Article(id=1320889466122785417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040372, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854189663, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854189663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854189663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854189663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=503, endPage=514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889466315723402, articleId=1320889466122785417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Functional Characteristics of Grape Pomace Polyphenols and the Current Research Status of Their Application in the Food Industry, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Grape pomace, a major by-product of wine production, is rich in bioactive polyphenolic compounds. Exploring the functional properties of grape pomace polyphenols and promoting their high-value applications are of great significance for advancing the sustainable development of the wine industry, reducing resource wastage, and alleviating environmental burdens. This review systematically summarizes the main components of grape pomace polyphenols and their potential physiological regulatory functions, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and hypoglycemic effects. This review provides a thorough overview of their current applications in the food industry, particularly as antioxidants, food preservatives, and functional food ingredients. It also examines the technical challenges and potential applications related to the extraction methods and bioavailability of polyphenols. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical foundation and technical roadmap for the high-value utilization of grape pomace polyphenols, to support resource recycling and functional food innovation, and to promote the achievement of zero solid waste discharge and green production in China's wine industry.

, authors=Jiangxue WANG, Jing XU, Zeyao YANG, Fang TIAN, Songmin CAO*, authorsList=Jiangxue WANG, Jing XU, Zeyao YANG, Fang TIAN, Songmin CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Songmin CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889467993445011, articleId=1320889466122785417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=葡萄皮渣多酚的功能特性及其在食品工业中的应用研究现状, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

葡萄皮渣是葡萄酒酿造过程中产生的主要副产物,富含多酚类生物活性物质。深入挖掘葡萄皮渣多酚的功能特性,并推动其高附加值产品开发,对于促进葡萄酒产业的可持续发展、减少资源浪费和减轻环境负担具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了葡萄皮渣多酚的主要组成及其潜在的抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、降血糖等生理调节功能,重点综述了其在食品工业中作为抗氧化剂、食品保鲜剂、食品配料的综合利用现状,以及多酚在提取方法、生物利用度等方面面临的技术瓶颈与应用前景。本综述旨在为葡萄皮渣多酚的高值化利用提供理论依据与技术路径,助力资源循环利用与功能性食品创新,推动我国葡萄酒产业实现有机固体废弃物零排放与绿色生产目标。

, authors=王江雪, 许静, 杨泽瑶, 田芳, 曹松敏*, authorsList=王江雪, 许静, 杨泽瑶, 田芳, 曹松敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹松敏, authorNote=

王江雪(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品加工及质量安全控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曹松敏(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工及质量安全控制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8Lo8w3U4m3V239TxJQLsgg==, magXml=4EtMPa5S6Mp54zzFzAGvNg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JMMn/KrwIuIO9XILu94iLw==, pdfFileSize=4184016, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=74lOYQwdK94L7wF665Fqvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Km9tVSYM3bH6ZsTkT2i8+w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320889468400292504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=3374164418@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320889468576453274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, authorId=1320889468400292504, language=EN, stringName=Jiangxue WANG, firstName=Jiangxue, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320889469025243803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, authorId=1320889468400292504, language=CN, stringName=王江雪, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021, bio={"content":"

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王江雪(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品加工及质量安全控制,E-mail:

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British Journal of Haematology, 2013, 160(5): 714., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889488998519648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=122, rfOrder=148, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任章成, 郭泽美, 马宏伟. 葡萄多酚提取方法研究进展[J]. 食品安全导刊, 2023, 192(30): 184−186. [REN Z C, GUO Z M, MA H W. Research progress on extraction methods of grape polyphenols[J]. China Food Safety Magazine, 2023, 192(30): 184−186.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889489069822817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=122, rfOrder=149, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN Z C, GUO Z M, MA H W. Research progress on extraction methods of grape polyphenols[J]. 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注:DNA:脱氧核糖核酸;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶;CAT:过氧化氢酶;GPx:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;H2O2:过氧化氢;O2−·:超氧阴离子自由基。

, figureFileSmall=ot7GO1yPQR+vaj46+pEjsw==, figureFileBig=i0LCJDZ+vykpV6Wh6XJt7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889474033242818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory pathways of grape pomace polyphenols, figureFileSmall=FQazxHdmIlARQP4Yk517fw==, figureFileBig=EYlPKnpmRVikj3gQU/aO4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889474289095363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=CN, label=图3, caption=葡萄皮渣多酚的抗癌及抗炎途径

注:MAPK:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;NF-κB:核因子激活的B细胞的κ-轻链增强子;TGF-β:转化生长因子;MAT1:蛋氨酸腺苷转移酶;Wnt/β-Catenin:配体蛋白质Wnt和膜蛋白受体结合激发的一组多下游通道的信号转导途径;Nrf2:核因子(红细胞衍生2)相关因子2;Cyclin:细胞周期蛋白;pAkt:磷酸化丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶;P65:NF-κB转录因子家族的五种成分之一;P53:抑癌基因;MCP-1:单核细胞趋化蛋白-1;IL-6:白细胞介素6;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α;IL-1β:白细胞介素-1β。

, figureFileSmall=FQazxHdmIlARQP4Yk517fw==, figureFileBig=EYlPKnpmRVikj3gQU/aO4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889474352009924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Hypoglycemic pathway of grape pomace polyphenols, figureFileSmall=Lc/DLkHyPTCvIsfTzLbZlg==, figureFileBig=qVQGR160YiBvkm6tQpQdjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889474419118789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=CN, label=图4, caption=葡萄皮渣多酚的降血糖途径, figureFileSmall=Lc/DLkHyPTCvIsfTzLbZlg==, figureFileBig=qVQGR160YiBvkm6tQpQdjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889474494616262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Different extraction methods and contents of grape pomace polyphenols

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法成分含量参考文献
固液萃取法羟基苯甲酸
羟基肉桂酸
黄烷醇
1984.5 μg/g
104.6 μg/g
5150.8 μg/g
[11]
化学法总多酚63 mg GAE/g d.w.[12]
超临界二氧化碳总多酚2491 mg/100 g[13]
总黄酮674 mg/100 g
白藜芦醇1.07 mg/100 g
超声辅助提取总多酚55.73~68.91 mg ECG/kg[14]
总花青素55.73~68.91 mg ECG/kg
微波辅助提取总多酚8.07 g/100 g[15]
单宁5.76 g/100 g
总花青素3.7 g/kg
深共晶溶剂法
(甜菜碱和脯氨酸)
总多酚80~92 mg EGE/g d.w.[16]
总黄酮47-51 QUE/g d.w.
深共晶溶剂法
(氯化胆碱和乳酸)
原花青素135 mg/g[17]
欧姆加热法总多酚320 mg GAE/100 g d.w.[18]
花青素600 μg/g d.w.
), ArticleFig(id=1320889474578502343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

