Article(id=1320883560190431311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852781579, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852781579, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852781579, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852781579, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=11, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883560463061072, articleId=1320883560190431311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Fermentation Process and Functional Properties of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide-enriched Fruit-Vegetable Jiaosu, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the β-nicotinamide mononucleotide-enriched fruit-vegetable Jiaosu and evaluate its bioactivity, cucumber powder, broccoli powder, banana powder and apple powder were used as substrates, and the process parameters were optimized by multi-species co-fermentation to investigate the effects of strain combinations, fermentation time, temperature and precursor addition on β-NMN enrichment. And the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, lipase, and amylase in the Jiaosu, as well as the hydroxyl radical scavenging characteristics and total antioxidant capacity, were determined. Results demonstrated that synergistic co-fermentation employing Rhizopus oryzae, Monascus purpureus, yeast, and Lactobacillus plantarum strains yielded maximal β-NMN production under the optimal conditions, as the mass ratio of cucumber powder, broccoli powder, banana powder, apple powder was 2:2:1:1 (w/w), and cultured at 25 ℃ for 60 h. Under this condition, the content of β-NMN in the fermentation broth was 808.8 μg/L, which was 20.86 times higher than that before fermentation. The contents of total polyphenols, reducing sugar and protein after fermentation were 0.3425, 1.5556 and 3.7986 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the total superoxide dismutase activity, lipase activity and amylase activity in the jiaosu powder were 50.9917, 9.5104 and 13.7088 U/mL, respectively, which were 1.98 and 2.05 times higher than the hydroxyl radical inhibition ability and total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of the fruit and vegetable stock solution before fermentation. The results of this study provide a new reference for the development of β-NMN-rich jiaosu and their applications in the fields of food, medicine and cosmetics.

, authors=Tao JI, Xuanyi CHEN, Ziyang CHENG, Yonghai RUAN, Senhe QIAN, Zhou WANG*, authorsList=Tao JI, Xuanyi CHEN, Ziyang CHENG, Yonghai RUAN, Senhe QIAN, Zhou WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhou WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883565643026531, articleId=1320883560190431311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=富含β-烟酰胺单核苷酸的果蔬酵素发酵工艺优化及功能特性研究, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开发富含β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(β-NMN)的果蔬酵素,并评估其生物活性,本文以黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉和苹果粉为原料,通过多菌种协同发酵优化工艺参数,探究菌种组合、发酵时间、温度及前体添加对β-NMN富集的影响,并对酵素中超氧化物歧化酶、脂肪酶及淀粉酶的酶活力和羟基自由基抑制特性与总抗氧化能力进行测定。结果表明,当以米根霉、红曲霉、酵母菌和植物乳杆菌进行协同果蔬发酵时,黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉和苹果粉最适质量比为2:2:1:1、最适发酵温度为25 ℃、最适发酵时间为60 h。此条件下无需添加总维生素B3,酵素发酵液中β-NMN含量为808.8 μg/L,相比发酵前提高20.86倍。发酵后的总多酚、还原糖、蛋白质含量分别为0.3425、1.5556、3.7986 mg/mL。此外,酵素粉中总超氧化歧化酶活力、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力分别为50.9917、9.5104、13.7088 U/mL,较发酵前果蔬原液的抑制羟基自由基能力和总抗氧化能力(FRAP)分别提高1.98和2.05倍。本文研究结果为开发富含β-NMN的酵素及其在食品、药品与化妆品等领域的应用提供新的参考。

, authors=纪涛, 陈宣宜, 程子杨, 阮永海, 钱森和, 王洲*, authorsList=纪涛, 陈宣宜, 程子杨, 阮永海, 钱森和, 王洲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王洲, authorNote=

纪涛(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0003−3630−2932),男,硕士,研究方向:微生物酶催化合成,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王洲(1979−)(ORCID:0000−0002−3380−7332),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:微生物生理与生化、酶催化合成等方面的研究,E-mail:。
