Article(id=1320884031147848307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050045, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852893864, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852893864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852893864, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852893864, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=280, endPage=293, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884032678769268, articleId=1320884031147848307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Ultrasonic Combined with Blanching Pretreatment Improves the Efficiency and Quality of Vacuum Pulsation Drying of Chili Peppers, columnId=1261343852057772164, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Packaging and Machinery, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the drying efficiency and quality of vacuum pulsation-dried chili peppers and to obtain the optimal pretreatment method, this study used ultrasonic, ultrasonic combined with blanching, and ultrasonic combined with freeze-thawing for the pre-drying pretreatment of chili peppers and analyzed the drying characteristics, physicochemical properties, and volatile composition of vacuum pulsation-dried chili peppers. The results showed that all the pretreatments effectively shortened the drying time, reduced the energy consumption of vacuum pulsation drying of chili peppers, and improved the physicochemical quality and flavor of the samples, and the ultrasonic combined with blanching had the best effect. Compared with the control samples, ultrasonic combined with blanching samples shortened the drying time by 29.15%, reduced energy consumption ration by 39.19%, retained capsorubin reached 100%, increased the contents of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, vitamin C, and total phenols by 28.68%, 31.46%, 10.10%, and 68.90%, respectively, increased DPPH radical scavenging capacity and total antioxidant capacity by 14.11% and 70.45%, respectively, and had the best physical properties improvement and volatile substances retention; by microstructure and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that the breakage of cellular tissue structure by pretreatment was the main reason for the shortening of drying time, the reduction of energy consumption and the improvement of quality. Pearson correlation analysis showed that volatiles such as aldehydes and esters were positively correlated with the a* value, vitamin C content, and capsanthin content, whereas nonanal exhibited a negative correlation with capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content. This study provides theoretical and technical support for reducing the energy consumption and improving the quality of chili pepper drying.

, authors=Yudan CAO1, Xin NIAN1, Zibin XIAO2, Mengze WANG1, *, Shiwei LIU2, Xin HU1, Xiaojiao LIU2, Danyang XIN1, authorsList=Yudan CAO, Xin NIAN, Zibin XIAO, Mengze WANG, Shiwei LIU, Xin HU, Xiaojiao LIU, Danyang XIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mengze WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884034478125701, articleId=1320884031147848307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声波联合烫漂预处理提高辣椒真空脉动干燥效率及品质, columnId=1261343861805334715, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=包装与机械, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥效率、改善品质,获得最佳预处理方法,本研究采用超声波、超声波联合烫漂及超声波联合冻融对辣椒进行干燥前预处理,并对真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥特性、理化性质及挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,预处理均能有效缩短真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥时间、降低能耗比,并改善样品理化品质与风味,且超声波联合烫漂作用效果最佳。与对照样品相比,超声波联合烫漂样品干燥时间缩短29.15%,能耗比降低39.19%,辣椒红素保留率达到100%,辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、VC和总酚含量分别增加了28.68%、31.46%、10.10%、68.90%,DPPH自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力分别增加了14.11%、70.45%,且物理性质改善效果最佳、挥发性物质保留最好;通过微观结构、低场核磁共振分析,揭示了预处理使细胞组织结构破损是干燥时间缩短、能耗比降低与品质改善的主要原因;Pearson相关性分析表明,醛类和酯类与a*值、VC和辣椒红素含量呈正相关,而壬醛与辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量呈负相关。该研究为辣椒干燥降低能耗比和品质改善提供了理论与技术支撑。

, authors=曹玉丹1, 年新1, 肖自斌2, 王梦泽1, *, 刘世伟2, 虎鑫1, 刘晓娇2, 辛丹阳1, authorsList=曹玉丹, 年新, 肖自斌, 王梦泽, 刘世伟, 虎鑫, 刘晓娇, 辛丹阳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王梦泽, authorNote=

曹玉丹(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:特色果蔬加工与品质控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王梦泽(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:特色果蔬加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bwERXOJ0ihJCCssFaGvoWQ==, magXml=U06ediPRiwLQVPeAyp1FpQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=UdeOM9WFWYSeJTXsoCCQcA==, pdfFileSize=9734423, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ShWFHVoQuyyry+g6WPaA3g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6OlEukh8GI8huPGTANaUzQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320884034884973197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17811276307@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320884034973053583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, authorId=1320884034884973197, language=EN, stringName=Yudan CAO, firstName=Yudan, middleName=null, lastName=CAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320884035065328272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, authorId=1320884034884973197, language=CN, stringName=曹玉丹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021, bio={"content":"

曹玉丹(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:特色果蔬加工与品质控制,E-mail:

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Journal of Oleo Science, 2018, 67(1): 113−123., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884034713006726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884034721395335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, companyId=1320884034713006726, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884034733978248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, companyId=1320884034713006726, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884034801087113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884034809475722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, companyId=1320884034801087113, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Horticulture Technology Extension Station, Yinchuan 750021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884034817864331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, companyId=1320884034801087113, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2宁夏回族自治区园艺技术推广站,宁夏银川 750021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884039221883582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of pretreatment on drying time (A), energy consumption ration (B), drying basis moisture content (C), drying curve (D), and drying rate curve (E), figureFileSmall=3fP+fYQUcrLJMM+HsU37mw==, figureFileBig=ShWFHVoQuyyry+g6WPaA3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039288992447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图1, caption=预处理对辣椒干燥时间(A)、能耗比(B)、干基含水率(C)、干燥曲线(D)、干燥速率曲线(E)的影响

注:不同小写字母代表差异显著,P<0.05,图4~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=3fP+fYQUcrLJMM+HsU37mw==, figureFileBig=ShWFHVoQuyyry+g6WPaA3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039523873472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of pretreatment on the microstructure, figureFileSmall=B1TyB7FMgGBSfwfmMQHaIA==, figureFileBig=9IpWWwoSYlER4e80WixxRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039586788033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图2, caption=预处理对微观结构的影响

注:下标1、2分别表示放大倍数为200×和300×的显微照片;A1~A2:CK;B1~B2:US;C1~C2:US-BL;D1~D2:US-FT。

, figureFileSmall=B1TyB7FMgGBSfwfmMQHaIA==, figureFileBig=9IpWWwoSYlER4e80WixxRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039649702594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of pretreatment on water distribution, figureFileSmall=5Y2KV16hNpGGPr+cgQvSOg==, figureFileBig=ju8zCO7L7ItiGrCEyZDvBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039712617155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图3, caption=预处理对水分分布的影响, figureFileSmall=5Y2KV16hNpGGPr+cgQvSOg==, figureFileBig=ju8zCO7L7ItiGrCEyZDvBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039800697540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of pretreatment on hardness (A), chewiness (B), and rewater ratio (C), figureFileSmall=OgSRFISVMBYFTErXW0W1iw==, figureFileBig=/qj5n6h8FhfWsoyI7o9sxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884039880389317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图4, caption=预处理对硬度(A)、咀嚼性(B)及复水比(C)的影响, figureFileSmall=OgSRFISVMBYFTErXW0W1iw==, figureFileBig=/qj5n6h8FhfWsoyI7o9sxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041499390663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of pretreatment on the content of capsorubin (A), capsaicin (B), dihydrocapsaicin (C), vitamin C (D) and total phenols (E), figureFileSmall=Us4WM6LG0D3c2Zjl+/62iw==, figureFileBig=xlM/SSDAoODfix9EpnO2kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041570693832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图5, caption=预处理对辣椒红素(A)、辣椒素(B)、二氢辣椒素(C)、维生素C(D)和总酚(E)含量的影响, figureFileSmall=Us4WM6LG0D3c2Zjl+/62iw==, figureFileBig=xlM/SSDAoODfix9EpnO2kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041646191305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of pretreatment on DPPH radical scavenging capacity (A) and total antioxidant capacity (B), figureFileSmall=evvcrQCQ62Fo51YRTza6aQ==, figureFileBig=BYgCTnPzIa/rwbgdjxUWsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041704911562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图6, caption=预处理对DPPH自由基清除能力(A)和总抗氧化能力(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=evvcrQCQ62Fo51YRTza6aQ==, figureFileBig=BYgCTnPzIa/rwbgdjxUWsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041776214731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=VOCs content (A), principal component analysis (B) and clustering heat map (C), figureFileSmall=mrSH3dRq11elo8B4eWXiKQ==, figureFileBig=8jiEEbiQ4GbT4ug7oFsCOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041855906508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图7, caption=VOCs含量(A)、主成分分析(B)和聚类热图(C), figureFileSmall=mrSH3dRq11elo8B4eWXiKQ==, figureFileBig=8jiEEbiQ4GbT4ug7oFsCOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884041956569805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Correlation analysis of volatile components and quality, figureFileSmall=PgB4XLGYpkaaqw3vJywgug==, figureFileBig=2MZ3UZBjPhhd4ZOy2gKbKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884042027872974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=图8, caption=挥发性成分与品质的相关性分析