葡萄皮渣多酚不同提取方法及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法成分含量参考文献
固液萃取法羟基苯甲酸
羟基肉桂酸
黄烷醇
1984.5 μg/g
104.6 μg/g
5150.8 μg/g
[11]
化学法总多酚63 mg GAE/g d.w.[12]
超临界二氧化碳总多酚2491 mg/100 g[13]
总黄酮674 mg/100 g
白藜芦醇1.07 mg/100 g
超声辅助提取总多酚55.73~68.91 mg ECG/kg[14]
总花青素55.73~68.91 mg ECG/kg
微波辅助提取总多酚8.07 g/100 g[15]
单宁5.76 g/100 g
总花青素3.7 g/kg
深共晶溶剂法
(甜菜碱和脯氨酸)
总多酚80~92 mg EGE/g d.w.[16]
总黄酮47-51 QUE/g d.w.
深共晶溶剂法
(氯化胆碱和乳酸)
原花青素135 mg/g[17]
欧姆加热法总多酚320 mg GAE/100 g d.w.[18]
花青素600 μg/g d.w.
), ArticleFig(id=1320889474645611208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Functional characteristics and mechanisms of polyphenols from grape pomace

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生理功能多酚种类/来源作用机制参考文献
抗氧化丹魄葡萄皮渣降低肥胖小鼠氧化应激标志物(羰基、丙二醛及8-羟基脱氧鸟苷)含量[40]
卡纽拉里葡萄皮渣增强SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性[41]
葡萄籽原花青素、赤霞珠葡萄皮渣白藜芦醇清除自由基(·OH、H2O2、DPPH)[46−47]
抗炎小维多葡萄皮渣下调炎症小鼠腹膜液中IL-1β、TNF-α的表达[51]
丹魄葡萄皮渣调节PI3K/Akt和p38-MAPK通路诱导Nrf2基因表达,减轻炎症反应[52]
白藜芦醇阻断NF-κB炎症信号通路,抑制炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和COX-2的表达[55]
抗癌白藜芦醇/阿利亚尼科葡萄皮渣诱导癌细胞凋亡[59−60]
圆叶葡萄皮渣使细胞阻滞于G2/M期和S期[61−64]
黑色酿酒葡萄皮渣调节癌症相关基因的表达(MAT1、Cyclin、pAkt、p53、p65)[58−63]
黑色酿酒葡萄皮渣阻断信号通路NF-κB相关基因的表达(P65、COX-2、Bcl-2、AKT1)[63]
葡萄籽原花青素激活MIN6(小鼠胰岛瘤细胞)的Nrf2信号通路,降低MDA和ROS含量[62]
降血糖佳美娜葡萄皮渣抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性[68-69]
酚酸控制葡萄糖转运(GLUT)[70]
白藜芦醇增强胰岛素敏感性[71]
抗菌葡萄籽提取物抑制细菌生长繁殖[75]
霞多丽葡萄籽提取物破坏细胞膜[74]
黑姑娘葡萄、罗马尼亚麝香葡萄皮渣抑制生物膜合成[78]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889474712720073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

葡萄皮渣多酚的功能特性及作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生理功能多酚种类/来源作用机制参考文献
抗氧化丹魄葡萄皮渣降低肥胖小鼠氧化应激标志物(羰基、丙二醛及8-羟基脱氧鸟苷)含量[40]
卡纽拉里葡萄皮渣增强SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性[41]
葡萄籽原花青素、赤霞珠葡萄皮渣白藜芦醇清除自由基(·OH、H2O2、DPPH)[46−47]
抗炎小维多葡萄皮渣下调炎症小鼠腹膜液中IL-1β、TNF-α的表达[51]
丹魄葡萄皮渣调节PI3K/Akt和p38-MAPK通路诱导Nrf2基因表达,减轻炎症反应[52]
白藜芦醇阻断NF-κB炎症信号通路,抑制炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和COX-2的表达[55]
抗癌白藜芦醇/阿利亚尼科葡萄皮渣诱导癌细胞凋亡[59−60]
圆叶葡萄皮渣使细胞阻滞于G2/M期和S期[61−64]
黑色酿酒葡萄皮渣调节癌症相关基因的表达(MAT1、Cyclin、pAkt、p53、p65)[58−63]
黑色酿酒葡萄皮渣阻断信号通路NF-κB相关基因的表达(P65、COX-2、Bcl-2、AKT1)[63]
葡萄籽原花青素激活MIN6(小鼠胰岛瘤细胞)的Nrf2信号通路,降低MDA和ROS含量[62]
降血糖佳美娜葡萄皮渣抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性[68-69]
酚酸控制葡萄糖转运(GLUT)[70]
白藜芦醇增强胰岛素敏感性[71]
抗菌葡萄籽提取物抑制细菌生长繁殖[75]
霞多丽葡萄籽提取物破坏细胞膜[74]
黑姑娘葡萄、罗马尼亚麝香葡萄皮渣抑制生物膜合成[78]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889474779828938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Application of grape pulp polyphenols in the food industry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多酚功能多酚来源应用对象作用效果参考文献
抗氧化剂蒙纳斯翠尔葡萄皮渣猪肉汉堡降低猪肉汉堡的氧化水平和丙二醛含量,延长其保质期[79]
巴贝拉、霞多丽葡萄皮渣奶酪增强奶酪成熟时的总酚含量和自由基清除活性[80]
梅洛葡萄皮渣面包增强烘焙食品的抗氧化性[81]
葡萄皮渣鱼肉利用多酚制作可食膜,能抑制鱼肉脂质氧化,延长货架期[82]
赤霞珠葡萄皮渣饼干增强饼干的抗氧化性能,添加过多会导致饼干色泽变暗变差[83]
食品配料野葡萄皮渣乳制品提升蛋白质、类黄酮和花青素等活性成分含量,促进蛋白质消化吸收[87−88]
普里米蒂沃、黑曼罗、青提葡萄皮渣红茶饮料具有抗炎活性的新型茶饮料[91]
食品保鲜剂葡萄籽提取物鸡肉减少肉制品的异味,如陈腐味、霉味和鱼腥味[94]
葡萄籽提取物带鱼鱼丸降低己醛、庚醛、辛醛等挥发性物质的浓度[95]
葡萄籽提取物鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉抑制食品脂质过氧化,避免腐败气味的产生[97]
葡萄籽提取物牛肉馅降低牛肉馅的TBARS值和菌落总数,并保持肉色稳定[98]
葡萄籽提取物烤鸡减少需氧菌、假单胞菌、霉菌等的生长速度,延长产品贮藏期[99]
食用色素西拉、马瑟兰、丹娜葡萄皮渣色素具有酿酒过程产生的咖啡酰化花青素、对香豆酰化花青素[100]
派斯葡萄皮渣饮料及乳制品足以胜任饮料(如软饮料、葡萄酒和利口酒)及乳制品(酸奶、甜点、冰淇淋等)的着色[103]
), ArticleFig(id=1320889474851132107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889466122785417, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

