Article(id=1320884078740615244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852905211, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852905211, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852905211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852905211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=408, endPage=421, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884078971301965, articleId=1320884078740615244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Ultra-high Pressure Sterilization on the Quality of Low-fat Walnut Sauce and Its Shelf Life Prediction, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of ultra-high pressure sterilization on the quality of low-fat walnut sauce and predict its shelf life, the optimal ultra-high pressure sterilization conditions were selected. Moreover, multivariate statistical analysis was employed to comparatively evaluate the impacts of ultra-high pressure sterilization (HPP), high temperature steam sterilization (HPST), and pasteurization (PS) on the multi-dimensional quality indices of low-fat walnut sauce, so as to screen out the appropriate sterilization method. Furthermore, based on the Arrhenius equation, shelf life prediction models under different storage conditions (4, 25 and 35 ℃) were constructed. The research results showed that HPP could better retain the original quality of low-fat walnut sauce. The low-fat walnut sauce treated by HPP (500 MPa, 4 min) had the best color, relatively high adhesiveness, moderate hardness, cohesion, chewiness, and good stability. Through the application of gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) combined with Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Method (OPLS-DA), 26 key volatile compounds were identified from low-fat walnut sauce. ROAV analysis revealed that 3-methylbutyral was the dominant flavor compound, primarily contributing mushroom and fruity aromas. The HPP group exhibited (E)-2-heptenal as its primary flavor component, mainly presenting grassy and cucumber-like notes. Principal component analysis demonstrated that HPP-treated low-fat walnut sauce achieved optimal overall quality (comprehensive score 1.52), serving as the most effective sterilization method. Additionally, shelf life predictions indicated 118 days under 4 ℃ storage conditions. This study provides theoretical references for quality improvement in low-fat walnut sauce production.

, authors=Xiaotong NIU1, 2, Yan MA1, 2, *, Jian ZHANG1, 2, Mingqiang XU1, 2, Ting ZHANG1, 2, Xintao MENG1, 2, authorsList=Xiaotong NIU, Yan MA, Jian ZHANG, Mingqiang XU, Ting ZHANG, Xintao MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884082934919266, articleId=1320884078740615244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超高压杀菌对低脂核桃酱品质的影响及其货架期预测, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究超高压杀菌对低脂核桃酱品质的影响并预测其货架期,通过优选超高压最适杀菌条件,并采用多元统计分析对比评价超高压杀菌(Ultra-high pressure sterilization,HPP)、高温蒸汽杀菌(High temperature steam sterilization,HPST)和巴氏杀菌(Pasteurization,PS)对低脂核桃酱的多维品质指标的影响,筛选适宜杀菌方式。进一步基于Arrhenius方程构建了不同贮藏条件下(4、25、35 ℃)的货架期预测模型。研究结果表明,HPP能更好地保留低脂核桃酱原有品质,经HPP处理(500 MPa、4 min)的低脂核桃酱色泽最佳,且具有较高的粘附性,适中的硬度、内聚力、咀嚼性和较好的稳定性。应用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)结合正交偏最小二乘法(Orthogonal partial least squares method,OPLS-DA)模型从低脂核桃酱中筛选得到26种关键挥发性化合物,并结合ROAV判定得到低脂核桃酱的整体特征风味物质为3-甲基丁醛,主要贡献了蘑菇香和果香;HPP组的主要贡献风味物质为(E)-2-庚烯醛,主要呈青草味和黄瓜味。经主成分分析得到HPP处理的低脂核桃酱综合品质最佳(综合得分1.52分),可作为低脂核桃酱的最适杀菌方式,同时预测低脂核桃酱在4 ℃贮藏条件下的货架期为118 d。研究为低脂核桃酱品质提升提供一定的理论参考依据。

, authors=牛逍瞳1, 2, 马燕1, 2, *, 张健1, 2, 许铭强1, 2, 张婷1, 2, 孟新涛1, 2, authorsList=牛逍瞳, 马燕, 张健, 许铭强, 张婷, 孟新涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马燕, authorNote=

牛逍瞳(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马燕(1984−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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牛逍瞳(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:

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注:a:不同时间;b:不同压力。图中不同字母代表差异显著(P<0.05);图3~图5同。

, figureFileSmall=LTaFMZuFHLF74EcUF8WfeQ==, figureFileBig=LybaWa6v3O7J05i4nXMhTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087447990427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison chart of color cards under different sterilization conditions, figureFileSmall=hGDcNMYyUDRRQRgEj6jvCA==, figureFileBig=RjkRoDG60CBNiCjDCnnw+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087515099292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同杀菌条件色卡对比图

注:从左向右依次为CK、PS、HPST、HPP。

, figureFileSmall=hGDcNMYyUDRRQRgEj6jvCA==, figureFileBig=RjkRoDG60CBNiCjDCnnw+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087594791069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of different sterilization methods on centrifugal precipitation rate of low-fat walnut sauce, figureFileSmall=40bvzK8nW191GrtDdK0ouA==, figureFileBig=QggKNscgUMhTkIeGGLvMTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087649317022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱离心析出率的影响, figureFileSmall=40bvzK8nW191GrtDdK0ouA==, figureFileBig=QggKNscgUMhTkIeGGLvMTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087741591711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different sterilization methods on acid value and peroxide value of low-fat walnut sauce, figureFileSmall=2gSDTkz9VUNpBafqTEC2Qg==, figureFileBig=9+yKDwRiiNnaeWx7xYfHWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087817089184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱酸价和过氧化值的影响, figureFileSmall=2gSDTkz9VUNpBafqTEC2Qg==, figureFileBig=9+yKDwRiiNnaeWx7xYfHWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087888392353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different sterilization methods on simulated digestibility of low-fat walnut sauce in vitro, figureFileSmall=Cro/Eb5I2hn++Ll7Z0hGvg==, figureFileBig=BSZ9x38DtkWa3QBj9GFfJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087963889826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱体外模拟消化率的影响, figureFileSmall=Cro/Eb5I2hn++Ll7Z0hGvg==, figureFileBig=BSZ9x38DtkWa3QBj9GFfJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088043581603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fingerprint of volatile flavor substances in low-fat walnut sauce with different sterilization methods, figureFileSmall=cHrLaIKdH4+DEr4J+xLPew==, figureFileBig=Vddbtik2h01UgBAYJfH09g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088119079076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱挥发性风味物质指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=cHrLaIKdH4+DEr4J+xLPew==, figureFileBig=Vddbtik2h01UgBAYJfH09g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088186187941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different sterilization methods on volatile flavor of low-fat walnut sauce, figureFileSmall=orX6EGvUYZ8JSJgmaFz7pw==, figureFileBig=ISTwAjDCFs8geOiSbOThyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088253296806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱挥发性风味的影响

注:a:挥发性化合物分类图;b:PCA图;c:置换检验图;d:VIP得分图。图7d中横坐标字母与数字由左到右分别为:(E)-2-庚烯醛-M、3-甲基丁酸甲酯、2-戊酮、巴豆酸乙酯、丙酸、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、庚醛-D、己醛-D、苯甲醛-M、己醛-M、3-甲基丁酸、3-(甲硫基)丙醛、5-甲基-3-庚酮、(E)-2-庚烯醛-D、2-丁基呋喃、3-甲基丁醛、正戊醛-D、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、1-羟基-2-丙酮、2-庚酮-M、3-巯基-2-丁酮、2-甲基-1-丙醇-D、1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇-M、2-甲基-1-丙醇-M、氘代苯甲醛-D。

, figureFileSmall=orX6EGvUYZ8JSJgmaFz7pw==, figureFileBig=ISTwAjDCFs8geOiSbOThyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088328794279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Changes of acid value of low-fat walnut sauce under different storage conditions, figureFileSmall=QXHjHAPjuA/o2bpigAA0Pw==, figureFileBig=7+OOPNMVcfexsuRF+VCePw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088404291752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图8, caption=低脂核桃酱不同贮藏条件下酸价的变化, figureFileSmall=QXHjHAPjuA/o2bpigAA0Pw==, figureFileBig=7+OOPNMVcfexsuRF+VCePw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088471400617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of low-fat walnut sauce under different storage conditions on sensory evaluation, figureFileSmall=qvdTevm7Lq7vXkvL/dKMyQ==, figureFileBig=mpK6FXd+RExbv85BWvqmZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088542703786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图9, caption=低脂核桃酱不同贮藏条件下对于感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=qvdTevm7Lq7vXkvL/dKMyQ==, figureFileBig=mpK6FXd+RExbv85BWvqmZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088597229739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relationship between different temperatures and rate constants of sensory evaluation (a) and acid value (b), figureFileSmall=eWjjk3B3s8Jn0oHLOuy8/g==, figureFileBig=mAbTAD5KzAwaGk8BjSCQcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088651755692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同温度与感官评价(a)和酸价(b)变化速率常数的关系, figureFileSmall=eWjjk3B3s8Jn0oHLOuy8/g==, figureFileBig=mAbTAD5KzAwaGk8BjSCQcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884088714670253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for low-fat walnut sauce.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评定项目好(100~91)较好(90~81)一般(80~71)差(70~61)极差(<60)
色泽棕黄色,有光泽棕黄色,略有光泽颜色较深,无光泽颜色较暗,无光泽颜色极暗,无光泽
香味核桃清香浓郁,无异味核桃清香较浓郁,无异味核桃清香淡,无异味没有香味或有异味有异味
组织状态酱体均匀,稠度适中,无油析现象酱体均匀,稠度较好,无油析现象酱体较好,酱体较稠或较稀,有油析现象酱体不均匀,酱体过稠或过稀,有油析现象酱体不均匀或过稠
口感口感细腻,粘性好,无苦味口感较细腻,粘性较好,无苦味口感较粗糙,粘性较差,略有苦味口感粗糙,粘性较差,有苦味口感粗糙,粘性极差,有苦味
), ArticleFig(id=1320884088785973422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低脂核桃酱感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评定项目好(100~91)较好(90~81)一般(80~71)差(70~61)极差(<60)
色泽棕黄色,有光泽棕黄色,略有光泽颜色较深,无光泽颜色较暗,无光泽颜色极暗,无光泽
香味核桃清香浓郁,无异味核桃清香较浓郁,无异味核桃清香淡,无异味没有香味或有异味有异味
组织状态酱体均匀,稠度适中,无油析现象酱体均匀,稠度较好,无油析现象酱体较好,酱体较稠或较稀,有油析现象酱体不均匀,酱体过稠或过稀,有油析现象酱体不均匀或过稠
口感口感细腻,粘性好,无苦味口感较细腻,粘性较好,无苦味口感较粗糙,粘性较差,略有苦味口感粗糙,粘性较差,有苦味口感粗糙,粘性极差,有苦味
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090434334895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Microbial indexes of low-fat walnut paste with different sterilization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物指标CKPSHPSTHPP安全标准
菌落总数
(lg CFU/g)
6.37±0.23a5.08±0.52b4.09±1.11d4.37±1.13c<5
大肠杆菌(CFU/g)NDNDNDND100
沙门氏菌(CFU/g)NDNDNDNDND
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090509832368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱的微生物指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物指标CKPSHPSTHPP安全标准
菌落总数
(lg CFU/g)
6.37±0.23a5.08±0.52b4.09±1.11d4.37±1.13c<5
大肠杆菌(CFU/g)NDNDNDND100
沙门氏菌(CFU/g)NDNDNDNDND
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090572746929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different sterilization methods on color difference of low-fat walnut sauce