注:图中“*”表示指标间存在统计学的显著性差异,*P≤0.05,**P≤0.01。

, figureFileSmall=PgB4XLGYpkaaqw3vJywgug==, figureFileBig=2MZ3UZBjPhhd4ZOy2gKbKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884042124341967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relaxation time and relative area of chili peppers in different pretreatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T2弛豫时间(ms)A2相对面积(%)
T21T22T23A21A22A23
CK1.72±0.04b32.10±0.45d973.73±0.02a0.05±0.00c1.65±0.02d98.32±0.03a
US1.29±0.01c34.38±0.02c735.53±1.11b0.04±0.00d1.91±0.04c98.05±0.01b
US-BL1.71±0.13b74.16±0.03a528.62±2.05c0.06±0.00b2.38±0.05b97.58±0.02c
US-FT4.41±0.01a67.43±0.02b281.11±0.48d0.17±0.00a8.24±0.03a91.59±0.03d
), ArticleFig(id=1320884042388583120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同预处理辣椒的弛豫时间和相对面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T2弛豫时间(ms)A2相对面积(%)
T21T22T23A21A22A23
CK1.72±0.04b32.10±0.45d973.73±0.02a0.05±0.00c1.65±0.02d98.32±0.03a
US1.29±0.01c34.38±0.02c735.53±1.11b0.04±0.00d1.91±0.04c98.05±0.01b
US-BL1.71±0.13b74.16±0.03a528.62±2.05c0.06±0.00b2.38±0.05b97.58±0.02c
US-FT4.41±0.01a67.43±0.02b281.11±0.48d0.17±0.00a8.24±0.03a91.59±0.03d
), ArticleFig(id=1320884042455691985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Colour of chili peppers in different pretreatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE
CK42.02±2.15b34.22±0.70a27.96±0.73b−
US41.26±1.39b31.57±0.93b28.04±1.14b3.67±1.03b
US-BL48.33±0.55a34.37±0.38a31.98±0.58a5.44±2.06a
US-FT46.46±0.03a30.77±0.52b29.27±0.73a4.76±2.76b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884042535383762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同预处理辣椒的色泽

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE
CK42.02±2.15b34.22±0.70a27.96±0.73b−
US41.26±1.39b31.57±0.93b28.04±1.14b3.67±1.03b
US-BL48.33±0.55a34.37±0.38a31.98±0.58a5.44±2.06a
US-FT46.46±0.03a30.77±0.52b29.27±0.73a4.76±2.76b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884042606686931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of pretreatment on the volatile components of the pepper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保留时间(min)化合物名称CAS号香型含量(μg/g)
CKUSUS-BLUS-FT
醇类
17.24异戊醇123-51-3发酵香169.37±20.44a−−0.05±0.00b
28.89正戊醇71-41-0发酵香0.02±0.00a−−−
313.39正己醇111-27-3药草香7±0.98a1.19±0.22b−0.07±0.00c
412.78叶醇928-96-1青草香0.07±0.01a−−−
58.502-己醇626-93-7酒香1.64±0.40b0.02±0.00c74.18±3.00a−
628.41L-薄荷醇2216-51-5薄荷香0.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
744.94反式-橙花叔醇40716-66-3花香7.18±0.12b−9.40±0.19a−
812.543-己烯-1-醇544-12-7青草香1.5±0.03a0.04±0.00b−0.04±0.00b
918.801-庚烯-3-醇4938-52-7青草香−−−0.01±0.00a
1018.912-壬烯-1-醇22104-79-6脂香0.01±0.00a−−−
1121.392-乙基己醇104-76-7柑橘香1.81±0.03a0.06±0.00b−0.02±0.00b
1242.82反-2-十三烯醇74962-98-4蜡香0.06±0.00a0.04±0.00a−−
小计184.30±22.03a1.36±0.34c83.58±3.19b0.19±0.00c
醛类
133.48异丁醛78-84-2醛香−−−0.16±0.00a
144.92异戊醛590-86-3醛香0.87±0.02a0.06±0.00b−0.28±0.00b
155.112-甲基丁醛96-17-3可可香−−−0.12±0.00a
165.67正戊醛110-62-3发酵香0.37±0.02a0.02±0.00b−−
1710.03正己醛66-25-1青草香7.56±0.10b0.33±0.06c15.14±1.00a0.1±0.00c
1812.532-已烯醛6728-26-3青草香1.86±0.09a0.06±0.00b−−
1914.84庚醛111-71-7青草香2.16±0.13b0.15±0.00c3.71±0.54a0.03±0.00c
2015.213-甲硫基丙醛3268-49-3蔬菜香0.01±0.00a−−0.07±0.00a
2117.89苯甲醛100-52-7果香−−−0.03±0.00a
2220.00正辛醛124-13-0醛香2.07±0.12a0.07±0.00b−0.02±0.00b
2322.11苯乙醛122-78-1青草香4.38±1.12b0.11±0.00c8.28±0.77a0.56±0.00c
2425.05壬醛124-19-6醛香9.40±1.04b0.29±0.01c11.17±1.10a0.12±0.00c
2538.76十二醛112-54-9醛香0.85±0.09a−−−
小计29.53±2.74b1.09±0.07c38.3±3.41a1.49±0.00c
酯类
2610.92乙酸丁酯123-86-4醚香−0.04±0.00a−−
2714.21己酸-2-苯乙酯6290-37-5花香−0.04±0.00a−−
2825.47异丁酸己酯2349-07-7青草香2.12±0.33b−4.90±0.87a−
2926.72戊酸庚酯5451-80-9果香−0.02±0.00a−−
3029.43水杨酸甲酯119-36-8薄荷香4.12±0.11b0.27±0.08c11.45±2.05a0.13±0.00c
3131.29顺式-3-己烯醇 2-甲基丁酸酯53398-85-9青草香1.74±0.50a0.81±0.03b−−
3230.75壬酸甲酯1731-84-6果香1.87±0.14a−−−
3331.11异戊酸叶醇酯35154-45-1青草香1.83±0.10a0.03±0.00b−−
3432.04正戊酸己酯1117-59-5果香2.56±0.03b0.05±0.00c6.89±1.78a−
3534.744-甲基戊基4-甲基戊酸酯35852-42-7果香6.24±1.20b−13.79±0.90a0.08±0.00c
3636.30己酸己酯6378-65-0青草香1.44±0.03b−2.74±0.50a0.01±0.00c
3746.54癸酸异戊酯2306-91-4蜡香0.66±0.01a0.01±0.00b−−
3857.45棕榈酸甲酯112-39-0蜡香0.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
3964.78油酸乙酯111-62-6脂香−0.02±0.00a−−
小计22.59±2.45b1.28±0.11c39.77±6.10a0.22±0.00c
酮类
4019.296-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮110-93-0柑橘香0.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
小计0.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a0±0.00b0±0.00b
萜烯类
4139.64α-紫罗酮127-41-3花香1.34±0.32a0.02±0.00b−0.01±0.00b
4242.00β-紫罗兰酮14901-07-6花香9.32±2.30b4.77±0.67b26.52±5.80a−
4340.08β-二氢紫罗兰酮17283-81-7木香0.16±0.03a0.01±0.00a−−
4421.21(-)-柠檬烯5989-54-8萜烯0.18±0.07b0.20±0.03b4.42±0.99a0.14±0.04b
小计11.00±2.72b5.00±0.70c30.94±6.79a0.15±0.04d
其他类
4519.382-正戊基呋喃3777-69-3果香1.69±0.51a0.04±0.00b−−
4628.782-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪24683-00-9青草香0.60±0.02b0.02±0.00c1.05±0.14a0.01±0.00c
小计2.29±0.53a0.06±0.00c1.05±0.14b0.01±0.00c
总计249.73±30.47a8.80±1.22c193.64±19.63b2.06±0.04c
), ArticleFig(id=1320884042870928084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884031147848307, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