葡萄皮渣多酚在食品工业中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多酚功能多酚来源应用对象作用效果参考文献
抗氧化剂蒙纳斯翠尔葡萄皮渣猪肉汉堡降低猪肉汉堡的氧化水平和丙二醛含量,延长其保质期[79]
巴贝拉、霞多丽葡萄皮渣奶酪增强奶酪成熟时的总酚含量和自由基清除活性[80]
梅洛葡萄皮渣面包增强烘焙食品的抗氧化性[81]
葡萄皮渣鱼肉利用多酚制作可食膜,能抑制鱼肉脂质氧化,延长货架期[82]
赤霞珠葡萄皮渣饼干增强饼干的抗氧化性能,添加过多会导致饼干色泽变暗变差[83]
食品配料野葡萄皮渣乳制品提升蛋白质、类黄酮和花青素等活性成分含量,促进蛋白质消化吸收[87−88]
普里米蒂沃、黑曼罗、青提葡萄皮渣红茶饮料具有抗炎活性的新型茶饮料[91]
食品保鲜剂葡萄籽提取物鸡肉减少肉制品的异味,如陈腐味、霉味和鱼腥味[94]
葡萄籽提取物带鱼鱼丸降低己醛、庚醛、辛醛等挥发性物质的浓度[95]
葡萄籽提取物鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉抑制食品脂质过氧化,避免腐败气味的产生[97]
葡萄籽提取物牛肉馅降低牛肉馅的TBARS值和菌落总数,并保持肉色稳定[98]
葡萄籽提取物烤鸡减少需氧菌、假单胞菌、霉菌等的生长速度,延长产品贮藏期[99]
食用色素西拉、马瑟兰、丹娜葡萄皮渣色素具有酿酒过程产生的咖啡酰化花青素、对香豆酰化花青素[100]
派斯葡萄皮渣饮料及乳制品足以胜任饮料(如软饮料、葡萄酒和利口酒)及乳制品(酸奶、甜点、冰淇淋等)的着色[103]
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葡萄皮渣多酚的功能特性及其在食品工业中的应用研究现状
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王江雪 , 许静 , 杨泽瑶 , 田芳 , 曹松敏 *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(2): 503-514
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (2) : 503 -514
葡萄皮渣多酚的功能特性及其在食品工业中的应用研究现状
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王江雪 , 许静, 杨泽瑶, 田芳, 曹松敏*
作者信息
  • 宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021
通讯作者:
曹松敏(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工及质量安全控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王江雪(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:肉品加工及质量安全控制,E-mail:

Functional Characteristics of Grape Pomace Polyphenols and the Current Research Status of Their Application in the Food Industry
Jiangxue WANG , Jing XU, Zeyao YANG, Fang TIAN, Songmin CAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040372
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葡萄皮渣是葡萄酒酿造过程中产生的主要副产物,富含多酚类生物活性物质。深入挖掘葡萄皮渣多酚的功能特性,并推动其高附加值产品开发,对于促进葡萄酒产业的可持续发展、减少资源浪费和减轻环境负担具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了葡萄皮渣多酚的主要组成及其潜在的抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、降血糖等生理调节功能,重点综述了其在食品工业中作为抗氧化剂、食品保鲜剂、食品配料的综合利用现状,以及多酚在提取方法、生物利用度等方面面临的技术瓶颈与应用前景。本综述旨在为葡萄皮渣多酚的高值化利用提供理论依据与技术路径,助力资源循环利用与功能性食品创新,推动我国葡萄酒产业实现有机固体废弃物零排放与绿色生产目标。

葡萄皮渣  /  多酚  /  功能特性  /  抗氧化剂  /  食品配料

Grape pomace, a major by-product of wine production, is rich in bioactive polyphenolic compounds. Exploring the functional properties of grape pomace polyphenols and promoting their high-value applications are of great significance for advancing the sustainable development of the wine industry, reducing resource wastage, and alleviating environmental burdens. This review systematically summarizes the main components of grape pomace polyphenols and their potential physiological regulatory functions, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and hypoglycemic effects. This review provides a thorough overview of their current applications in the food industry, particularly as antioxidants, food preservatives, and functional food ingredients. It also examines the technical challenges and potential applications related to the extraction methods and bioavailability of polyphenols. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical foundation and technical roadmap for the high-value utilization of grape pomace polyphenols, to support resource recycling and functional food innovation, and to promote the achievement of zero solid waste discharge and green production in China's wine industry.