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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图9同。

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富含β-烟酰胺单核苷酸的果蔬酵素发酵工艺优化及功能特性研究
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纪涛 , 陈宣宜 , 程子杨 , 阮永海 , 钱森和 , 王洲 *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(8): 11-19
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (8) : 11 -19
富含β-烟酰胺单核苷酸的果蔬酵素发酵工艺优化及功能特性研究
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纪涛 , 陈宣宜, 程子杨, 阮永海, 钱森和, 王洲*
作者信息
  • 安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽芜湖 241000
通讯作者:
王洲(1979−)(ORCID:0000−0002−3380−7332),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:微生物生理与生化、酶催化合成等方面的研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

纪涛(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0003−3630−2932),男,硕士,研究方向:微生物酶催化合成,E-mail:

Fermentation Process and Functional Properties of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide-enriched Fruit-Vegetable Jiaosu
Tao JI , Xuanyi CHEN, Ziyang CHENG, Yonghai RUAN, Senhe QIAN, Zhou WANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050038
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为开发富含β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(β-NMN)的果蔬酵素,并评估其生物活性,本文以黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉和苹果粉为原料,通过多菌种协同发酵优化工艺参数,探究菌种组合、发酵时间、温度及前体添加对β-NMN富集的影响,并对酵素中超氧化物歧化酶、脂肪酶及淀粉酶的酶活力和羟基自由基抑制特性与总抗氧化能力进行测定。结果表明,当以米根霉、红曲霉、酵母菌和植物乳杆菌进行协同果蔬发酵时,黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉和苹果粉最适质量比为2:2:1:1、最适发酵温度为25 ℃、最适发酵时间为60 h。此条件下无需添加总维生素B3,酵素发酵液中β-NMN含量为808.8 μg/L,相比发酵前提高20.86倍。发酵后的总多酚、还原糖、蛋白质含量分别为0.3425、1.5556、3.7986 mg/mL。此外,酵素粉中总超氧化歧化酶活力、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力分别为50.9917、9.5104、13.7088 U/mL,较发酵前果蔬原液的抑制羟基自由基能力和总抗氧化能力(FRAP)分别提高1.98和2.05倍。本文研究结果为开发富含β-NMN的酵素及其在食品、药品与化妆品等领域的应用提供新的参考。

β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(β-NMN)  /  果蔬酵素  /  联合发酵  /  发酵工艺  /  生物活性

In order to study the β-nicotinamide mononucleotide-enriched fruit-vegetable Jiaosu and evaluate its bioactivity, cucumber powder, broccoli powder, banana powder and apple powder were used as substrates, and the process parameters were optimized by multi-species co-fermentation to investigate the effects of strain combinations, fermentation time, temperature and precursor addition on β-NMN enrichment. And the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, lipase, and amylase in the Jiaosu, as well as the hydroxyl radical scavenging characteristics and total antioxidant capacity, were determined. Results demonstrated that synergistic co-fermentation employing Rhizopus oryzae, Monascus purpureus, yeast, and Lactobacillus plantarum strains yielded maximal β-NMN production under the optimal conditions, as the mass ratio of cucumber powder, broccoli powder, banana powder, apple powder was 2:2:1:1 (w/w), and cultured at 25 ℃ for 60 h. Under this condition, the content of β-NMN in the fermentation broth was 808.8 μg/L, which was 20.86 times higher than that before fermentation. The contents of total polyphenols, reducing sugar and protein after fermentation were 0.3425, 1.5556 and 3.7986 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the total superoxide dismutase activity, lipase activity and amylase activity in the jiaosu powder were 50.9917, 9.5104 and 13.7088 U/mL, respectively, which were 1.98 and 2.05 times higher than the hydroxyl radical inhibition ability and total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of the fruit and vegetable stock solution before fermentation. The results of this study provide a new reference for the development of β-NMN-rich jiaosu and their applications in the fields of food, medicine and cosmetics.