预处理对辣椒挥发性成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保留时间(min)化合物名称CAS号香型含量(μg/g)
CKUSUS-BLUS-FT
醇类
17.24异戊醇123-51-3发酵香169.37±20.44a−−0.05±0.00b
28.89正戊醇71-41-0发酵香0.02±0.00a−−−
313.39正己醇111-27-3药草香7±0.98a1.19±0.22b−0.07±0.00c
412.78叶醇928-96-1青草香0.07±0.01a−−−
58.502-己醇626-93-7酒香1.64±0.40b0.02±0.00c74.18±3.00a−
628.41L-薄荷醇2216-51-5薄荷香0.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
744.94反式-橙花叔醇40716-66-3花香7.18±0.12b−9.40±0.19a−
812.543-己烯-1-醇544-12-7青草香1.5±0.03a0.04±0.00b−0.04±0.00b
918.801-庚烯-3-醇4938-52-7青草香−−−0.01±0.00a
1018.912-壬烯-1-醇22104-79-6脂香0.01±0.00a−−−
1121.392-乙基己醇104-76-7柑橘香1.81±0.03a0.06±0.00b−0.02±0.00b
1242.82反-2-十三烯醇74962-98-4蜡香0.06±0.00a0.04±0.00a−−
小计184.30±22.03a1.36±0.34c83.58±3.19b0.19±0.00c
醛类
133.48异丁醛78-84-2醛香−−−0.16±0.00a
144.92异戊醛590-86-3醛香0.87±0.02a0.06±0.00b−0.28±0.00b
155.112-甲基丁醛96-17-3可可香−−−0.12±0.00a
165.67正戊醛110-62-3发酵香0.37±0.02a0.02±0.00b−−
1710.03正己醛66-25-1青草香7.56±0.10b0.33±0.06c15.14±1.00a0.1±0.00c
1812.532-已烯醛6728-26-3青草香1.86±0.09a0.06±0.00b−−
1914.84庚醛111-71-7青草香2.16±0.13b0.15±0.00c3.71±0.54a0.03±0.00c
2015.213-甲硫基丙醛3268-49-3蔬菜香0.01±0.00a−−0.07±0.00a
2117.89苯甲醛100-52-7果香−−−0.03±0.00a
2220.00正辛醛124-13-0醛香2.07±0.12a0.07±0.00b−0.02±0.00b
2322.11苯乙醛122-78-1青草香4.38±1.12b0.11±0.00c8.28±0.77a0.56±0.00c
2425.05壬醛124-19-6醛香9.40±1.04b0.29±0.01c11.17±1.10a0.12±0.00c
2538.76十二醛112-54-9醛香0.85±0.09a−−−
小计29.53±2.74b1.09±0.07c38.3±3.41a1.49±0.00c
酯类
2610.92乙酸丁酯123-86-4醚香−0.04±0.00a−−
2714.21己酸-2-苯乙酯6290-37-5花香−0.04±0.00a−−
2825.47异丁酸己酯2349-07-7青草香2.12±0.33b−4.90±0.87a−
2926.72戊酸庚酯5451-80-9果香−0.02±0.00a−−
3029.43水杨酸甲酯119-36-8薄荷香4.12±0.11b0.27±0.08c11.45±2.05a0.13±0.00c
3131.29顺式-3-己烯醇 2-甲基丁酸酯53398-85-9青草香1.74±0.50a0.81±0.03b−−
3230.75壬酸甲酯1731-84-6果香1.87±0.14a−−−
3331.11异戊酸叶醇酯35154-45-1青草香1.83±0.10a0.03±0.00b−−
3432.04正戊酸己酯1117-59-5果香2.56±0.03b0.05±0.00c6.89±1.78a−
3534.744-甲基戊基4-甲基戊酸酯35852-42-7果香6.24±1.20b−13.79±0.90a0.08±0.00c
3636.30己酸己酯6378-65-0青草香1.44±0.03b−2.74±0.50a0.01±0.00c
3746.54癸酸异戊酯2306-91-4蜡香0.66±0.01a0.01±0.00b−−
3857.45棕榈酸甲酯112-39-0蜡香0.01±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
3964.78油酸乙酯111-62-6脂香−0.02±0.00a−−
小计22.59±2.45b1.28±0.11c39.77±6.10a0.22±0.00c
酮类
4019.296-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮110-93-0柑橘香0.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a−−
小计0.02±0.00a0.01±0.00a0±0.00b0±0.00b
萜烯类
4139.64α-紫罗酮127-41-3花香1.34±0.32a0.02±0.00b−0.01±0.00b
4242.00β-紫罗兰酮14901-07-6花香9.32±2.30b4.77±0.67b26.52±5.80a−
4340.08β-二氢紫罗兰酮17283-81-7木香0.16±0.03a0.01±0.00a−−
4421.21(-)-柠檬烯5989-54-8萜烯0.18±0.07b0.20±0.03b4.42±0.99a0.14±0.04b
小计11.00±2.72b5.00±0.70c30.94±6.79a0.15±0.04d
其他类
4519.382-正戊基呋喃3777-69-3果香1.69±0.51a0.04±0.00b−−
4628.782-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪24683-00-9青草香0.60±0.02b0.02±0.00c1.05±0.14a0.01±0.00c
小计2.29±0.53a0.06±0.00c1.05±0.14b0.01±0.00c
总计249.73±30.47a8.80±1.22c193.64±19.63b2.06±0.04c
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超声波联合烫漂预处理提高辣椒真空脉动干燥效率及品质
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曹玉丹 1 , 年新 1 , 肖自斌 2 , 王梦泽 1, * , 刘世伟 2 , 虎鑫 1 , 刘晓娇 2 , 辛丹阳 1
食品工业科技 | 包装与机械 2026,47(7): 280-293
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食品工业科技 |包装与机械 2026 , 47 (7) : 280 -293
超声波联合烫漂预处理提高辣椒真空脉动干燥效率及品质
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曹玉丹(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:特色果蔬加工与品质控制,E-mail:

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曹玉丹1 , 年新1, 肖自斌2, 王梦泽1, * , 刘世伟2, 虎鑫1, 刘晓娇2, 辛丹阳1
作者信息
  • 1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021
  • 2宁夏回族自治区园艺技术推广站,宁夏银川 750021
通讯作者:
王梦泽(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:特色果蔬加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

曹玉丹(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:特色果蔬加工与品质控制,E-mail:

Ultrasonic Combined with Blanching Pretreatment Improves the Efficiency and Quality of Vacuum Pulsation Drying of Chili Peppers
Yudan CAO1 , Xin NIAN1, Zibin XIAO2, Mengze WANG1, * , Shiwei LIU2, Xin HU1, Xiaojiao LIU2, Danyang XIN1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Horticulture Technology Extension Station, Yinchuan 750021, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050045
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为了提高真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥效率、改善品质,获得最佳预处理方法,本研究采用超声波、超声波联合烫漂及超声波联合冻融对辣椒进行干燥前预处理,并对真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥特性、理化性质及挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,预处理均能有效缩短真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥时间、降低能耗比,并改善样品理化品质与风味,且超声波联合烫漂作用效果最佳。与对照样品相比,超声波联合烫漂样品干燥时间缩短29.15%,能耗比降低39.19%,辣椒红素保留率达到100%,辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、VC和总酚含量分别增加了28.68%、31.46%、10.10%、68.90%,DPPH自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力分别增加了14.11%、70.45%,且物理性质改善效果最佳、挥发性物质保留最好;通过微观结构、低场核磁共振分析,揭示了预处理使细胞组织结构破损是干燥时间缩短、能耗比降低与品质改善的主要原因;Pearson相关性分析表明,醛类和酯类与a*值、VC和辣椒红素含量呈正相关,而壬醛与辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量呈负相关。该研究为辣椒干燥降低能耗比和品质改善提供了理论与技术支撑。