grape pomace  /  polyphenols  /  functional characteristics  /  antioxidants  /  functional food ingredients
王江雪, 许静, 杨泽瑶, 田芳, 曹松敏. 葡萄皮渣多酚的功能特性及其在食品工业中的应用研究现状. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 503 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040372
Jiangxue WANG, Jing XU, Zeyao YANG, Fang TIAN, Songmin CAO. Functional Characteristics of Grape Pomace Polyphenols and the Current Research Status of Their Application in the Food Industry[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 503 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040372
多酚是一类广泛存在于植物中的次生代谢产物,对人体健康具有多种潜在益处,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗糖尿病、抗癌等[1]。随着我国经济水平的不断提升和葡萄酒文化的广泛传播,葡萄酒的消费量呈现出逐年增长的趋势。这一趋势不仅推动了葡萄酒产业的发展,也导致葡萄酒产业的副产品—葡萄皮渣产量骤增[2]。研究证实,葡萄皮渣中含有丰富的多酚类物质[3],这些成分不仅具有抗炎、抗氧化的潜力,还具备预防糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化和结肠癌等多种疾病的能力[4],具备极高的研究和应用价值。葡萄中的多酚类物质主要存在于葡萄皮、葡萄籽和果梗中,只有少量的多酚类物质会随压榨浸渍进入葡萄酒中,大部分多酚仍保留在酿酒过后的葡萄皮渣中,有研究测定了葡萄皮、葡萄籽、葡萄叶以及果肉中的多酚含量,其中葡萄籽和葡萄皮多酚含量最高可达2178.8、374.6 mg GAE/kg(GAE表示没食子酸当量)[5]。
目前我国大部分的葡萄皮渣是被作为废弃物直接丢弃,并未得到有效利用,这不仅造成了资源的大量浪费,还会对环境造成严重污染。葡萄皮渣的集中丢弃和掩埋不仅增加了皮渣生物降解的难度,还会导致特定环境区域pH的下降,多酚类物质的累积造成水体净化和修复进程的缓慢[6],严重威胁周边野生动物的正常生存,严重降低生态环境的自我修复能力[5]。大量堆积的葡萄皮渣可能引发恶臭,吸引苍蝇和害虫,增加疾病传播的风险。为了应对这一挑战,已有研究开始探索将葡萄皮渣[7]转化为生物肥料、生物燃料、反刍动物饲料[8]等产品加以重复利用。尽管这些方法在一定程度上实现了葡萄皮渣的再利用,但在利用效率和经济效益方面仍有待提高。因此,如何高效精准的提升葡萄皮渣产品附加值,积极推进其开发利用,减轻环保压力,已成为葡萄酒产业亟待解决的问题。
综上,深入研究并高效利用葡萄皮渣多酚,是实现资源循环利用、减少环境污染、提升产业附加值的关键环节。本文在系统梳理葡萄皮渣中富含的主要多酚种类及其潜在的生理调节功能与作用机制的基础上,深入探讨了其在食品工业中的综合利用现状、当前面临的局限性以及未来的应用潜力,期待通过对葡萄皮渣多酚资源的精细化阐述和前瞻性应用展望,推动葡萄皮渣资源的科学利用与相关产业升级,为我国葡萄与葡萄酒产业的绿色转型和创新可持续发展提供新的视角与策略。
葡萄皮渣,作为酿酒产业中的核心固体废弃有机物,其主要构成部分包括葡萄籽与葡萄皮[9],并辅以部分酵母菌以及酿造过程中少量压榨残留的果肉。另外,在葡萄酒的酿造流程中,破碎压榨、发酵等环节对多酚的活性影响相对较小,这使得大约70%的酚类物质[10]得以留存在葡萄皮渣中。由表1可见,葡萄皮渣中的多酚类物质主要包括花青素、原花青素、酚酸以及白藜芦醇等[19],图1列出了葡萄皮渣中几种常见多酚的化学结构式,这些成分具有多种生物学功能特性,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌等,具有极高的保健价值[26]。其中,原花青素主要存在于葡萄籽内,由儿茶素和表儿茶素构成[27],依据其聚合度的差异,可分为低聚原花青素和高聚原花青素两类[28]。酚酸作为葡萄皮渣中的另一大类多酚,主要包括羟基肉桂酸(咖啡酸、绿原酸、酒石酸、芥子酸等)[29]和羟基苯甲酸(对羟基苯甲酸、没食子酸、原儿茶酸、丁香酸等)[30]。花青素则主要分布于葡萄皮中,是葡萄成熟过程中形成的红色天然色素,属于生物类黄酮的一种,花青素结构多样,通过不同程度的羟基化、甲基化和糖基化,赋予了葡萄及葡萄酒丰富的色彩[31]。在葡萄皮渣中发现的主要花青素是锦葵色素、矢车菊色素、牵牛色素、芍药色素、飞燕草色素的3-O-葡萄糖苷结构,这些成分的含量受葡萄品种、成熟度及气候条件的影响而有所差异[32]。白藜芦醇是存在于葡萄皮中的多酚类化合物,其核心结构为芪类(二苯乙烯,图1),是一种具有多靶点活性的天然化合物,其抗氧化、抗炎和代谢调节特性在慢性病预防中备受关注[13]。
多酚是葡萄皮渣中重要的生物活性物质,具备清除机体自由基[33]、抑制炎症信号通路[34]、诱导癌细胞凋亡[35]、促进葡萄糖摄取等作用[36],可在机体内发挥抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌及降血糖等多重生理功效[37]。目前葡萄皮渣中研究较多的多酚主要为酚酸、花青素、儿茶素、原花青素、白藜芦醇等[31],能通过多种途径在机体内部发挥健康作用(如表2)。
