Article(id=1320166445821050951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746633600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681808190, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681808190, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681808190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681808190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=126, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166446026571848, articleId=1320166445821050951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Virtual Screening, Activity Evaluation, and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Morchella esculenta Peptides with Dual Antioxidant and Whitening Effects, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to screen "antioxidant+whitening" dual-function peptides from Morchella esculenta using bioinformatics methods, verify their efficacy, and explore their potential mechanisms of action. Through the integrated application of bioinformatics approaches including virtual enzymatic hydrolysis, activity prediction, physicochemical property and safety assessment, and molecular docking, four peptides from M. esculenta with potential "antioxidant+whitening" effects were virtually screened as follows: WWVCAK, WWV, RARW, and VMRWKP. In vitro experiments confirmed that the hexapeptide WWVCAK exhibited better antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Cell experiments further revealed that WWVCAK could significantly enhance the total antioxidant capacity of B16F10 cells, reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and melanin levels, and effectively inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity. Network pharmacology research indicated that SRC, HDAC1, ITGB2, ITGB1, PLG, MMP2, MMP9, HDAC2, ITGB3, and ITGAL were key targets of the "antioxidant+whitening" effects of WWVCAK. The peptide exerted its dual activity by participating in various biological processes including proteolysis, organization and disassembly of extracellular matrix, and collagen catabolic process, as well as by regulating multiple signaling pathways such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and leukocyte transendothelial migration. In conclusion, WWVCAK is a bioactive peptide with promising "antioxidant+whitening" properties and thus has potential for further development and application.

, authors=Shuo LI1, Yuqing GUO2, Yanping LI2, Yongmei MIAO2, Qiang ZHANG2, *, authorsList=Shuo LI, Yuqing GUO, Yanping LI, Yongmei MIAO, Qiang ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166449717559381, articleId=1320166445821050951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的虚拟筛选、活性评估及网络药理学分析, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在利用生物信息学方法从羊肚菌中筛选“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽,验证其作用效果,并探究其潜在作用机制。综合运用虚拟酶解、活性预测、理化性质与安全性评估及分子对接等生物信息学方法,从羊肚菌中筛选到4条具有潜在“抗氧化+美白”功效的羊肚菌肽,序列分别为:WWVCAK、WWV、RARW和VMRWKP。体外实验证实,WWVCAK的抗氧化和酪氨酸酶抑制活性更好。细胞实验结果表明,WWVCAK能显著提高B16F10细胞的总抗氧化能力,降低胞内活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)和黑色素的水平,并对胞内酪氨酸酶有良好的抑制作用。网络药理学研究提示,SRC、HDAC1、ITGB2、ITGB1、PLG、MMP2、MMP9、HDAC2、ITGB3和ITGAL是WWVCAK发挥“抗氧化+美白”功效的关键靶点,WWVCAK通过参与蛋白酶解反应、细胞外基质的组织与分解以及胶原蛋白分解代谢等多种生物过程,并通过调控神经活性配体-受体相互作用、中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成以及白细胞跨内皮迁移等多条信号通路发挥“抗氧化+美白”功效。综上,WWVCAK是一种具有良好“抗氧化+美白”功效的活性肽,值得进一步开发和应用。

, authors=李硕1, 郭雨晴2, 李彦萍2, 苗永美2, 张强2, *, authorsList=李硕, 郭雨晴, 李彦萍, 苗永美, 张强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张强, authorNote=

李硕(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张强(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:。
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注:A为WWVCAK与Keap1和酪氨酸酶相互作用的3D图,其中受体用cartoon形式表示,WWVCAK用黄色surface形式表示;B为WWVCAK与Keap1和酪氨酸酶相互作用的2D图,图中绿色的虚线代表氢键,紫色实线代表配位键,眼睫毛状结构代表疏水作用。

, figureFileSmall=Zy3OdItUvqK04k+POZIO0Q==, figureFileBig=8q5OwcBzX8ldvCJsR/G4aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299458379946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of WWVCAK on total antioxidant capacity (A), MDA relative content (B), and ROS relative content (C) in B16F10 cells, figureFileSmall=297F98xlwusZLA5m9IJm3g==, figureFileBig=1KNMJzvPTo0xMHCNZte9CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299521294507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=图3, caption=WWVCAK对B16F10细胞总抗氧化能力(A)、MDA相对含量(B)和ROS相对含量(C)的影响

注:图中不同小写字母代表不同处理之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),图4同。

, figureFileSmall=297F98xlwusZLA5m9IJm3g==, figureFileBig=1KNMJzvPTo0xMHCNZte9CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299584209068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of WWVCAK on melanin relative content (A) and tyrosinase relative activity (B) in B16F10 melanoma cells, figureFileSmall=mODT4s6bvMIoMM5EjmVnMA==, figureFileBig=urRpbft1pSG3HlXyUMNesg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299655512237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=图4, caption=WWVCAK对B16F10细胞黑色素相对含量(A)和酪氨酸酶相对活性(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=mODT4s6bvMIoMM5EjmVnMA==, figureFileBig=urRpbft1pSG3HlXyUMNesg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299722621102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Common therapeutic targets for WWVCAK's antioxidant and whitening effects (A) and visualization of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network topology analysis (B), figureFileSmall=ydxW16OqMM1EErLBYHho1A==, figureFileBig=bniqZ1GRzATUFF8hhozi4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299777147055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=图5, caption=WWVCAK发挥抗氧化和美白功效的共同作用靶点(A)及蛋白互作网络拓扑分析结果的可视化(B), figureFileSmall=ydxW16OqMM1EErLBYHho1A==, figureFileBig=bniqZ1GRzATUFF8hhozi4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299844255920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=GO functional enrichment analysis (A) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (B) of common targets for WWVCAK's antioxidant and whitening effects, figureFileSmall=zzx4FmbGIYbHNzqkBChJZw==, figureFileBig=x0ALEu1Og5xY0LBu2N1vkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299902976177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=图6, caption=WWVCAK 抗氧化和美白共同作用靶点的GO 功能富集分析(A)和KEGG 通路富集分析(B), figureFileSmall=zzx4FmbGIYbHNzqkBChJZw==, figureFileBig=x0ALEu1Og5xY0LBu2N1vkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167299982667954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Protein sequences of 10 species of morel mushrooms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号UniProt ID|AC蛋白名称氨基酸
个数
分子量(kDa)ΣA
1A0A3N4L3M8|A0A3N4L3M8_9PEZI60S ribosomal protein L29657.5450.2000
2A0A3N4KK35|A0A3N4KK35_9PEZI60S ribosomal protein L2713515.5220.1111
3A0A3N4KRD3|A0A3N4KRD3_9PEZIRibosomal protein S914516.1460.1103
4A0A3N4L328|A0A3N4L328_9PEZI54S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrial23025.9090.1087
5A0A3N4KJE6|A0A3N4KJE6_9PEZIRNase III domain-containing protein20823.0540.1058
6A0A3N4KR01|A0A3N4KR01_9PEZIRibosomal protein L38e778.8380.1039
7A0A3N4L324|A0A3N4L324_9PEZIRibosomal_S13_N domain-containing protein15116.8230.0993
8A0A7G5KLU9|A0A7G5KLU9_9PEZILectin11112.4740.0991
9A0A3N4L508|A0A3N4L508_9PEZIRibosomal protein L619221.4540.099
10A0A3N4KXN9|A0A3N4KXN9_9PEZI60S ribosomal protein L530034.4140.0967
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300091719859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

10种羊肚菌的蛋白序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号UniProt ID|AC蛋白名称氨基酸
个数
分子量(kDa)ΣA
1A0A3N4L3M8|A0A3N4L3M8_9PEZI60S ribosomal protein L29657.5450.2000
2A0A3N4KK35|A0A3N4KK35_9PEZI60S ribosomal protein L2713515.5220.1111
3A0A3N4KRD3|A0A3N4KRD3_9PEZIRibosomal protein S914516.1460.1103
4A0A3N4L328|A0A3N4L328_9PEZI54S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrial23025.9090.1087
5A0A3N4KJE6|A0A3N4KJE6_9PEZIRNase III domain-containing protein20823.0540.1058
6A0A3N4KR01|A0A3N4KR01_9PEZIRibosomal protein L38e778.8380.1039
7A0A3N4L324|A0A3N4L324_9PEZIRibosomal_S13_N domain-containing protein15116.8230.0993
8A0A7G5KLU9|A0A7G5KLU9_9PEZILectin11112.4740.0991
9A0A3N4L508|A0A3N4L508_9PEZIRibosomal protein L619221.4540.099
10A0A3N4KXN9|A0A3N4KXN9_9PEZI60S ribosomal protein L530034.4140.0967
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300158828724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Four "antioxidant+whitening" dual-function Morchella esculenta peptides obtained by virtual screening

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号肽序列蛋白来源蛋白酶肽段位置PeptideRanker分CPPpred分AnOxPePred分pepsite2分
(P值)
1WWVCAK54S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrialFicin
EC 3.4.22.3
[127-132]0.8510.5480.3400.0118
2WWV54S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrialStem bromelain
EC 3.4.22.32
[127-129]0.9710.5460.3710.0111
3RARWLectinProteinase K
EC.3.4.21.67
[105-108]0.8170.8900.3030.0071
4VMRWKPRNase III domain-containing proteinthermolysin EC 3.4.24. 27[148-153]0.6260.7120.3320.0069
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300230131893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

虚拟筛选得到的4条“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号肽序列蛋白来源蛋白酶肽段位置PeptideRanker分CPPpred分AnOxPePred分pepsite2分
(P值)
1WWVCAK54S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrialFicin
EC 3.4.22.3
[127-132]0.8510.5480.3400.0118
2WWV54S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrialStem bromelain
EC 3.4.22.32
[127-129]0.9710.5460.3710.0111
3RARWLectinProteinase K
EC.3.4.21.67
[105-108]0.8170.8900.3030.0071
4VMRWKPRNase III domain-containing proteinthermolysin EC 3.4.24. 27[148-153]0.6260.7120.3320.0069
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300297240758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Molecular docking scores of four "antioxidant+whitening" dual-function Morchella esculenta peptides with Keap1 and tyrosinase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对接得分WWVCAKWWVRARWVMRWKP
与Keap1对接得分−227.813−172.260−176.807−183.801
与酪氨酸酶对接得分−233.078−211.626−202.227−195.809
对接总得分−460.891−383.886−379.034−379.610
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300360155319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4条“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽与Keap1以及酪氨酸酶的分子对接得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对接得分WWVCAKWWVRARWVMRWKP
与Keap1对接得分−227.813−172.260−176.807−183.801
与酪氨酸酶对接得分−233.078−211.626−202.227−195.809
对接总得分−460.891−383.886−379.034−379.610
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300423069880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physicochemical properties and safety of four "antioxidant+whitening" dual-function Morchella esculenta peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列分子量(Da)等电点溶解性净电荷疏水性半衰期聚集性溶血性免疫原性致敏性毒性
WWVCAK791.978.22水溶性差+16.54835.310.0030−0.0027非致敏无毒
WWV489.575.52水溶性差03.26834.810.01700非致敏无毒
RARW587.6812.00水溶性良好+29.93839.610.01600.0168非致敏无毒
VMRWKP816.0311.00水溶性良好+29.43858.210.01000.0297非致敏无毒