非热处理  /  真空脉动干燥  /  干燥特性  /  理化性质  /  挥发性成分

To enhance the drying efficiency and quality of vacuum pulsation-dried chili peppers and to obtain the optimal pretreatment method, this study used ultrasonic, ultrasonic combined with blanching, and ultrasonic combined with freeze-thawing for the pre-drying pretreatment of chili peppers and analyzed the drying characteristics, physicochemical properties, and volatile composition of vacuum pulsation-dried chili peppers. The results showed that all the pretreatments effectively shortened the drying time, reduced the energy consumption of vacuum pulsation drying of chili peppers, and improved the physicochemical quality and flavor of the samples, and the ultrasonic combined with blanching had the best effect. Compared with the control samples, ultrasonic combined with blanching samples shortened the drying time by 29.15%, reduced energy consumption ration by 39.19%, retained capsorubin reached 100%, increased the contents of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, vitamin C, and total phenols by 28.68%, 31.46%, 10.10%, and 68.90%, respectively, increased DPPH radical scavenging capacity and total antioxidant capacity by 14.11% and 70.45%, respectively, and had the best physical properties improvement and volatile substances retention; by microstructure and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that the breakage of cellular tissue structure by pretreatment was the main reason for the shortening of drying time, the reduction of energy consumption and the improvement of quality. Pearson correlation analysis showed that volatiles such as aldehydes and esters were positively correlated with the a* value, vitamin C content, and capsanthin content, whereas nonanal exhibited a negative correlation with capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content. This study provides theoretical and technical support for reducing the energy consumption and improving the quality of chili pepper drying.