β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NMN)  /  fruit-vegetable Jiaosu  /  co-fermentation  /  fermentation process  /  bioactivity
纪涛, 陈宣宜, 程子杨, 阮永海, 钱森和, 王洲. 富含β-烟酰胺单核苷酸的果蔬酵素发酵工艺优化及功能特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050038
Tao JI, Xuanyi CHEN, Ziyang CHENG, Yonghai RUAN, Senhe QIAN, Zhou WANG. Fermentation Process and Functional Properties of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide-enriched Fruit-Vegetable Jiaosu[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050038
酵素(Jiaosu)作为一种复合功能性食品、药品、化妆品原料,近年来因其天然活性成分与代谢调节功能备受关注[1−2]。黄瓜、西兰花、香蕉和苹果其本身富含烟酸[3]、β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(β-nicotinamide mononucleotide,β-NMN)[4−5]、膳食纤维、多酚类[6]化合物及矿物质[7]等活性组分。黄瓜中的葫芦卜素和低聚糖可协同促进肠道菌群平衡[8−9],西兰花的萝卜硫素与异硫氰酸盐具有显著的抗氧化与抗炎活性[10],香蕉淀粉和天然糖类则为β-NMN合成提供能量底物[11],而苹果的果胶与类黄酮可增强代谢产物的生物利用度[12]。目前,此类复合酵素的工业化生产仍以物理混合或低温干燥等粗加工技术为主[13],其活性成分的稳定性与功能靶向性尚未得到充分开发[14]。随着功能食品市场需求升级[15],如何通过酶解发酵技术富集β-NMN并提升酵素活性[16],成为该领域研究的热点[17]。
有研究表明,微生物发酵可显著提升果蔬原料活性成分的含量和活力[18]。红曲霉发酵可促进果蔬原料中多酚类物质的释放[19]。米根霉发酵通过降解果蔬原料的细胞壁果胶与纤维素,可提高黄酮类化合物的含量并同步增强果蔬酵素的抗氧化能力[20]。酵母菌发酵果蔬可显著提升γ-氨基丁酸(γ-GABA)含量与挥发性酯类香气物质占比,同时降低抗营养因子单宁酸水平[21]。但是,当前研究多聚焦单一菌种发酵对特定成分的影响,忽略了多种微生物发酵更能显著提升果蔬酵素的品质特性。如赵宇等[22]在西梅酵素研究中发现,经酵母菌和乳酸杆菌发酵后,样品中挥发性化合物种类增至37种,有效改善了产品的风味特征。覃引等[23]的对比实验显示,覆盆子-石榴复合酵素采用混合发酵时,其抗氧化活性显著优于单一发酵和自然发酵。朱丹实等[24]和刘莎等[25]在木瓜酵素研究中发现用酵母菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵后的木瓜酵素在功效成分含量、抗氧化能力和风味物质改善方面均表现较佳。这些研究为优化酵素生产工艺提供了重要依据,也说明了多菌种复合发酵产物可能比单菌种发酵产物具有更好的促进健康的作用[26−28]。
β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(β-NMN)是烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶催化后得到的产物,在体内有着重要的作用,是NAD+的关键前体之一[29]。β-NMN可通过一步催化反应转化为NAD+,其转化效率非常高,因此被视为最直接高效的功能性补充剂[30]。β-NMN在调节能量代谢、延缓细胞衰老及改善胰岛素敏感性等方面具有显著的药理活性[31]。微生物发酵是定向富集β-NMN的关键途径,酵母菌的烟酰胺核糖激酶活力较高,这使它可以通过发酵自然合成β-NMN,乳酸菌也能通过发酵自然合成β-NMN[32−33]。刘彩华等[34]使用米根霉发酵薏苡仁时β-NMN含量达到20.07 μg/g。微生物协同发酵能否提高β-NMN含量还有待进一步研究。