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300481790137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4条“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的理化性质与安全性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列分子量(Da)等电点溶解性净电荷疏水性半衰期聚集性溶血性免疫原性致敏性毒性
WWVCAK791.978.22水溶性差+16.54835.310.0030−0.0027非致敏无毒
WWV489.575.52水溶性差03.26834.810.01700非致敏无毒
RARW587.6812.00水溶性良好+29.93839.610.01600.0168非致敏无毒
VMRWKP816.0311.00水溶性良好+29.43858.210.01000.0297非致敏无毒
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300553093306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of four "antioxidant+whitening" dual-function Morchella esculenta peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品还原力DPPH自由基清除活性ABTS+自由基清除活性螯合能力对酪氨酸酶抑制活性
Trolox当量IC50Trolox当量IC50Trolox当量IC50EDTA-2Na当量IC50曲酸当量
WWVCAK127.29±3.77a70.24±0.79c75.17±2.55a51.28±0.79c969.53±16.88a1944±41c7.69±0.22a1128±18c119.80±3.75a
WWV24.18±0.75b1962±22.91b2.69±0.10b56.40±2.39c899.2±6.79b3447±173b4.34±0.21b11769±637b11.50±0.80b
RARW25.15±0.56b2225±54.27a2.37±0.13c270.8±7.22b186.42±3.76c3475±99b4.30±0.09b32520±1574a4.16±0.29c
VMRWKP20.46±0.93c1974±36.39b2.68±0.12b1048±23.07a47.29±1.42d7234±394a2.07±0.09c30360±1647a4.46±0.26c
Trolox−5.28±0.23d−49.97±1.16c−−−−−
EDTA-2Na−−−−−14.95±0.15d−−−
曲酸−−−−−−−135.07±3.12d−
), ArticleFig(id=1320167300628590779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166445821050951, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

4种“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的抗氧化及酪氨酸酶抑制活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品还原力DPPH自由基清除活性ABTS+自由基清除活性螯合能力对酪氨酸酶抑制活性
Trolox当量IC50Trolox当量IC50Trolox当量IC50EDTA-2Na当量IC50曲酸当量
WWVCAK127.29±3.77a70.24±0.79c75.17±2.55a51.28±0.79c969.53±16.88a1944±41c7.69±0.22a1128±18c119.80±3.75a
WWV24.18±0.75b1962±22.91b2.69±0.10b56.40±2.39c899.2±6.79b3447±173b4.34±0.21b11769±637b11.50±0.80b
RARW25.15±0.56b2225±54.27a2.37±0.13c270.8±7.22b186.42±3.76c3475±99b4.30±0.09b32520±1574a4.16±0.29c
VMRWKP20.46±0.93c1974±36.39b2.68±0.12b1048±23.07a47.29±1.42d7234±394a2.07±0.09c30360±1647a4.46±0.26c
Trolox−5.28±0.23d−49.97±1.16c−−−−−
EDTA-2Na−−−−−14.95±0.15d−−−
曲酸−−−−−−−135.07±3.12d−
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“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的虚拟筛选、活性评估及网络药理学分析
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李硕 1 , 郭雨晴 2 , 李彦萍 2 , 苗永美 2 , 张强 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(11): 126-136
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (11) : 126 -136
“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的虚拟筛选、活性评估及网络药理学分析
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李硕1 , 郭雨晴2, 李彦萍2, 苗永美2, 张强2, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽科技学院食品工程学院,安徽滁州 233100
  • 2安徽科技学院生物医学与健康学院,安徽滁州 233100
通讯作者:
张强(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李硕(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Virtual Screening, Activity Evaluation, and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Morchella esculenta Peptides with Dual Antioxidant and Whitening Effects
Shuo LI1 , Yuqing GUO2, Yanping LI2, Yongmei MIAO2, Qiang ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
  • 2College of Biomedicine and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050017
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本研究旨在利用生物信息学方法从羊肚菌中筛选“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽,验证其作用效果,并探究其潜在作用机制。综合运用虚拟酶解、活性预测、理化性质与安全性评估及分子对接等生物信息学方法,从羊肚菌中筛选到4条具有潜在“抗氧化+美白”功效的羊肚菌肽,序列分别为:WWVCAK、WWV、RARW和VMRWKP。体外实验证实,WWVCAK的抗氧化和酪氨酸酶抑制活性更好。细胞实验结果表明,WWVCAK能显著提高B16F10细胞的总抗氧化能力,降低胞内活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)和黑色素的水平,并对胞内酪氨酸酶有良好的抑制作用。网络药理学研究提示,SRC、HDAC1、ITGB2、ITGB1、PLG、MMP2、MMP9、HDAC2、ITGB3和ITGAL是WWVCAK发挥“抗氧化+美白”功效的关键靶点,WWVCAK通过参与蛋白酶解反应、细胞外基质的组织与分解以及胶原蛋白分解代谢等多种生物过程,并通过调控神经活性配体-受体相互作用、中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成以及白细胞跨内皮迁移等多条信号通路发挥“抗氧化+美白”功效。综上,WWVCAK是一种具有良好“抗氧化+美白”功效的活性肽,值得进一步开发和应用。

羊肚菌肽  /  抗氧化活性  /  酪氨酸酶抑制活性  /  生物信息学  /  网络药理学

This study aimed to screen "antioxidant+whitening" dual-function peptides from Morchella esculenta using bioinformatics methods, verify their efficacy, and explore their potential mechanisms of action. Through the integrated application of bioinformatics approaches including virtual enzymatic hydrolysis, activity prediction, physicochemical property and safety assessment, and molecular docking, four peptides from M. esculenta with potential "antioxidant+whitening" effects were virtually screened as follows: WWVCAK, WWV, RARW, and VMRWKP. In vitro experiments confirmed that the hexapeptide WWVCAK exhibited better antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Cell experiments further revealed that WWVCAK could significantly enhance the total antioxidant capacity of B16F10 cells, reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and melanin levels, and effectively inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity. Network pharmacology research indicated that SRC, HDAC1, ITGB2, ITGB1, PLG, MMP2, MMP9, HDAC2, ITGB3, and ITGAL were key targets of the "antioxidant+whitening" effects of WWVCAK. The peptide exerted its dual activity by participating in various biological processes including proteolysis, organization and disassembly of extracellular matrix, and collagen catabolic process, as well as by regulating multiple signaling pathways such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and leukocyte transendothelial migration. In conclusion, WWVCAK is a bioactive peptide with promising "antioxidant+whitening" properties and thus has potential for further development and application.