non-thermal treatment  /  vacuum pulsation drying  /  drying characteristics  /  physical and chemical properties  /  volatile components
曹玉丹, 年新, 肖自斌, 王梦泽, 刘世伟, 虎鑫, 刘晓娇, 辛丹阳. 超声波联合烫漂预处理提高辣椒真空脉动干燥效率及品质. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 280 -293 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050045
Yudan CAO, Xin NIAN, Zibin XIAO, Mengze WANG, Shiwei LIU, Xin HU, Xiaojiao LIU, Danyang XIN. Ultrasonic Combined with Blanching Pretreatment Improves the Efficiency and Quality of Vacuum Pulsation Drying of Chili Peppers[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 280 -293 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050045
辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)为茄科辣椒属一年生或多年生草本植物,是广泛分布于全球的经济作物,富含辣椒红素、辣椒素、维生素、酚类等抗氧化物质,具有较高的食用价值与药用价值,因其独特的色泽和风味广受消费者的青睐[1]。新鲜辣椒易腐烂、保鲜期短,常通过干燥来延长其保质期,传统的干燥方法主要有自然晾晒和热风干燥,自然晾晒成本低,易受气候影响和二次污染,品质无法有效控制;热风干燥操作简单,干燥温度高、时间长,干品品质劣变严重[2]。近年来,真空冷冻干燥、真空脉动干燥等真空干燥技术已广泛应用于农产品与食品加工中,真空冷冻干燥由于物料在低温、低氧环境下干燥,能最大程度地保存果蔬的品质,但干燥效率低、耗能高,产品酥脆易破损,而真空脉动干燥作为一种新型的干燥技术,利用真空度的变化有效增强毛细管通道的传质,可提高干燥效率,且质地较硬[3]。真空脉动干燥与真空冷冻干燥相比,产品品质略差,活性成分损失大,而与热风干燥相比,干燥耗能大,生产成本高[4]。因此,如何在提高干燥效率,降低生产成本的同时,确保生产出色泽优、风味佳的产品,是真空脉动干燥技术推广应用面临的主要技术瓶颈,已成为行业亟需解决的问题。
研究表明,干燥前适当的预处理不仅可以降低物料干燥初始的含水量,提高干燥速率、缩短干燥时间并降低成本,还可以改善果蔬干燥产品的理化性质[5−7]。其中,超声波处理(Ultrasonic treatment,US)可改变果蔬细胞结构,削弱细胞之间的黏附,使组织形成微通道,从而提高干燥效率,改善干制品品质;烫漂处理可使果蔬细胞组织软化、通透性增加,且能最大程度抑制酶活性,从而提高干燥效率,改善干制品品质;冻融处理形成的冰晶可破坏果蔬细胞结构,降低细胞壁的粘附性,从而提高干燥效率,改善干制品品质,但不能抑制酶活性;联合预处理能更好地提高果蔬干燥效率和改善品质[8−12]。目前,研究只报道了超声波、烫漂、冻融单一预处理对果蔬干燥效率和品质的影响,超声波联合烫漂预处理(Ultrasonic combined with blanching treatment,US-BL)、超声波联合冻融预处理(Ultrasonic combined with freeze-thawing treatment,US-FT)对果蔬干燥效率和品质的影响鲜有报道。
因此,本文旨在研究US、US-BL、US-FT对真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥特性、理化性质、抗氧化性及风味的影响,并通过水分分布、微观结构揭示预处理对辣椒干燥特性、理化性质影响的作用机制。这将为辣椒真空脉动干燥提供理论依据与技术支撑,推动该技术在农产品干燥中产业化应用。
朝天椒(娇艳8号) 宁夏彭阳县塬乡赵山村辣椒种植基地提供,挑选大小、颜色、成熟度一致,无病虫害、机械损伤的辣椒为原料,经去蒂、清洗干净后切成1.50±0.20 cm的辣椒段备用;福林酚、甲醇(分析纯)、四氢呋喃(色谱纯) 上海跃腾生物技术有限公司;辣椒素标准物质(分析纯)、二氢辣椒素标准物质(分析纯)、辣椒红素标准物质(色谱纯) 雷泰生物科技有限公司;DPPH自由基清除能力检测试剂盒、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)检测试剂盒 苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司;4-甲基-2-戊醇 色谱纯,上海三美化工有限公司;C7~C40正构烷烃混合溶液 色谱纯,上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司。
CR-20手持色差仪 北京海勤科技有限公司;SH-6600紫外分光光度计 江苏盛奥华环保科技有限公司;ESJ30-5A电子天平 神宇龙腾;IKA RV3旋转蒸发仪 德国艾卡;DHG-1B鼓风干燥箱、KQ3200E超声波清洗器 青岛精诚仪器仪表有限公司;TD5Z离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;TA.XT2i/520物性测定仪 南京欧熙科贸有限公司;TFDSO.25真空脉动干燥机 烟台中孚冷链设备有限公司;Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪 日本岛津公司;SMF2002粉碎机 浙江苏泊尔有限公司;MesoMR23-060H-I核磁共振分析与成像仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;S-570扫描电镜 日本日立公司;7890A气相色谱仪 美国安捷伦公司;LHS20-HR 快速水分测定仪 上海精密科学仪器有限公司。
经过前期预实验筛选并确定了最佳参数条件:超声波功率(400 W)、频率(40 kHz)、时间(20 min);烫漂温度(100 ℃)、时间(90 s);冻融次数(1次,冷冻−20 ℃/24 h,室温解冻/12 h)。具体预处理方法如下。
称取200±10 g辣椒段,擦去表面水分后进行真空脉动干燥。
称取200±10 g辣椒段,放入装有蒸馏水的烧杯中(料液比为1:5),在400 W、40 kHz条件下超声波处理20 min后,用厨房纸吸干表面水分备用。
将1.2.1.2超声波处理后的辣椒段置于100±4 ℃蒸汽中烫漂,烫漂90 s后立即用冷水冷却,用厨房纸吸干表面水备用。
在1.2.1.2超声波处理后将辣椒段置于−20 ℃的条件下冷冻24 h,再置于室温下解冻12 h,冻融完成后进行真空脉动干燥。
将切分后未预处理(Control,CK)及US、US-BL和US-FT的辣椒段,擦去表面水分后,在60 ℃、脉动比为10:5(min:min)(7.5 kPa真空保持10 min,101 kPa常压保持5 min)下进行真空脉动干燥。在整个脉动干燥时间内,每60 min对样品进行称量,直到辣椒的干基含水率(MC)≤0.13 g/g,停止该过程,实验平行三次。
使用电能表记录辣椒干燥所需的能耗比,计算公式如下[13]:
${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{\mathrm{E}}{\mathrm{M}}$
式中:Es表示能耗比,kW·h/kg;E表示总能耗(与设备连接的电表测量),kW·h;M表示辣椒的脱水量,kg。
含水率使用快速水分测定仪进行测定,干燥过程中的干燥曲线采用水分比(MR)随时间变化的曲线进行描述[14]。
$ \mathrm{MR}=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{0}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{e}}} $
式中:Mt表示干燥期间t时辣椒的干基含水率,g/g;M0表示初始时刻辣椒的干基含水率,g/g;Me表示辣椒平衡干基含水率,g/g。由于平衡含水率Me远小于M0和Mt,通常可以忽略不计[15]。
不同干燥时间下辣椒的水分比计算公式可以简化为:
$ \mathrm{MR}=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{0}} $
干燥速率(DR)的计算公式如下[16]:
$ \mathrm{DR}=\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}1}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{t}2}}{{\mathrm{t}}_{2}-{\mathrm{t}}_{1}} $
式中:Mt1和Mt2分别表示真空脉动干燥t1和t2时辣椒的干基含水率,g/g;t1和t2为对应的干燥时间,min。
用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察辣椒样品的微观结构[17]。取少量辣椒干燥样品放置于电镜样品台中央部分并用导电胶固定,进行5 min离子溅射法喷金镀膜处理,然后进行观察。
使用低场核磁共振(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)分析仪评估辣椒在预处理过程中的水分状态[18]。将大约2 g的辣椒放入LF-NMR分析仪玻璃管中,并使用Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)脉冲序列来确定自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2)。CPMG脉冲序列参数为:重复时间6500 ms,累加次数16次,回波数16000,回波时间0.4 ms,采用MultiExp Inv Analysis分析软件对辣椒横向弛豫时间(T2)进行分析,并根据T2计算出对应的相对峰面积(A2)。
采用手持色差仪测定辣椒色泽[19],得到L*、a*、b*值并计算总色差值,每个处理3次平行。色差值ΔE计算公式如下:
