Article(id=1320889336619450447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854158787, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854158787, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854158787, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854158787, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=26, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889336850137168, articleId=1320889336619450447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=3D Printing and Swallowing Properties of Polysaccharide Synergistic Pea Protein Composite Hydrogels, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the increasing prevalence of dysphagia associated with global population aging and to enhance the safety and palatability of food for affected individuals, this study aims to develop 3D-printable composite hydrogels based on pea protein (PP) in combination with various polysaccharides for the creation of easy-to-swallow foods. κ-Carrageenan (Car), corn starch (CS), and sodium alginate (SA) were respectively combined with PP to prepare three types of composite inks (PP-Car, PP-CS, and PP-SA). The rheological properties, textural characteristics, printability, and swallowing suitability of the hydrogels were systematically investigated. Results showed that all three composite inks exhibited shear-thinning behavior and good thixotropic recovery, making them suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing. With increasing concentrations of polysaccharides, the viscosity and storage modulus (G') of the printing inks significantly increased, along with the hardness of the resulting hydrogels. Specifically, the hardness values of PP-1.5% Car-G, PP-15.0% CS-G, and PP-1.5% SA-G were 626.49, 790.67, and 287.85 g, respectively, indicating enhanced gel structure. 3D printing tests demonstrated that the PP-Car and PP-CS inks produced constructs with well-defined structures and clear textures, showing superior structural integrity compared to the PP-SA system. In terms of swallowing properties, all hydrogels met the criteria of Level 7 as defined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI), corresponding to regular, easy-to-chew textures. This study successfully developed three plant protein-based composite hydrogel systems with good 3D printability and swallowing performance, providing a reference for the personalized development of easy-to-swallow foods using 3D printing technology.

, authors=Qianzhu LIN1, Zijin SUN1, Shuai CHEN2, Hangyan JI1, Zhengyu JIN1, Chao QIU1, *, authorsList=Qianzhu LIN, Zijin SUN, Shuai CHEN, Hangyan JI, Zhengyu JIN, Chao QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889338230063199, articleId=1320889336619450447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=多糖协同豌豆蛋白复合水凝胶3D打印及吞咽特性研究, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为应对全球老龄化趋势加剧所带来的吞咽障碍人群增加问题,提升该群体饮食的安全性与适口性,本研究旨在构建基于豌豆蛋白(Pea protein,PP)协同多糖的3D打印复合水凝胶,用于开发适合吞咽障碍患者的易吞咽食品。选取卡拉胶(κ-Carrageenan,Car)、玉米淀粉(Corn starch,CS)和海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA)分别与PP复配,制备三种可3D打印的复合油墨(PP-Car、PP-CS和PP-SA),系统探究其流变学特性、质构特性、可打印性及吞咽特性。结果显示,三种复合油墨均表现出剪切变稀行为和良好的触变恢复性能,适用于挤出式3D打印。随多糖添加量的增加,油墨的黏度和储能模量(G')显著提升,形成的复合水凝胶硬度也增加(PP-1.5% Car-G、PP-15.0% CS-G和PP-1.5% SA-G的硬度分别为626.49、790.67和287.85 g),表明凝胶结构增强。3D打印测试中,PP-Car和PP-CS油墨打印结构完整,纹理清晰,结构保持性优于PP-SA。吞咽性能方面,经A/IDDSI方法测定,所有水凝胶均符合IDDSI 7级范畴,属于常规易咀嚼质地范畴。本研究成功构建了三种具有良好3D打印适应性与吞咽性能的植物蛋白基复合水凝胶体系,为基于个性化3D打印易吞咽食品的开发提供了参考。

, authors=林倩竹1, 孙梓晋1, 陈帅2, 纪杭燕1, 金征宇1, 邱超1, *, authorsList=林倩竹, 孙梓晋, 陈帅, 纪杭燕, 金征宇, 邱超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邱超, authorNote=

林倩竹(1994−),女,博士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
邱超(1989−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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figureFileBig=hfsx1RQR39tM0kWgps4N/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889345091944604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889336619450447, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PP-多糖复合水凝胶IDDSI图

