少,进而限制重结晶区域的扩展[40]。已有研究表明,添加小麦低聚肽也可以显著降低相对结晶度[8]。在SOP的取代量为1%时,面包的相对结晶度由12.81%增加到14.83%。这可能是因为SOP具有强水溶性,在加热过程中与淀粉竞争水分子,削弱了淀粉颗粒的吸水膨胀能力,导致糊化不完全,未充分糊化的淀粉在冷却时更易发生重结晶[41]。
感官评分是面包质量控制过程中的一个重要环节,可以量化面包的感官特性。面包的感官评价见表3,随着SOP取代量的增加,面包的形态、色泽、质地、纹理结构和口感均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当SOP的取代量为0.4%时,此时面包更加柔软,色泽更加均匀,气孔更加均匀细腻,口感更加柔软适口。SOP的取代量为1%时,面包在色泽均匀和质地方面比对照组略差,是因为加入过多的SOP会干扰面筋蛋白的结构,从而影响面包的感官特性。SOP富含必需氨基酸,易于人体消化吸收,但加入过多的SOP会对面包产生负面影响,所以选择合适的取代比例显得至关重要。
SOP能够有效减缓面团体系中的水分迁移,降低面团的G'和G"值,表明SOP对面团的黏弹性具有调节作用,有助于改善面团的加工适应性。SOP可以促进面团中蛋白质的二级结构由无序向有序结构的转变,这对稳定面团结构具有积极意义。SOP的加入显著提升了面包的比容和孔隙率,同时有效降低了面包的硬度,在改善面包硬度方面表现出良好的应用潜力。将SOP应用于面包生产,不仅能够显著提升面包的比容、孔隙率等品质指标,还能促进肽类成分与其他食品基质之间的相互作用,为开发功能性烘焙制品提供了新的技术路径和配方设计思路,具有较好的工业化应用前景。尽管SOP在改善面包比容、降低硬度等方面表现出积极作用,但本研究亦发现SOP对小麦面团的微观结构完整性存在一定的负面影响,其具体作用机制尚待深入解析。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050080
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
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    1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
    2河南省食品原料工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023
    3河南省食品绿色加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室(河南科技大学),河南洛阳 471023

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韩四海(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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