$ \Delta E=\sqrt{{({L}^{\text{*}}-{{{L}_{0}}}^{*})}^{2}+({{{a}^{\text{*}}}-{{{{a}_{0}}}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+({{{b}^{\text{*}}}-{{{{b}_{0}}}^{*}})}^{2}} $
式中:ΔE表示色差值;L0*、a0*、b0*表示干燥后CK样品的色值参数,L*、a*、b*表示干燥后处理组样品的色值参数。∆E值越小说明辣椒色泽越亮越好。
选取形状,大小一致的辣椒,采用物性测试仪对干燥后样品的硬度、咀嚼性进行测定[20]。选择直径为2 mm的圆柱形HDP探头,操作参数:预测试速度3.0 mm/s,测试速度1.0 mm/s,回程速度3.0 mm/s,触发力100 g。用最大力值表示样品的硬度,单位为“N”,力越大,硬度越大。
将2.0 g干制辣椒段置于50 mL蒸馏水中,室温下放置12 h后取出,用滤纸去除表面水分,称量[21]。复水前后辣椒的复水比按以下公式计算:
$ \mathrm{R}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{d}}} $
式中:R表示复水比;md表示干制辣椒段质量,g;mf表示复水后辣椒段质量,g。
液氮研磨样品,准确称取约0.50 g辣椒粉末于15 mL透明离心管,加入2 mL乙腈,放置振荡器充分振荡混匀5 min,4 ℃超声波1 h,取出后离心10 min(4000 r/min),将上清液移至另一15 mL透明离心管中。再向样品中加入2 mL乙腈,重复上述操作。合并两次上清液,用乙腈定容至4 mL,充分混匀,用0.22 μm滤膜过滤,滤液待液相色谱测定[22]。
辣椒素和二氢辣椒素的提取与测定参照GB/T 21266-2007[23]。将粉碎的样品用甲醇-四氢呋喃混合溶剂经超声提取,然后用反向高效液相色谱-紫外可见检测器进行色谱分析,采用外标法定量。
使用2,6-二氯靛酚法对VC含量进行测定[24],采用 2,6-二氯靛酚作为试剂,通过滴定法测定VC含量,VC含量使用以下公式计算:
$ {\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{C}}=\frac{({\mathrm{V}}_{1}-{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{o}})\times \rho \times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m}}\times 100 $
式中:VC表示100 g辣椒中的VC含量,mg/100 g;m表示样品的总质量,g;V1表示样品滴定用的试剂体积,mL;V0表示在空白试验(不加入样品)使用的试剂体积,mL;ρ表示滴定剂的浓度,mg/mL;V表示稀释因子,即样品溶液的总体积与滴定用的样品溶液体积的比值。
总酚含量采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定[25]。将500 μL提取物加入稀释后的Folin-Ciocalteu试剂中,再加入2 mL碳酸钠充分混合。反应30 min后,使用甲醇作空白CK,用760 nm波长检测,结果以没食子酸当量(mg GAE/100 g)表示。
$ \mathrm{W}=\frac{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{V}\times \mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{M}}\times 100 $
式中:W表示总酚含量,mg GAE/100 g;C表示没食子酸质量浓度,mg GAE/mL;V表示提取液体积,mL;N表示稀释倍数;M表示取样量,g。
称取1.00 g辣椒粉末,加入80%的甲醇溶液20 mL,超声波提取30 min后避光静置30 min,取上清液并稀释20倍作为待测液,于4 ℃储存,24 h内测定[26]。
DPPH自由基清除能力采用试剂盒测定。
T-AOC总抗氧化能力采用试剂盒测定。
使用气相色谱-质谱联用(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)仪对样品进行检测。首先,对样品中的挥发性化合物采用顶空固相微萃取(Headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME)法分析,具体操作如下:将1.00 g的辣椒粉末转移到15 mL固相微萃取瓶中,加入20 μL 4-甲基-2-戊醇(1.027 g/L)的内标液,立即用PTFE-硅胶隔膜密封,置于60 ℃恒温水浴锅中,再将萃取头通过瓶盖插入到辣椒中的顶空部分,顶空吸附45 min后拔出。然后,放入250 ℃ GC-MS仪的气相色谱进样口中解析5 min,进行GC-MS分析[27]。将GC烘箱的初始温度设置为45 ℃,维持10 min后,以6 ℃/min升温至200 ℃并维持5 min。实验采用氦气作为载气,流速恒定在1.0 mL/min。质谱检测器的工作条件为电子轰击(EI)模式,电子能量设定为70 eV;离子源温度为230 ℃,四极杆温度为150 ℃;传输线温度280 ℃;全扫描模式,质量扫描范围m/z 35~500。化合物的初步鉴定通过比对未知物的质谱图与Wiley07标准谱库完成,匹配因子阈值设为80%。通过计算各组分的线性保留指数(RI),并与已知标准物质的RI值进行对比,进一步验证化合物的结构,并通过内标法(4-甲基-2-戊醇)计算挥发性化合物的含量[28]。计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{X}=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{i}}\times {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{s}}\times {\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{s}}\times \mathrm{m}} $
式中:X为样品中挥发性化合物的含量,μg/g;Ai为挥发性化合物的峰面积;Cs为内标溶液的浓度,μg/L;Vs为加入内标溶液的体积,L;As为内标的峰面积;m为样品质量(g)。
所有实验数据均重复3次,结果以平均值±标准差表示。使用SPSS 22.0对结果进行ANOVA方差分析,P<0.05表示不同预处理方法之间的显著差异。使用Origin 2024b绘制皮尔森(Pearson)相关性热图和其他图表,通过SIMCA 14.1软件进行主成分分析(PCA),并利用TBtools 2024软件完成层次聚类分析(Hierarchical clustering analysis,HCA)。
所有样品干燥时间、能耗比及初始干基含水率如图1(A)(B)(C)所示。由图1(A)和(B)可知,与CK相比,处理组样品的干燥时间及能耗比均显著降低(P<0.05)。US、US-BL、US-FT样品干燥时间分别为14.2、12.5和11.5 h,与CK相比,干燥时间分别缩短了15.35%、29.15%和37.89%,能耗比分别降低了22.46%、39.19%和47.62%。而由图1(C)可知,与CK相比,US、US-BL样品初始含水率分别增加了26.25%、31.88%,US-FT样品初始含水率降低了3.75%。说明干燥前样品含水率不是缩短干燥时间和降低能耗的主要原因,导致这一结果的主要原因可能是超声波、烫漂和冻融作用使鲜辣椒细胞壁、细胞膜结构发生不可逆损伤,细胞组织水分扩散速率增大,从而提高了辣椒的干燥速率[29−30]。
为深入探讨US、US-BL和US-FT使辣椒真空脉动干燥时间缩短和能耗比降低的原因,绘制了所有样品干燥曲线和干燥速率曲线,如图1(D)和(E)所示。根据图1(D)(E),将干燥过程分为加速干燥阶段(0~10 h)和降速干燥阶段(10~16 h),与CK相比,加速干燥阶段US、US-BL、US-FT样品水分比分别下降了31.00%、46.11%和59.78%,干燥速率分别增加了50.74%、53.12%和70.60%。而降速干燥阶段US、US-BL、US-FT样品水分比分别下降了8.57%、42.86%和57.14%,干燥速率分别增加了24.05%、30.64%和62.38%。这可能是由于超声波“空化”效应使细胞结构破损,烫漂软化细胞壁并增加膜通透性,而冻融进一步加剧了细胞结构破损,导致水分迁移通道增加,提高了水分扩散和蒸发速率[21,31]。这进一步证实干燥速率的提升是辣椒真空脉动干燥时间缩短、能耗比降低的主要原因,且US-FT作用效果最好。
综上,US、US-BL和US-FT有效提高了真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥速率,且US-FT效果最好,其次是US-BL,且干燥各阶段干燥效率均有提高。
所有样品的SEM结果如图2所示。CK(图2A)样品中的大多数内部细胞饱满且形状相似、排列分布规整、细胞轮廓明显,未受到外界物理或化学处理的破坏,这是由于细胞壁和细胞膜结构完整,细胞壁中的果胶和半纤维素分子紧密连接在一起,维持了细胞的原有形状[30]。与CK相比,US样品(图2B)的细胞壁变薄、细胞间隙增加,这是由于超声波空化效应产生的高速微射流和剪切力破坏细胞壁纤维素网络,导致纤维素-果胶复合物结构发生断裂,进而引起细胞壁局部变薄并形成了更多细胞间孔和微通道,同时增强了水分子在细胞壁间的扩散能力;US-BL样品(图2C)部分细胞结构破损、细胞壁塌陷,使组织结构孔洞增加、细胞间隙增大,这是由于超声波空化效应与烫漂对组织软化的共同作用加剧了细胞壁中果胶和纤维素等大分子物质解聚,导致部分细胞壁垮塌以及细胞结构发生不可逆破损,松散的结构进一步提升了水分子的扩散速率[31−33]。而US-FT样品(图2D)细胞结构完全破损,形成了密集的多孔结构,这是由于超声波空化效应与冻融过程中冰晶膨胀的共同作用促进细胞壁中果胶和纤维素降解重排,导致细胞壁和细胞膜完全被破坏、细胞结构发生不可逆破裂,细胞壁结构完整性的丧失加速了细胞内外水分的重新分布;同时,超声波空化产生的微射流促使冻融过程形成更均匀的冰晶,这种均匀的冰晶膨胀力对细胞壁的破坏具有方向一致性,进而形成较为规则的多孔结构[33]。结果与2.1.2分析相一致,证实不同预处理使辣椒细胞结构发生了不同程度破损、细胞膜通透性增加,导致水分迁移通道增加,提高水分扩散速率,是辣椒干燥效率提高的主要原因,US-FT样品细胞结构破损程度最大,干燥效率最高,这与Feng等[34]研究结果相一致。