当机体受到特定的刺激时,体内活性氧的产生速率超过抗氧化系统的清除速率,导致活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)大量累积[38]。ROS一般包括超氧阴离子自由基(O2−·)、羟自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢(H2O2)等[39],可侵袭生物大分子(如脂质、蛋白质和DNA),破坏细胞器的正常功能,并诱导细胞凋亡,与衰老、心血管疾病、肥胖以及癌症等多种健康问题密切相关。葡萄皮渣中的多酚类物质能通过清除机体自由基、增强机体超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性等途径发挥抗氧化作用(如图2)。研究表明,红葡萄皮渣多酚(如酚酸、黄烷-3-醇和黄酮醇)能够降低肥胖小鼠氧化应激标志物(羰基、丙二醛及8-羟基脱氧鸟苷)[40]的含量,增强小鼠机体的抗氧化能力。花青素能够通过增强SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性,降低ROS水平[41],同时还能抵抗过氧化氢诱导的人脐内皮细胞氧化损伤,并减少肝、肾的脂质氧化[42]。麝香葡萄皮渣中的槲皮素衍生物具有良好的DPPH自由基清除活性[33],槲皮素通过调控谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)和ROS水平来改善内皮细胞和肌肉细胞的氧化还原状态,增强其抗氧化活性[43]。Ruan等[44]研究发现,葡萄籽原花青素可以激活心肌梗死小鼠的PI3K/AKT信号通路,提升小鼠血清中SOD活性,降低MDA含量,从而抑制心肌细胞凋亡及纤维化改变。Balea等[45]也研究发现,葡萄皮渣提取物(如原花青素、儿茶素、单宁等)能够降低心肌梗死小鼠的心脏酶标记物水平,抑制心肌氧化损伤。唐瑛等[46]研究发现,葡萄籽原花青素能显著提高细胞中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px的含量,对H2O2诱导的海马神经元的氧化损伤具有保护作用。葡萄皮渣中提取的白藜芦醇同样具有良好的DPPH和·OH清除能力,而且其抗氧化活性高于维生素C[47],Souza等[48]研究发现,白藜芦醇能够降低草鱼肝脏氧化损伤模型中ROS和一氧化氮代谢物,抑制鱼体肝脏的脂质氧化情况,进而保护草鱼肝脏。综上所述,葡萄皮渣多酚通过多途径调控氧化应激,包括直接清除ROS、增强抗氧化酶活性等,但这些研究多数集中于体外抗氧化试验,有关多酚抗氧化的代谢通路、消化稳定性以及吸收率等研究不足,未来需进一步深入多酚抗氧化的评估办法,改进多酚的递送体系,以期实现多酚在缓解心血管损伤和神经保护等方面的应用价值[49]。
当机体遭遇外界刺激时,会激活肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)和核因子κB(NF-κB)等炎症因子,进而引发炎症反应及疼痛感[50]。葡萄皮渣多酚可通过多途径抑制炎症标志物表达,研究发现葡萄皮渣多酚能显著下调炎症小鼠腹膜液中IL-1β、TNF-α的表达[51]。葡萄皮渣中的多酚提取物(花青素、表儿茶素等)可以降低Caco-2细胞中IL-6和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)的基因及蛋白表达水平[34]。Gerardi等[52]探讨了葡萄皮渣多酚对高血糖内皮细胞炎症和氧化损伤的影响途径(如图3),研究发现多酚能通过PI3K/Akt和p38-MAPK通路诱导Nrf2基因表达,降低NF-κB介导的炎症反应和增加抗氧化酶活性。类黄酮能够阻断NF-κB炎症信号通路(如图2),并抑制结肠癌小鼠体内炎症细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的表达[53],同时还能有效抑制Wnt/β-Catenin介导的炎症信号通路。朱晓娟等[54]探讨了葡萄籽原花青素对糖尿病牙周炎大鼠牙周炎症的作用,研究发现,葡萄籽原花青素能降低TLR4和NF-κB的蛋白表达水平,减少血清中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的水平,从而控制糖尿病牙周炎大鼠牙周组织炎症。Zhou等[55]研究发现,白藜芦醇能够调控急性咽炎小鼠的NF-κB信号通路,有效降低小鼠体内炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和COX-2的水平,从而抑制咽炎小鼠的炎症反应。综上所述,葡萄皮渣多酚可通过靶向NF-κB、TLR4等关键炎症信号通路,抑制TNF-α、IL-1β等促炎因子表达,调控炎症相关酶活性和基因表达,但对于葡萄皮渣多酚抗炎完整的作用机制还不明确,需要进一步研究阐明。另外,未来还需聚焦于多酚抗炎功效的深入临床试验,并补充完善其细胞毒性评估, 从而为葡萄皮渣多酚用于炎症性疾病的干预策略提供理论基础。
癌症作为危害人体健康并导致人类死亡的主要疾病之一,其治疗药物的副作用问题一直备受关注[56]。葡萄皮渣中所含的天然活性物质多酚,凭借其抗氧化、抗炎、抗增殖及促细胞凋亡等活性,在癌症的预防和治疗中展现出广阔前景[57]。Kumar等[58]研究发现,葡萄皮渣中的白藜芦醇和花青素能够抑制人前列腺癌细胞系(DU-145和PC-3M)中蛋氨酸腺苷转移酶Ⅰ(MAT1)基因的表达,下调促细胞增殖蛋白G1/S-特异性周期蛋白-D1(Cyclin D1),上调蛋白激酶pAkt,进而抑制前列腺癌细胞的增殖(如图3)。同时,有研究发现葡萄皮渣中的白藜芦醇还能有效抑制宫颈癌细胞系和肺癌细胞系的增殖[59]。Caponio等[60]通过结肠癌细胞实验证实,葡萄皮渣多酚(花青素、酚酸和黄酮类化合物)能通过多种途径抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖并促进其凋亡,尤其对人体结直肠癌细胞(HCT116)的抗肿瘤作用明显[35],但是目前还缺少多酚抑制结肠癌细胞的分子机制解释[60]。Katarina等[61]研究发现,槲皮素能使人结肠癌细胞(SW620)的细胞周期停滞在G2/M期,槲皮素会破坏β-catenin和转录因子4(transcription factor 4)之间的联系,同时降低凋亡抑制基因和细胞周期蛋白D(Cyclin D)的表达,在预防癌症方面发挥重要作用。张丽媛等[62]研究发现,葡萄籽原花青素通过激活MIN6(小鼠胰岛瘤细胞)的Nrf2信号通路,上调谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4的蛋白表达水平,降低MDA(丙二醛)和ROS的含量,从而抑制高糖高脂诱导的细胞铁死亡,提高MIN6细胞的存活率。Shaban等[63]研究发现,葡萄皮渣中的多酚(没食子酸、鞣花酸)还能显著降低肝癌小鼠体内的ROS和TBARS水平,增加GSH水平和P53基因的表达,同时降低NF-κB信号通路相关基因(P65、COX-2、Bcl-2和AKT1)的表达,从而抑制小鼠肝癌恶化。罗剑鸣[64]研究发现,圆叶葡萄‘Noble’和赤霞珠中的多酚(主要为鞣花酸)不仅可以下调乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231和MCF-7)中Cyclin A蛋白的表达,使癌细胞阻滞于S期,还能有效减少细胞中一氧化氮(NO)、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌量抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖,这为预防/治疗乳腺癌保健品/药物的研发提供了新的思路[37]。综上,葡萄皮渣多酚可通过多靶点干预癌细胞周期、凋亡及氧化应激通路,在结直肠癌、肝癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症中展现广谱抗肿瘤活性,未来需深入多酚抗癌的体内研究,完善动物实验及临床试验数据,为低毒副作用葡萄皮渣多酚抗癌药物/保健品的开发提供数据支撑。