Morchella esculenta peptide  /  antioxidant activity  /  tyrosinase inhibitory activity  /  bioinformatics  /  network pharmacology
李硕, 郭雨晴, 李彦萍, 苗永美, 张强. “抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的虚拟筛选、活性评估及网络药理学分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 126 -136 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050017
Shuo LI, Yuqing GUO, Yanping LI, Yongmei MIAO, Qiang ZHANG. Virtual Screening, Activity Evaluation, and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Morchella esculenta Peptides with Dual Antioxidant and Whitening Effects[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 126 -136 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050017
生物活性肽是由2~20个天然氨基酸组成的具有多种功能的活性多肽,因其结构简单、安全性好、易于吸收等特点,在功能性食品和保健品开发中备受关注[1]。生物活性肽可通过抑制酶活性、抗菌、抗氧化等不同方式发挥广泛的生物学功能,且在人体内很少蓄积,无副作用,是功能性成分开发的理想候选者[2]。随着现代生活节奏的加快和环境压力的增大,人体面临着氧化应激损伤的挑战,机体内自由基水平升高可导致细胞损伤、衰老加速,同时影响皮肤健康状态[3−4]。因此,开发具有抗氧化和美白双重功效的天然活性肽,通过口服保健的方式实现由内而外的健康维护,已成为功能性食品研究的重要方向。
传统生物活性肽的研究通常采用酶解法制备,再利用超滤、层析、色谱和质谱等进行分离和鉴定,最后通过体内外活性检测进行功能评价,整个过程繁琐,成本高、时间长、产率低、有时会导致含量少但活性高的目标肽段丢失[5]。近年来,生物信息学在生物活性肽研究中的应用逐年增加。利用生物信息学方法可以实现前体蛋白的分析和优选,优化母体蛋白的可控水解,还能实现目标肽的活性预测和理化特性与安全性评估[6−7]。相对于传统生物活性肽的研究方法,生物信息学工具的应用可极大地提高生物活性肽的筛选效率。最近,应用生物信息学方法已从明太鱼[8]、棉籽粕[9]、椰子[10]、三角帆蚌[11]和蛋清[12]等不同原料蛋白中鉴定出多种抗氧化肽和酪氨酸酶抑制肽。然而,将"生物信息学+实验验证+网络药理学"多维度整合的研究策略应用于功能性食品活性肽的开发尚不多见,这种综合性研究方法有望为活性肽的精准筛选和机理阐释提供新的技术路径。
羊肚菌(Morchella esculenta)又名羊肚蘑、羊肚菜等,是一种极为珍稀的药食两用真菌,具有极高的营养价值和多种优良的生物活性。已有研究表明,羊肚菌蛋白酶解物具有较强的抗氧化活性,并对酪氨酸酶有一定的抑制作用,有望作为功能性食品成分得到开发利用[13]。基于此,本研究拟通过生物信息学方法从羊肚菌中筛选具有良好“抗氧化+美白”功效的活性肽;通过体外化学实验和细胞实验验证羊肚菌肽的生物活性;运用网络药理学方法探究羊肚菌肽发挥抗氧化和美白作用的潜在分子机制。本研究为功能性食品中活性肽类成分的开发提供了新的研究思路,对推动药食同源资源的深度开发和功能性食品产业发展具有重要的理论指导意义。
三氯化铁、三氯乙酸、铁氰化钾、七水合硫酸亚铁 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;乙二胺四乙酸二钠 上海展云化工有限公司;水溶性维生素E(Trolox)、2,2′-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)、菲咯嗪、L-多巴(L-DOPA)、曲酸、酪氨酸酶(5 kDa) 合肥博美生物科技有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH) Sigma-Aldrich公司;B16F10细胞、活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)检测试剂盒 江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司;总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;小鼠黑色素酶联免疫分析试剂盒、小鼠酪氨酸酶酶联免疫分析试剂盒 上海酶联生物科技有限公司。
BSA124S型电子天平 德国赛多利斯公司;V-5000型可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;DT5-4型离心机 北京时代北利离心机有限公司;SPARK多功能酶标仪 瑞士帝肯公司;SW-CJ-1FD超净工作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;XD-101型CO2培养箱 日本三洋公司。
从UniProt KB蛋白数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)下载羊肚菌蛋白序列。利用BIOPEP-UWM数据库(https://biochemia.uwm.edu.pl/biopep-uwm/)的“CALCULATIONS”模块对这些蛋白序列进行优选[14]。综合ΣA值(抗氧化肽出现频率+酪氨酸酶抑制肽出现频率),筛选出10种羊肚菌蛋白作为获取“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的原料蛋白(表1)。
