Article(id=1261336284388311195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778655604693, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1777564800000, pubDateStr=2026-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778655604693, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778655604693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778655604693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261336272929472630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778655601961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778657530282, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261344361019728696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1261336272929472630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=149, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261336286724538542, articleId=1261336284388311195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of 60Co-γ Ray Irradiation on the Structure and Processing Properties of Gluten Proteins, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study systematically investigated the effects of 60Co-γ-ray irradiation on the structural characteristics and processing properties of gluten proteins. Gluten protein samples were irradiated at doses of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 kGy. The investigation assessed the free sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds, secondary structure, molecular weight distribution, color attributes, water-holding capacity, emulsifying properties, taste profiles of gluten protein, and the pasting characteristics of the wheat starch-gluten protein reconstituted system under varying irradiation conditions. The results demonstrated that after γ-ray irradiation treatment, the free sulfhydryl group content in wheat gluten protein consistently exceeded that of the control group. Meanwhile, the disulfide bond content decreased gradually from 488.71 μmol·g−1 to 259.21 μmol·g−1. The protein secondary structure exhibited a conversion from α-helix to β-sheet. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated partial degradation or aggregation of proteins. Irradiation improved certain processing properties of wheat gluten protein. Notably, at an irradiation dose of 7 kGy, the L* value of color raised by 14.61%, water-holding capacity increased by 0.09 g/g, and emulsion activity and stability were enhanced by 1.84-fold and 5.48-fold, respectively. Irradiation exhibited relatively limited effects on the taste of gluten protein and the pasting properties of wheat starch-gluten protein reconstituted systems. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, and breakdown value of reconstituted flours decreased only at the highest irradiation dose of 9 kGy (P<0.05). This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of irradiation in flour product processing and gluten protein modification.

, correspAuthors=Jun XI, Huili YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liping CHENG, Jun XI, Long CUI, Dong ZHANG, Xian WANG, Sisi CHEN, Huili YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261336300460884284, articleId=1261336284388311195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=60Co-γ射线辐照对面筋蛋白结构及加工性能的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究60Co-γ射线辐照对面筋蛋白结构和加工性能的影响,本论文采用0、1、3、5、7、9 kGy辐照剂量处理面筋蛋白,探究不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的游离巯基、二硫键、二级结构、分子量、色泽、持水性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性、滋味、面筋蛋白和小麦淀粉重组体系糊化特性的变化。结果表明,经γ射线辐照处理后,面筋蛋白的游离巯基含量均高于对照组,二硫键含量从488.71 μmol·g−1逐渐减少至259.21 μmol·g−1,二级结构发生α-螺旋向β-折叠的转化;SDS-PAGE显示部分蛋白质发生降解或聚合。面筋蛋白经辐照后部分加工性能得以改善,当辐照剂量为7 kGy时,面筋蛋白色泽L*值增大14.61%、持水性提升了0.09 g/g、乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别提高至1.84倍和5.48倍。辐照对面筋蛋白的滋味及其与小麦淀粉重组体系的糊化特性影响相对有限,仅在9 kGy时,重组粉的峰值粘度、最终粘度和衰减值显著下降(P<0.05)。本研究为面制品的辐照加工以及面筋蛋白的改性提供理论基础。

, correspAuthors=席俊, 闫慧丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
席俊(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:
闫慧丽(1989−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:淀粉结构与功能,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KSD+Fkd3vhC/Pxv3q/3K9Q==, magXml=SvWanFwK/Kywf08Ripswpw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=O4a4kOWtIYfUfO0cArbnlA==, pdfFileSize=6732797, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=iH6GUNmuFWRMbp9qyzWajA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=KtRr5sSorOkoLmutF3GaKg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

程丽萍(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:淀粉结构与功能,E-mail:

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程丽萍(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:淀粉结构与功能,E-mail:

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Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2025, 41(3): 280−289., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261336301891141978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336301966639453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, companyId=1261336301891141978, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336301983416669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, companyId=1261336301891141978, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261336304210592105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336304252535148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, companyId=1261336304210592105, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Isotope Institute Co., Ltd., Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336304277700975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, companyId=1261336304210592105, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河南省科学院同位素研究所有限责任公司,河南郑州 450015)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261336304822960509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336304860709247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, companyId=1261336304822960509, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261336304885875073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, companyId=1261336304822960509, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.河南省科学院,河南郑州 450046)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261336343850959559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Relative content of secondary structure of gluten proteins at different irradiation doses, figureFileSmall=4AzJ+kxMh5FBx0v1X3+1Ww==, figureFileBig=iH6GUNmuFWRMbp9qyzWajA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336344270389965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白二级结构的相对含量

注:图中字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05),图3图4同。

, figureFileSmall=4AzJ+kxMh5FBx0v1X3+1Ww==, figureFileBig=iH6GUNmuFWRMbp9qyzWajA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336345964888796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SDS-PAGE of gluten proteins under different irradiation doses, figureFileSmall=St3iBy83O/VHofghIh7pjg==, figureFileBig=1OL57FdMUeyo6L1FE+mhDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336346413679327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的SDS-PAGE