注:勺子压缩:A1~A3;叉子压缩:B1~B3

, figureFileSmall=6qcnc/qhhkyh59oyXeFLBw==, figureFileBig=hfsx1RQR39tM0kWgps4N/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889345188413597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889336619450447, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Texture parameters of PP-polysaccharide composite hydrogels

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样品硬度(g)内聚性咀嚼性(g)
PP-0.5%Car-G161.10±13.32f0.75±0.02c106.51±14.05f
PP-1.0% Car-G479.84±21.52c0.84±0.03ab380.65±3.30c
PP-1.5% Car-G626.49±53.90b0.85±0.02a477.00±37.31b
PP-5.0% CS-G128.08±34.64f0.78±0.03c98.67±35.84fg
PP-10.0% CS-G425.70±38.70d0.84±0.02ab324.78±31.03d
PP-15.0% CS-G790.67±55.86a0.84±0.01ab564.44±55.84a
PP-0.5% SA-G133.67±8.46f0.57±0.08d50.72±20.10g
PP-1.0% SA-G269.66±11.03e0.80±0.00bc195.58±10.53e
PP-1.5% SA-G287.85±23.15e0.85±0.02a231.61±16.06e
), ArticleFig(id=1320889345284882590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889336619450447, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PP-多糖复合水凝胶质构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(g)内聚性咀嚼性(g)
PP-0.5%Car-G161.10±13.32f0.75±0.02c106.51±14.05f
PP-1.0% Car-G479.84±21.52c0.84±0.03ab380.65±3.30c
PP-1.5% Car-G626.49±53.90b0.85±0.02a477.00±37.31b
PP-5.0% CS-G128.08±34.64f0.78±0.03c98.67±35.84fg
PP-10.0% CS-G425.70±38.70d0.84±0.02ab324.78±31.03d
PP-15.0% CS-G790.67±55.86a0.84±0.01ab564.44±55.84a
PP-0.5% SA-G133.67±8.46f0.57±0.08d50.72±20.10g
PP-1.0% SA-G269.66±11.03e0.80±0.00bc195.58±10.53e
PP-1.5% SA-G287.85±23.15e0.85±0.02a231.61±16.06e
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多糖协同豌豆蛋白复合水凝胶3D打印及吞咽特性研究
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林倩竹 1 , 孙梓晋 1 , 陈帅 2 , 纪杭燕 1 , 金征宇 1 , 邱超 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(5): 26-33
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (5) : 26 -33
多糖协同豌豆蛋白复合水凝胶3D打印及吞咽特性研究
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林倩竹1 , 孙梓晋1, 陈帅2, 纪杭燕1, 金征宇1, 邱超1, *
作者信息
  • 1江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
  • 2武汉大学公共卫生学院,湖北武汉 430072
通讯作者:
邱超(1989−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

林倩竹(1994−),女,博士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

3D Printing and Swallowing Properties of Polysaccharide Synergistic Pea Protein Composite Hydrogels
Qianzhu LIN1 , Zijin SUN1, Shuai CHEN2, Hangyan JI1, Zhengyu JIN1, Chao QIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050002
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为应对全球老龄化趋势加剧所带来的吞咽障碍人群增加问题,提升该群体饮食的安全性与适口性,本研究旨在构建基于豌豆蛋白(Pea protein,PP)协同多糖的3D打印复合水凝胶,用于开发适合吞咽障碍患者的易吞咽食品。选取卡拉胶(κ-Carrageenan,Car)、玉米淀粉(Corn starch,CS)和海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA)分别与PP复配,制备三种可3D打印的复合油墨(PP-Car、PP-CS和PP-SA),系统探究其流变学特性、质构特性、可打印性及吞咽特性。结果显示,三种复合油墨均表现出剪切变稀行为和良好的触变恢复性能,适用于挤出式3D打印。随多糖添加量的增加,油墨的黏度和储能模量(G')显著提升,形成的复合水凝胶硬度也增加(PP-1.5% Car-G、PP-15.0% CS-G和PP-1.5% SA-G的硬度分别为626.49、790.67和287.85 g),表明凝胶结构增强。3D打印测试中,PP-Car和PP-CS油墨打印结构完整,纹理清晰,结构保持性优于PP-SA。吞咽性能方面,经A/IDDSI方法测定,所有水凝胶均符合IDDSI 7级范畴,属于常规易咀嚼质地范畴。本研究成功构建了三种具有良好3D打印适应性与吞咽性能的植物蛋白基复合水凝胶体系,为基于个性化3D打印易吞咽食品的开发提供了参考。