糖尿病主要分为I型糖尿病和Ⅱ型糖尿病两大类型,其中,Ⅰ型糖尿病属于自身免疫性遗传病,而Ⅱ型糖尿病则可通过调整日常饮食与生活方式进行有效控制[65]。鉴于此,有许多研究人员正积极从食物中探寻安全、无毒的功能性成分,以期用于Ⅱ型糖尿病的预防与治疗[36]。有研究表明,葡萄皮渣多酚可以通过控制Ⅱ型糖尿病中α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶这两个关键消化酶的活性(如图4),达到平衡血糖的目的[66]。高聚原花青素具有丰富的酚羟基、多环结构和高聚合度,能通过氢键、疏水相互作用与这两种酶交联进而抑制酶活性,有效调节机体血糖水平[67]。Campos等[68]从葡萄皮渣中提取的多酚(包括原花青素、花青素及部分黄酮醇)对α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性位点表现出高度的亲和力,通过形成稳定的复合物来抑制酶活性,其抑制效果甚至能超过α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂-阿卡波糖[69]。Johnston等[70]研究发现,糖基化花青素或黄酮醇可通过直接竞争钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白1和抑制葡萄糖转运蛋白2的活性来降低肠上皮细胞对葡萄糖的摄取,从而控制血糖水平。同时,葡萄皮渣中的原花青素和多糖-多酚复合物也能通过位阻抑效应抑制肠上皮细胞对葡萄糖的摄取,进而控制血糖升高[68]。潘新艳[71]研究发现,给胰岛素抵抗小鼠饲喂白藜芦醇,能够增加DNA损伤诱导转录因子4的表达,抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白通路,从而改善小鼠的胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢紊乱,为预防和治疗糖尿病提供了新的研究思路。但是,目前有关葡萄皮渣多酚降血糖活性的研究主要集中在游离酚,对于结合酚和酯化酚的研究较少[72],缺乏多酚控制胰岛素信号通路的研究[71],未来需结合组学等进一步探究降血糖机制,增加临床试验数据,为葡萄皮渣多酚类健康调节剂的开发提供理论支撑。
近年来抗生素耐药性不断上升,导致了医疗成本及治疗难度的增加,加剧了公共卫生风险对人体健康构成威胁[73]。葡萄皮渣中的多酚类物质对革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)、革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)及食源性真菌均表现出抑制活性,被视为一种潜在的天然无毒抗菌剂[74]。Kitsiou等[75]研究发现,葡萄籽提取物可以快速灭活单增李斯特菌,但对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的抑制效果较弱。Alexa等[76]的研究发现,赤霞珠葡萄皮渣多酚不仅能显著降低小麦中真菌种群的生长(赭曲霉和疣状青霉),还能够抑制赭曲霉毒素A的产生。此外,还有研究发现,赤霞珠葡萄皮渣多酚(如槲皮素、没食子酸、原儿茶酸等)还能与各类抗生素(包括β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和安替比林类等)协同抑制小麦中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的生长[77]。Caponio等[26]的研究同样发现,葡萄皮渣多酚(如花青素、酚酸和类黄酮等)不仅对大肠杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和单增李斯特菌有显著的抑制作用,还能与益生菌植物乳杆菌协同抑制细菌的生长。葡萄皮渣多酚除了对细菌和真菌有抑制作用外,还能破坏人类真菌病原体念珠菌的生物膜[78]。综上,葡萄皮渣多酚通过直接抑菌、协同抗生素及破坏生物膜等多机制展现出抗菌潜力,但是目前对葡萄皮渣多酚的抗菌机制研究不够深入,缺乏生物学验证,后期应加强多酚的抗菌机制研究,增加动物感染实例,为后续新型抗菌剂的开发提供可持续解决方案[49]。
综上,系统研究表明,葡萄皮渣多酚在抗氧化、抗癌、降血糖等方面具有显著的应用价值。拓展葡萄皮渣在食品行业中的应用,不仅能减少资源浪费,更能显著提升其社会经济效益。目前,已有大量研究将葡萄皮渣多酚作为抗氧化剂、功能性食品配料、保鲜剂、食用色素等功能性食品添加剂应用在食品当中,有效提升了产品的营养与品质特性(表3)。
在长期贮藏过程中,食品中的脂肪和蛋白质会发生自动氧化,改变产品的理化性质、感官属性,并缩短其保质期。为了迎合消费者对绿色健康生活方式的追求,同时延缓食品的氧化变质,有研究将葡萄皮渣多酚作为抗氧化剂添加到肉类制品中,不仅安全高效,而且成本低廉。Garrido等[79]将葡萄皮渣中的花青素提取物添加到猪肉汉堡中后发现,葡萄皮渣花青素不仅能有效清除自由基,降低汉堡的氧化水平,而且还能降低汉堡在储存期间的丙二醛含量,延长其保质期。Marchiani等[80]研究发现,在奶酪的生产中添加葡萄皮渣粉末,可以显著增加奶酪中生物活性物质(黄烷-3-醇、黄酮醇、酚酸等)的含量,尤其是发酵过程可促进葡萄皮渣中的活性成分进一步释放,使奶酪在成熟时的总酚含量和自由基清除活性均达到峰值。Poiana等[81]研究发现,葡萄皮渣多酚可以增强烘焙食品的抗氧化性能,而且经过高温烘烤后的面包仍能保持较高的DPPH清除率和抗氧化能力,并保留大部分的生物活性物质(总酚、总黄酮),其抗氧化能力相较于饼干和蛋糕更为突出。李霞等[82]研究发现,以葡萄皮渣多酚为原料制作可食膜,多酚能有效抑制鱼肉储存期间的脂质氧化、抑制微生物生长并延缓蛋白质的分解,具有良好的保鲜效果,能延长鱼肉的货架期。王君等[83]的研究表明,曲奇饼干的抗氧化性随葡萄皮渣添加量的增加呈增长趋势,但在饼干中不宜过多添加,花色苷类物质会导致曲奇饼干的亮度变低,色泽变深变暗。综上所述,葡萄皮渣多酚可作为抗氧化剂添加在各类食品当中,从而抑制肉制品及烘焙制品的氧化变质,但是目前的研究还停留在实验室阶段,对葡萄皮渣多酚的用量标准没有统一规范,未来需完善葡萄皮渣多酚作为抗氧化剂的作用机制和毒理数据,推动行业建立葡萄皮渣多酚天然抗氧化剂的执行标准。