注:A为还原性SDS-PAGE图;B为非还原性SDS-PAGE图。

, figureFileSmall=St3iBy83O/VHofghIh7pjg==, figureFileBig=1OL57FdMUeyo6L1FE+mhDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336348619883242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Water holding capacity of gluten proteins at different irradiation doses, figureFileSmall=96tNUu8o2JLcbnBsPU9eIA==, figureFileBig=hlA7NZhChhb6JtbHqomx8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336349316137717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的持水性, figureFileSmall=96tNUu8o2JLcbnBsPU9eIA==, figureFileBig=hlA7NZhChhb6JtbHqomx8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336350154998527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Emulsification activity index and emulsification stability index of gluten proteins under different irradiation doses, figureFileSmall=WStUdnZckD0LJMFIX0xthw==, figureFileBig=X1Td8VHQ9voynuK1y3/bag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336350981276423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数, figureFileSmall=WStUdnZckD0LJMFIX0xthw==, figureFileBig=X1Td8VHQ9voynuK1y3/bag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261336353426555665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Free sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds in gluten proteins at different irradiation doses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量(kGy)游离巯基(μmol·g−1二硫键含量(μmol·g−1
注:表中同列数据上标字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05);表2~表4同。
017.93±0.50d488.71±7.44a
119.06±0.03d450.15±0.75b
320.44±0.20c439.18±4.68b
522.28±0.22b380.32±5.11c
724.35±0.16a337.37±1.15d
921.28±0.99bc259.21±6.97e
), ArticleFig(id=1261336353971815191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的游离巯基及二硫键含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量(kGy)游离巯基(μmol·g−1二硫键含量(μmol·g−1
注:表中同列数据上标字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05);表2~表4同。
017.93±0.50d488.71±7.44a
119.06±0.03d450.15±0.75b
320.44±0.20c439.18±4.68b
522.28±0.22b380.32±5.11c
724.35±0.16a337.37±1.15d
921.28±0.99bc259.21±6.97e
), ArticleFig(id=1261336354739372832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Colorimetry of gluten proteins at different irradiation doses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量(kGy)L*a*b*
085.54±0.38d1.74±0.04a22.07±0.26b
192.31±1.11c1.60±0.04a21.06±0.19b
396.11±0.60b1.78±0.14a21.98±1.70b
596.80±0.85ab1.58±0.52a20.51±1.62b
798.04±0.61a0.85±0.12b26.19±1.18a
997.35±0.21ab0.91±0.12b25.06±1.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1261336355192357671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的色度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量(kGy)L*a*b*
085.54±0.38d1.74±0.04a22.07±0.26b
192.31±1.11c1.60±0.04a21.06±0.19b
396.11±0.60b1.78±0.14a21.98±1.70b
596.80±0.85ab1.58±0.52a20.51±1.62b
798.04±0.61a0.85±0.12b26.19±1.18a
997.35±0.21ab0.91±0.12b25.06±1.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1261336355607593771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Taste of gluten proteins under different irradiation doses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量(kGy)酸味苦味苦回味鲜味咸味涩味涩回味
注:酸味、咸味的无味点分别为−13、−6,当对应的味觉值低于上述值时说明样品无该味道。
0−17.11±0.02a1.52±0.09a−0.34±0.05a0.13±0.01ab0.02±0.02a0.10±0.02a−0.07±0.02a
1−17.44±0.05c1.54±0.07a−0.37±0.03a0.14±0.01a0.02±0.02a0.11±0.01a−0.06±0.01a
3−17.10±0.02a1.49±0.07a−0.36±0.05a0.12±0.01b0.01±0.02a0.12±0.01a−0.06±0.01a
5−17.30±0.07b1.47±0.06a−0.37±0.03a0.12±0.01b0.02±0.02a0.11±0.02a−0.04±0.01a
7−17.67±0.02d1.47±0.08a−0.39±0.04a0.12±0.01b0.03±0.03a0.10±0.01a−0.05±0.01a
9−18.07±0.01e1.52±0.06a−0.35±0.02a0.11±0.00c0.02±0.01a0.10±0.01a−0.07±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1261336357646025526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白滋味

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量(kGy)酸味苦味苦回味鲜味咸味涩味涩回味
注:酸味、咸味的无味点分别为−13、−6,当对应的味觉值低于上述值时说明样品无该味道。
0−17.11±0.02a1.52±0.09a−0.34±0.05a0.13±0.01ab0.02±0.02a0.10±0.02a−0.07±0.02a
1−17.44±0.05c1.54±0.07a−0.37±0.03a0.14±0.01a0.02±0.02a0.11±0.01a−0.06±0.01a
3−17.10±0.02a1.49±0.07a−0.36±0.05a0.12±0.01b0.01±0.02a0.12±0.01a−0.06±0.01a
5−17.30±0.07b1.47±0.06a−0.37±0.03a0.12±0.01b0.02±0.02a0.11±0.02a−0.04±0.01a
7−17.67±0.02d1.47±0.08a−0.39±0.04a0.12±0.01b0.03±0.03a0.10±0.01a−0.05±0.01a
9−18.07±0.01e1.52±0.06a−0.35±0.02a0.11±0.00c0.02±0.01a0.10±0.01a−0.07±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1261336357994152761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pasting characteristics of reconstituted powders under different irradiation doses