豌豆蛋白  /  易吞咽  /  水凝胶  /  质地  /  3D打印

To address the increasing prevalence of dysphagia associated with global population aging and to enhance the safety and palatability of food for affected individuals, this study aims to develop 3D-printable composite hydrogels based on pea protein (PP) in combination with various polysaccharides for the creation of easy-to-swallow foods. κ-Carrageenan (Car), corn starch (CS), and sodium alginate (SA) were respectively combined with PP to prepare three types of composite inks (PP-Car, PP-CS, and PP-SA). The rheological properties, textural characteristics, printability, and swallowing suitability of the hydrogels were systematically investigated. Results showed that all three composite inks exhibited shear-thinning behavior and good thixotropic recovery, making them suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing. With increasing concentrations of polysaccharides, the viscosity and storage modulus (G') of the printing inks significantly increased, along with the hardness of the resulting hydrogels. Specifically, the hardness values of PP-1.5% Car-G, PP-15.0% CS-G, and PP-1.5% SA-G were 626.49, 790.67, and 287.85 g, respectively, indicating enhanced gel structure. 3D printing tests demonstrated that the PP-Car and PP-CS inks produced constructs with well-defined structures and clear textures, showing superior structural integrity compared to the PP-SA system. In terms of swallowing properties, all hydrogels met the criteria of Level 7 as defined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI), corresponding to regular, easy-to-chew textures. This study successfully developed three plant protein-based composite hydrogel systems with good 3D printability and swallowing performance, providing a reference for the personalized development of easy-to-swallow foods using 3D printing technology.