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式L*a*b*ΔE
CK56.02±0.85ab6.24±0.27b17.13±1.36c37.49±2.61c
PS48.00±4.08b6.42±0.71a19.73±1.83b45.95±3.00b
HPST37.31±5.81c4.97±0.06c21.58±0.13a63.56±5.33a
HPP58.10±5.67a6.81±0.10a17.56±0.09c33.00±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090644050098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式L*a*b*ΔE
CK56.02±0.85ab6.24±0.27b17.13±1.36c37.49±2.61c
PS48.00±4.08b6.42±0.71a19.73±1.83b45.95±3.00b
HPST37.31±5.81c4.97±0.06c21.58±0.13a63.56±5.33a
HPP58.10±5.67a6.81±0.10a17.56±0.09c33.00±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090711158963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different sterilization methods on basic components of low-fat walnut sauce

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式蛋白质
(g/100 g)
脂肪
(g/100 g)
水分
(g/100 g)
灰分
(g/100 g)
碳水化合物
(g/100 g)
CK9.95±0.69a2.94±0.68a53.39±2.40a0.68±0.02b33.04±3.94a
PS9.03±0.59a2.80±0.44a53.42±2.02a0.69±0.02b34.14±1.58a
HPST8.95±0.27a2.76±0.31b49.11±1.57b1.14±0.16a37.96±2.51a
HPP9.60±0.87a2.74±0.79b50.94±1.17ab0.38±0.06c36.34±1.61a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090778267828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱基本组分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式蛋白质
(g/100 g)
脂肪
(g/100 g)
水分
(g/100 g)
灰分
(g/100 g)
碳水化合物
(g/100 g)
CK9.95±0.69a2.94±0.68a53.39±2.40a0.68±0.02b33.04±3.94a
PS9.03±0.59a2.80±0.44a53.42±2.02a0.69±0.02b34.14±1.58a
HPST8.95±0.27a2.76±0.31b49.11±1.57b1.14±0.16a37.96±2.51a
HPP9.60±0.87a2.74±0.79b50.94±1.17ab0.38±0.06c36.34±1.61a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090841182389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different sterilization methods on texture of low-fat walnut sauce

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式硬度(N)粘附性(mJ)内聚性胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(mJ)
CK0.65±0.01d3.77±0.62b0.74±0.03a14.52±0.51b7.61±0.04c
PS0.82±0.03c2.59±0.24c0.74±0.05a15.83±0.46a10.48±0.22b
HPST4.42±0.08a2.05±0.12c0.38±0.01b14.81±0.26b25.48±0.13a
HPP1.27±0.05b4.82±0.34a0.72±0.02a11.35±0.26c10.61±0.26b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090920874166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱质构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式硬度(N)粘附性(mJ)内聚性胶粘性(N)咀嚼性(mJ)
CK0.65±0.01d3.77±0.62b0.74±0.03a14.52±0.51b7.61±0.04c
PS0.82±0.03c2.59±0.24c0.74±0.05a15.83±0.46a10.48±0.22b
HPST4.42±0.08a2.05±0.12c0.38±0.01b14.81±0.26b25.48±0.13a
HPP1.27±0.05b4.82±0.34a0.72±0.02a11.35±0.26c10.61±0.26b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884090971205815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