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辐照剂量(kGy)峰值粘度(cP)最低粘度(cP)最终粘度(cP)衰减值(cP)回生值(cP)峰值时间(min)糊化温度(℃)
02504.00±74.95a1793.00±50.91a2888.00±49.50a711.00±24.04ab1095.00±1.41a6.24±0.05a90.10±0.49a
12471.50±54.45a1746.50±31.82a2840.00±62.23ab725.00±22.63a1093.50±30.41a6.17±0.05a90.13±0.53a
32436.00±14.14a1747.00±25.46a2808.50±17.68ab689.00±11.31ab1061.50±7.78a6.24±0.05a90.50±0.07a
52429.00±21.21ab1736.00±76.37a2822.00±1.41ab693.00±55.15ab1086.00±74.95a6.23±0.14a90.48±1.10a
72398.00±9.90ab1756.00±9.90a2797.00±0.00ab642.00±0.00bc1041.00±9.90a6.24±0.05a90.48±0.04a
92329.50±27.58b1715.50±16.26a2749.50±33.23b614.00±11.31c1034.00±16.97a6.27±0.00a90.93±0.60a
), ArticleFig(id=1261336358371640133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1261336284388311195, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同辐照剂量下重组粉的糊化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量(kGy)峰值粘度(cP)最低粘度(cP)最终粘度(cP)衰减值(cP)回生值(cP)峰值时间(min)糊化温度(℃)
02504.00±74.95a1793.00±50.91a2888.00±49.50a711.00±24.04ab1095.00±1.41a6.24±0.05a90.10±0.49a
12471.50±54.45a1746.50±31.82a2840.00±62.23ab725.00±22.63a1093.50±30.41a6.17±0.05a90.13±0.53a
32436.00±14.14a1747.00±25.46a2808.50±17.68ab689.00±11.31ab1061.50±7.78a6.24±0.05a90.50±0.07a
52429.00±21.21ab1736.00±76.37a2822.00±1.41ab693.00±55.15ab1086.00±74.95a6.23±0.14a90.48±1.10a
72398.00±9.90ab1756.00±9.90a2797.00±0.00ab642.00±0.00bc1041.00±9.90a6.24±0.05a90.48±0.04a
92329.50±27.58b1715.50±16.26a2749.50±33.23b614.00±11.31c1034.00±16.97a6.27±0.00a90.93±0.60a
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60Co-γ射线辐照对面筋蛋白结构及加工性能的影响
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程丽萍 1, 2 , 席俊 *, 1 , 崔龙 2, 3 , 张栋 2, 3 , 王娴 2 , 陈思思 2 , 闫慧丽 *, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(9): 149-157
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食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026, 47(9): 149-157
60Co-γ射线辐照对面筋蛋白结构及加工性能的影响
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程丽萍1, 2 , 席俊*, 1 , 崔龙2, 3, 张栋2, 3, 王娴2, 陈思思2, 闫慧丽*, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001
  • 2.河南省科学院同位素研究所有限责任公司,河南郑州 450015
  • 3.河南省科学院,河南郑州 450046
  • 程丽萍(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:淀粉结构与功能,E-mail:

通讯作者:

席俊(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:
闫慧丽(1989−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:淀粉结构与功能,E-mail:
Effects of 60Co-γ Ray Irradiation on the Structure and Processing Properties of Gluten Proteins
Liping CHENG1, 2 , Jun XI*, 1 , Long CUI2, 3, Dong ZHANG2, 3, Xian WANG2, Sisi CHEN2, Huili YAN*, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2.Isotope Institute Co., Ltd., Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450015, China
  • 3.Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China
出版时间: 2026-05-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050011
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为研究60Co-γ射线辐照对面筋蛋白结构和加工性能的影响,本论文采用0、1、3、5、7、9 kGy辐照剂量处理面筋蛋白,探究不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的游离巯基、二硫键、二级结构、分子量、色泽、持水性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性、滋味、面筋蛋白和小麦淀粉重组体系糊化特性的变化。结果表明,经γ射线辐照处理后,面筋蛋白的游离巯基含量均高于对照组,二硫键含量从488.71 μmol·g−1逐渐减少至259.21 μmol·g−1,二级结构发生α-螺旋向β-折叠的转化;SDS-PAGE显示部分蛋白质发生降解或聚合。面筋蛋白经辐照后部分加工性能得以改善,当辐照剂量为7 kGy时,面筋蛋白色泽L*值增大14.61%、持水性提升了0.09 g/g、乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别提高至1.84倍和5.48倍。辐照对面筋蛋白的滋味及其与小麦淀粉重组体系的糊化特性影响相对有限,仅在9 kGy时,重组粉的峰值粘度、最终粘度和衰减值显著下降(P<0.05)。本研究为面制品的辐照加工以及面筋蛋白的改性提供理论基础。

面筋蛋白  /  γ辐照  /  空间结构  /  加工性能  /  蛋白质改性

This study systematically investigated the effects of 60Co-γ-ray irradiation on the structural characteristics and processing properties of gluten proteins. Gluten protein samples were irradiated at doses of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 kGy. The investigation assessed the free sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds, secondary structure, molecular weight distribution, color attributes, water-holding capacity, emulsifying properties, taste profiles of gluten protein, and the pasting characteristics of the wheat starch-gluten protein reconstituted system under varying irradiation conditions. The results demonstrated that after γ-ray irradiation treatment, the free sulfhydryl group content in wheat gluten protein consistently exceeded that of the control group. Meanwhile, the disulfide bond content decreased gradually from 488.71 μmol·g−1 to 259.21 μmol·g−1. The protein secondary structure exhibited a conversion from α-helix to β-sheet. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated partial degradation or aggregation of proteins. Irradiation improved certain processing properties of wheat gluten protein. Notably, at an irradiation dose of 7 kGy, the L* value of color raised by 14.61%, water-holding capacity increased by 0.09 g/g, and emulsion activity and stability were enhanced by 1.84-fold and 5.48-fold, respectively. Irradiation exhibited relatively limited effects on the taste of gluten protein and the pasting properties of wheat starch-gluten protein reconstituted systems. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, and breakdown value of reconstituted flours decreased only at the highest irradiation dose of 9 kGy (P<0.05). This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of irradiation in flour product processing and gluten protein modification.