pea protein  /  easy to swallow  /  hydrogel  /  texture  /  3D printing
林倩竹, 孙梓晋, 陈帅, 纪杭燕, 金征宇, 邱超. 多糖协同豌豆蛋白复合水凝胶3D打印及吞咽特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050002
Qianzhu LIN, Zijin SUN, Shuai CHEN, Hangyan JI, Zhengyu JIN, Chao QIU. 3D Printing and Swallowing Properties of Polysaccharide Synergistic Pea Protein Composite Hydrogels[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050002
吞咽障碍是指食物从入口到运送到胃这一过程存在困难,是一种以上消化道吞咽功能异常为特征的疾病[1−2]。老年人随着年龄的增长,生理功能下降或患有各种疾病[3−5],成为吞咽障碍的高发人群。吞咽障碍不仅影响患者的营养摄入和生活质量,还可能引发误吸、肺炎等严重并发症[6]。随着全球老龄化趋势日益加剧,吞咽障碍人群数量逐年上升,成为亟待解决的公共健康问题之一,开发安全、适口、营养均衡且质地可控的易吞咽食品成为重要研究方向。水凝胶是一类具有三维网络结构、富含水分且可通过调节其组成、比例及制备工艺,实现对其大小、质地、结构和功能的精准调控,在易吞咽和个性化食品开发中具有良好的应用潜力[7−8]。
3D打印是一种基于数字坐标逐层沉积制造物体的技术[9],可以制造出形状和结构复杂的物体,并且具有操作简便、快速成型、一致性高等优势[10−12]。3D食品打印可以通过食物组分复配和数字化设计开发出质地改善,功能强化并且具有视觉吸引力的个性化食品,为吞咽障碍患者提供更多的食品选择种类,改善用餐体验[13]。然而,3D食品打印的关键技术瓶颈是打印“油墨”的可控性,理想的打印材料需具备良好的流变性能(如剪切变稀和触变恢复)以实现顺利挤出,及适当的机械性以确保打印后结构完整[14]。
豌豆蛋白(Pea protein,PP)是一种兼具乳化性、成胶性和营养价值的植物蛋白,适合用于易吞咽食品开发。但其自身凝胶性较弱、机械性能不足,限制了其在3D打印和质地调控中的应用。近年来,研究者尝试通过与多糖协同作用构建复合凝胶体系以改善其流变和凝胶性能。例如,已有研究利用黄原胶调控豌豆蛋白体系的流变性以实现3D打印,并通过调节PP和黄原胶之间的相互作用改变打印物体的质地以满足安全的吞咽需求[15]。
本研究以PP为主要基质,分别引入三种具有不同成胶机制的多糖:卡拉胶(κ-Carrageenan,Car)、玉米淀粉(Corn starch,CS)和海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA),制备三种3D打印复合油墨(PP-Car、PP-CS、PP-SA),并进一步诱导使其凝胶化形成水凝胶(PP-Car-G、PP-CS-G、PP-SA-G),如图1所示。系统评估其流变性能、质构特性、3D打印适应性及吞咽特性,并结合国际吞咽障碍饮食标准化倡议(International dysphagia diet standardization initiative,IDDSI)标准分类验证其在吞咽障碍食品开发中的应用可行性。该研究通过比较三种不同成胶机制的多糖协同PP构建复合水凝胶对打印性与吞咽适应性的影响,为3D打印植物蛋白基功能食品的质地调控与个性化开发提供理论依据和实践参考。
PP 由双塔基团有限公司供应(中国山东);Car 购自漳州绿星海洋生物技术有限公司(中国漳州);SA 购自中国上海国药化学试剂;CS 由诸城兴贸玉米开发有限公司提供(中国山东)。
Discovery HR-3旋转流变仪 美国TA仪器有限公司;TA-XTplus质构仪 英国SMS公司;挤出型食品3D打印机 中国杭州时印科技有限公司。