通过BIOPEP-UWM数据库的ENZYME(S) ACTION模块,使用网站提供的33种酶解方法,分别对表1中10种羊肚菌蛋白进行虚拟酶解[14]。分别用PeptideRanker(http://distilldeep.ucd.ie/PeptideRanker/)和CPPpred(http://distilldeep.ucd.ie/CPPpred)评价所得肽段具有生物活性的潜力及细胞渗透性;将PeptideRanker得分大于0.6且CPPpred得分大于0.5的肽段用AnOxPePred(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?AnOxPePred-1.0)预测其抗氧化活性(FRS分和CHEL分各占50%),进一步,将抗氧化得分大于0.3的肽段用pepsite2(http://pepsite2.russelllab.org/)预测其酪氨酸酶抑制活性,选取酪氨酸酶抑制活性得分小于0.02的肽进行后续研究。
从RCSB 蛋白质数据库下载Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Keap1,PDB ID:2FLU)和酪氨酸酶(PDB ID:2Y9X)的晶体结构。在对接之前,用Pymol 软件(V2.3.2)移除受体上的有机小分子配体,并用AutoDock 软件(V1.5.6)进行去水和加氢处理,再用HPEPDOCK工具(http://huanglab.phys.hust.edu.cn/hpepdock/)进行分子对接。
利用Expasy(http://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/)预测肽的分子量和等电点(PI);Pepdraw(http://www.tulane.edu/~biochem/WW/PepDraw)预测肽的净电荷和疏水性;Innovagen(http://www.innovagen.com/proteomics-tools)预测肽的溶解性;PlifPred(https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/plifepred/analog.php)预测肽的半衰期。使用Allergylab(https://sortaller.gzhmu.edu.cn/)预测肽的致敏性;HemoPI(https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/hemopi/design.php)预测肽的溶血性;ChemAGG(https://admet.scbdd.com/ChemAGG/index/)预测肽的聚集性;IEDB(http://tools.iedb.org/immunogenicity/)预测肽的免疫原性;ToxinPred(https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/toxinpred/design.php)预测肽的毒性。
将筛选到的4种“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽(WWVCAK、WWV、RARW和VMRWKP)送上海Synpeptide生物科技公司进行固相合成(纯度>95%)。利用铁氰化钾-三氯化铁比色法,通过测定反应体系在700 nm处的吸光度检测肽的还原力;利用菲咯嗪比色法,通过检测反应体系在562 nm处的吸光度检测肽对Fe2+的螯合能力[15];利用分光光度法,分别测定2个反应体系在734 nm和517 nm处的吸光度检测肽对ABTS+自由基[16]和DPPH自由基清除能力[17];利用多巴醌比色法,通过测定反应体系在475 nm处的吸光度检测肽对酪氨酸酶的抑制活性[16]。
取对数生长期的B16F10细胞,消化、计数,用RPMI-1640培养基(含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素/链霉素)配制成浓度为3×104个/mL的细胞悬液,接种于96孔板,培养24 h;弃上清,用培养基稀释待测物至所需浓度,每孔加入100 μL含有待测物的培养基,以不含待测物的完全培养基作为空白对照,以Trolox或曲酸作为阳性对照,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养48 h。采用试剂盒测定细胞总抗氧化能力、细胞ROS含量、MDA含量、黑色素含量和酪氨酸酶活性。
利用Swiss TargetPrediction(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/)预测“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽(WWVCAK)的潜在作用靶点。分别以氧化(oxidative)和色素沉着(pigmentation)作为检索词,在OMIM数据库(https://omim.org/)和GeneCards数据库(https://www.genecards.org/)检索相应靶点,经合并与去重处理后,将WWVCAK的潜在作用靶点与氧化和色素沉着相关靶点取交集,获得WWVCAK发挥抗氧化和美白功效的共同作用靶点。
将WWVCAK发挥抗氧化和美白功效的共同作用靶点上传到STRING数据库(https://string-db.org/),设定物种为“Homo sapiens”,最小相互作用阈值为0.9,获得PPI网络,利用Cytoscape 3.10.0 (http://www.cytoscape.org/) 对PPI网络数据进行分析和可视化。使用CytoHubba 插件基于Degree拓扑分析算法从 PPI 网络中筛选关键靶点。
将WWVCAK发挥抗氧化和美白功效的共同作用靶点导入DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/summary.jsp),设定物种为“Homo sapiens”,进行基因本体论(GO)功能富集分析和京都基因和基因组百科全书(KEGG) 通路富集分析。利用微生信平台(https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/)将排名前10的GO条目及显著富集的信号通路进行可视化。
所有实验均进行3次重复,通过GraphPad Prism 8.3进行数据处理,结果以平均值±标准差表示,采用Tukey法进行显著性检验,P<0.05表示差异显著。