果蔬内部不同水分状态的分布情况可以通过核磁共振(NMR)横向弛豫时间T2来表征。与细胞壁中果胶、纤维素等大分子通过强氢键紧密结合的结合水弛豫时间T21集中在1~10 ms,分布于细胞质和细胞间隙中不易流动水弛豫时间T22集中在10~100 ms,存在于液泡中的自由水弛豫时间T23大于100 ms,流动性最强,氢质子自由度最高[35]。
干燥前所有样品的T2型反演光谱、弛豫时间(T21、T22、T23)和对应相对峰面积(A21、A22、A23)如图3、表1所示。由图3、表1可知,与CK相比,处理组样品弛豫峰整体呈现出向左移动的趋势,即T2弛豫时间变短,且US样品的结合水峰面积A21和自由水峰面积A23减小、不易流动水峰面积A22增加,而US-BL和US-FT样品的结合水峰面积A21和不易流动水峰面积A22增加、自由水峰面积A23减小,表明水分的整体流动性减弱,自由水含量降低、不易流动水增加。这是由于预处理增强了果胶、纤维素等大分子与水分子间的强氢键结合,导致结合水含量增加,同时减弱了细胞质和细胞间隙中水分的流动性,使更多水分从自由态转化为结合态和不易流动态,从而改变了辣椒水分分布状态[18,36]。这与2.1和2.2.1中得出水分迁移能力增强是导致辣椒干燥效率提升这一结论相反,说明水分分布状态的改变不是辣椒干燥效率提升的主要原因。
综上,辣椒干燥速率提高主要归因于细胞结构破损和细胞膜通透性的增加,与干燥前辣椒水分分布变化无关;其中US-FT样品细胞结构破损程度最大,因而干燥速率最高。
色泽是用来评判果蔬干制品品质优劣的重要指标之一。其中,L*代表亮度,a*代表红绿度,b*代表黄蓝度,而∆E用于衡量整体色泽的变化,∆E大于3可明显辨别色泽差异;L*值升高样品色泽变亮、降低样品色泽变暗,a*值升高样品色泽变红、b*值升高样品色泽变黄[37]。所有样品的色泽,如表2所示。由表2可知,与CK相比,US样品的L*值变化不显著,而US-BL和US-FT样品的L*值均显著升高(P<0.05);US和US-FT样品的a*值显著降低(P<0.05),而US-BL样品a*值变化不显著;US样品的b*值变化不显著,而US-BL和US-FT样品的b*值均显著升高(P<0.05)。表明US样品红色变浅,而US-BL和US-FT样品色泽变红变亮,且与CK样品色泽差异肉眼可识别。这是由于不同预处理不同程度破坏了细胞结构(见图2),促进了细胞内辣椒红素、VC、多酚等物质与氧的接触发生氧化反应,而干燥时间的缩短(见图1A),又抑制了氧化反应的进程,致使样品色泽的差异[34]。
所有样品的硬度和咀嚼性如图4(A、B)所示。与CK相比,处理组硬度、咀嚼性均显著降低(P<0.05),US、US-BL和US-FT硬度分别降低了29.70%、37.45%和44.21%,咀嚼性分别降低了33.56%、49.26%和54.26%。表明US、US-BL和US-FT预处理均显著改变了样品的质构特性,且US-BL和US-FT的作用效果更为明显。结合微观结构(图2)进行分析,这是由于超声波空化效应导致细胞刚性下降、支撑力减弱以及部分细胞垮塌,从而使硬度和咀嚼性显著降低,在US处理的基础上,烫漂进一步增加了细胞壁孔隙率并降低了细胞孔密度,加剧了硬度和咀嚼性的下降,而冻融使细胞结构塌陷更加明显,几乎无完整的细胞结构,导致US-FT硬度和咀嚼性最低[38]。这与Li等[39]的研究结果一致。
所有样品的复水比如图4(C)所示。由图4(C)可知,与CK相比,处理组样品的复水比均显著提高(P<0.05),US、US-BL和US-FT的复水比分别提高了2.87%、8.58%、5.26%,US-BL的复水效果最好。这是由于超声波空化效应在辣椒中形成微观通道,烫漂进一步诱导细胞壁和细胞膜结构变化促进了多孔结构的形成,有助于水分填充,从而提高了再水化能力,而US-FT对辣椒内部结构破坏程度较高,不能维持原有的持水能力,导致复水比相对较低[40−41],这也与所有样品微观结构表征结果一致(见2.2.1)。因此,孔隙率增大和微观通道的形成是辣椒复水比提升的主要原因。
综上,US-BL处理可使辣椒色泽、质构和复水比得到最大的改善,与CK相比,L*值、a*值、复水比分别增加了15.02%、0.44%和8.58%,而硬度和咀嚼性分别降低了37.45%、49.26%。
辣椒红素是辣椒中关键的呈色物质,主要分布于红辣椒的外皮中,是评价辣椒品质的重要指标。所有样品辣椒红素含量,如图5(A)所示。与CK相比,US和US-FT样品辣椒红素含量显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低6.25%、18.75%,而US-BL样品辣椒红素含量无显著变化,这与a*值的变化趋势一致(表2),也说明样品a*值的变化与辣椒红素含量相关。US-BL样品中辣椒红素变化不明显,主要归因于烫漂处理使生物活性酶失活,抑制了辣椒红素的酶促氧化降解。同时,烫漂破坏了辣椒细胞壁和细胞膜的结构,促进了辣椒红素与蛋白复合物的解离,从而提高了其可提取率[37]。相比之下,US-FT样品中辣椒红素的损失最大,这是因为冻融处理严重破坏了辣椒表皮结构,导致组织失去对细胞内化合物的保护能力,进而加速了辣椒红素的降解。Tumer等[41]研究发现,冻融处理会导致番茄红素的显著降解,这与细胞结构的破坏和氧化反应的增强密切相关。US-FT样品中VC(图5D)和多酚(图5E)含量的降低也证实了这一点。
辣椒素类物质是辣椒属独有的成分,其中辣椒素和二氢辣椒素约占辣椒素类物质总量的90%,是辣椒中的主要辣味物质。所有样品辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量,如图5(B、C)所示。与CK相比,所有样品中的辣椒素和二氢辣椒素都显著增加(P<0.05),US、US-BL和US-FT样品辣椒素含量分别增加了28.68%、28.68%和55.04%,二氢辣椒素含量分别增加了25.84%、31.46%和64.04%。这是由于US通过空化效应破坏细胞壁,促进辣椒素和二氢辣椒素释放,烫漂进一步软化细胞壁中的果胶和半纤维素,加强了细胞结构破坏程度,进一步提高提取效率,而US-FT使细胞结构破坏最严重,更有利于辣味物质的解离,导致辣味物质的释放量增加[23,42]。从微观结构表征分析也能证实这一原因。
VC是辣椒干制品的重要抗氧化成分。所有样品VC含量,如图5(D)所示。与CK相比,US-BL样品VC含量显著增加(P<0.05),增加了10.10%,而US和US-FT样品VC含量显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了18.82%、68.87%。这是由于US导致辣椒中自由基大量积累,加速了VC的氧化,从而导致VC含量下降,烫漂处理使抗坏血酸氧化酶失活,减少了VC的降解,从而在干燥中更好地保留VC,US-FT样品中VC含量最低,主要因为冻融过程中冰晶的生长对细胞壁、中间薄层和原生质体造成了不可逆的损伤,促使VC与氧接触氧化,且部分从辣椒中流失[31,43]。
酚类物质也是辣椒重要的抗氧化活性成分。所有样品总酚含量,如图5(E)所示。与CK相比,US和US-BL样品总酚含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别增加了32.52%和68.90%,而US-FT样品降低了3.58%(P>0.05)。这是因为US促使共价键断裂和细胞膜破裂,从而加速了与淀粉和蛋白质基质结合的酚类物质的释放。研究表明,US引起的酚类含量增加不仅与细胞壁结构的分解有关,还与果蔬中过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)等抗氧化酶活性的变化密切相关,这些酶活性的改变进一步调控了酚类物质的合成与积累[44]。US-BL样品的总酚含量最高,达到11.88 mg GAE/100 g,这主要归因于高温条件下多酚氧化酶的α-螺旋结构被抑制并发生不可逆变化,从而减弱了其催化的降解反应;同时,烫漂处理破坏了细胞结构,使细胞壁果胶网络变得松散,进一步提升了酚类物质的提取效率。相比之下,US-FT对辣椒细胞结构造成了严重破坏,在解冻过程中多酚类物质与氧接触氧化,且部分随汁液流失而明显减少[25]。Chen等[45]对蓝莓干对比发现,较鲜果相比,冻融处理后酚类物质保留率较低。
综上,US-BL可使辣椒中辣椒红素、辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、VC和总酚含量得到最大程度的保留或释放,与CK相比,辣椒红素保留率达到100%,而辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、VC和总酚含量分别增加了28.68%、31.46%、10.10%、68.90%。
抗氧化性反映了果蔬干制品清除自由基、延缓氧化反应的能力。所有样品的抗氧化活性用DPPH自由基清除能力和T-AOC总抗氧化能力表示,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,预处理对样品T-AOC总抗氧化能力与DPPH自由基清除能力影响一致,与CK相比,US和US-BL样品的DPPH自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力显著增加,US-FT样品的显著降低(P<0.05)。US样品DPPH自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力分别增加了6.26%、16.12%,US-BL样品分别增加了14.11%、70.45%,US-FT样品分别降低20.70%、33.04%。这主要是由于US促进了酚类、黄酮等抗氧化物质的释放,从而提高了抗氧化能力,烫漂处理在抑制多酚氧化酶活性的同时增强了对细胞壁的破坏程度,减少了抗氧化物质的降解,使更多抗氧化物质得以释放,而US-FT使辣椒细胞破坏严重,抗氧化物质与氧接触降解,且部分抗氧化物质随汁液流失,从而导致了抗氧化能力的降低[26,46]。
综上,US和US-BL有效提高了真空脉动干燥辣椒的抗氧化活性,且US-BL样品抗氧化活性最高。
通过GC-MS对所有样品中的VOCs进行了鉴定分析,结果如表3所示。所有样品中共定性出46种化合物,包括酯类14种、醛类13种、醇类12种、萜烯类4种、其他类2种(呋喃、吡嗪)和酮类1种。由表3可知,CK、US、US-BL、US-FT样品挥发性成分总含量分别为249.73、8.80、193.64、2.06 μg/g,与CK相比,处理组样品挥发性成分显著减少(P<0.05),尤其是US、US-FT样品挥发性成分大幅度减少。表明US-BL更有利于总挥发性物质保留,而US、US-FT不利于真空脉动辣椒总挥发性物质的保留。这可能归因于US、US-FT使细胞组织结构破坏,干燥过程中挥发性物质更容易损失,烫漂使生物活性酶失活,抑制了干燥过程辣椒红素、酚类、维生素类等氧化反应,从而减少了由氧化反应生成的挥发性物质的损失[27,47]。