分别配制0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的Car分散液,5%、10%、15%的CS分散液和0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的SA溶液各50 mL。分别向上述溶液中加入12 g的PP粉末,用玻璃棒充分搅拌直到混合均匀后可作为3D打印的复合油墨。根据多糖的种类和浓度分别将油墨命名为PP-0.5%Car、PP-1.0%Car、PP-1.5%Car、PP-5%CS、PP-10%CS、PP-15%CS、PP-0.5%SA、PP-1.0%SA和PP-1.5%SA,测定上述油墨的pH范围为6.6~6.9。
对于油墨的流变学特性采用旋转流变仪进行测试,夹具选用直径为20 mm的平板夹具。测试温度设为25 ℃,间隙设为1 mm,测试前在样品周围涂硅油以减少测试过程中水分的蒸发对于测试结果的影响。
静态剪切扫描:测定0.1~100 s−1剪切速率范围内油墨表观黏度变化。
振荡时间扫描:采用0.1%和100%的交替应变评估油墨的恢复性。在1、3、5阶段施加0.1%的小应变,在2、4、6阶段施加100%的大应变,每个阶段持续时间为120 s,记录整个扫描过程中储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')的变化。
动态温度扫描:在固定频率为10 rad/s,应变为1%的条件下,以5 ℃/min的升温速率在25~90 ℃的温度范围内对复合油墨进行温度扫描,以评估温度对3D打印油墨的影响。
使用挤出式3D打印机进行打印试验,模型选用自带的G-Code格式模型,将配制好的油墨装入3D打印机的料筒中,在25 ℃温度下进行打印。喷嘴直径选为0.4 mm,移动速度设为15 mm/s进行打印。
根据不同多糖的成胶方式不同,采用不同方式将3D打印后的物体进行凝胶化。对于PP-Car和PP-CS的油墨,经3D打印后,在90 ℃水浴中隔水加热10 min,然后储藏在4 ℃冰箱中。对于PP-SA的油墨,经3D打印后浸泡在2%的CaCl2溶液中4 h,取出后用蒸馏水冲洗表面残留的CaCl2,然后放在4 ℃冰箱中储存。经凝胶化后的PP复合水凝胶分别命名为PP-0.5% Car-G、PP-1.0% Car-G、PP-1.5% Car-G、PP-5% CS-G、PP-10% CS-G、PP-15% CS-G、PP-0.5% SA-G、PP-1.0% SA-G和PP-1.5% SA-G。
采用质构分析仪测定PP复合水凝胶的质构特征。水凝胶样品被切割成直径22 mm,高25 mm的圆柱形样品。选用P/0.5探头,压缩应变为50%,试验过程中,探头移动速度为1 mm/s。根据力-形变曲线测定其硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性。
通过质构仪配置的A/IDDSI探头进行IDDSI测试。探头形状被设计成圆弧和叉子,模仿原始测试中的拇指按压和叉子压缩。探头以2 mm/s的速度向下移动至3.825 N的力时,探头停止移动并在这个位置保持10 s,再以10 mm/s的速度移动回到起始位置。
所有实验均重复三次,结果采用平均值±标准差形式表示。绘图采用Origin 2018软件,统计学分析采用SPSS V.17软件。采用Duncan检验分析样本的差异显著性,P<0.05认为差异显著。
图2分别显示了PP-Car、PP-CS、PP-SA表观黏度随剪切速率的变化趋势。所有油墨均表现出剪切变稀的特性,这意味着随着剪切速率的增加,油墨的表观黏度逐渐下降。这种性质对于挤出型3D食品打印是十分必要的,可使油墨在螺杆挤压的状态下黏度下降,从而具有足够的流动性被顺滑挤出[16]。图2d为24%PP以及选取了最高浓度的多糖(1.5%Car、15%CS、1.5%SA)作为对照进行黏度分析,可以看出24%的PP仍遵循剪切变稀的特性,而多糖则随着剪切速率增大,黏度逐渐趋于不变,并且黏度值远低于PP,这也说明PP在体系中提供了主要的黏度,对于顺利进行3D打印起了关键作用。
通过振荡时间扫描评估PP-多糖可食3D打印油墨的恢复性,结果如图3所示。在小应变(0.1%)作用下,所有油墨样品均表现出类固体的凝胶特性(G'>G'')。根据单独的PP以及多糖样品的交替应变扫描也可以看出,24%的PP的模量远大于多糖分散液,这也说明PP对于3D打印油墨的机械性起到了关键作用。其中,对于PP-Car和PP-CS油墨,由于Car、CS和PP在室温下均未溶解,类固体的凝胶行为主要是蛋白颗粒和多糖颗粒堆积产生的。而对于PP-SA样品,PP未溶解,呈颗粒状态相互聚集堆叠,SA呈溶解的分子状态,但由于缺少交联,SA分子无法形成三维网络结构。