因此,本研究以黄瓜、西兰花、香蕉和苹果复配为发酵底物,通过评估发酵菌种、发酵原料质量比、发酵温度、发酵时间、前体物质添加量、辅因子添加量和超声破碎对β-NMN富集效率的影响,优化多菌种协同发酵工艺参数,并系统分析酵素发酵过程中营养组分及抗氧化活性的变化规律,为开发高活性β-NMN功能性酵素产品提供理论支撑。
黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉、苹果粉 购于兴化市绿帅食品有限公司;酵母菌(安琪活性干酵母) 安琪酵母股份有限公司;米曲霉、米根霉、黑曲霉、红曲霉、植物乳杆菌 购于山东和众康源生物科技有限公司;毛霉 购于济宁祥园生物科技有限公司;红曲 福建古田红鑫酒粬有限公司;植物乳杆菌(ATCC8014) 购于上海保藏生物技术中心;β-烟酰胺单核苷酸、烟酰胺、烟酸、福林酚、碳酸钠、氢氧化钾、没食子酸、苯乙酮、甲酸 均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性检测试剂盒(WST-1法) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)测试盒 苏州科铭生物技术有限公司;淀粉酶(AMS)检测试剂盒(碘-淀粉微板法) 北京雷根生物技术有限公司;羟自由基测试盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;BCA蛋白定量试剂盒 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;脂肪酶(LPS)试剂盒可见分光光度法 苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司。
LE104E/02电子天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;H01-1A恒温磁力搅拌器 上海众越仪器有限公司;80 L立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海博讯仪器有限公司;SW-CJ-2FD洁净工作台 苏州洁诺净化科技有限公司;DHP-9022隔水式恒温培养箱 宁国沙鹰科学仪器有限公司;HYL-C小型双层连体组合摇床 太仓市强乐实验设备有限公司;JY92-IIDN超声波细胞粉碎机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;日立F-7100荧光分光光度仪 Hitachi High-Technologies;OUSURE ZGY-JJ果酒/米酒专用酒精计 衡水扬工工具有限公司。
将黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉、苹果粉按等比例混合,加入去离子水(料水比1:10)调浆;之后121 ℃高温高压灭菌20 min;按照接种量3%(W/W)加入发酵菌种混匀,放置于培养箱中以220 r/min发酵,发酵温度和时间依据实验设计进行设置,发酵结束后进行4000 r/min离心1 min取发酵上清液制得酵素,最后进行指标检测。
根据实验需求,选取植物乳杆菌、安琪酵母、果酒酵母、米根霉、米曲霉、红曲霉、毛霉、黑曲霉作为发酵菌种进行初筛。菌种按照接种量3%接入发酵液中,放入30 ℃培养箱中培养48 h即得发酵样品。测定并比较不同发酵样品的β-NMN含量,选择合成β-NMN含量高的菌种进行后续实验。之后优选安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉与果酒酵母作为发酵组1,安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉和黑曲霉作为发酵组2,安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉和植物乳杆菌作为发酵组3,按照相同质量比混匀并稀释至0.1 g/L作为混合发酵用菌。在黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉、苹果粉按等比例的情况下,按照接种量3%(W/W)加入发酵菌种混匀,放置于培养箱中以220 r/min,温度为30 ℃发酵48 h,测定每组发酵液中β-NMN的产量,从而选定最优的发酵菌群。