gluten protein  /  γ-irradiation  /  spatial structure  /  processing performance  /  protein modification
程丽萍, 席俊, 崔龙, 张栋, 王娴, 陈思思, 闫慧丽. 60Co-γ射线辐照对面筋蛋白结构及加工性能的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (9) : 149 -157 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050011
Liping CHENG, Jun XI, Long CUI, Dong ZHANG, Xian WANG, Sisi CHEN, Huili YAN. Effects of 60Co-γ Ray Irradiation on the Structure and Processing Properties of Gluten Proteins[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (9) : 149 -157 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050011
面筋蛋白是面粉的主要成分之一,赋予了面制品独特的口感和弹性。除了作为面制品的骨架结构,面筋蛋白还可以作为食品添加剂,应用在面筋蛋白与马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉等组成的食品体系,用于改善产品的营养、稳定性、质地、口感等[12]。通过物理、化学或酶法等技术手段,进一步调控天然面筋蛋白的功能特性,扩展面筋蛋白的应用范围是近年来的研究热点之一。热变性、机械处理或超声等物理修饰手段可以改变面筋蛋白的空间结构和分子间聚集状态,有助于形成连续的面筋网络结构,提高馒头或面包的比容和弹性[34]。磷酸化等化学修饰方法可显著改变面筋蛋白表面的电负性,增强蛋白质分子之间的静电斥力,使其更大程度地分散到水中,在速冻面制品、挤压膨化食品中具有广阔的应用前景[5]。酶法修饰可通过改善蛋白质的溶解度和活性,提升面筋蛋白的乳化、起泡和凝胶化等功能特性,对改良无麸质面包、高蛋白面条等具有重要意义[6]。与上述蛋白质改性技术手段相比,辐照加工技术具有高效、绿色、成本低廉等优点,该技术通过γ射线、X射线或电子加速器产生的高能电子束使生物大分子发生DNA碱基序列改变、分子链断裂或交联等变化,从而达到改性或杀菌的目的[7];该技术在面筋蛋白改性方面具有良好的应用前景,其安全性已受国际认可[89]
虽然有关辐照直接改性面筋蛋白的研究相对较少,但针对其他植物源蛋白质的研究表明,辐照技术在改善小麦胚芽蛋白、向日葵蛋白、稻米蛋白的溶解度、持水性和持油性等功能特性方面效果显著[10]。此外,诸多针对面粉及其制品辐照杀菌的研究也间接证明了辐照可影响面筋蛋白的结构及功能特性。例如,小麦粉经0~8 kGy剂量的电子束预处理能够促进面团发酵过程中气体的释放速率,降低面包硬度,并增进面筋网络与淀粉之间的相互作用[11];小麦粉经4 kGy的γ射线辐照处理可有效延长碱面条的货架期并提高其弹性[12]。申慧珊等[13]通过从辐照后的面粉中分离出面筋蛋白,确认其结构和功能特性发生了改变。然而,面粉是一个复杂的食品体系,食品组分之间存在复杂的相互作用,单从宏观层面探讨辐照对面制品品质的影响,或仅研究从辐照面粉中分离出的面筋蛋白还不足以全面阐释辐照对面制品品质的作用机理,因为面筋蛋白的分离过程本身可能已经受到辐照的影响。因此,直接研究辐照对面筋蛋白结构与加工性能的影响或许可以为面筋蛋白功能特性的改善提供更多的思路与途径,以适应不同的加工需求,同时也为阐明辐照对面制品品质的影响机制提供更多的理论依据。
鉴于面筋蛋白对食品加工的重要意义,本研究拟利用不同剂量的60Co-γ射线对面筋蛋白进行辐照处理,研究不同剂量对面筋蛋白结构与功能特性的影响,并以面筋蛋白-小麦淀粉重组粉作为代表性体系,探索改性后的面筋蛋白在重组体系中的加工适用性,为辐照技术在面制品杀菌和品质改善等方面的应用提供更多的理论基础,同时也为面筋蛋白的改性提供新的思路,以期进一步开发面筋蛋白的应用潜力。
谷朊粉(淀粉质量分数为12.80%,蛋白质质量分数为77.50%,油脂质量分数为0.70%,水分质量分数为10.88%) 封丘县华丰粉业有限公司;小麦淀粉(淀粉质量分数为87.40%,蛋白质质量分数为0%,油脂质量分数为0%,水分质量分数为11.55%) 新乡良润全谷物食品有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;大豆油 益海嘉里(安徽)粮油工业有限公司;考马斯亮蓝R250 上海蓝季科技发展有限公司;5,5’-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)、甘氨酸(Gly)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)、尿素(Urea)、溴酚蓝 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
UV Power紫外可见分光光度计 北京莱伯泰科仪器有限公司;FTIR-650傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 天津港东科技发展股份有限公司;Perten7200快速粘度分析仪 澳大利亚PerkinElmer公司;NH310高质量便携式电脑色差仪 深圳市三恩时科技有限公司;DMT-2500多管涡旋混合仪 常州金坛良友仪器有限公司;FA25 pro均质机 德国FLUKO公司;TG16高速离心机 上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;SA402B电子舌 日本INSENT公司。