酯类、醛类和萜烯类物质是辣椒香气的重要组成部分,酯类具有果香与花香,醛类具有果香、焦糖香与坚果香的混合香气,而萜烯类具有辛香和刺激性气味。由表3可知,与CK相比,US、US-FT样品酯类物质总含量分别降低了94.33%、99.03%,醛类物质总含量分别降低了96.31%、94.95%,萜烯类物质总含量分别降低了54.55%、98.64%,而US-BL样品酯类、醛类和萜烯类物质总含量分别增加了76.05%、29.70%和181.27%(P<0.05)。US-BL样品酯类总量主要增加的是异丁酸己酯、水杨酸甲酯等,醛类总量主要增加的是正己醛、苯乙醛等,萜烯类主要增加的是β-紫罗兰酮和(-)-柠檬烯,这主要归因于烫漂促进酯化与美拉德反应生成更多酯类、醛类和萜烯类物质,而US和US-FT氧化反应的加剧导致这些物质的损失[43,48]。这一结果与2.2.1分析相一致,证实细胞破损促进风味前体物质的释放与转化,而过度破损则加速氧化降解。
醇类具有柔和平衡的香气、酮类具有果香与奶油香、其他类物质(呋喃和吡嗪)具有烘烤香和坚果香,这些物质丰富了辣椒的整体香气。由表3可知,与CK相比,US、US-BL和US-FT样品醇类、酮类和其他类物质的总含量显著降低(P<0.05),醇类物质总含量分别降低了99.26%、54.65%、99.90%,酮类物质的总含量在US样品中降低了50.00%,而在US-BL和US-FT样品中则完全降解,其他类物质总含量分别降低了96.48%、22.46%、99.18%(P<0.05),主要是异戊醇、正戊醇、叶醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、2-正戊基呋喃和2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪物质的减少,归因于US破坏细胞结构加速了挥发性物质的挥发,烫漂使酶失活减少了风味前体物质的转化,而冻融过程中冰晶的形成进一步促进酮类和其他物质的损失[28,45]。这与Wang等[48]研究的超声波辅助干燥对草莓挥发性成分影响的结论相一致。
对所有样品中VOCs的含量进行分析,如图7(A)所示。由图7(A)可知,所有样品的挥发性成分种类相同,含量存在差异,其中醇类和醛类物质含量最高,酯类和萜烯类次之,酮类和其他类物质含量最少。CK样品醇类、醛类、酯类和萜烯类物质占比分别为73.80%、11.82%、9.05%和4.40%,以异戊醇、壬醛、4-甲基戊基4-甲基戊酸酯和β-紫罗兰酮为主;酮类和其他类物质占比分别为0.01%、0.92%,以6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和2-正戊基呋喃为主。US样品的各类物质组成与CK相似,占比略有不同,醇类、醛类、酯类和萜烯类物质占比均在10%以上,以正己醇、壬醛、顺式-3-己烯醇 2-甲基丁酸酯和β-紫罗兰酮为主;酮类、其他类物质占比分别为0.11%、0.68%,以6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和2-正戊基呋喃为主。而US-BL和US-FT样品的各类物质组成相似,均以醇类、醛类、酯类和萜烯类为主,其他类物质占比相对较低,且不含酮类物质;但US-FT样品的总含量较US-BL样品更低。表明醇类、醛类、酯类及萜烯类物质的相对含量在所有样品中均达到最高,这是由于预处理过程中发生的氧化、糖苷水解、酯化等反应,使一些挥发性物质增加或损失,导致挥发性物质的含量有所差异,且US-FT细胞结构破坏更为严重,挥发性物质损失更多[46−49]。
对所有样品中VOCs进行主成分分析,如图7(B)所示。由图7(B)可知,PC1贡献率为51.0%,PC2贡献率为31.6%,累计贡献率为82.6%。US-BL样品与其他样品距离较远,差异主要在PC2,表明US-BL样品VOCs与其余3种样品差异明显。而US-FT和US样品距离较近,说明这2种样品的风味成分较相似,但仍各自成组,差异主要体现在PC1。因此,使用GC-MS技术结合PCA可以将不同处理组的样品准确地判别区分。
通过层次聚类分析(Hierarchical clustering analysis,HCA)对所有样品挥发性风味物质的差异进行了更直观的分析,结果如图7(C)所示。对所有样品中同一种挥发性成分的含量进行标准化处理,颜色强度从最大值(红色)到最小值(蓝色)不等,与挥发性成分的含量分布一致。由图7(C)可知,由HCA的列聚类可看出,所有样品均有其特征性的挥发性成分。CK样品含有较多的顺式-3-己烯醇 2-甲基丁酸酯、2-正戊基呋喃、α-紫罗酮、β-二氢紫罗兰酮、2-壬烯-1-醇等物质;US样品含有较多的己酸-2-苯乙酯、戊酸庚酯和乙酸丁酯等物质;US-FT样品含有较多的3-甲硫基丙醛、1-庚烯-3-醇、苯甲醛、异丁醛和2-甲基丁醛等物质;而US-BL样品的挥发性物质含量与US和US-FT样品有明显差别,且与CK样品相似,含有较多的醇类、醛类、酯类和其他类物质,例如2-己醇、(-)-柠檬烯、β-紫罗兰酮、异丁酸己酯、水杨酸甲酯、己酸己酯、2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪、正己醛、4-甲基戊基4-甲基戊酸酯、正戊酸己酯、庚醛和苯乙醛等。表明US-BL较US和US-FT样品更有利于挥发性成分保留,这是因为不同预处理过程中发生化学反应使部分挥发性物质(如酯类、醛类和萜烯类)通过酯化、氧化和美拉德反应等途径生成或释放,US导致部分挥发性物质降解、US-FT导致挥发性成分大量损失,而US-BL减少了挥发性成分的损失,且烫漂过程促进辣椒红素降解形成了更多美拉德反应产物[47,49−50],这也与2.6.1分析结果相一致。
综上,4种辣椒样品的特征风味物质组成差异明显,与PCA分析一致;且US-BL有利于真空脉动辣椒酯类、醛类和萜烯类等挥发性物质的保留。
通过2.6节发现,所有样品挥发性成分丰度有显著差异(P<0.05),本节通过Pearson相关性分析,进一步探讨辣椒的挥发性成分与关键品质指标的相互关系(|r|>0.5,P≤0.05),为了保证结果的可比性和稳定性,选择了处理组共有的7种挥发性成分与关键品质指标进行相关性分析,如图8所示。由图8可知,这些挥发性成分与辣椒的色泽、VC和辣椒红素等呈现较强相关性。正己醛、庚醛、苯乙醛、壬醛、水杨酸甲酯和2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪与a*值、VC和辣椒红素均呈高度正相关(P≤0.05),a*值与这些成分的相关系数为0.77~0.90,VC的相关系数为0.74~0.82,辣椒红素的相关系数为0.68~0.83。高相关性表明a*值、VC和辣椒红素含量越高,醛类和酯类含量也越高,这一结果是由于预处理过程部分挥发性成分具有抗氧化活性,从而保护a*值、VC和辣椒红素免受氧化降解,从而维持了较高的含量。壬醛与辣椒素、二氢辣椒素呈现显著负相关(P≤0.05),相关系数分别为−0.63和−0.59,表明辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量越低,壬醛含量越高,这是因为预处理过程壬醛通过氧化反应消耗了辣椒素和二氢辣椒素的前体物质,从而抑制二者合成途径;而预处理通过破坏细胞结构提高了辣椒素和二氢辣椒素的溶出效率,所以二者的最终含量仍呈现上升趋势[34,51−52]。
综上所述,辣椒关键品质指标与挥发性成分有良好的线性关系,醛类和酯类成分与辣椒色泽、VC和辣椒红素含量呈高度正相关(P≤0.05),而壬醛与辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量呈显著负相关(P≤0.05)。
本研究探究了US、US-BL及US-FT对真空脉动干燥辣椒干燥特性、物理性质、化学性质及挥发性成分的影响。结果表明,US、US-BL、US-FT显著降低了真空脉动干燥辣椒的干燥时间和能耗比,各阶段干燥速率都有所提高,且有效改善了样品理化品质和风味,US-BL作用效果最佳,样品干燥时间缩短29.15%、能耗比降低39.19%,综合品质明显改善,颜色更红,硬度和咀嚼性分别降低37.45%和49.26%,化学活性成分保留最好,DPPH自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力分别增加了14.11%和70.45%;通过微观结构和低场核磁共振分析揭示预处理使细胞组织结构破损是样品干燥时间缩短、能耗比降低的主要原因,而与水分分布的改变关系不大;挥发性成分分析表明,US-BL更有利于样品挥发性成分的保留,醇类、醛类、酯类和萜烯类物质含量均显著高于US和US-FT样品。Pearson相关性分析表明,醛类和酯类与a*值、VC和辣椒红素含量呈正相关,而壬醛与辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量呈负相关。综上所述,US-BL不仅能有效缩短辣椒干燥时间、降低能耗比,还能改善辣椒的理化品质,更有利于辣椒红素、VC和挥发性物质的保留。本研究将为推动新型制干技术应用于辣椒产业及提升辣椒干制品品质提供了理论与技术支撑。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050045
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
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    1宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021
    2宁夏回族自治区园艺技术推广站,宁夏银川 750021

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王梦泽(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:特色果蔬加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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