根据四种果蔬对于总维生素B3、β-NMN和糖类物质的富集程度不同,按照黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉和苹果粉质量比为A:1:1:1:1;B:1:1:2:2;C:2:2:1:1;D:1:2:2:1;E:2:1:2:1分为五组进行发酵,以安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉和植物乳杆菌作为混合发酵用菌,发酵温度为30 ℃,摇床转速220 r/min,发酵培养48 h,测定每组发酵液中β-NMN的产量,从而确定最优的果蔬质量比。之后以最优的条件进行后续实验。
发酵条件的主要影响因素包括温度和时间,因此需优化这两个方面。以安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉和植物乳杆菌作为混合发酵用菌并且在原料配比为黄瓜粉:西兰花粉:香蕉粉:苹果粉=2:2:1:1的前提下,通过改变发酵温度,分别以10、15、20、25、30、35、40 ℃振荡培养发酵48 h,探究不同发酵温度对酵素中β-NMN含量和pH的影响,以确定最佳发酵温度。之后在发酵温度30 ℃下,通过改变发酵时间,分别发酵24、36、48、60、72 h,探究不同发酵时间对酵素中β-NMN含量的影响以确定最佳发酵时间。
按照发酵温度30 ℃发酵48 h,并以安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉和植物乳杆菌作为混合发酵用菌。在原料配比为黄瓜粉:西兰花粉:香蕉粉:苹果粉=2:2:1:1的发酵条件下配制两组发酵液,发酵后的发酵液一组用800 W超声波在冰浴条件下处理30 min,另一组不做超声波处理,离心后得产物,探究超声波处理对酵素中β-NMN含量的影响。
按照优化后的发酵温度25 ℃并且发酵60 h为标准,其他条件和上述一致,分别向发酵底物中添加不同含量的烟酰胺(0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mg/L)和烟酸(0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mg/L),以发酵产物中β-NMN含量作为考察指标,开展单因素实验。
将获得的酵素原液,通过12000 r/min离心过滤10 min以去除发酵原料。使用荧光检测法[35−36]检测β-NMN含量,取500 μL的酵素原液于5 mL离心管中,接着向离心管中添加2 mol/L KOH 200 μL,然后加入20%苯乙酮200 μL再用移液枪混合均匀并放入冰盒中进行2 min的充分冰浴。然后加88%的甲酸900 μL,4000 r/min离心1 min使所有液体混合在一起,之后将离心管放入恒温震荡仪(37 ℃,200 r/min)内反应10 min。最后从离心管内吸取2 mL的液体,转移到四通光石英荧光比色皿中,采用荧光光度仪,于激发光为382 nm,发射光在445 nm处测得荧光。
制作标准曲线:配制β-NMN标准品浓度为0.1、0.2、0.5、1、3、10、20、50和100 μmol/L的标准溶液各2 mL。对β-NMN溶液进行衍生处理并测定荧光值。以纯水作为空白对照。以β-NMN的含量为横坐标,荧光吸收值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,经线性回归后得到标准曲线方程y=47.293x+47.294,决定系数R2=0.9984,以β-NMN浓度及相应荧光值为标准曲线计算含量。