将样品平铺在透明聚乙烯袋中,密封后使用河南省科学院同位素研究所有限责任公司的60Co-γ辐射源对面筋蛋白干粉进行辐照处理,样品厚度控制在0.5 cm以内,确保辐照的均匀性,辐照剂量分别为0、1、3、5、7和9 kGy(放入重铬酸银剂量计测定样品的实际吸收剂量)。辐照后,相应面筋蛋白的含水量分别为10.9%、10.8%、10.8%、10.8%、10.9%、10.8%。
游离巯基和二硫键含量的测定根据BEVERIDGE等[14]方法并略作修改。
游离巯基含量的测定:取30 mg面筋蛋白(干重),加入10 mL缓冲液A(0.086 mol/L Tris、0.092 mol/L Gly、0.004 mol/L EDTA、8 mol/L Urea,pH8.0)和20 μL DTNB溶液,迅速混合后在25 ℃下保温反应30 min,用分光光度计测定其在412 nm下的吸光度值,以Tris-HCl溶液为空白对照。游离巯基含量按公式(1)计算。
$ \mathrm{游离巯基含量}( \text{µ} \mathrm{mol}/\mathrm{g}) =73.53{\mathrm{A}}_{412\;\text{nm}}\times \frac{\mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{c}} $
式中,73.53为DTNB的摩尔吸光系数;A412 nm为样品在波长412 nm下的吸光度值;D为稀释系数,取值为5.02;c为样品的蛋白质最终浓度,mg/mL。
总巯基和S-S键的测定:取3 mg面筋蛋白(干重),加入1.0 mL缓冲液B(0.086 mol/L Tris、0.092 mol/L Gly、0.004 mol/L EDTA、10 mol/L Urea,pH8.0)和0.02 mL β-巯基乙醇,在25 ℃下保温1 h,然后将样品以3000 r/min离心10 min,沉淀用12%三氯乙酸溶液洗涤并离心,重复两次;最后在沉淀中加入3 mL缓冲液A和0.03 mL DTNB溶液,迅速混合后在25 ℃下保温反应30 min,用分光光度计测定412 nm下的吸光度值,以Tris-HCl溶液的吸光度值为空白对照。总巯基和二硫键含量按公式(2)(3)计算。
$ \mathrm{总巯基含量}( \text{µ} \mathrm{mol}/\mathrm{g}) =73.53{\mathrm{A}}_{412\;\text{nm}}\times \frac{\mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{c}} $
$ \mathrm{二硫键含量}( \text{µ} \mathrm{mol}/\mathrm{g}) = \frac{\text{总巯基含量} -\text{游离巯基含量} }{2} $
式中,D为稀释因子,取值为10;c为蛋白质样品的质量浓度,mg/mL;A412 nm为412 nm波长处所测得的吸光度。
蛋白质二级结构的测定采用傅里叶红外光谱法[15]。称取质量比为1:100的面筋蛋白与溴化钾混合物,用研钵研磨成均匀的粉末后压制成透明薄片,采用红外光谱仪在400~4000 cm−1波数范围内扫描,利用OMNIC软件对酰胺I谱带(1600~1700 cm−1)进行基线校正,再用PeakFit软件对谱带进行去卷积、二阶求导和高斯曲线拟合,确定各子峰与各二级结构的对应关系,然后根据各子峰所占面积计算二级结构的相对比例。
配制10%分离胶、5%浓缩胶对不同辐照剂量面筋蛋白进行SDS-PAGE分析。分别称取50 mg面筋蛋白(干重)样品,溶于12.5 mL还原性和非还原性电极缓冲液中,振荡提取30 min后100 ℃沸水浴3~5 min,冷却后以10000 r/min离心10 min取上清[16]。面筋蛋白溶液上样量为20 μL,Marker上样量为5 μL。起始时设置电压80 V,待溴酚蓝跑到分离胶中后,调整电压为120 V,电泳时间约为1.5 h。用考马斯亮蓝R250染色2 h后进行脱色,脱色过程中多次更换脱色液。
利用色差仪测定面筋蛋白色泽。将一定量的面筋蛋白放在白纸上,用铁片将样品压制平整,防止谷朊粉表面透光,进行校准后开始测定,记录面筋蛋白的L*a*b*值。
持水性的测定参考张麟[17]的方法并略作修改。称取1 g面筋蛋白(干重)粉末,放入离心管中,加入20 mL蒸馏水。恒温振荡20 min后,用高速离心机以4500 r/min离心10 min,弃上清液,称沉淀物重量。根据公式(4)计算面筋蛋白的持水能力。
$ \mathrm{WHC}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}-{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}} $
式中:WHC为持水性,g/g;m1为样品重量,g;m2为沉淀物重量,g。
乳化活性和乳化稳定性的测定参考姜来等[18]的方法并进行修改。向9 mL浓度为0.1%(w/v)的面筋蛋白溶液中加入3 mL大豆油,混合后在室温条件下利用高压均质机以10000 r/min分散1 min,每隔30 s停顿一次,迅速从底部吸取乳液50 μL,并用SDS溶液(0.1% w/v)稀释250倍,记录其500 nm波长条件下的吸光度值,以SDS溶液为对照,10 min后再次测定吸光度,乳化活性指数(EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(ESI)分别按公式(5)(6)计算。