随着社会经济的蓬勃发展与人们健康意识的日益增强,加之国内人口老龄化趋势的加剧,消费者对保健食品的需求呈现出迅猛增长的态势。众多科学研究揭示,葡萄皮渣中蕴藏着丰富的生物活性物质及活性成分,将葡萄皮渣提取物作为膳食补充剂,能够降低人体血液中总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白含量、调节血脂水平[84],同时减轻人体的氧化应激反应[84]。在乳制品中添加葡萄皮渣有助于人体日常饮食中蛋白质的摄入[85],儿茶素及花青素等[86]能促使蛋白质结构展开,加速其水解过程,有利于蛋白质在人体内的消化和吸收[87],另外,在乳制品中添加葡萄皮渣粉末,能显著提升产品中蛋白质、类黄酮、黄酮醇及花青素等成分[88]的含量,丰富乳制品的营养成分[89],但是随着葡萄皮渣的增加,冰淇淋的pH、比重和溢出量呈现下降趋势,同时脂肪的不稳定指数增加[90],不适合在乳制品中大量添加。葡萄皮渣作为酿造葡萄酒过程中的副产物,富含多酚等活性成分,Gerardi等[91]则将葡萄皮渣与红茶结合,制备了一款具有良好抗炎活性的新型茶饮料,这进一步推动了健康饮料和功能性食品的发展。综上,葡萄皮渣多酚可作为营养强化剂添加到食品当中,然而,过量添加可能会对食品的感官属性产生不良影响。因此,未来需进一步探究葡萄皮渣及其活性物质与食品基质的结合互作机制,以生产更加安全、健康的功能性食品。
葡萄皮渣多酚根据结构的不同在食品中也发挥着不同的作用,酚羟基可与蛋白质结合可抑制其氧化变质,花青素等可以抗脂质氧化、维持肉色泽稳定,羟基肉桂酸可抑制细菌生长[92],延长肉类制品保质期[93],同时多酚还能减少肉类制品在贮藏过程中产生的异味,如陈腐味、霉味和鱼腥味[94],并降低己醛、庚醛、辛醛等挥发性物质的浓度[95],减缓脂质氧化和细菌增长。李婉平等[96]研究发现,利用葡萄皮渣多酚与维生素、柠檬酸能够复配得出抗菌性能更加优良的抗氧化剂,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏杆菌均有显著的抑制作用。葡萄籽提取物多酚不仅能抑制食品脂质过氧化,还能避免腐败气味的产生[97]。曲宝宝[98]研究发现,葡萄籽提取物多酚能够显著抑制速冻水饺牛肉馅的脂肪氧化,降低牛肉馅的TBARS值和菌落总数,并保持肉色稳定。Guo等[99]研究发现,葡萄籽提取物还能联合气调包装有效抑制烤鸡的脂质氧化,并减少需氧菌、假单胞菌、霉菌和酵母菌的生长速度,延长产品的贮藏期。综上所述,葡萄皮渣多酚能作为食品保鲜剂抑制食品异味、减少醛类物质的产生,抑制细菌生长并延长保质期,而且多酚的抑菌效果随添加量的升高而升高,但是当多酚的添加量过高时,会对食品产生不利影响[100],导致其品质劣变。因此,平衡葡萄皮渣多酚的剂量和保鲜效果是接下来的研究重点,急需拓展新型技术推动食品的“绿色保鲜”。
自2012年起,葡萄皮红已作为食品添加剂纳入国家标准管理,其使用需严格遵循GB 28313-2012《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂 葡萄皮红》的规定。葡萄皮红色素主要从葡萄皮和葡萄皮渣提取得到,主要成分为花青素[32](包括芍药花色素、锦葵色素、飞燕草色素及牵牛花色素等),由于其天然特性,在饮料及其他食品领域中备受青睐。Favre等[101]研究发现,从葡萄皮渣中提取的花青素不仅含有酿酒过程中自然合成的咖啡酰化花青素,还独具香豆素成分,相较于单体花青素展现出更为优越的稳定性。有研究发现,使用深共晶溶剂[102]从葡萄皮渣中提取花青素,可以减少花青素在提取过程中的降解率[31],而且通过该法制备的花青素无需进一步提纯,可直接应用于食品行业,极大地减少了资源浪费。值得注意的是,在食品着色方面,从葡萄皮渣中提取的花青素浓度范围在20~60 ppm之间,展现出足够的色彩强度和稳定性,足以胜任饮料(如软饮料、葡萄酒和利口酒)[103]、乳制品(酸奶、甜点、冰淇淋等)[104]以及果酱等食品的着色需求。但是,从葡萄皮渣中提取的天然色素其性质较为活跃,易受光照、温度、pH等条件的影响发生氧化或降解[105],会导致其生物利用度降低,而且葡萄皮色素在碱性环境中会变为蓝色,目前只适合用于酸性产品,进一步限制了葡萄皮渣天然色素的应用范围。未来的研究需要突破技术壁垒,增强葡萄皮渣天然色素的稳定性,提升其生物利用度,扩大其应用范围。
目前,从葡萄皮渣中提取多酚的方法—固液萃取,存在显著的落后性和缺陷,该法耗时漫长、萃取效率低下、依赖大量有机溶剂造成环境污染,难以满足绿色生产需求[2]。为了高效利用葡萄皮渣多酚,必须采用绿色环保、可持续的提取方法,因此,现代研究转向更高效、环保的技术,如超临界流体萃取[106]、微波辅助萃取[107]、超声辅助萃取[108]等技术。Tuhanioglu等[13]对超临界二氧化碳技术进行改良,使用食品级助溶剂乙醇和水提取葡萄皮渣多酚,尽管该法减少了有害溶剂的使用,但其总酚、总黄酮和白藜芦醇的提取率仅与常规方法没有显著性差异,而且利用该法提取的多酚其ABTS+自由基清除率仍低于盐酸-甲醇的多酚提取物[13]。微波和超声辅助萃取技术是一种温和、快速的提取技术,与传统方法相比效率高、耗有机溶剂少,但是这两种方法受到微波/超声功率、时间、温度等条件交互作用的影响,需要大量试验完善并优化其提取工艺[108],成本较高,而且微波和超声辅助提取多酚具有非选择性,处理不当还会导致热敏成分的降解[2],未来需聚焦微波和超声协同、智能控制模型及绿色溶剂体系,以实现高效、稳定、工业化的提取工艺。近年来也有研究使用蒸汽爆破[109]、欧姆加热[18]以及脉冲电场[110]等物理方法提取多酚,以期简化多酚的提取工艺,保留多酚的生物活性和功能特性[111],但是仍面临诸多挑战。蒸汽爆破虽然能提高游离酚提取率,但可能降低部分热敏性成分和结合酚的得率和活性[109]。欧姆加热和脉冲电场类似,能最大限度减少热敏成分降解,显著提升得率和抗氧化能力[110],但是欧姆加热仅适用于导电物料,需精准控制体系电阻,脉冲电场有电极腐蚀风险,未来可开发耐腐蚀电极。而且目前蒸汽爆破、欧姆加热以及脉冲电场提取葡萄皮渣多酚的工艺还处于研究阶段,工艺缺乏统一标准,成本较高限制其大规模应用。深共晶溶剂提取多酚的生物累积性还未充分评估[112]、回收率较低,实际应用需根据目标成分特性(如热敏性、结合酚)选择适配工艺。综上所述。当前葡萄皮渣多酚提取技术正处于高效化与绿色化转型的关键阶段,尽管有多种新型技术不断涌现并发展,但是仍面临有毒试剂、难释放、高成本、高能耗等诸多挑战,未来研究需通过技术耦合攻克结合酚提取瓶颈,构建提取-废渣利用-资源回收的循环系统[2],降低葡萄皮渣多酚的提取成本,推动实验室成果向产业落地转化。