因此油墨的机械性主要是由于PP颗粒堆积产生的。当应变增大时(100%),G''即刻超过G',样品表现出类似流体的行为,这说明大应变破坏了油墨中分子间的非共价相互作用。当应变再次减小(0.1%),样品的模量立即变为G'>G'',这证明油墨能够快速恢复其类固体的凝胶特性。对于3D打印而言,这种快速恢复性能保证油墨在挤出时具有类似液体的行为,在沉积后恢复到类似固体的结构,以支持其自身的结构稳定[13]。PP-多糖复合油墨流变测试结果显示出的剪切变稀和自恢复性表明它们具有应用于食品3D打印的潜力。Lu等[17]的研究中也得到了类似的结果,纤维素纳米晶和豌豆蛋白复合水凝胶具有剪切变稀特性,在0.5%和30%应变下交替三次表现出良好的自恢复性能,可用于食品3D打印研究。
由于PP-Car和PP-CS是通过加热、冷却凝胶化的,所以通过温度扫描测试了PP-Car和PP-CS复合油墨的模量随温度的变化,结果如图4所示。多糖种类对复合油墨的温度扫描结果有着显著影响。对于PP-Car样品,随着温度的升高,测试样品的模量呈现一直下降的趋势,这是由于在升温过程中,Car分子逐渐溶解,呈现无规则卷曲状态[18]。同时PP分子受热变性,分子展开,暴露出更多的疏水氨基酸和活性基团,颗粒堆积的状态被破坏,导致模量下降[19]。降温阶段时,溶解的Car分子逐渐向螺旋结构转变,分子的螺旋区域之间形成了氢键并聚集成凝胶网络[20]。PP在疏水和二硫键的作用下也逐渐聚集[21]。Car浓度越高,降温后得到的凝胶模量越高,这是由于浓度高时形成的凝胶网络更致密,凝胶性更强。而PP-CS样品则是在升温过程中,模量有一个明显增加的过程,这是由于CS颗粒加热时吸水,导致颗粒中的结晶区域融化,颗粒变形,直链淀粉浸出以及与淀粉颗粒纠缠[22]。温度下降后,CS分子在氢键作用下重排,并自组装成双螺旋结构形成凝胶网络。与PP-Car相似的是,CS浓度越高,降温后得到的复合凝胶模量越高,凝胶性越强。但PP-Car和PP-CS所有样品在整个温度变化范围内,均显示出G'>G''的凝胶状态,这对于样品在热加工过程中的稳定性是有利的。
为了研究多糖种类和浓度对PP油墨3D打印性能的影响,选取了“南瓜”作为打印模型进行打印,结果如图5所示。在所选浓度范围内,PP-Car和PP-CS均表现出良好的可打印性,打印后的物体表面光滑,具有清晰的沉积层状结构,无坍塌的现象。前期的实验发现24%PP和不同浓度的Car(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%)、CS(5.0%、10.0%、15.0%)分散液均呈现流动状态,经3D打印机挤出后无法维持物体的结构,因此未作为打印样品进行分析。这也说明PP-Car和PP-CS油墨的打印性需要由PP和多糖共同提供,二者复合后黏度和机械性增大(图2和图3),保证了复合油墨经挤出后有足够的机械强度支撑物体的结构。类似的,单独的SA溶液在不同浓度时(0.5%~1.5%)呈现出流动状态,也无法进行3D打印,而对于PP与SA形成的复合油墨,PP-0.5%SA基本保持完整的打印形态,与PP-Car和PP-CS打印性相似。然而随着SA浓度的增大,打印物体的质量降低,PP-1.5%SA的油墨打印后无法保持完整的形状,出现坍塌的现象。一方面这可能跟PP和SA静电相互作用有关,PP和SA主要带负电荷,因此分子间的静电斥力导致聚合物链的膨胀使黏度降低[23]。另一方面可能是由于SA处于未交联的分子状态,高浓度游离的SA分子增加了体系的流动性,因此难以支撑打印物体的结构。
PP-多糖油墨通过3D打印得到长×宽×高为2 cm×2 cm×1.5 cm的长方体,凝胶化前后的长方体形态变化如图6所示。对于Car和CS,在所选浓度范围内与PP复配后均具有良好的打印性,打印的长方体表面光滑,纹理清晰,并且结构保持完整无坍塌。PP-Car和PP-CS是通过加热、冷却凝胶化的,可以看出在加热前后长方体的形状几乎保持不变,打印的层状结构依旧清晰可见,这说明打印的物体具有良好的温度稳定性,可以适应食品生产或食用时的热加工过程。对于SA与PP复配后,打印后的长方体随着SA浓度的增加逐渐不稳定,发生部分塌陷,这与上述打印性能分析结果一致。PP-SA-G是通过将打印后的长方体浸泡到CaCl2溶液中而得到的。值得注意的是,凝胶化后的PP-SA-G体积发生收缩,SA浓度越高,体积收缩越大。这是由于SA溶解后分子链上的羧基(COO-)电离并带负电荷,与Ca2+结合后形成“蛋盒”结构从而形成水凝胶网络[24],在这个过程中Ca2+与羧酸根结合形成交联点,这种交联使分子链排列更致密,导致部分水被挤出从而使体积收缩。