$ \mathrm{EAI}=2\times 2.303\times \frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}\times \mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{V}\times 1000} $
$ \mathrm{ESI}=10\times \frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{10}} $
式中,A0为0 min时乳液的吸光度;N为SDS溶液的稀释倍数;c为面筋蛋白的质量浓度,g/mL;V为乳化体系中油相的体积分数;A10为乳液10 min后的吸光度。
称取面筋蛋白(干重)2 g,加入电子舌基准液100 mL,30 ℃下搅拌30 min后过滤,取上清液40 mL左右转移至电子舌专用烧杯中进行测定。启动电子舌程序,建立序列,设置样品的分析采集时间为120 s,循环清洗3次;每个样品测定4个平行值,选取后3次测定值作为原始数据,以减少系统误差[19]
根据GB/T 24853-2010《小麦、黑麦及其粉类和淀粉糊化特性测定快速粘度仪法》测定面筋蛋白与小麦淀粉重组粉的糊化特性。量取25.0 mL蒸馏水,称量3.0 g重组粉(干重)置于样品筒中,利用搅拌器使样品分散均匀后开始测定。
各项指标重复测定3次,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。利用IBM SPSS Statistics 23软件进行显著性分析,以不同上标字母表示差异显著性(P<0.05);利用电子舌配套软件进行数据处理,利用Origin 2018软件进行绘图。
巯基基团在维持蛋白质结构中起着重要作用[20],与未辐照组相比(表1),1~9 kGy剂量的辐照使面筋蛋白游离巯基含量分别增加了6.30%、14.00%、24.26%、35.81%、18.68%;面筋蛋白中二硫键含量呈现逐渐减少的趋势,从488.71 μmol·g−1(0 kGy)显著(P<0.05)降低至259.21 μmol·g−1(9 kGy)。一方面,辐照可能导致面筋蛋白内部折叠的半胱氨酸残基暴露,使蛋白质侧链上的巯基数量增加[21]。另一方面,面筋蛋白经辐照处理后,部分二硫键发生断裂,也可能促使游离巯基含量上升[22];但从结果看,二硫键断裂后并未全部转化为游离巯基,这可能是由于大部分巯基被辐照产生的自由基进一步氧化成亚磺酸、磺酸、硫醚等物质[23],因此二硫键含量的降幅与巯基的增幅并不成比例,尤其是9 kGy时,自由基的氧化作用进一步增强,导致游离巯基含量相较于7 kGy时略有下降。
申慧珊等[13]γ射线辐照后的小麦粉中提取面筋蛋白,发现15 kGy以内,随着辐照剂量的增加,面筋蛋白中游离巯基含量上升、二硫键含量下降,与本研究的结果相似。然而,也有研究表明,小麦粉经0~8 kGy电子束辐照处理后,面团中游离巯基的含量显著降低,这可能是辐照加速了蛋白质的氧化变性,同时促进了小分子(如水)的电离,产生羟基等自由基,促进了巯基氧化[11]。针对蛋清蛋白的研究表明,体系中游离巯基含量随着电子束辐照剂量的增加逐渐上升;总巯基含量在5 kGy时减少,可能与电子束辐照引起巯基基团向二硫化物转化有关;随着辐照剂量进一步增加(5~100 kGy),总巯基的含量逐渐上升[23]。由此可见,蛋白质中巯基含量的变化可能受到蛋白质来源、蛋白质所处体系(单一蛋白质或蛋白质与其他成分的混合体系)、射线的类型和剂量等因素的影响[24]
蛋白质的二级结构是决定其结构特性和加工性能的关键因素[25],因此,有必要研究γ射线对面筋蛋白二级结构的影响。红外光谱中特征吸收谱带酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1)对蛋白质二级结构的变化较为敏感,吸收强度较大。FTIR光谱中酰胺I带主要包括四个结构单元,分别为β-折叠(1605~1640 cm−1)、无规卷曲(1640~1650 cm−1)、α-螺旋(1650~1660 cm−1)和β-转角(1660~1700 cm−1[26]。不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的二级结构相对含量如图1所示,未经辐照面筋蛋白的α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角、无规卷曲相对含量分别为17.09%、45.36%、19.45%、18.12%,与王超等[27]测定的面筋蛋白各二级结构含量相近。经γ射线辐照后,面筋蛋白的α-螺旋相对含量显著(P<0.05)下降,但不同辐照剂量下(1~9 kGy)无显著性差异(P>0.05),其含量分别降低至15.90%、15.89%、15.64%、14.16%、14.81%;β-折叠相对含量显著(P<0.05)上升,当辐照剂量为7 kGy时升高至54.01%,但不同辐照剂量下(1~9 kGy)β-折叠相对含量也无显著性差异(P>0.05)。γ射线辐照对面筋蛋白中β-转角的相对含量无显著影响(P>0.05);无规卷曲相对含量在辐照剂量为7 kGy时降至最低,为15.08%。
α-螺旋主要通过蛋白质骨架中的氢键达到稳定,二级结构中的氢键可以被外部物理能量(即γ射线)改变,从而导致蛋白质与水分子或其他蛋白质之间形成新的相互作用,因此,α-螺旋含量的改变可能导致面筋蛋白持水性的改变和体系中水分的迁移[2829]β-折叠和β-转角被认为是更聚集的结构,并且具有更强的蛋白质-蛋白质之间的相互作用,在0~9 kGy范围内,β-折叠和β-转角的总相对含量分别为64.81%、67.95%、68.08%、68.18%、70.76%、69.35%,这两种结构的增加可能导致面筋蛋白的聚集,以上二级结构含量的变化会提高蛋白质的柔韧性,从而提升蛋白质的持水性、乳化性等[2931],这些性质的改善也在后文中得到了印证。