生物信息学在生物活性肽的研究中发挥越来越重要的作用[18]。本研究采用33种酶解方法对10种原料蛋白进行虚拟酶解,共获得723个肽段。其中,PeptideRanker得分大于0.6且CPPpred得分大于0.5的肽段共45个。对这些肽段进行理化性质与安全性评估以及分子对接研究,最终筛选出4种“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽,其序列分别为:WWVCAK、WWV、RARW和VMRWKP。4种肽的质谱图(图1)均显示了清晰的分子离子峰信号,且各分子离子峰的离子质荷比与理论计算值高度吻合,表明4种肽均得到有效检测与鉴定。4种肽的活性预测得分、分子对接得分以及理化性质与安全性结果分别列于表2~表4。由表2可知,4种“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的PeptideRanker得分介于0.626~0.971之间,表明其具有较高的生物活性潜力。CPPpred得分均高于0.5,提示其细胞渗透能力良好。此外,AnOxPePred得分均大于0.3,pepsite2得分均小于0.02,提示这些肽可能具备优异的抗氧化和抗黑色素生成活性。根据表3数据,4种肽与Keap1和酪氨酸酶均有较高的分子对接得分。与其他肽相比,WWVCAK与2种受体的对接得分均最高,说明其与受体的亲和力更强,提示其可能具有更优越的抗氧化和抗黑色素生成活性。表4列出了4种肽的理化性质与安全性评估结果,可以看出,所有肽的分子量均低于1000 Da,除WWV外,其余肽均带正电荷,等电点呈碱性,且疏水性较强。4种肽均无溶血性、毒性和致敏性,基本无聚集性和免疫原性,表明本研究筛选到的“抗氧化+美白”双功效肽可能具有良好的理化性质和安全性。
研究表明,肽的生物活性与其分子量、氨基酸组成及其排列顺序密切相关,通常活性肽的分子量低于1000 Da[19]。芳香族氨基酸(如色氨酸)以及含硫氨基酸(如半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸)能有效增强肽的自由基清除能力[20−21];精氨酸和赖氨酸等带正电荷的氨基酸可通过静电相互作用与金属离子形成螯合物,从而发挥抗氧化作用[22];此外,疏水性氨基酸,如缬氨酸、丙氨酸和脯氨酸等,可作为供氢体,并能提高肽在脂质-水界面的溶解性,有效中断自由基链式反应并增强自由基清除能力[23]。在酪氨酸酶抑制活性方面,酪氨酸酶抑制肽的N端或C端通常为色氨酸,通过氢键和疏水作用,与酪氨酸酶的关键残基(His244、His259等)形成稳定相互作用[24−25]。具有较强酪氨酸酶抑制活性的肽段通常含有一个或多个精氨酸或苯丙氨酸[26]。精氨酸和/或苯丙氨酸与疏水性氨基酸(如缬氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸等)在肽段中同时存在时,能增强肽与酶活性位点的亲和力,常表现出较强的酪氨酸酶抑制作用[27]。此外,肽段中如果有半胱氨酸存在,则更易与多巴醌结合形成共轭,抑制多巴醌转化为黑色素[28]。本研究筛选到的4种“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的分子量都低于1000 Da,均含有色氨酸,大多数含有缬氨酸、半胱氨酸或精氨酸等氨基酸中的一种或多种,与上述文献报道一致。这些肽的分子量及氨基酸组成特性表明,本研究筛选到的4种肽可能具备优异的抗氧化和美白功效。
分子对接技术能有效预测活性肽与靶标蛋白的结合模式和亲和力,显著提升活性肽的筛选效率,并降低研发成本,已成为活性肽研究的重要工具[29]。图2展示了WWVCAK与2种受体的结合位点及相互作用方式。结果显示,WWVCAK与Keap1的Gly367、Thr560和Val(604,606)以氢键结合,同时与Leu557、Gly(419,558,605)、Ile(416,559)、Ala(466,607)、Val(369,418,420,463,467,514,561,608)、Arg326、Cys(368,513)通过疏水相互作用结合。在与酪氨酸酶的分子对接中,WWVCAK通过氢键与酪氨酸酶的Arg268、His244、Glu256相互作用,通过配位键与Phe292结合,并与Gly(86,245,281)、His(61,85,94,259,263,296)、Ser282、Asn260、Phe264、Val(283,248)、Ala286和Glu322通过疏水作用结合。本研究中,与WWVCAK相结合的Keap1中的氨基酸残基,包括Cys(368,513),Ile 559和Val (369,463,467,514, 604,606)等,均为该蛋白的重要活性位点[30]。此外,与WWVCAK相结合的酪氨酸酶分子中的His(61,85,94,244,259,263,296)、Glu256、Asn260、Phe264、Val283、Ala286和Phe292 等也均是该酶活性中心的关键氨基酸残基[31]。因此,WWVCAK通过与Keap1和酪氨酸酶活性部位的特异性结合发挥抗氧化和美白功效。
表5展示了4种“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽的还原力、对DPPH和ABTS+自由基的清除能力、螯合能力以及对酪氨酸酶的抑制活性的评估结果。可以看出,所有4种肽均表现出一定的还原力和螯合能力,对DPPH和ABTS+自由基具有显著的清除活性,并对酪氨酸酶展现出较强的抑制作用。其中,WWVCAK的综合活性最为突出,其ABTS+自由基清除活性的IC50值与阳性对照Trolox相当,其还原力、DPPH自由基清除活性和ABTS+自由基清除活性的Trolox当量分别为127.29±3.77、75.17±2.55和969.53±16.88 mg/g,螯合能力的EDTA-2Na当量为7.69±0.22 mg/g,酪氨酸酶抑制活性的曲酸当量为119.80±3.75 mg/g,均显著高于WWV、RARW和VMRWKP(P<0.05),提示WWVCAK是一种具有良好开发前景的“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽。