GC-IMS test results of low-fat walnut sauce with different sterilization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物种类化合物名称相对含量(%)保留时间(s)气味描述
CKPSHPSTHPP
醛类(25)3-(甲硫基)丙醛-M0.59±0.06a0.63±0.04a0.48±0.01b0.43±0.04b1.48696烤面包味
己醛-D6.54±0.82b7.38±0.23a6.31±0.06b6.27±0.22b1.94888玫瑰,柑橘等香气,有强的油脂气味
己醛-M1.78±0.27a2.08±0.08a1.85±0.02a1.83±0.12a1.40868醛,蜡味,柑橘,橙子,果香,脂肪
庚醛-M2.07±0.11a2.13±0.08a1.77±0.01b1.27±0.10c1.2549豆香,果香,泥土,清香及类似蔬菜香韵
3-甲基丁醛7.77±0.20a6.85±0.28a6.21±0.05b5.50±0.46b1.15902蘑菇,果香
正戊醛-M2.26±0.06a2.13±0.12a1.49±0.02b1.44±0.11b1.18254温和的果味,酒味,甜辣
苯乙醛1.08±0.13b1.00±0.04b1.14±0.09b1.35±0.12a1.3327新鲜,醛,脂肪,清香草药,酒,果香
3-(甲硫基)丙醛-D0.86±0.10a0.62±0.03b0.70±0.02b0.88±0.12a1.38923烤面包味
2-甲基丙醛0.83±0.06a0.73±0.08ab0.53±0.03c0.60±0.12bc1.18771强烈酸焦香和水果香气,有朗姆酒和醚香
正壬醛-M0.99±0.01b1.04±0.06b1.31±0.04a0.77±0.13c1.26031新鲜的、清香、脂肪味、水果味
苯甲醛-M1.98±0.06b1.41±0.09c2.18±0.05a2.02±0.03b1.56259新鲜的、清香、脂肪味、水果味
2-糠醛1.08±0.11a0.91±0.07b0.73±0.01c0.84±0.04bc1.18055强烈酸焦香和水果香气,有朗姆酒和醚香
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛1.07±0.05b0.94±0.02c0.75±0.01d1.41±0.06a1.25235甜香味、果味
(E)-2-庚烯醛-M0.49±0.01b1.25±0.23a0.92±0.02a1.34±0.11a1.5148青草,黄瓜香
(E)-2-庚烯醛-D0.23±0.01c0.55±0.15b0.42±0.01bc0.81±0.23a1.10728青草、黄瓜香
(E)-2-己烯醛0.38±0.04b0.30±0.01b0.24±0.02b1.22±0.31a1.29393甜香,黄油奶油,焦糖,坚果,干酪
苯甲醛-D0.68±0.06c0.43±0.03d1.51±0.08a1.11±0.11b1.05914黄油味、奶油味
2-糠醛-M1.65±0.02b1.46±0.09c2.37±0.06a1.48±0.01c1.30867醚样气味
正辛醛0.50±0.01c0.65±0.03b0.82±0.02a0.36±0.04d1.40396巧克力、脂肪味
正壬醛-D0.33±0.01b0.33±0.02b0.43±0.01a0.28±0.02c1.15345果香
2-甲基-2-丙烯醛0.48±0.02b0.50±0.04b1.17±0.05a0.56±0.21b1.57072甜焦糖味
2-糠醛-D1.22±0.25b0.85±0.13c3.52±0.21a0.86±0.12c1.09251香蕉味,甜瓜味,微弱坚果气味
庚醛-D1.55±0.19b2.38±0.09a1.48±0.02b0.57±0.16c1.51819清香、香蕉、脂肪
正戊醛-D3.86±0.07b4.19±0.08a2.07±0.06c1.35±0.06d1.42225甜水果味
(Z)-4-庚烯醛0.94±0.16a0.87±0.01a0.37±0.01b0.47±0.02b1.10186果香
醇类(19)2-甲基-1-丙醇-D2.60±0.04a2.27±0.17b1.95±0.06c1.60±0.07d1.14817苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
1-戊醇-M2.33±0.17a2.22±0.06a1.84±0.03b1.86±0.07b1.47381苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
丙二醇1.95±0.10a1.88±0.08a1.64±0.02b1.57±0.13b1.28566水果味
1-戊醇-D1.64±0.12a1.65±0.06a1.08±0.02c1.48±0.06b1.09208洋葱,肉香,果香
1-丁醇1.19±0.09a1.05±0.06b1.17±0.03a0.99±0.06b1.63372梨,香蕉似的果香,轻微的药香)
异戊醇0.80±0.05a0.74±0.04ab0.58±0.02c0.69±0.01b1.32996清新的,果味,酒精,甜,清香
2-甲基-1-丙醇-M0.87±0.03b0.75±0.05c0.78±0.01c1.16±0.05a1.33292甜味、杏仁香、
1-己醇-M1.34±0.18b1.49±0.06b0.98±0.05c2.03±0.14a1.41359甜味、面包、黄油、坚果
2-丁醇1.40±0.04a1.18±0.02b0.66±0.03d1.08±0.03c1.52893强烈苹果味、菠萝味
3-甲基丁醇-M0.96±0.03b0.73±0.01c0.50±0.01d1.29±0.05a1.23302烤洋葱,果香,花香,酒香
3-甲基丁醇-D0.32±0.01b0.25±0.01c0.18±0.01d1.08±0.02a1.18292红酒味
2-乙基-1-己醇0.26±0.02b0.21±0.01b0.22±0.01b0.48±0.09a1.34305空灵,绿色,热带果香
1-己醇-D0.41±0.08c0.54±0.04b0.29±0.02d1.69±0.09a1.36957丙酮气味,清新的,甜果味,酒香
3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇0.58±0.02b0.49±0.02c0.30±0.01d1.14±0.04a1.42164青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
乙醇1.40±0.12c2.72±0.41b5.17±0.16a5.57±0.47a1.17212清新的、酒味
1-戊烯-3-醇0.45±0.03c0.48±0.02c1.15±0.04a0.86±0.02b1.67435辛辣的,清香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
3-甲基-1-戊醇0.48±0.08b0.40±0.01b2.08±0.51a0.75±0.04b1.33554清新的,果味,甜味,草味
2-呋喃甲醇0.40±0.13ab0.32±0.02b0.71±0.01a0.75±0.36a1.39926柑橘,新鲜花香,油腻
1-丙醇3.08±0.25a2.19±0.48b2.07±0.36b1.23±0.58c1.49718威士忌酒香,香蕉果香
酮类(15)5-甲基-3-庚酮0.62±0.10a0.49±0.03b0.60±0.03a0.55±0.02ab1.13369烤香,咖啡,花生,土豆气味
1-羟基-2-丙酮0.65±0.06ab0.68±0.03a0.52±0.02c0.61±0.01b1.2618梨,香蕉似的果香,轻微的药香)
3-戊烯-2-酮6.51±0.11a6.32±0.06a2.22±0.01c5.53±0.36b1.15937强烈的醋酸,奶酪,黄油,水果
2,3-戊二酮0.58±0.11b0.66±0.01b0.68±0.05b1.32±0.09a1.16131果香,梨似香气
2,3-丁二酮0.45±0.03b0.52±0.03b0.45±0.01b0.86±0.26a1.07977强烈刺激性气味
2-己酮-M0.87±0.07c1.22±0.05b1.57±0.02a0.87±0.08c1.2458果香
4-庚酮0.33±0.01d0.62±0.02b1.16±0.02a0.47±0.04c1.09647清新的,果味,甜味,草味
1-戊烯-3-酮-M0.34±0.02b0.34±0.01b0.56±0.01a0.35±0.01b1.123芳香气味
2-己酮0.54±0.02c0.59±0.02b0.82±0.03a0.52±0.03c1.22048烧焦味、咖啡、坚果、烤木质
1-戊烯-3-酮-D0.47±0.06b0.41±0.01b0.59±0.01a0.57±0.06a1.25815风信子香气,水果甜香,杏仁,樱桃
2-己酮-D0.34±0.01d0.56±0.01b1.25±0.03a0.45±0.10c1.14855青草,油脂味
3-羟基-2-丁酮0.63±0.21ab0.44±0.01c0.85±0.13a0.64±0.06ab1.2009梅子
2-丁酮4.55±0.23b4.61±0.29b7.84±0.18a3.36±0.61c1.64153清新的,果味,酒精,甜,清香
2-戊酮1.31±0.06b1.86±0.06a1.32±0.02b1.00±0.21c1.24914威士忌酒香,香蕉果香
3-巯基-2-丁酮0.64±0.11a0.46±0.08b0.21±0.00c0.24±0.02c1.48969酸臭,奶酪
酯类(10)2-甲基丁酸甲酯0.92±0.04bc1.06±0.03a0.98±0.01b0.9±0.04d1.25671辛辣的,清香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
3-甲基丁酸甲酯0.77±0.08c1.13±0.03a1.04±0.02ab0.97±0.13b1.40256洋葱,肉香,果香
乙酸丙酯0.77±0.02a0.68±0.02b0.62±0.04b0.82±0.06a1.30921清香、水果味
巴豆酸乙酯0.87±0.06a0.68±0.04b0.62±0.01bc0.60±0.01c1.0825甜味、木头、杏仁香、烤面包
甲酸丁酯0.67±0.09a0.70±0.05a0.43±0.00c0.57±0.01b1.25941微弱的酒精味
异丁酸异丙酯0.58±0.04a0.58±0.02a0.33±0.01c0.52±0.02b1.50068果香、肉质、黄油
甲基-2-糠酸酯0.95±0.08b0.90±0.03b0.60±0.03c1.27±0.04a1.19232苹果
反-2-丁烯酸乙酯0.92±0.11b0.82±0.05bc0.72±0.02c1.45±0.05a1.34062水果香
乙酸乙酯-M1.25±0.06b1.36±0.06b0.59±0.02c1.72±0.15a1.10758土豆,豌豆
乙酸乙酯-D0.46±0.01c0.69±0.02b0.21±0.01d1.67±0.19a1.18882青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
酸类(3)丁烷酸1.46±0.18a1.13±0.06b0.54±0.05d0.75±0.08c1.16904黄油,爆米花,甜味
3-甲基丁酸0.68±0.09a0.43±0.06b0.24±0.03c0.33±0.02bc1.22538焦糖味,清新
丙酸1.16±0.40a0.59±0.05b0.66±0.07ab0.86±0.05ab1.26098果香,刺激
呋喃类(4)2-甲基二氢-3(2H)呋喃酮0.81±0.01ab0.89±0.08a0.55±0.02c0.71±0.13b1.23809果香
5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醇0.31±0.01d0.50±0.05c0.76±0.02b0.93±0.14a1.31063强烈刺激性气味
2-戊基呋喃0.47±0.03c0.87±0.03b2.34±0.12a0.58±0.12c1.18096清新的、酒味、皮质
2-丁基呋喃0.66±0.09a0.46±0.02b0.63±0.03a0.36±0.02c1.11809酒精、刺激性气味
吡嗪类(2)2,6-二甲基吡嗪0.52±0.12a0.36±0.02b0.62±0.02a0.38±0.02b1.21632风信子叶
2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪0.47±0.05a0.39±0.02bc0.34±0.01c0.41±0.03ab1.44474洋葱
其他类(1)1,2-二甲氧基乙烷2.28±0.12b2.16±0.14b1.93±0.05b2.84±0.05a1.69814脂肪,清香草药,酒,果香
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091084452024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱GC-IMS检测结果