在还原和非还原条件下,通过SDS-PAGE测定辐照后面筋蛋白中可溶性蛋白质的分子量分布(图2)。还原性SDS-PAGE下主要检测到的是30~90 kDa分子量的面筋蛋白单体,分子量在90 kDa以上的是面筋蛋白聚集体;高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分布在63~90 kDa之间;γ-醇溶蛋白主要分布在35~48 kDa之间;α/β-醇溶蛋白主要集中在25~35 kDa[3233]。与未辐照组相比,面筋蛋白在分子量分布上并没有显著变化,无新增条带,但随着辐照剂量的增加,蛋白条带强度呈现减弱趋势,辐照剂量为9 kGy时尤为明显,其原因可能为在较高剂量下蛋白质疏水区域暴露,形成不溶性聚集体;或面筋蛋白发生降解或断裂,在SDS-PAGE中无法检测到完整蛋白条带,造成A1和A2条带的减弱[34]。Hoon等[25]针对昆虫蛋白的辐照研究也得到了相似的结果,发现经10 kGy的γ射线辐照后,所有还原条件下的蛋白条带强度降低。
非还原条件下SDS-PAGE条带颜色较还原性条件下的更浅,说明各分子量下的蛋白含量较少(图2B)。这是由于在还原性SDS-PAGE中加入β-巯基乙醇使蛋白质的二硫键断裂,更多蛋白质可以进入分离胶中实现分离;但是在非还原条件下,SDS不溶性蛋白大聚体通过共价键和非共价键的方式结合,导致SDS提取的蛋白质较少,大部分面筋蛋白分子堆积在分离胶顶部,甚至保留在浓缩胶中[33]。非还原条件下,辐照后面筋蛋白的B1和B2的条带增强可能是蛋白质发生了一定程度的降解,阻碍了面筋蛋白分子之间二硫键的共价交联,抑制了面筋聚集体的形成,导致辐照后的蛋白可以观察到更强的B1和B2区域条带,表1中二硫键含量减少也在一定程度上支持了这一观察结果[35]。但是,B1和B2条带的强弱并不与辐照剂量正相关,辐照剂量为1 kGy时,B1和B2条带最强,3~9 kGy时,B1和B2条带相对较弱。这可能是低剂量(1 kGy)条件下,蛋白质的降解作用适中,有助于在非还原条件下提取ω-醇溶蛋白、γ-醇溶蛋白和α/β-醇溶蛋白;而在相对较高剂量下(3~9 kGy),蛋白质的降解、交联或氧化等作用进一步加强,导致其分子量分布偏离标准蛋白的参照范围(25~180 kDa),使得提取到的ω-醇溶蛋白、γ-醇溶蛋白和α/β-醇溶蛋白减少[36]
色泽评价在食品生产加工及产品质量控制中具有重要意义,面制品的颜色会影响产品的外观和消费者接受度;通常来说,色泽明亮且呈白色的面制品更易受消费者的青睐[3738]。由表2可知,随着辐照剂量的增加,面筋蛋白L*值呈先升高后降低的趋势,b*值整体呈增大趋势,a*值整体降低。未辐照面筋蛋白的L*值、a*值和b*值分别为85.54、1.74、22.07,当辐照剂量为7 kGy时,L*值和b*值分别增加至98.04和26.19,a*值减小至0.85,此时面筋蛋白的色泽相对较好。
色泽L*值越大则越白(亮);a*值越大则越红;b*值越大则越黄。一方面,辐照处理可能使来源于面粉中的类胡萝卜素(主要是叶黄素)发生降解,导致面筋蛋白颜色变白,L*值增大;另一方面,来源于面粉中的多酚氧化酶、脂肪氧化酶和过氧化物酶可能通过单一或协同作用,促使面筋蛋白颜色变暗,而辐照可能通过抑制这三种氧化还原酶的活性从而提升面筋蛋白的亮度[3940]。Rigas等[41]研究发现,经50 kGy γ射线辐照的7个小麦品种面粉色泽较未辐照样品更黄,即b*值增大。这可能是由于辐照引起面筋蛋白中氢键断裂导致其光反射率和吸收率发生改变,从而引起色泽的变化;此外,蛋白质的氧化,尤其是酪氨酸基团的氧化,可能引起白(亮)度的变化[29,4243]
蛋白质的持水能力是指蛋白质吸收和保持水分的能力,是自由水、束缚水和物理截留水的总和,对食物的结构、质地、风味和外观等都会产生影响,是蛋白质的一个重要功能特性,因此,对面筋蛋白的持水性进行评价具有重要意义[17,44]。如图3所示,与未辐照组相比,当辐照剂量为1~3 kGy时,面筋蛋白的持水性没有显著性变化(P>0.05);当辐照剂量为5~9 kGy时,面筋蛋白的持水性提高,最高达到1.44 g/g。面筋蛋白持水性的提高可能与辐照后面筋蛋白中二硫键含量减少、游离巯基含量增加有关[45];此外,蛋白质二级结构中β-折叠含量的增加能增强分子间的相互作用力,吸引更多水分子,从而增强面筋蛋白与水分子水合作用,提高持水性[13]。相关研究表明,大米蛋白经γ辐照处理后其持水性也可以得到改善,在2 kGy时达到最大,然而,当辐照剂量进一步增大时,大米蛋白发生交联,减少了蛋白质与水的接触,持水性下降[44]。因此,适宜剂量的辐照对于提升蛋白质的持水性具有积极意义,对于面筋蛋白来说,5 kGy的辐照剂量就足以使其持水性明显改善。
乳化性能是蛋白质的一个重要功能特性,受到蛋白质表面疏水性、分子大小和溶解度等因素的影响,并最终影响食品的质构特征和感官品质[29,46]图4为不同辐照剂量下面筋蛋白的乳化活性和乳化稳定性。未经辐照的面筋蛋白EAI为321.80 m2·g−1,ESI为46.09 min。经辐照后面筋蛋白的乳化性能显著增强,当辐照剂量为7 kGy时乳化活性和乳化稳定性达到最大值,分别为591.20 m2·g−1和252.71 min;当辐照剂量进一步增至9 kGy时,其EAI和ESI略有下降,分别为560.18 m2·g−1和211.54 min。由此可见,面筋蛋白经辐照处理后其乳化特性得以改善。
图1可知,面筋蛋白辐照后部分α-螺旋转化为β-折叠,蛋白质结构有序度下降,变得疏松和无序化,这种无序化的改变会使蛋白质的结构变得更柔软、灵活[30],促使蛋白质吸附在油-水界面,降低乳液的表面张力,增加了蛋白质的乳化活性[23]。当辐照剂量增大至9 kGy,蛋白质分子间的交联、降解、聚集或重排等结构变化加剧,导致其难以在油水界面形成蛋白膜,乳化性能下降[13,23]。因此,从提高乳化活性和乳化稳定性的角度来看,7 kGy的辐照剂量处理面筋蛋白较为适宜,此时面筋蛋白的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别提高至1.84和5.48倍。