采用微生物法测定酵素中烟酸和烟酰胺[37−39]含量。制作标准曲线:配制浓度梯度为0.05、0.1、0.5、1、5、10、20、50 ng/mL的烟酸水溶液,以0.9%生理盐水作为空白组。植物乳杆菌经36 ℃肉汤培养6 h后,通过三次10000 r/min离心(每次1 min)结合0.9%无菌生理盐水清洗,取最终菌悬液稀释制备测试菌液,将121 ℃高压灭菌5 min并迅速冷却的标准管与试样管,于无菌条件下每管接种50 μL测试菌液,混匀后置于36 ℃培养24 h,所有待测样品用旋涡混匀仪混匀,在波长550 nm下依次测定标准系列管、试样系列管的透光率。以标准系列管烟酸的含量作为横坐标,光密度值作为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线其线性回归方程为$ \mathrm{y}=0.0085\mathrm{x}+0.8 $2,决定系数R2=0.9987。根据标准曲线方程计算样品中总维生素B3含量。
按照前述方法通过离心得到发酵液,取其上清液作为试验预用样品。本研究选择Folin-Ciocalteu比色法[35]、还原糖检测试剂盒(DNS微板法)、BCA蛋白定量试剂盒分别对酵素的总多酚、还原糖和蛋白质含量进行测定、酒精含量通过OUSURE ZGY-JJ果酒/米酒专用酒精计检测。总多酚、还原糖和蛋白质根据说明书内容进行标准品的含量测定,得到的标准曲线方程分别为:总多酚y=18.78x+0.119,决定系数R2=0.9942;还原糖y=1.877x−0.1084,决定系数R2=0.9989;蛋白质y=0.0017x−0.1939,决定系数R2=0.9966,根据标准方程计算样品中各成分的含量。
采用淀粉酶(AMS)检测试剂盒(碘-淀粉微板法)、脂肪酶(LPS)活性试剂盒、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性检测试剂盒(WST-1法)分别对酵素的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性进行检测。
采用总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)试剂盒和羟自由基(OH−)测定试剂盒分别对酵素发酵前后总抗氧化能力的变化进行检测。
所有试验均进行3次重复,实验数据以均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据统计分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。采用Origin 2024完成图表绘制。
通过对八种不同类型菌种,植物乳杆菌、安琪酵母、果酒酵母、米根霉、米曲霉、毛霉、红曲霉、黑曲霉,分别用于果蔬粉底物的发酵。发酵产物中的β-烟酰胺单核苷酸含量如图1所示。结果显示,β-烟酰胺单核苷酸合成能力存在显著(P<0.05)差异。其中安琪酵母展现出最强的β-NMN合成能力(227.6 μg/L),其次为米根霉(175.8 μg/L)和红曲霉(171.12 μg/L),而乳酸菌群的β-NMN产量相对较低(80.55 μg/L)。米根霉的合成效率与其在薏苡仁基质中的发酵研究表现趋势一致[34],印证了这类丝状真菌具有独特的β-NMN合成潜力。酵母菌的优异表现可能与其细胞内的NRK酶系统及NR转运体Nrt1相关,这与文献[40−41]报道的酵母β-NMN合成机制相吻合。再通过多菌种组合设计,以高产菌株为出发点,选取安琪酵母、米根霉和红曲霉作为核心发酵菌种,进一步引入果酒酵母、黑曲霉及植物乳杆菌进行多菌种组合发酵,分别设计了发酵组1、发酵组2和发酵组3。结果显示,任意组合的多菌混合发酵β-NMN产量均大于单菌发酵最高产量的安琪酵母。三种组合里面的最优是安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉和植物乳杆菌组合菌,其未优化的最高产量达到了625.32 μg/L。因此,后续研究将采用米根霉、红曲霉、安琪酵母与植物乳杆菌等比例接种,构建协同发酵体系。其中米根霉和安琪酵母作为核心合成菌株,负责合成β-NMN。安琪酵母通过烟酰胺核苷代谢途径协同增效,植物乳杆菌则发挥双重功能:一方面通过快速产酸降低体系pH(实验测得发酵液pH≤4.2),抑制杂菌生长[42]和β-NMN的降解[43],另一方面其代谢产生的有机酸可能激活真菌的应激响应机制,间接促进辅酶前体合成[32]。这种多菌协同策略既继承了单一菌种发酵的优势,又通过代谢互补和微环境调控实现了β-NMN产量与稳定性提升。