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化合物种类化合物名称相对含量(%)保留时间(s)气味描述
CKPSHPSTHPP
醛类(25)3-(甲硫基)丙醛-M0.59±0.06a0.63±0.04a0.48±0.01b0.43±0.04b1.48696烤面包味
己醛-D6.54±0.82b7.38±0.23a6.31±0.06b6.27±0.22b1.94888玫瑰,柑橘等香气,有强的油脂气味
己醛-M1.78±0.27a2.08±0.08a1.85±0.02a1.83±0.12a1.40868醛,蜡味,柑橘,橙子,果香,脂肪
庚醛-M2.07±0.11a2.13±0.08a1.77±0.01b1.27±0.10c1.2549豆香,果香,泥土,清香及类似蔬菜香韵
3-甲基丁醛7.77±0.20a6.85±0.28a6.21±0.05b5.50±0.46b1.15902蘑菇,果香
正戊醛-M2.26±0.06a2.13±0.12a1.49±0.02b1.44±0.11b1.18254温和的果味,酒味,甜辣
苯乙醛1.08±0.13b1.00±0.04b1.14±0.09b1.35±0.12a1.3327新鲜,醛,脂肪,清香草药,酒,果香
3-(甲硫基)丙醛-D0.86±0.10a0.62±0.03b0.70±0.02b0.88±0.12a1.38923烤面包味
2-甲基丙醛0.83±0.06a0.73±0.08ab0.53±0.03c0.60±0.12bc1.18771强烈酸焦香和水果香气,有朗姆酒和醚香
正壬醛-M0.99±0.01b1.04±0.06b1.31±0.04a0.77±0.13c1.26031新鲜的、清香、脂肪味、水果味
苯甲醛-M1.98±0.06b1.41±0.09c2.18±0.05a2.02±0.03b1.56259新鲜的、清香、脂肪味、水果味
2-糠醛1.08±0.11a0.91±0.07b0.73±0.01c0.84±0.04bc1.18055强烈酸焦香和水果香气,有朗姆酒和醚香
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛1.07±0.05b0.94±0.02c0.75±0.01d1.41±0.06a1.25235甜香味、果味
(E)-2-庚烯醛-M0.49±0.01b1.25±0.23a0.92±0.02a1.34±0.11a1.5148青草,黄瓜香
(E)-2-庚烯醛-D0.23±0.01c0.55±0.15b0.42±0.01bc0.81±0.23a1.10728青草、黄瓜香
(E)-2-己烯醛0.38±0.04b0.30±0.01b0.24±0.02b1.22±0.31a1.29393甜香,黄油奶油,焦糖,坚果,干酪
苯甲醛-D0.68±0.06c0.43±0.03d1.51±0.08a1.11±0.11b1.05914黄油味、奶油味
2-糠醛-M1.65±0.02b1.46±0.09c2.37±0.06a1.48±0.01c1.30867醚样气味
正辛醛0.50±0.01c0.65±0.03b0.82±0.02a0.36±0.04d1.40396巧克力、脂肪味
正壬醛-D0.33±0.01b0.33±0.02b0.43±0.01a0.28±0.02c1.15345果香
2-甲基-2-丙烯醛0.48±0.02b0.50±0.04b1.17±0.05a0.56±0.21b1.57072甜焦糖味
2-糠醛-D1.22±0.25b0.85±0.13c3.52±0.21a0.86±0.12c1.09251香蕉味,甜瓜味,微弱坚果气味
庚醛-D1.55±0.19b2.38±0.09a1.48±0.02b0.57±0.16c1.51819清香、香蕉、脂肪
正戊醛-D3.86±0.07b4.19±0.08a2.07±0.06c1.35±0.06d1.42225甜水果味
(Z)-4-庚烯醛0.94±0.16a0.87±0.01a0.37±0.01b0.47±0.02b1.10186果香
醇类(19)2-甲基-1-丙醇-D2.60±0.04a2.27±0.17b1.95±0.06c1.60±0.07d1.14817苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
1-戊醇-M2.33±0.17a2.22±0.06a1.84±0.03b1.86±0.07b1.47381苦杏仁,樱桃及坚果香
丙二醇1.95±0.10a1.88±0.08a1.64±0.02b1.57±0.13b1.28566水果味
1-戊醇-D1.64±0.12a1.65±0.06a1.08±0.02c1.48±0.06b1.09208洋葱,肉香,果香
1-丁醇1.19±0.09a1.05±0.06b1.17±0.03a0.99±0.06b1.63372梨,香蕉似的果香,轻微的药香)
异戊醇0.80±0.05a0.74±0.04ab0.58±0.02c0.69±0.01b1.32996清新的,果味,酒精,甜,清香
2-甲基-1-丙醇-M0.87±0.03b0.75±0.05c0.78±0.01c1.16±0.05a1.33292甜味、杏仁香、
1-己醇-M1.34±0.18b1.49±0.06b0.98±0.05c2.03±0.14a1.41359甜味、面包、黄油、坚果
2-丁醇1.40±0.04a1.18±0.02b0.66±0.03d1.08±0.03c1.52893强烈苹果味、菠萝味
3-甲基丁醇-M0.96±0.03b0.73±0.01c0.50±0.01d1.29±0.05a1.23302烤洋葱,果香,花香,酒香
3-甲基丁醇-D0.32±0.01b0.25±0.01c0.18±0.01d1.08±0.02a1.18292红酒味
2-乙基-1-己醇0.26±0.02b0.21±0.01b0.22±0.01b0.48±0.09a1.34305空灵,绿色,热带果香
1-己醇-D0.41±0.08c0.54±0.04b0.29±0.02d1.69±0.09a1.36957丙酮气味,清新的,甜果味,酒香
3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇0.58±0.02b0.49±0.02c0.30±0.01d1.14±0.04a1.42164青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
乙醇1.40±0.12c2.72±0.41b5.17±0.16a5.57±0.47a1.17212清新的、酒味
1-戊烯-3-醇0.45±0.03c0.48±0.02c1.15±0.04a0.86±0.02b1.67435辛辣的,清香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
3-甲基-1-戊醇0.48±0.08b0.40±0.01b2.08±0.51a0.75±0.04b1.33554清新的,果味,甜味,草味
2-呋喃甲醇0.40±0.13ab0.32±0.02b0.71±0.01a0.75±0.36a1.39926柑橘,新鲜花香,油腻
1-丙醇3.08±0.25a2.19±0.48b2.07±0.36b1.23±0.58c1.49718威士忌酒香,香蕉果香
酮类(15)5-甲基-3-庚酮0.62±0.10a0.49±0.03b0.60±0.03a0.55±0.02ab1.13369烤香,咖啡,花生,土豆气味
1-羟基-2-丙酮0.65±0.06ab0.68±0.03a0.52±0.02c0.61±0.01b1.2618梨,香蕉似的果香,轻微的药香)
3-戊烯-2-酮6.51±0.11a6.32±0.06a2.22±0.01c5.53±0.36b1.15937强烈的醋酸,奶酪,黄油,水果
2,3-戊二酮0.58±0.11b0.66±0.01b0.68±0.05b1.32±0.09a1.16131果香,梨似香气
2,3-丁二酮0.45±0.03b0.52±0.03b0.45±0.01b0.86±0.26a1.07977强烈刺激性气味
2-己酮-M0.87±0.07c1.22±0.05b1.57±0.02a0.87±0.08c1.2458果香
4-庚酮0.33±0.01d0.62±0.02b1.16±0.02a0.47±0.04c1.09647清新的,果味,甜味,草味
1-戊烯-3-酮-M0.34±0.02b0.34±0.01b0.56±0.01a0.35±0.01b1.123芳香气味
2-己酮0.54±0.02c0.59±0.02b0.82±0.03a0.52±0.03c1.22048烧焦味、咖啡、坚果、烤木质
1-戊烯-3-酮-D0.47±0.06b0.41±0.01b0.59±0.01a0.57±0.06a1.25815风信子香气,水果甜香,杏仁,樱桃
2-己酮-D0.34±0.01d0.56±0.01b1.25±0.03a0.45±0.10c1.14855青草,油脂味
3-羟基-2-丁酮0.63±0.21ab0.44±0.01c0.85±0.13a0.64±0.06ab1.2009梅子
2-丁酮4.55±0.23b4.61±0.29b7.84±0.18a3.36±0.61c1.64153清新的,果味,酒精,甜,清香
2-戊酮1.31±0.06b1.86±0.06a1.32±0.02b1.00±0.21c1.24914威士忌酒香,香蕉果香
3-巯基-2-丁酮0.64±0.11a0.46±0.08b0.21±0.00c0.24±0.02c1.48969酸臭,奶酪
酯类(10)2-甲基丁酸甲酯0.92±0.04bc1.06±0.03a0.98±0.01b0.9±0.04d1.25671辛辣的,清香蔬菜,新鲜,脂肪
3-甲基丁酸甲酯0.77±0.08c1.13±0.03a1.04±0.02ab0.97±0.13b1.40256洋葱,肉香,果香
乙酸丙酯0.77±0.02a0.68±0.02b0.62±0.04b0.82±0.06a1.30921清香、水果味
巴豆酸乙酯0.87±0.06a0.68±0.04b0.62±0.01bc0.60±0.01c1.0825甜味、木头、杏仁香、烤面包
甲酸丁酯0.67±0.09a0.70±0.05a0.43±0.00c0.57±0.01b1.25941微弱的酒精味
异丁酸异丙酯0.58±0.04a0.58±0.02a0.33±0.01c0.52±0.02b1.50068果香、肉质、黄油
甲基-2-糠酸酯0.95±0.08b0.90±0.03b0.60±0.03c1.27±0.04a1.19232苹果
反-2-丁烯酸乙酯0.92±0.11b0.82±0.05bc0.72±0.02c1.45±0.05a1.34062水果香
乙酸乙酯-M1.25±0.06b1.36±0.06b0.59±0.02c1.72±0.15a1.10758土豆,豌豆
乙酸乙酯-D0.46±0.01c0.69±0.02b0.21±0.01d1.67±0.19a1.18882青草气味,带微弱香蕉味,味刺激
酸类(3)丁烷酸1.46±0.18a1.13±0.06b0.54±0.05d0.75±0.08c1.16904黄油,爆米花,甜味
3-甲基丁酸0.68±0.09a0.43±0.06b0.24±0.03c0.33±0.02bc1.22538焦糖味,清新
丙酸1.16±0.40a0.59±0.05b0.66±0.07ab0.86±0.05ab1.26098果香,刺激
呋喃类(4)2-甲基二氢-3(2H)呋喃酮0.81±0.01ab0.89±0.08a0.55±0.02c0.71±0.13b1.23809果香
5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醇0.31±0.01d0.50±0.05c0.76±0.02b0.93±0.14a1.31063强烈刺激性气味
2-戊基呋喃0.47±0.03c0.87±0.03b2.34±0.12a0.58±0.12c1.18096清新的、酒味、皮质
2-丁基呋喃0.66±0.09a0.46±0.02b0.63±0.03a0.36±0.02c1.11809酒精、刺激性气味
吡嗪类(2)2,6-二甲基吡嗪0.52±0.12a0.36±0.02b0.62±0.02a0.38±0.02b1.21632风信子叶
2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪0.47±0.05a0.39±0.02bc0.34±0.01c0.41±0.03ab1.44474洋葱
其他类(1)1,2-二甲氧基乙烷2.28±0.12b2.16±0.14b1.93±0.05b2.84±0.05a1.69814脂肪,清香草药,酒,果香
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091168338105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Characteristic flavor and ROAV of low-fat walnut sauce under different sterilization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物名称香气阈值
(mg/kg)
ROAV
CKPSHPSTHPP
1(E)-2-庚烯醛-M0.0310.51130.41424.69140.606
23-甲基丁酸甲酯0.31.6522.7492.7912.939
32-戊酮2000.0040.0070.0050.005
4巴豆酸乙酯0.51.1200.9930.9981.091
5丙酸200.0370.0220.0270.039
62-甲基丁酸甲酯0.22.9603.8693.9454.091
7庚醛-D0.51.9953.4742.3831.036
8己醛-D2.51.6832.1552.0322.280
9苯甲醛-M0.52.5482.0583.5103.673
10己醛-M2.50.4560.6040.5930.655
113-甲基丁酸0.31.4591.0460.6441.000
123-(甲硫基)丙醛0.00575.93391.97177.29578.182
135-甲基-3-庚酮500.0080.0070.0100.010
14(E)-2-庚烯醛-D0.034.93413.38211.27224.545
152-丁基呋喃50.0850.0670.1010.065
163-甲基丁醛0.05100.000100.000100.000100.000
17正戊醛-D50.4970.6120.3330.245
182,6-二甲基吡嗪50.0670.0530.1000.069
191-羟基-2-丙酮5000.0010.0010.0010.001
202-庚酮-M500.0110.0180.0250.016
213-巯基-2-丁酮0.00582.36867.15333.81643.636
222-甲基-1-丙醇-D3000.0060.0060.0050.005
231-丁醇2500.0030.0030.0040.004
243-甲基-1-丁醇-M500.0120.0110.0080.023
252-甲基-1-丙醇-M3000.0020.0020.0020.004
26苯甲醛-D0.04210.4197.47328.94724.026
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091256418490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱特征性风味ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物名称香气阈值
(mg/kg)
ROAV
CKPSHPSTHPP
1(E)-2-庚烯醛-M0.0310.51130.41424.69140.606
23-甲基丁酸甲酯0.31.6522.7492.7912.939
32-戊酮2000.0040.0070.0050.005
4巴豆酸乙酯0.51.1200.9930.9981.091
5丙酸200.0370.0220.0270.039
62-甲基丁酸甲酯0.22.9603.8693.9454.091
7庚醛-D0.51.9953.4742.3831.036
8己醛-D2.51.6832.1552.0322.280
9苯甲醛-M0.52.5482.0583.5103.673
10己醛-M2.50.4560.6040.5930.655
113-甲基丁酸0.31.4591.0460.6441.000
123-(甲硫基)丙醛0.00575.93391.97177.29578.182
135-甲基-3-庚酮500.0080.0070.0100.010
14(E)-2-庚烯醛-D0.034.93413.38211.27224.545
152-丁基呋喃50.0850.0670.1010.065
163-甲基丁醛0.05100.000100.000100.000100.000
17正戊醛-D50.4970.6120.3330.245
182,6-二甲基吡嗪50.0670.0530.1000.069
191-羟基-2-丙酮5000.0010.0010.0010.001
202-庚酮-M500.0110.0180.0250.016
213-巯基-2-丁酮0.00582.36867.15333.81643.636
222-甲基-1-丙醇-D3000.0060.0060.0050.005
231-丁醇2500.0030.0030.0040.004
243-甲基-1-丁醇-M500.0120.0110.0080.023
252-甲基-1-丙醇-M3000.0020.0020.0020.004
26苯甲醛-D0.04210.4197.47328.94724.026
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091327721659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Characteristic value and variance contribution rate of low-fat walnut sauce quality index with different sterilization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PC初始特征值
特征值方差贡献率(%)累计方差贡献率(%)
116.0973.1373.134
24.82621.9495.07
31.0854.93100
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091394830524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱品质指标特征值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PC初始特征值
特征值方差贡献率(%)累计方差贡献率(%)
116.0973.1373.134
24.82621.9495.07
31.0854.93100
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091478716605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Principal component load matrix of quality index of low-fat walnut sauce with different sterilization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标PC
12
蛋白质−0.4990.276
脂肪−0.9880.034
水分−0.6950.655
灰分−0.7970.560
碳水化合物0.825−0.553
L*0.866−0.487
a*0.833−0.531
b*0.833−0.539
ΔE0.838−0.530
离心析出率0.5960.802
硬度0.9950.066
粘附性0.9410.333
内聚性0.8520.523
弹性0.9450.324
胶粘性0.9160.398
咀嚼性0.9070.419
体外模拟消化(胃)0.9240.381
体外模拟消化(肠)0.9150.401
酸价0.9150.401
过氧化值0.9160.398
挥发性风味0.697−0.715
菌落总数−0.9240.021
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091554214078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱的品质指标主成分载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标PC
12
蛋白质−0.4990.276
脂肪−0.9880.034
水分−0.6950.655
灰分−0.7970.560
碳水化合物0.825−0.553
L*0.866−0.487
a*0.833−0.531
b*0.833−0.539
ΔE0.838−0.530
离心析出率0.5960.802
硬度0.9950.066
粘附性0.9410.333
内聚性0.8520.523
弹性0.9450.324
胶粘性0.9160.398
咀嚼性0.9070.419
体外模拟消化(胃)0.9240.381
体外模拟消化(肠)0.9150.401
酸价0.9150.401
过氧化值0.9160.398
挥发性风味0.697−0.715
菌落总数−0.9240.021
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091625517247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Comprehensive score and ranking of quality indexes of low-fat walnut sauce with different sterilization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式F1F2综合得分排名
CK−5.471.64−3.8318718474
PS−0.281.381.1994673022
HPST1.98−3.100.0999556853
HPP3.781.721.5191834991
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091692626112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱品质指标综合得分及排名