滋味是食品感官特性的重要组成部分,而蛋白质的结构(包括一级、二级、三级和四级结构)决定了其与味觉物质的相互作用方式,从而影响食品的滋味[47]。由表3可知,面筋蛋白经辐照后整体的味觉值没有发生显著变化(P>0.05),仅鲜味值在1 kGy时略大于其他剂量(3~9 kGy),辐照后的面筋蛋白(酸味值虽然有显著性差异(P<0.05),但均低于仪器规定的无味点-13,即认为辐照前后面筋蛋白均没有酸味[48]),说明9 kGy以内的辐照剂量基本上对面筋蛋白的滋味没有影响,这对于面筋蛋白在食品加工中的应用具有积极意义。
氨基酸是食品滋味的重要呈味物质,许多研究表明,适宜剂量的辐照处理不仅不会影响食品原有的食用品质,还可能改善食品风味氨基酸的组成。例如,3 kGy以下的γ辐照处理可促进烟熏鸡胸肉中的游离脂肪酸和呈味核苷酸的降解,提高鲜味氨基酸含量,降低苦、甜味氨基酸含量,有效保持烟熏鸡胸肉的品质和风味特征[49]。泡菜经电子束辐照后能够促进有机酸、氨基酸和挥发性风味化合物的产生,改善其口感和香气[50]
面筋蛋白常作为面团改良剂或增筋剂添加在以小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉等为主的单一或混合体系中,以改善面制品的品质,如降低马铃薯面条的断条率并提升其延展性[1],以及改善发酵玉米面条的硬度和咀嚼性[2]。作为面制品的主要成分,面筋蛋白和淀粉之间的相互作用直接影响面粉(重组粉)的糊化特性,进而在很大程度上决定了最终产品的品质[51]。因此,本论文选取小麦淀粉作为代表性淀粉,通过建立面筋蛋白-小麦淀粉重组体系,研究辐照后的面筋蛋白对面粉(重组粉)体系糊化特性的潜在影响,结果如表4所示。重组体系的最低粘度、回生值和糊化温度不受面筋蛋白辐照剂量的影响。0~7 kGy范围内,体系的峰值粘度和最终粘度均无显著性(P>0.05)变化;但当辐照剂量增加至9 kGy时,峰值粘度从2504.00 cP减少至2329.50 cP、最终粘度从2888.00 cP减少至2749.50 cP、衰减值从711.00 cP减少至614.00 cP,降幅分别为6.95%、4.78%和13.64%。
重组体系在不同反应阶段的黏度主要由淀粉的糊化程度决定,在初始阶段,淀粉颗粒仅发生有限膨胀,体系黏度增大;随着反应时间延长,淀粉颗粒剧烈膨胀,体系达到峰值粘度;接着淀粉颗粒破碎,黏度下降(这一过程用衰减值表示);最后,淀粉充分糊化达到最终粘度[52]。衰减值的降低表明体系的溶胀和崩解程度减小,热稳定性提高[11]。这一结果的原因可能是:一方面,面筋蛋白的持水性提高,在糊化过程中与淀粉竞争结合水分子,使得水分向淀粉的迁移受阻;另一方面,面筋蛋白结合淀粉发生相互作用,体系形成更完整的蛋白质基质,导致淀粉颗粒溶胀减弱,阻碍了体系淀粉的糊化,形成更稳定的体系[43]。从整体看,辐照剂量不超过9 kGy时,面筋蛋白对重组体系的影响相对有限,重组粉的糊化特性没有发生显著变化,说明γ射线辐照面筋蛋白在重组体系中展现出良好的加工适应性。
本研究考察了0~9 kGy剂量的60Co-γ射线对面筋蛋白结构和功能的影响。从整体来看,辐照导致面筋蛋白游离巯基含量增加且二硫键含量减少,伴随二级结构α-螺旋向β-折叠的转化,以及蛋白质的降解、交联或氧化等作用。辐照剂量为7 kGy时,面筋蛋白游离巯基和β-折叠含量最高,此时面筋蛋白的色泽、持水性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性均得到了显著的改善,同时,面筋蛋白的滋味以及面筋蛋白-小麦粉重组体系的糊化特性没有受到明显的影响。当辐照剂量增大至9 kGy时,面筋蛋白中二硫键含量降至最低,还原条件下SDS可溶性蛋白含量显著减少,此时,面筋蛋白的功能特性基本得以维持,但重组粉的峰值粘度、最终粘度、衰减值分别减少了6.95%、4.78%和13.64%。本研究不仅为辐照技术在面制品杀菌保鲜等方面的应用提供理论数据,而且为面筋蛋白结构和功能的修饰调控提供了一种绿色、高效的手段,有助于进一步挖掘面筋蛋白的应用价值。
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2026年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050011
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2026-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
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    1.河南工业大学粮油食品学院,河南郑州 450001
    2.河南省科学院同位素研究所有限责任公司,河南郑州 450015
    3.河南省科学院,河南郑州 450046

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席俊(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:
闫慧丽(1989−),女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:淀粉结构与功能,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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