质构测试能够模拟口腔咀嚼和吞咽过程,可用于分析产品的吞咽特性。通过质构仪测试了PP-多糖复合水凝胶的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性,结果如表1所示。PP-多糖复合水凝胶的硬度、内聚性与咀嚼性均随多糖浓度升高而显著增加(P<0.05),表现出浓度依赖性。其中,硬度作为反映第一口咀嚼所需力值的指标[25],在三种凝胶中均随多糖浓度升高而增强,PP-15.0% CS-G硬度最高(790.67±55.86 g),显著高于其5.0%和10.0%样品(P<0.05),PP-1.5% Car-G也达到较高水平(626.49±53.90 g),这是因为更高的聚合物浓度相互缠结形成了更致密的三维网络结构,因此硬度增加。内聚性可以反映样品内部之间的结合强度[26],研究报道,内聚性高的样品内部之间结合更强,在吞咽过程中不易分散成小颗粒,有利于安全吞咽[27]。三种凝胶在高浓度(PP-1.5% Car-G、PP-15.0% CS-G、PP-1.5% SA-G)时内聚性均达到了0.84~0.85,显著高于低浓度组(P<0.05),说明多糖浓度越高,内部网络结构越致密,结合力越强。咀嚼性趋势与硬度一致,PP-15.0% CS-G咀嚼性最高(564.44±55.84 g),显著高于其低浓度样品及其他组别(P<0.05)。此外,硬度与咀嚼性之间呈正相关性,与已有文献报道一致,说明更高硬度通常伴随更强的咀嚼力[28−29]。三类复合水凝胶的质构性质在不同多糖体系中均可通过调控浓度实现有效调节,为开发具有可控口感与良好吞咽性的功能食品提供参考依据。
IDDSI旨在为咀嚼和吞咽障碍人群提供全球标准化术语和定义。IDDSI使用双金字塔设计在单一尺度上呈现食物和液体的8个级别(0~7)来描述食物质地和饮品稠度[30]。通过质构仪模拟IDDSI测试可以创建一套定量仪器程序,更好地模拟手动IDDSI方法,确保了更高的可重复性和标准化。图7为测试过程中样品的受力曲线,斜率越大,说明样品硬度越高。可以看出,多糖的种类和浓度可影响样品的硬度,浓度越大,凝胶网络的缠结和交联越多,因此凝胶具有更强的网络结构。PP-Car-G、PP-CS-G、PP-SA-G三种复合水凝胶均呈现IDDSI中7级常规食品的质地特征,属于容易咀嚼、质地柔软的日常食物[31]。
本研究基于物理交联通过PP协同Car、CS、SA三种多糖复合构建了3D打印复合水凝胶体系。单独的PP或多糖不具备3D打印所需的流变性和机械支撑,PP与多糖复配后的油墨可实现3D打印。流变学测试结果显示出打印油墨具有剪切变稀的假塑性流体和应变恢复特性,适用于挤出性3D打印。在所选的多糖浓度范围内,PP-Car、PP-CS打印油具有良好打印精度,打印物体结构完整,表面光滑,纹理清晰。由于SA和PP的静电相互作用,PP-SA油墨随着SA浓度的增加打印结构逐渐趋于不稳定。PP-Car和PP-CS经过加热、冷却而凝胶化,90 ℃加热对于打印物体的外观影响较小,温度扫描也显示出其具有良好的温度稳定性,可适应食品加工和食用过程中的热处理。PP-SA通过离子交联实现凝胶化,Ca2+交联可导致凝胶体积收缩。三种PP-多糖复合水凝胶的硬度和内聚性随多糖浓度的增加而增加,但均属于IDDSI框架中7级常规食物质地范畴。本研究构建的豌豆蛋白基复合水凝胶在易吞咽食品质地改善及个性化定制方面具有较大的应用潜力。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050002
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
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    1江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
    2武汉大学公共卫生学院,湖北武汉 430072

通讯作者:

邱超(1989−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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