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杀菌方式F1F2综合得分排名
CK−5.471.64−3.8318718474
PS−0.281.381.1994673022
HPST1.98−3.100.0999556853
HPP3.781.721.5191834991
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091793289409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Sensory evaluationand dynamic model fitting of acid value of low-fat walnut sauce under different storage conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标温度(℃)零级一级
动力学方程R2动力学方程R2
感官评价4Ct=92.34242−0.36768t0.9995Ct=92.44661exp(−0.00423t)0.99946
25Ct=92.19545−1.39061t0.99842Ct=93.85418exp(−0.0194t)0.99346
35Ct=92.71667−2.86429t0.99977Ct=94.97079exp(−0.04235t)0.98871
酸价4Ct=0.63779+0.00125t0.63802Ct=0.638exp(0.00189t)0.63621
25Ct=0.64052+0.01148t0.95281Ct=0.65535exp(0.01379t)0.93052
35Ct=0.96111+0.014t0.95202Ct=0.70898exp(0.01529t)0.93702
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091872981186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

低脂核桃酱不同贮藏条件下感官评分与酸价的动力学模型拟合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标温度(℃)零级一级
动力学方程R2动力学方程R2
感官评价4Ct=92.34242−0.36768t0.9995Ct=92.44661exp(−0.00423t)0.99946
25Ct=92.19545−1.39061t0.99842Ct=93.85418exp(−0.0194t)0.99346
35Ct=92.71667−2.86429t0.99977Ct=94.97079exp(−0.04235t)0.98871
酸价4Ct=0.63779+0.00125t0.63802Ct=0.638exp(0.00189t)0.63621
25Ct=0.64052+0.01148t0.95281Ct=0.65535exp(0.01379t)0.93052
35Ct=0.96111+0.014t0.95202Ct=0.70898exp(0.01529t)0.93702
), ArticleFig(id=1320884091961061571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Sensory evaluation and acid value change of low-fat walnut sauce at different temperatures Zero-order reaction kinetic model and related parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标温度(℃)动力学方程klnk1/T
感官评价4Ct=92.34242−0.36768t0.367680.003608154−1.000542284
25Ct=92.19545−1.39061t1.390610.0033428050.3297425
35Ct=92.71667−2.86429t2.864290.0032346761.052320501
酸价4Ct=0.63779+0.00125t0.001250.003608154−6.684611728
25Ct=0.64052+0.01148t0.011480.003342805−4.467148888
35Ct=0.96111+0.014t0.0140.003234676−4.268697949
), ArticleFig(id=1320884092044947652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

不同贮藏温度下低脂核桃酱感官评价与酸价变化零级反应动力学模型及相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标温度(℃)动力学方程klnk1/T
感官评价4Ct=92.34242−0.36768t0.367680.003608154−1.000542284
25Ct=92.19545−1.39061t1.390610.0033428050.3297425
35Ct=92.71667−2.86429t2.864290.0032346761.052320501
酸价4Ct=0.63779+0.00125t0.001250.003608154−6.684611728
25Ct=0.64052+0.01148t0.011480.003342805−4.467148888
35Ct=0.96111+0.014t0.0140.003234676−4.268697949
), ArticleFig(id=1320884092112056517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 13, caption=

Dynamic parameters of sensory score change of low-fat walnut sauce

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数值lnk0−Ea/Rk0EaR2
感官评价18.480415405.62486106154909.9644.90.99523
酸价18.029316824.1598667612943.86756.70.95608
), ArticleFig(id=1320884092183359686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

低脂核桃酱感官评价变化动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数值lnk0−Ea/Rk0EaR2
感官评价18.480415405.62486106154909.9644.90.99523
酸价18.029316824.1598667612943.86756.70.95608
), ArticleFig(id=1320884092254662855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=EN, label=Table 14, caption=

Measured and predicted values of shelf life of low-fat walnut sauce

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标贮藏温度
(℃)
货架期预测值
(d)
货架期实测值
(d)
相对误差
(%)
感官评价41181255.9
酸价361351303.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320884092330160328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884078740615244, language=CN, label=表14, caption=

低脂核桃酱货架期实测值和预测值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标贮藏温度
(℃)
货架期预测值
(d)
货架期实测值
(d)
相对误差
(%)
感官评价41181255.9
酸价361351303.7
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超高压杀菌对低脂核桃酱品质的影响及其货架期预测
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牛逍瞳 1, 2 , 马燕 1, 2, * , 张健 1, 2 , 许铭强 1, 2 , 张婷 1, 2 , 孟新涛 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(7): 408-421
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (7) : 408 -421
超高压杀菌对低脂核桃酱品质的影响及其货架期预测
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牛逍瞳1, 2 , 马燕1, 2, * , 张健1, 2, 许铭强1, 2, 张婷1, 2, 孟新涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
  • 2新疆主要农副产品精深加工工程技术研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
通讯作者:
马燕(1984−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

牛逍瞳(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:

Effect of Ultra-high Pressure Sterilization on the Quality of Low-fat Walnut Sauce and Its Shelf Life Prediction
Xiaotong NIU1, 2 , Yan MA1, 2, * , Jian ZHANG1, 2, Mingqiang XU1, 2, Ting ZHANG1, 2, Xintao MENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agro-products Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
  • 2Xinjiang Engineering Technology Center for Deep Processing of Main Agricultural Products, Urumqi 830091, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050033
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为探究超高压杀菌对低脂核桃酱品质的影响并预测其货架期,通过优选超高压最适杀菌条件,并采用多元统计分析对比评价超高压杀菌(Ultra-high pressure sterilization,HPP)、高温蒸汽杀菌(High temperature steam sterilization,HPST)和巴氏杀菌(Pasteurization,PS)对低脂核桃酱的多维品质指标的影响,筛选适宜杀菌方式。进一步基于Arrhenius方程构建了不同贮藏条件下(4、25、35 ℃)的货架期预测模型。研究结果表明,HPP能更好地保留低脂核桃酱原有品质,经HPP处理(500 MPa、4 min)的低脂核桃酱色泽最佳,且具有较高的粘附性,适中的硬度、内聚力、咀嚼性和较好的稳定性。应用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)结合正交偏最小二乘法(Orthogonal partial least squares method,OPLS-DA)模型从低脂核桃酱中筛选得到26种关键挥发性化合物,并结合ROAV判定得到低脂核桃酱的整体特征风味物质为3-甲基丁醛,主要贡献了蘑菇香和果香;HPP组的主要贡献风味物质为(E)-2-庚烯醛,主要呈青草味和黄瓜味。经主成分分析得到HPP处理的低脂核桃酱综合品质最佳(综合得分1.52分),可作为低脂核桃酱的最适杀菌方式,同时预测低脂核桃酱在4 ℃贮藏条件下的货架期为118 d。研究为低脂核桃酱品质提升提供一定的理论参考依据。