还原力反映了物质提供电子以终止自由基链式反应的能力;DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除活性直接表征化合物作为氢供体或电子供体,中和特定自由基的效率;金属离子螯合能力通过检测样品对Fe2+/Cu2+等过渡金属离子的结合,反映其对Fenton反应的抑制能力,这些指标共同构成了抗氧化活性的多维度评估体系[32]。刘鑫等[33]利用生物信息学方法从羊血红蛋白中筛选到3条抗氧化肽(KRM、FPL和FL),其DPPH自由基清除活性的IC50值分别为0.125、0.256和1.601 mg/mL,ABTS+自由基清除活性的IC50值分别为0.339、0.374和1.601 mg/mL。于梦怡等[34]在超滤和层析法分离及LC-MS/MS结构鉴定的基础上,结合生物信息学方法从青刺果中分离到3个抗氧化肽(TALDVPPPR、TLSDAGVGGL和DLINGGKDA),其DPPH自由基清除活性的IC50值分别为0.43、0.83和0.51 mg/mL。Plácido等[35]通过传统分离纯化、结构鉴定与生物信息学相结合的方法,从火鲵皮肤分泌物中筛选到抗氧化肽salamandrin-I(FAVWGCADYRGY),其ABTS+自由基清除活性和DPPH自由基清除活性当量分别为0.285 mg Trolox/mg和0.08 mg Trolox/mg。酪氨酸酶是黑色素合成的关键限速酶,抑制其活性可有效减少黑色素沉积,进而实现皮肤美白效果[36]。Yu等[12]使用计算机辅助虚拟筛选,从蛋清中筛选到酪氨酸酶抑制肽DEK,其对酪氨酸酶抑制活性的IC50值为0.205±0.07 mmol/L。Wang等[37]结合超滤、LC-MS/MS及分子对接技术从栉江珧外套膜中筛选到4种酪氨酸酶抑制肽,其中YYP对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用最强,IC50值为1.764±0.025 mmol/L。尽管本研究中WWVCAK的抗氧化及酪氨酸酶抑制活性并不及阳性对照,但其同时具备抗氧化和美白双重功效,且活性优于多数已报道的抗氧化肽及酪氨酸酶抑制肽[14]。此外,WWVCAK作为天然产物,具有较高的安全性及良好的吸收特性。若能在现有基础上对其结构作进一步优化,其抗氧化及酪氨酸酶抑制活性有望得到显著提升,从而增强其应用潜力。
总抗氧化能力是评估细胞抗氧化防御体系效能的重要指标,其水平越高,细胞抵御氧化损伤的能力越强。MDA是脂质过氧化的主要产物,ROS则是细胞内氧化应激的关键标志物,二者的含量降低,反映细胞的氧化损伤得到缓解。本研究通过测定总抗氧化能力、MDA含量及ROS水平评估了WWVCAK对B16F10细胞抗氧化性能的影响(图3)。结果显示,WWVCAK以浓度依赖性方式显著增强细胞的总抗氧化能力,并降低MDA含量和ROS水平(P<0.05)。在400 μg/mL浓度下,WWVCAK处理组的总抗氧化能力较对照组提高了40.63%,MDA含量和ROS水平分别降至对照组的70.22%和78.58%。这些结果表明,WWVCAK能够有效提升细胞的抗氧化能力,减轻氧化应激损伤。
已有研究广泛报道了抗氧化肽对细胞氧化应激的保护作用。Xiao等[38]发现,鹿角抗氧化肽通过增强抗氧化酶活性,降低ROS和MDA水平,减轻了紫外线诱导的细胞氧化损伤;Xu等[39]报道,猴头菇抗氧化肽KSPLY通过激活Keap1/Nrf2信号通路,促进抗氧化酶表达,抑制ROS和MDA 生成,从而保护HepG2细胞免受H2O2诱导的氧化损伤。与上述研究一致,本研究表明,WWVCAK能够显著提升B16F10细胞的总抗氧化能力,降低MDA含量和ROS水平,从而保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
细胞黑色素含量与酪氨酸酶活性呈正相关,抑制酪氨酸酶活性可减少黑色素合成,从而实现皮肤美白[36]。本研究通过检测WWVCAK对B16F10细胞黑色素生成及酪氨酸酶活性的影响,评估了其美白潜力(图4)。结果显示,WWVCAK以剂量依赖方式显著抑制B16F10细胞的黑色素生成(P<0.05,图4A)。在400 μg/mL浓度下,黑色素含量降至对照组的68.78%,其效果与阳性对照曲酸相当。此外,WWVCAK对B16F10细胞酪氨酸酶活性的影响如图4B所示。相较于对照组,不同浓度WWVCAK处理组的酪氨酸酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05),呈现明显的量效关系。在400 μg/mL浓度下,酪氨酸酶活性降至对照组的84.47%,与阳性对照曲酸在统计学上无显著差异(P>0.05)。Yap等[40]利用细胞模型评价了鸡蛋清肽GYSLGNWVCAAK的抗色素沉着潜力和作用机制,发现该肽通过下调Tyr基因的表达,降低酪氨酸酶的催化活性或影响其结构稳定性,从而抑制B16F10细胞的黑色素生成。Hu等[5]研究表明,以1.6 mg/mL鱼鳞明胶肽DLGFLARGF处理B16F10细胞,可使酪氨酸酶活性降低23.19%,黑色素含量减少38.3%。本研究结果与上述报道一致,WWVCAK处理组的黑色素含量和酪氨酸酶活性均显著低于对照组,表明WWVCAK能通过抑制酪氨酸酶活性,有效减少黑色素合成,具有作为酪氨酸酶抑制剂应用于皮肤美白产品开发的潜力。
利用Swiss Target Prediction数据库获得105个WWVCAK的潜在作用靶点。通过OMIM和Genecards数据库,分别筛选出14577个氧化相关靶点和12264个黑色素生成相关靶点。将WWVCAK的潜在作用靶点与氧化相关靶点以及黑色素生成相关靶点进行交集分析,获得74个共有靶点(图5A),这些共有靶点被认为是WWVCAK发挥抗氧化和美白功效的共同作用靶点。
利用STRING数据库对74个共同作用靶点作进一步分析,构建靶点间的互作网络(PPI)。将PPI数据导入Cytoscape 3.10.0软件,进行拓扑分析和可视化处理。在移除网络中的离散节点后,最终得到的PPI网络包含40个节点和76条边,平均邻域连通性为4.0。利用CytoHubba 插件,基于Degree值对靶点进行排序,筛选出Degree值排名前10 的靶点,依次为:SRC、HDAC1、ITGB2、ITGB1、PLG、MMP2、MMP9、HDAC2、ITGB3和ITGAL(图5B)。这些靶点在整个网络中发挥着关键作用,是WWVCAK发挥抗氧化和美白作用的关键靶点。