以安琪酵母、米根霉、红曲霉和植物乳杆菌等量添加到五组不同原料配比的培养基中进行发酵,每组果蔬发酵复合粉的NMN产量见图2。通过β-NMN的产量对比分析,推测黄瓜粉和西兰花粉中较高含量的β-NMN以及β-NMN的前体物质是提高β-NMN产量的关键[5]。香蕉粉和苹果粉中富含果糖,在较低配比的情况下,可以提供微生物生长所需的碳源。因此选取产率最高的一组,作为最优原料配比。其最优原料配比为C:黄瓜粉:西兰花粉:香蕉粉:苹果粉=2:2:1:1,优化后的最高产量为660.53 μg/L。
不同发酵温度对酵素中β-烟酰胺单核苷酸的合成及pH有显著影响。如图3所示,当发酵温度从10 ℃升至25 ℃时,β-NMN含量从233.95 μg/L逐步提升至678.47 μg/L,达到峰值。对应的48 h体系pH为3.92,表现酸性环境。当温度超过25 ℃,β-NMN合成量显著下降(30 ℃为491.30 μg/L,40 ℃仅360.96 μg/L),而pH进一步降低至3.86~3.26的酸性范围。这表明米根霉、红曲霉、酵母菌和乳酸菌的发酵能力在25 ℃时达到最佳,适宜的温度会促进菌体分泌淀粉酶、蛋白酶等水解酶[44];另一方面,适宜温度维持了烟酰胺单核苷酸腺苷转移酶的活性,促进β-NMN的生物合成。因此,25 ℃为协同发酵体系的最适温度。
不同发酵时间下联合菌群发酵体系的β-NMN含量如图4所示。在0~60 h范围内,产物中β-NMN含量随发酵时间延长呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),60 h时达到峰值808.81 μg/L,较初始值提升20.86倍。当发酵时间延长至72 h时,β-NMN浓度下降至594.91 μg/L,可能菌体逐渐老化和米根霉与红曲霉的菌丝体老化导致底物转化效率降低[45]。酵母菌的乙醇代谢副产物积累抑制NRK活性,同时乳酸菌的持续产酸(pH<4.0)破坏了跨膜运输的质子梯度。当菌群进入衰亡期后,NAD+合成途径的限速酶活性下降,促使β-NMN通过Preiss-Handler途径转化为NAD+以维持细胞氧化还原稳态[46]。因此,选择60 h作为最佳发酵时间进行后续工艺优化。
超声波处理是常规的细胞产物提取预处理,目的是增加细胞内容物的溶出,提高产物提取效率。本研究中,未经超声处理的发酵液中β-NMN含量为808.81 μg/L,而经800 W冰浴超声处理30 min后,其含量下降至708.55 μg/L(降幅12.4%)(图5)。pH仍保持较低状态,说明超声处理并不影响溶液的酸碱性。分析降低趋势的原因可能是超声破坏微生物细胞壁,促使胞内降解酶如烟酰胺单核苷酸脱酰胺酶、磷酸酶释放至发酵液中,直接催化β-NMN的分解[47]不利于β-NMN的富集。因此,后续工艺优化中排除了超声处理步骤。
为了研究前体物含量对烟酰胺单核苷酸发酵合成的影响,本文在测定酵素原液中游离前体物含量的基础上,通过添加外源总维生素B3(烟酰胺与烟酸)展开实验研究。结果如图6所示,发酵体系中内源性维生素B3前体物的含量已充分满足β-NMN的生物合成需求。当烟酰胺添加量为0.1~10 mg/L时,β-NMN产量由788.76 μg/L逐步下降至588.23 μg/L;烟酸添加量在0.1~10 mg/L范围内,β-NMN产量亦从802.13 μg/L降低至648.39 μg/L。数据表明,外源维生素B3的引入未对β-NMN合成产生促进作用,反而显著抑制其富集效率(P<0.05)。有研究表明,此现象可能源于烟酰胺的菌体生长抑制和烟酸引起的NAD+反馈抑制调节:a.高浓度外源烟酰胺对发酵菌群(如米根霉、红曲霉等)具有直接抑制作用,其作用与文献[48–49]报道的烟酰胺对烟曲霉、白色念珠菌及热带念珠菌的抑制效应一致,导致微生物活性下降从而削弱β-NMN合成能力;b.外源烟酸通过激活Preiss-Handler途径提升胞内NAD+水平,降低β-NMN向NAD+转化的代谢需求,进而削弱β-NMN的积累动力。此外,过量外源前体物可能通过负反馈作用抑制烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(NAMPT)活性[28],或干扰菌群对底物的选择性摄取与转化路径。本研究证实,果蔬原料自身富含的维生素B3已可支撑β-NMN的高效合成,外源添加不仅无益于目标产物富集,反而因引发菌群抑制或代谢调控失衡而降低生物转化效率。