低脂核桃酱  /  杀菌方式  /  多维品质  /  挥发性物质  /  主成分分析  /  货架期

To investigate the effects of ultra-high pressure sterilization on the quality of low-fat walnut sauce and predict its shelf life, the optimal ultra-high pressure sterilization conditions were selected. Moreover, multivariate statistical analysis was employed to comparatively evaluate the impacts of ultra-high pressure sterilization (HPP), high temperature steam sterilization (HPST), and pasteurization (PS) on the multi-dimensional quality indices of low-fat walnut sauce, so as to screen out the appropriate sterilization method. Furthermore, based on the Arrhenius equation, shelf life prediction models under different storage conditions (4, 25 and 35 ℃) were constructed. The research results showed that HPP could better retain the original quality of low-fat walnut sauce. The low-fat walnut sauce treated by HPP (500 MPa, 4 min) had the best color, relatively high adhesiveness, moderate hardness, cohesion, chewiness, and good stability. Through the application of gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) combined with Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Method (OPLS-DA), 26 key volatile compounds were identified from low-fat walnut sauce. ROAV analysis revealed that 3-methylbutyral was the dominant flavor compound, primarily contributing mushroom and fruity aromas. The HPP group exhibited (E)-2-heptenal as its primary flavor component, mainly presenting grassy and cucumber-like notes. Principal component analysis demonstrated that HPP-treated low-fat walnut sauce achieved optimal overall quality (comprehensive score 1.52), serving as the most effective sterilization method. Additionally, shelf life predictions indicated 118 days under 4 ℃ storage conditions. This study provides theoretical references for quality improvement in low-fat walnut sauce production.