通过DAVID数据库对74个共有靶点进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。以P<0.05为筛选阈值,共获得221条生物过程(BP)、40条细胞组分(CC)、49条分子功能(MF)。图6A展示了排名前10的BP、CC和MF条目。由图6A可知,WWVCAK发挥抗氧化和美白功效的共同作用靶点主要参与蛋白酶解反应(proteolysis)、细胞外基质组织及分解(extracellular matrix disassembly collagen catabolic process)以及胶原蛋白分解代谢(collagen catabolic process)等生物过程;相关靶蛋白主要分布于质膜(plasma membrane)、细胞表面(cell surface)以及外泌体(extracellular exosome)等细胞组分;其分子功能主要涉及锌离子结合(zinc ion binding)、内肽酶活性(endopeptidase activity)及金属内肽酶活性(metalloendopeptidase activity)等。GO富集分析结果表明,WWVCAK在不同细胞成分中通过调节多种生物过程,介导多种不同分子功能,从而实现抗氧化和美白功效。
KEGG 通路分析(图6B)结果表明,共有靶点在多种通路中显著富集,其中P<0.01的信号通路共14条,主要涉及神经、血管、氧化应激、炎症和免疫等方面。去除不相关的广谱通路,WWVCAK主要通过神经活性配体-受体相互作用信号通路(Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,NLRI)、中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网形成信号通路(Neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)、白细胞跨内皮迁移信号通路(Transendothelial migration,TEM)等多种不同途径发挥抗氧化和美白功效。
NLRI信号通路在调控色素沉着及细胞抗氧化损伤中具有重要作用。该通路通过上调谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及超氧化物歧化酶等抗氧化酶的表达,增强细胞的抗氧化防御能力,有效缓解氧化应激[41]。特别是该通路中的黑皮质素1受体(MC1R)在调控黑色素细胞的黑色素生成及抗氧化反应中发挥核心作用。MC1R可被α-黑素细胞刺激素(α-MSH)等配体激活,进而通过cAMP/PKA等下游信号通路诱导黑素生成酶表达,促进黑色素合成[42]。成翠等[43]研究表明,杜仲雄花多肽通过调控NLRI通路有效缓解机体氧化应激。潘素跃等[44]研究证实,逍遥丸中的主要活性成分具有抗炎和抗氧化作用,能通过清除自由基以及抑制黑色素合成发挥对黄褐斑的治疗作用,其机制涉及NLRI以及多巴胺能突触等多条信号通路的调节。NETs信号通路与抗氧化途径及黑色素生成之间存在复杂的相互作用。氧化应激可促进NETs的激活[45],而抗氧化剂通过抑制ROS生成,减轻NETs介导的炎症反应,从而降低黑色素生成[46–47]。Guo等[48]研究发现,香叶木素可显著抑制脓毒症小鼠NETs的激活,减少ROS积累及全身炎症。但NETs激活与黑色素生成之间的直接关联目前尚缺乏相关文献支持。TEM信号通路通过ICAM-1和VCAM-1介导的细胞粘附,激活Rho/MAPK信号通路,诱导ROS生成及炎症因子释放,进而促进黑色素生成[49–50]。抗氧化剂通过抑制ROS及相关炎症反应降低黑色素细胞活性,从而调控黑色素合成[51–52]。郑雅等[53]的研究表明,栝楼桂枝汤通过调控TEM、TNF及MAPK等多条信号通路,发挥抗氧化、抗炎及神经保护作用,缓解脑卒中后下肢痉挛。苏俊等[54]的研究进一步揭示,黑色素瘤的发生发展与免疫及炎症密切相关,HDACi通过调控TEM、人乳头瘤病毒感染及癌症转录失调等多条信号通路,发挥抗黑色素瘤作用。
本研究为深入理解WWVCAK的作用机制提供了重要的理论依据,并为开发基于多靶点调控的“抗氧化+美白”功能性成分奠定了科学基础。但WWVCAK对关键信号通路的特异性调控机制及其通路间的协同作用尚需进一步的实验验证,以明确其在复杂生物环境中的作用效果及靶向特异性。
利用生物信息学方法从羊肚菌中筛选到4个具有潜在“抗氧化+美白”功效的羊肚菌肽,序列分别为:WWVCAK、WWV、RARW和VMRWKP。体外化学实验证实,WWVCAK较其他3种肽具有更强的抗氧化和酪氨酸酶抑制活性,其还原力的Trolox当量为127.29±3.77 mg/g,对DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除作用以及对Fe2+螯合作用的IC50值分别为70.24±0.79、51.28±0.79和1944±41 µg/mL,对酪氨酸酶抑制活性的IC50值为1128±18 µg/mL。细胞实验结果表明,WWVCAK能显著提高B16F10细胞的总抗氧化能力,降低胞内ROS、MDA和黑色素的水平,并对胞内酪氨酸酶具良好的抑制作用。网络药理学结果提示,SRC、HDAC1、ITGB2、ITGB1、PLG、MMP2、MMP9、HDAC2、ITGB3和ITGAL是WWVCAK发挥“抗氧化+美白”功效的关键靶点;WWVCAK可能通过参与蛋白酶解反应、细胞外基质的组织和动态重塑以及胶原分解代谢等生物过程,并通过调控NLRI、NETs以及TEM等多条信号通路,发挥“抗氧化+美白”作用。本研究筛选的“抗氧化+美白”双功效羊肚菌肽WWVCAK有望作为新型功能性活性成分在保健品、功能性食品或医药领域得到应用。未来应在此基础上,通过动物实验进一步验证其作用效果,结合组学方法和技术,更系统地阐明WWVCAK发挥“抗氧化+美白”作用的具体机制。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050017
  • 接收时间:2025-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-08
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    1安徽科技学院食品工程学院,安徽滁州 233100
    2安徽科技学院生物医学与健康学院,安徽滁州 233100

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张强(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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