果蔬酵素中营养成分的含量测定结果如图7所示,主要成分以糖类和蛋白质为主。发酵前后营养成分分析表明,还原糖和蛋白质含量在发酵过程中,均有消耗,还原糖含量降低73.17%,蛋白质含量降低5.07%,总多酚含量增加1.4倍,但仅还原糖的变化显著(P<0.05)。在发酵过程中,植物多糖一般作为微生物生长的碳源,在发酵前期,发酵菌群利用果蔬自身的糖类进行生长代谢和繁殖。酵素中的蛋白质主要为酶类,结果显示发酵前后的蛋白总量降低不显著,后续研究继续对不同不同酶活力做比较分析。酚类是一种易被氧化的物质,发酵过程中,大分子酚类物质可被酚酸酯酶降解为小分子酚类,从而引起总酚含量增加,这与文献[33]多酚含量变化一致。
SOD、淀粉酶以及脂肪酶是酵素的主要功效酶。SOD是所有生物在有氧条件下对抗氧化应激损伤的第一道防线,可以清除体内产生的过量超氧阴离子自由基,延缓衰老,提高机体免疫力。而脂肪酶及淀粉酶可以促进相关大分子物质的降解,从而更有利于人体对其吸收。图8结果显示,SOD相比于发酵前提高了3.74倍,说明发酵后的产品具有良好的抗氧化活性。淀粉酶的活性大幅度降低,这与还原糖含量下降相对应,这可能是由于发酵产生酒精和乳酸抑制了淀粉酶的活性,而低糖产品正好符合酵素的应用前景。脂肪酶的酶活力发酵前后没有发生显著变化,这说明酵素溶液中的低酸环境并不会影响脂肪酶的活性。因此,微生物协同发酵产生的酵素拥有高SOD酶活力和持久的脂肪酶活性。
以总抗氧化能力和羟基自由基清除能力来表征果蔬酵素体外抗氧化能力,羟基自由基是一种极具攻击性的活性氧,与机体多种疾病的发生密切相关,但可通过SOD将其清除。总抗氧化能力是最能直接反映果蔬酵素抗氧化能力的指标。图9结果表明,发酵后果蔬酵素的总抗氧化能力为0.5483 μmol Trolox/mL,相比于未发酵组提高了2.05倍,抑制羟基自由基能力提高了1.98倍。微生物协同发酵提高了果蔬酵素抗氧化性能力,推测与总多酚含量增加有关[50]。
本研究通过多菌种协同发酵策略,成功构建了果蔬酵素中β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(β-NMN)的高效富集体系。以黄瓜粉、西兰花粉、香蕉粉和苹果粉(质量比2:2:1:1)为复合基质,采用米根霉、红曲霉、安琪酵母与植物乳杆菌联合发酵体系,在25 ℃、60 h的优化条件下,β-NMN产量达到808.8 μg/L,较未发酵组提升20.86倍。发酵过程显著改善了酵素功能特性:总多酚含量提升至0.3425 mg/mL(增幅140.4%),超氧化物歧化酶活力达50.9917 U/mL(提高3.74倍),羟基自由基清除能力与总抗氧化能力(FRAP)分别增强1.98和2.05倍。此外,研究还证实超声处理会导致β-NMN损失12.4%,而原料内源性维生素B3已满足合成需求,外源添加反致抑制作用。未来研究应结合转录组学、代谢组学及分子生物学技术,进一步研究米根霉、红曲霉、安琪酵母与植物乳杆菌合成β-NMN的生物学机制。研究显示果蔬基质中多菌协同发酵调控β-NMN合成的代谢特性,为开发兼具NAD+前体富集与多靶点生物活性酵素产品提供了创新工艺与理论支撑,为开发富含β-NMN的酵素粉在食品、药品及化妆品等领域的应用提供了新的思路和参考。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050038
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
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    安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽芜湖 241000

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王洲(1979−)(ORCID:0000−0002−3380−7332),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:微生物生理与生化、酶催化合成等方面的研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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