low-fat walnut sauce  /  sterilization method  /  multidimensional quality  /  volatile flavor  /  principal component analysis  /  shelf life
牛逍瞳, 马燕, 张健, 许铭强, 张婷, 孟新涛. 超高压杀菌对低脂核桃酱品质的影响及其货架期预测. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 408 -421 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050033
Xiaotong NIU, Yan MA, Jian ZHANG, Mingqiang XU, Ting ZHANG, Xintao MENG. Effect of Ultra-high Pressure Sterilization on the Quality of Low-fat Walnut Sauce and Its Shelf Life Prediction[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 408 -421 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050033
核桃是世界“四大坚果”之一,素有“长寿果”的美誉,其富含蛋白质、维生素和不饱和脂肪酸等营养成分,在预防糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、冠心病等疾病中起着至关重要的作用[1−2]。现核桃加工产品有核桃乳、核桃油、核桃蛋白、核桃酱及各类休闲食品,其中,核桃酱作为便利佐餐食品,深受消费者的青睐。目前核桃酱加工研究主要集中在工艺优化和单一品质调控方面,Shahidi-Noghabi等[3]研究了不同水平的乳化剂对核桃酱的流变性和稳定性的影响,得到稳定型核桃酱配方。但现有核桃酱产品普遍存在“油脂含量高、易氧化分层”等问题,随着大食物观、大健康产业的快速发展,开发低脂食品已成为食品加工产业可持续发展的新路径,尤其是低脂坚果酱加工制品的开发将更符合人类健康需求。目前低脂坚果酱加工仅见对开心果酱[4]、花生酱[5]和芝麻酱[6]方面的研究,尚未见低脂核桃酱相关研究。
杀菌作为食品加工的重要环节之一,直接影响了产品的质量安全及品质。现今传统热杀菌技术在食品工业中仍占据主导地位,巴氏杀菌(Pasteurization,PS)和超高压杀菌(Ultra-high pressure sterilization,HPP)、高温蒸汽杀菌(High temperature steam sterilization,HPST)是酱品杀菌常用的杀菌方式。其中,PS在杀灭食品中有害微生物的同时可有效保留了产品中的活性物质和风味物质[7],但其对冷藏保存和冷藏运输条件苛刻。HPST是一种强高压和高温相结合的热杀菌方法,其具有杀菌速度快、杀菌范围广、操作简便等优点,但高温处理会导致食品中的营养成分和风味流失[8]。由于传统灭菌方式的局限性,进而衍生了新型非热杀菌方式。王雪青等[9]采用超高压对猕猴桃酱进行杀菌,确定了压力>500 MPa条件下的杀菌效果最佳,经700 MPa处理后的样品色泽及维C保持效果最佳。李靖等[10]研究发现超高压杀菌(500 MPa、10 min)能更有效地保留刺梨汁的品质特性与抗氧化物质。但不同食品的异质性导致其杀菌效果不同。食品货架期是衡量食品安全关键指标[11],尤其是基于温度的货架期预测模型在食品贮藏条件控制和决策过程中具有重要实践意义和理论意义。而采用超高压杀菌对低脂核桃酱品质分析及其货架期研究均未见报道。
因此,本研究通过优选低脂核桃酱超高压杀菌参数(压力、保压时间),对比PS、HTST与HPP杀菌对低脂核桃酱的22项品质指标(色泽、离心析出率、质构、酸价、微生物和挥发性成分等)的影响;并结合主成分分析对不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱的品质进行综合评价,旨在得到最适杀菌方式;同时基于零级动力学模型预测低脂核桃酱货架期。研究为低脂核桃酱产品保质提供了一定的理论参考依据,也为核桃副产物多元化加工利用开拓了新方向,具有较好的应用价值与现实意义。
脱脂核桃粕 新疆阿克苏晟鼎油脂有限责任公司;海藻酸钠(食品级) 河南祥意商贸有限公司;单甘酯(食品级) 河南万邦实业有限公司;蜂蜡 佰康蜂业;盐酸、硫酸 四川西陇科学有限公司;硫酸铜、硫酸钾、硼酸、氢氧化钠 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;甲基红、溴甲酚绿,2-戊酮、2-己酮、2-庚酮、2-辛酮、2-壬酮 上海源叶生物科技有限公司,以上试剂均为分析纯。微生物培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;蛋白酶活力≥20 U/mL、脂肪酶活力≥150 U/mL 山东利尔康医疗科技股份有限公司。
MA35M型水分天平 德国Sartorius公司;T10型食品均质机 德国IKA公司;G80F20CN2L-B8微波炉 佛山市顺德区格兰仕微波炉电器有限公司;DZKW-S-6型水浴锅 北京市光明医疗仪器有限公司;LDZX-75L-I型高压灭菌锅 上海申安医疗机械厂;YS6060型台式分光测色仪 深圳市三恩时科技有限公司;Centrifge5810R型高速冷冻离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;PILOT质构仪 北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司;SHPP-T-5L超高压温压结合杀菌设备 山西力德福科技有限公司;Flavour Spec气相离子迁移谱联用仪 德国G.A.S公司;SPX-250B-Z生化培养箱 上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司。
参考牛逍瞳等[12]的方法,将脱脂核桃粕与辅料按比例经混合均匀,经烘烤、均质、杀菌、灌装等工艺制得,冷却后置于4 ℃冰箱备用。
杀菌时间筛选:在压力600 MPa时,分别以2、4、6、8、10、12 min处理样品,考察不同杀菌时间对低脂核桃酱菌落总数和总色差的影响。
杀菌压力筛选:在时间为4 min时,分别以100、200、300、400、500、600 MPa的压力处理样品,考察不同杀菌压力对低脂核桃酱的菌落总数和总色差影响。
将均质后的样品分别进行巴氏杀菌(PS:65 ℃,20 min)[13];高压蒸汽杀菌(HPST:121 ℃,20 min)[14];超高压杀菌(HPP:500 MPa,4 min)处理后置于4 ℃保存,以未杀菌(CK)为对照组,测定其色泽、基本组分、离心析出率、质构、酸价和过氧化值、微生物、体外模拟消化、挥发性成分等品质指标。
采用色差仪测定低脂核桃酱外观颜色,将10 g样品置于样品容器中,白校正标准化后,测定L*(亮度值)、a*(红绿值)、b*(黄蓝值)、ΔE(总色差)值。
菌落总数:参照国标GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》中平板计数法测定核桃酱的菌落总数。大肠杆菌:参照国标GB 4789.3-2025《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检测 大肠杆菌计数》中平板计数法测定核桃酱的大肠杆菌。沙门氏菌:参照国标GB 4789.4-2024《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检测 沙门氏菌》中平板计数法测定核桃酱的沙门氏菌。
水分:使用卤素水分测定仪进行测定。灰分:参照GB 5009.4-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》中的总灰分的测定方法。脂肪:参照GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》中索氏抽提法。蛋白质:参照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中自动凯氏定氮法。碳水化合物:参考胡婷婷等[15]的方法,按照碳水化合物=100−(灰分+蛋白质+脂肪+水分)进行计算。
参考胡婷婷等[15]的方法稍作修改,将20 g样品搅拌均匀置于50 mL烧杯中,测试速度为0.1 mm/s,循环两次,探头为圆柱形;测试过程在室温下进行。
参考孙剑[16]的方法稍作修改,称取1 g样品于离心管中,将离心管置于高速台式离心机中,以8500 r/min离心15 min,倒置5 min使析出的油沥出,用脱脂棉将离心管壁上残存的油擦除。离心出油率质量分数通过以下公式计算:
$ \mathrm{离心析出率}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{析出液体质量}(\mathrm{g})}{\mathrm{样品总质量}(\mathrm{g})}\times 1 00 $
酸价:参考GB 5009.229-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中酸价的测定》中的第二法进行测定;过氧化值:参考GB 5009.227-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》第一法滴定法进行测定。
参考王煜林等[17]的方法略作修改。将125 mg样品加入25 mL水中,置于37 ℃水浴锅,加入25 mL胃液,恒温摇床37 ℃,120 r/min,消化120 min,进行模拟胃消化阶段实验;取30 mL胃消化产物进行模拟肠消化阶段实验,调整体系pH7.0,使酶钝化,加入等量的肠液、胰蛋白酶(0.003 mg/mL)、脂肪酶(0.25 mg/mL)溶于上述溶液,磁力搅拌20 min,即为肠液),消化120 min,加热10 min,使酶失活。将体外消化结束后的沉淀物放入105 ℃烘箱中干燥至恒重。样品体外消化率(X,%)的计算方法如下式所示。
$ \rm X=\frac{M_{1}}{{M}_{ \mathrm{0}}} \times 100 $
式中:M1为消化沉淀物恒重后的质量,g;M0为消化前样品质量,g。
参考孟新涛等[18]的测定方法略作修改。称取5 g核桃酱放置于顶空进样瓶中进行80 ℃孵化10 min,振动转速:500 r/min;采用面积归一法计算不同组分的峰面积占总峰面积的比值,表示为不同挥发性化合物的相对含量。
采用ROAV对不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱关键挥发性风味物质进行鉴定,并识别关键香气成分[19]。根据以下公式计算ROAV。
$\rm ROAV=100\times \frac{C\text{%}}{C{\text{%}}_{s\tan }}\times \frac{{T}_{s\tan }}{T} $
式中:Tstan与C%stan分别为对样品挥发性风味贡献最大组分的阈值及相对含量;T与C%分别为各挥发性风味物质的阈值及相对含量。
参照Liu等[20]的方法,选择10名经过感官评价培训的食品专业研究人员进行评定,如表1所示,分别从:色泽、香气、口感、组织状态、总体可接受性五个方面进行评价。
选用最适杀菌方式制备低脂核桃酱,将其分别置于4、25、35 ℃三个恒温条件下贮藏,每隔3 d取样,测定其总色差、离心析出率、菌落总数、酸价、感官评价等品质指标,且基于相关性分析选定酸价和感官评价作为构建低脂核桃酱货架期预测模型的关键指标。
化学动力学方程可用来反映食品品质指标与贮藏时间的关系,分为零级和一级化学反应动力学方程,可应用于食品货架期的预测,果蔬中品质指标的动力学反应多采用零级或一级反应描述。
$\rm 零级动力学方程: {C}_{t}={C}_{0}+\text{kt} $
$ \rm 一级动力学方程: {C}_{t}={C}_{0}{\text{e}}^{kt} $
式中:Ct为贮藏第t天的实际指标值;C0为初始指标值;k为化学反应速率常数
化学基元反应的经典模型Arrhenius方程,可描述温度与化学反应速率的关系。首先计算出k值,以lnk对1/T作图,可以得到斜率为-Ea/R,截距为lnk0的线性方程,即可计算出反应活化能Ea和前因子k0
$\rm 阿伦尼乌斯公式: k={k}_{0}\cdot {e}^{\tfrac{-Ea}{RT}} $
$\rm 将公式两边取对数: \ln k=\ln {k}_{0}-\frac{E_{a}}{RT} $
式中:k为品质指标变化的速率常数;k0为指前因子;Ea为活化能,kJ/mol;R为摩尔气体常数,8.314 J/mol;T为贮藏温度,K。
通过货架期终点对应的品质指标Ct和贮藏温度T线性拟合获得Arrhenius方程和动力学方程,依据方程的截距和斜率可求得Ea和k0,即可得到货架期方程。
$\rm 零级动力学货架期公式: S{L}_{0}=\frac{\left| C-{C}_{0}\right| }{{k}_{0}{}^{-\tfrac{Ea}{RT}}} $
$\rm 一级动力学货架期: S{L}_{1}=\frac{\ln \dfrac{C}{{C}_{0}}}{{k}_{0}{}^{-\tfrac{Ea}{RT}}} $
式中:SL0为零级反应下的货架期,d;SL1为一级反应下的货架期,d;C为贮藏终点时品质指标的临界值;C0为品质指标初始测定值。
所有实验重复三次,结果均以平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 23.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析、差异显著性分析(P<0.05表示差异显著),使用EXCEL、Origin 2021、SIMCA软件进行数据绘图与分析。
由图1可知,菌落总数随着超高压杀菌时间的增加而减少,当杀菌时间达4 min时,菌落总数为4.47 lg CFU/g,达到安全标准(<5 lg CFU/g)。杀菌压力在100~400 MPa时,菌落总数差异不显著(P>0.05),当杀菌压力达500 MPa时,菌落总数则降至4.23 lg CFU/g,达到国家安全标准。不同杀菌时间和压力处理后的总色差差异不显著(P>0.05),这是由于超高压杀菌仅作用于非共价键,对色素等小分子物质无明显影响[21]。这与超高压杀菌可较好地保持猕猴桃果肉饮料色泽的结果一致[22]。因此,综合考虑适度加工与实际生产,选择低脂核桃酱超高压最适杀菌条件为:500 MPa,4 min。
微生物是衡量食品安全的重要指标[23]。如表2所示,不同杀菌方式样品的菌落总数差异显著(P<0.05),HPST组和HPP组均达到国家安全标准。大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌在HPST组、HPP组、PS组和CK组中均未检出。杀菌效果依次为:HPST>HPP>PS>CK,HPST处理的杀菌效果最好,HPP处理的杀菌效果次之。以上两种杀菌方式均达到半固态调味料Q/FXL 0001S-2021安全标准,而PS处理虽能杀灭绝大多数细菌,但由于杀菌温度较为温和,对耐热性细菌和芽孢等的杀菌效果较弱[24]。
如表3所示,不同杀菌方式中HPP组的L*值和a*值最高,而b*值和ΔE显著低于PS组和HPST组,说明HPP组对低脂核桃酱的色泽影响较小,与CK组数据较接近,这是由于超高压主要作用于非共价键,能更好地保留其色泽[25]。而HPST组的L*值和a*值最低,说明其亮度和红度最低,b*值和ΔE最高,其色泽变化程度最大,这可能是由于高温使样品发生了美拉德和焦糖化反应,促使非酶促褐变产生特定风味和色泽,从而导致亮度值与黄蓝值降低[26]。总体而言,HPP组的色泽与CK组未杀菌组的色泽最为接近(图2)。