葡萄皮渣多酚虽然具有良好的生物活性和生理功能,但是其生物利用度(即多酚被人体吸收并发挥功效的比例)普遍较低,严重限制了其健康效能的发挥。葡萄皮渣多酚的不同结合形式(如结合酚、酯化酚)对其生物利用度有显著影响,限制多酚的实际应用效果。常规的提取方法仅能释放游离酚和部分酯化酚,对结合酚的提取率较低[72],酸碱水解可以提高结合酚的释放率,但会破坏酚类结构,使其生物活性降低[113]。目前的研究都集中在游离酚,对结合酚和酯化酚的释放机制和生物活性认知不足,虽然使用乳酸菌发酵葡萄皮渣可以释放结合酚,并提升其抗氧化活性[114],但是该法成本较高,不适合大规模应用。多酚的聚合度、羟基化程度、糖基化修饰等直接影响其稳定性和肠道吸收率,当多酚以糖苷或聚合物形式存在时,需在肠道酶解才能被吸收利用[115]。而且多酚与肠道菌群的互作关系还存在矛盾,菌群虽然可以将多酚转化为低分子量代谢物,提高吸收率,但是高浓度多酚也会抑制部分菌群生长,使厚壁菌门丰度降低,影响其代谢效率[112]。另外,葡萄皮渣多酚在消化过程当中易受pH的影响而发生变化[116],在胃的酸性条件中相对稳定,但在小肠的碱性环境中会导致酚羟基去质子化,引发氧化降解,有研究发现葡萄籽多酚在pH8时保留率下降了16.49%[117]。综上所述,葡萄皮渣多酚的生物利用度受多重因素共同影响,未来研究需跨学科协作,重点发展靶向递送[118]、智能酶解及菌群调控技术[112],同时推动葡萄皮渣向绿色循环经济模式转型,为功能食品和保健品领域提供新型生物活性物质,实现资源的高值化利用。
葡萄皮渣多酚(如原花青素、白藜芦醇等)是从葡萄皮渣中提取的天然多酚类化合物,因其抗氧化、抗炎和心血管保护等特性被广泛应用于食品、保健品和化妆品中,随着研究的深入,需要加强对葡萄皮渣多酚的生物安全评价。目前的研究普遍认为,在合理剂量下葡萄皮渣多酚是安全的,但应用在食品及药品领域时仍需综合考量多酚的剂量、来源等因素。沈继红等[119]开展了葡萄籽多酚提取物的毒性实验,研究发现,试验小鼠在30 d内生长发育状况良好,体重、血常规、血生化等指标以及病理组织学检查均未发现异常,表明该物质对大鼠各项指标未产生明显毒性作用。Kantureyeva等[120]研究发现,葡萄籽多酚制剂对实验小鼠几乎无毒副作用,其急性毒性的LD50>2000 mg/kg,表明该制剂具有较高的安全性能。Popat等[121]研发了一款白藜芦醇的专利制剂(SRT501),通过试验发现,该制剂安全无毒副作用,但是当把SRT501 以每日5 g的剂量单独或与硼替佐米合用时,SRT501在多发性骨髓瘤患者中表现出肾毒性。因此在保健食品及临床中添加时需严格控制用量,并标注适用人群及禁忌,而且目前对葡萄皮渣多酚提取物的毒理数据不足,需加大对该方面的研究,补充其毒理学信息。虽然葡萄皮渣多酚本身具有极低的毒性及副作用,但是提取多酚使用的有机溶剂具有一定的挥发性和毒性[122],会对最终产品的安全性构成威胁。鉴于此,需制定一套完善的葡萄皮渣多酚提取工艺标准,并伴随严格的毒性测试。这不仅有助于识别并消除提取过程中的安全隐患,还能为多酚产品的质量控制提供科学依据。在此基础上,未来的研究还应进一步加深临床试验的广度和深度,通过长期跟踪观察和科学评估,为多酚产品的长期安全使用提供坚实的数据支撑和理论依据。
葡萄皮渣作为葡萄酒酿造过程中的核心副产物,含有丰富的酚类物质,具有显著的抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、降血糖及维护肠道健康等多重生理功效,在食品及保健品等领域均具有巨大的应用潜力。在食品工业中,葡萄皮渣多酚可作为天然抗氧化剂、功能性食品配料以及食品保鲜剂,广泛应用于肉制品、乳制品、烘焙制品及饮料当中,不仅能够延缓食品氧化变质、改善产品的质构特性,还能延长保质期并提升其营养特性。此外,葡萄皮渣多酚还可用于开发功能性保健品,如抗氧化胶囊、抗辐射和缓解视疲劳的产品等,这进一步拓展了其市场应用范围。
然而,国内对葡萄皮渣多酚的开发利用仍处于初级阶段,技术体系尚未成熟,加工链条不完善,资源化利用率较低。具体表现为提取工艺效率不高、活性成分稳定性不足、规模化生产成本较高,以及缺乏统一的质量标准和应用规范。这些问题限制了葡萄皮渣多酚的高值化利用和产业化推广。为解决上述问题,未来应聚焦于以下几个方面:首先,优化多酚的高效提取技术,采用深共晶溶剂、蒸汽爆破、欧姆加热以及脉冲电场等绿色工艺,提高提取效率并减少污染;其次,加强活性成分稳定性研究,开发新型纳米递送体系靶向释放多酚,延长其功能活性;再次,推动葡萄皮渣的级联利用,提取活性成分后的残渣可再次进行生物发酵生产伤口敷料,实现资源的最大化利用;最后,建立健全葡萄皮渣及其多酚提取物的质量标准和应用规范,促进其产业化发展。通过技术创新和产业链整合,葡萄皮渣多酚综合利用不仅能够减少资源浪费与环境污染,还能推动食品产业向功能化、健康化方向转型升级,满足市场对高品质、多样化产品的需求,最终实现经济效益、社会效益与生态效益的协同发展。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040372
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
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    宁夏大学食品科学与工程学院,宁夏银川 750021

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曹松敏(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:肉品加工及质量安全控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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