由表4可知,不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱基本理化指标中的蛋白质含量范围在8.95~9.95 g/100 g,其中,HPST组的蛋白质含量最低,为8.95 g/100 g,这可能是由于高温使热敏性蛋白质降解所致[27];HPP杀菌对低脂核桃酱的蛋白质含量影响较小,这进一步证实了超高压的非热特性更利于低脂核桃酱中蛋白质含量的保留。各杀菌处理组中的脂肪含量在2.74~2.94 g/100 g范围,不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱的脂肪稳定性影响较小,这与脂肪分子结构的耐热性有关[28]。
质构是反映低脂核桃酱口感与细腻程度的代表性指标之一,代表了消费者对样品的接受程度[29]。由表5可知,HPST组中的硬度与咀嚼性最高,且与其他组相比差异显著(P<0.05),PS组中内聚性与胶粘性较高,这与刘正才等[30]研究的蛋白质大分子结构可显著改变食品口感和质构特征的结果一致。HPP组在保持较高粘附性的同时,其硬度、内聚力和咀嚼性适中,胶黏性最小,这与张园园等[31]探究不同压力(300、400 MPa/10 min)可提高干酪的涂抹性且具有适中硬度的结果一致。综上表明,PS组与HPP组均具有较好的质构特性。
离心析出率是食品稳定性品质重要指标之一。由图3可见,HPST组的离心析出率最低(12.00%)(P<0.05),这可能是由于高温杀菌后使样品中的水分流失,进一步增强了低脂核桃酱的内部结构稳定性,降低了离心后析出率。而超高压处理的样品也具有较好的稳定性,且更接近初始样品的稳定性,这说明HPP处理能较好地保留样品的原始状态。
酸价和过氧化值是衡量油脂氧化程度的重要指标,二者含量越高则体现油脂酸败越严重[32]。如图4所示,不同杀菌处理低脂核桃酱的酸价(0.61~0.86 mg/g)与过氧化值(0.04~0.06 g/100 g)含量均达到半固态调味料Q/HQS0005S-2021标准(酸价≤3.0 mg/g,过氧化值≤0.25 g/100 g)。其中HPP组的酸价最低、HPST组的酸价最高,这是由于超高压可钝化脂肪酶活性,抑制游离脂肪酸生成,使样品酸价较低[33],而高温诱导脂肪酶活性升高,使游离脂肪酸增加,从而导致酸价增加。
体外消化率体现了低脂核桃酱在胃肠中的消化情况[34],结果如图5所示。不同杀菌方式对低脂核桃酱体外模拟消化的影响显著(P<0.05)。不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱的胃消化率范围为13.00%~26.6%,肠消化率范围为27.67%~49.00%,其中HPP组的胃和肠消化率最高,胃消化率较CK、PS、HPST组分别提高了0.24%、3.57%、13.57%,肠消化率较CK、PS、HPST组分别提高了6.33%、10%、21.33%。这是由于HPP通过改变蛋白质空间结构改善了蛋白质的溶解度[35],从而提高了样品消化率。而HPST组的体外模拟消化率最低,这是由于高温导致蛋白的肽链伸展,使蛋白质分子内部疏水性基团充分暴露,伸展的肽链通过表面疏水及二硫键的作用重新结合,生成了分子量更大的蛋白聚集体[36],从而降低其消化率。
采用GC-IMS对不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱的挥发性风味物质进行分析,通过对挥发性化合物进行气味分类、相对含量计算和气味描述(表6),共鉴定出79种挥发性物质,其中醛类25种、醇类19种、酮类15种、酯类10种、酸类3种、呋喃类4种、吡嗪类2种,其他类1种。不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱的挥发性物质差异显著(P<0.05)。从表中可以看出,低脂核桃酱中的己醛-D、3-甲基丁醛、3-戊烯-2-酮、2-丁酮挥发性物质所占含量相对较高,初步判断其为低脂核桃酱的主要香气物质,主要呈清新水果香、油脂味和蘑菇味。
指纹图谱可清晰地观察出不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱的挥发性物质差异,图6中每一列代表挥发性物质,其颜色越亮表示挥发性物质的含量越高。由图6可得,不同杀菌样品可根据挥发性化合物明显区分成四个区域(A、B、C、D)。其中A区域为四组样品共有的挥发性化合物33种,分别为:2-丁醇、己醛-D、3-戊烯-2-酮等,初判其为代表性挥发性物质;B区域为CK和PS组共有的挥发性物质23种,分别为:丙酸、2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪等。CK与PS两组中丙酸(相对含量分别为1.16%和0.59%)和庚醛-D(相对含量分别为1.55%和2.38%)的相对含量差异显著(P<0.05),为两种杀菌方式的特征性差异化合物。C区域为HPST组共有挥发性物质26种,分别为1-丙醇、2-戊酮、正戊醛-D、庚醛-D等,其中2-丁酮与3-甲基-1-戊醇的相对含量与其他组相比差异显著(P<0.05),分别为7.84%和2.08%;D区域为HPP组共有挥发性化合物20种,分别为:2,3-丁二酮、(E)-2-己烯醛、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛等,其中(E)-2-己烯醛与3-甲基-2-丁烯醛的相对含量显著高于其他组,分别为1.22%与1.41%(P<0.05)。
为更系统全面地分析不同加工工段中挥发性化合物类别的风味信息,通过百分比柱状图对其类别占比进行分析。由图7a所示,根据峰强度和种类划分得到不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱中的醛类所含挥发性物质较为丰富(35%~42%),其主要源于脂肪的氧化水解、微生物代谢活动以及糖类参与的美拉德反应,具有较高的气味阈值,微量醛类的存在可显著提升香气的醇厚感,且醛类与其他风味物质间存在强烈的风味重叠效应[37]。HPST组中的醛类相对含量最高,这是由于高温促使化合物产生美拉德反应,形成浓度较高的醛。研究表明,醛类物质的种类和数量会伴随着氧化程度的加剧而发生变化[38],主要贡献为浓郁的坚果香、油脂香。其次是醇类,相对含量占比为21%~27%,主要来源于脂肪的氧化分解和羰基化合物的还原,具有植物香和果香等丰富的风味[39]。HPP组醇类物质的相对含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),研究表明,经超高压处理的样品导致糖苷结合化合物生成,并通过醇类物质释放[40]。HPP组中正丙醇的含量最高,为1.23%~3.08%,赋予了HPP组低脂核桃酱酒香和果香味。酮类相对含量排名第三,为17%~21%。酮主要通过饱和脂肪酸的热氧化分解、氢过氧化物的酮-烯醇互共轭异构化、烃的进一步氧化和分解、不饱和脂肪酸中过氧化物的分子内电子重排和氨基酸的热氧化降解来产生[41]。除此之外,酯类、酸类、吡嗪类、呋喃类占比较低。
通过挥发性化合物的峰强度生成OPLS-DA评分图(R2X=0.931,R2Y=0.99,Q2=0.961),由图7b可得不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱各样品间的挥发性成分存在差异与共性,其中CK与PS组的挥发性化合物相接近且均位于第一象限,而HPST与HPP差距较大,分别位于第三象限和第四象限。通过200次置换检验得到原始OPLS-DA模型具有良好的性能(R2=0.359,Q2=−1.05)(图7c),无过拟合现象,可用于进一步筛选贡献率VIP值>1的化合物。
为确定不同杀菌组中的关键差异化合物,从OPLS-DA模型中得出VIP值>1的化合物共26个。ROAV是评估食品中挥发性风味成分的关键指标,将VIP>1的风味化合物进一步分析其ROAV。如表7所示,不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱中ROAV值>1的化合物被认为是关键香气物质,0.1≤ROAV<1的化合物对样品风味具有一定修饰作用,值越大贡献越大。不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱中的主要风味贡献物质是3-甲基丁醛,呈蘑菇香、果香。HPP组的重要特征化合物为(E)-2-庚烯醛-M,主要呈青草、黄瓜香味,此结果与表6中化合物相对含量表现一致,可针对喜爱果香、清新油脂香味的群体食用。PS组中代表性化合物为3-(甲硫基)丙醛(ROAV=91.971),贡献了烤面包香味。HPST组中重要特征风味物质是苯甲醛-D(ROAV=28.947),呈现油脂、黄油、奶油香味,可供喜爱坚果香、烘烤香的群体食用。不同杀菌方式影响了低脂核桃酱的风味,挥发性化合物因其含量及浓度的不同,形成了特有的风味轮廓。
为筛选低脂核桃酱综合品质最佳的杀菌方式,对22项品质指标进行综合评价,如表8所示,以方差贡献率大于85%为依据,前两个主成分累计方差贡献率可达95.07%,可作为评价不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱品质指标的主成分因子。
如表9所示,主成分载荷矩阵反映了各指标在主成分中的作用方向及大小程度,结合表8可知,PC1的累计方差贡献率为73.134%,主要综合了硬度、弹性、粘附性、体外消化模拟(胃)、胶黏性、过氧化值、体外消化模拟(肠)、酸价、咀嚼性、L*、内聚性、ΔE、a*、b*、碳水化合物、挥发性风味物质、离心析出率等相关性较高且呈正向分布的指标,说明这些指标在不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱综合品质评价中占主要位置;PC2的累计方差贡献率为95.07%,主要综合了离心析出率、水分、灰分等相关性较高且呈正向分布的指标。
将各指标进行标准化,并通过计算得出2个主成分的函数表达式:F1、F2,X1~X22分别表示蛋白质、脂肪、水分、灰分、碳水化合物、L*、a*、b*、ΔE、离心析出率、硬度、粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性、咀嚼性、体外模拟消化(胃)、体外模拟消化(肠)、酸价、过氧化值、总挥发性成分和菌落总数,如下所示:
F1=−0.124X1−0.246X2−0.173X3−……−0.230X22
F2=0.126X1+0.015X2+0.298X3+……0.010X22
将2个主成分的方差贡献率为权重进行加权求和,构建主成分综合评价函数如下:
$\rm {F}_{\text{综合}}=\frac{0.7313\times {F}_{1}+0.2194\times {F}_{2}}{0.9507} $
如表10所示,不同杀菌方式低脂核桃酱品质指标综合得分越高说明品质越好,综合得分及排名依次为:HPP>PS>HPST>CK,由此可知,HPP组综合评分最高,其不仅可作为低脂核桃酱的最适杀菌方式,也最大程度地保留了食物的营养、感官功能特性。后续将其作为货架期预测试验组。
由图8可知,在4 ℃贮藏条件下,低脂核桃酱的酸价整体变化趋势较为平稳,基本维持在0.6 mg/g左右。在25 ℃贮藏条件下,低脂核桃酱的酸价随整体呈上升趋势,酸值范围为0.63~0.95 mg/g;在35 ℃贮藏条件下,其酸价变化尤为显著(P<0.05)。但贮藏温度越高,低脂核桃酱的酸价上升速度则越快,这与高温环境促进油脂中甘油三酯和磷酸水解导致酸价升高有关[42]。不同贮藏温度下贮藏30 d的低脂核桃酱的酸价仍处于国家安全范围之内(<3.0 mg/g)。
感官评价能够提供消费者对产品质量的直观感受[43]。由图9可见,在4 ℃贮藏30 d的低脂核桃酱感官评分为81.3分,品质较好。但在25℃温度下贮藏30 d的低脂核桃酱感官评分已降到了50.03分,35 ℃温度下在第18 d已降至41.03分,且两个温度下贮藏的产品品质较差,出现结块、接受度较差、微生物超标等现象。
综合不同贮藏条件下对低脂核桃酱感官评价和酸价的影响,对低脂核桃酱的货架期进行动力学模型拟合,由表11分析得知,R2越大表明拟合模型越好,低脂核桃酱在不同贮藏条件下的感官评分和酸价这2项指标的拟合模型均在0.90以上,表明此模型模拟较好。而零级动力学模型在各温度下的R2均大于一级动力学模型,因此,对低脂核桃酱货架期预测采用零级动力学模型反映更准确。
根据上述内容拟合得到的零级反应动力学方程,得到不同贮藏温度下低脂核桃酱的感官评价和酸价变化的反应速率常数和相关参数,结果详见表12。
以lnk为纵坐标,1/T为横坐标作图,不同温度与感官评价变化速率常数的拟合曲线结果见图10a,不同温度与酸价变化速率常数的拟合曲线见图10b,图中直线斜率为-Ea/R,截距为lnk0,得到的方程及相关参数见表13,感官评分的回归方程R2为0.99523,酸价的回归方程R2为0.95608。
根据前期品质指标分析结果可知,低脂核桃酱在25 ℃与35 ℃分别贮藏27 d和18 d时已不符合微生物安全范围,表明低脂核桃酱不适于高温贮藏,因此将4 ℃作为最终预测温度。以感官评分的判断达到50分时,作为货架期终点[44],将反应活化能和指前因子代入方程,得到4 ℃下低脂核桃酱预测货架期为118 d。
感官评价的货架期预测公式:
$\rm S{L}_{0}=\frac{\left| C-{C}_{0}\right| }{106154909.96{e}^{-\tfrac{44946.149}{8.3144T}}} $
酸价的货架期预测公式:
$\rm S{L}_{0}=\frac{\left| C-{C}_{0}\right| }{67612943.867{e}^{-\tfrac{56738.79424}{8.3144T}}} $
为证明模型预测的真实性,对感官评价4 ℃贮藏和酸价36 ℃贮藏的低脂核桃酱进行试验验证,结果如表14所示,结果表明低脂核桃酱货架期实测值与预测值之间的相对误差仅为5.9%和3.7%,表明模型预测能力较好,可信度较高。
研究确定了低脂核桃酱的超高压最适杀菌条件(500 MPa、4 min),并对比分析了不同杀菌方式(HPP、HPST和PS)对低脂核桃酱品质的影响。研究发现HPP不仅具有较好的杀菌效果,且杀菌组低脂核桃酱的色泽、蛋白质含量、质构、消化率等品质指标也优于其他杀菌组,其中胃消化率较CK、PS、HPST组分别提高了0.24%、3.57%、13.57%,肠消化率较CK、PS、HPST组分别提高了6.33%、10%、21.33%。采用GC-IMS从低脂核桃酱中共鉴定出挥发性风味物质79种,其中醛类占比最高(35%~42%),其次是醇类(21%~27%)。HPP组中的醇类含量高于其他组,呈“清香型”风味;HPST组中的醛类含量最高,赋予样品浓郁的坚果香、油脂香,主要为“浓香型”香味;结合ROAV得到低脂核桃酱的整体特征风味物质为3-甲基丁醛,主要贡献了蘑菇香和果香。通过评价进一步证实了HPP组低脂核桃酱的综合品质最佳,并基于酸价和感官评价为以主要指标的零级动力学模型预测HPP低脂核桃酱在4 ℃贮藏温度下的货架期为118 d。研究为低脂核桃酱及低脂坚果酱产品的工业化生产应用与品质提升提供了参考依据,为低脂核桃酱的贮藏及货架期预测提供了理论依据。后续可在此基础上进一步探究“超高压+”技术协同绿色包装对低脂核桃酱货架期的影响,实现产品品质的提档升级。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050033
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
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    1新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
    2新疆主要农副产品精深加工工程技术研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091

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马燕(1984−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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