Article(id=1320880708927734139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040367, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852101785, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852101785, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852101785, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852101785, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=274, endPage=283, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880709103894908, articleId=1320880708927734139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Flavor Analysis of Musalais Wine Brewing with Different Grapes in Xinjiang, columnId=1320880262846722580, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Modern Analysis and Intelligent Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the flavor characteristics of Musalais wine made from different grape varieties, 'Hetian Hong' 'Red Globe' and 'Munage' were selected as raw materials for brewing Musalais. Volatile aroma components in wine samples were extracted and analyzed using SPME-GC×GC-HMS technology, and combined sensory evaluation to analyze the flavor characteristics of three types of Mussalais. The results showed that a total of 84 volatile aromatic compounds were detected in three varieties of Musalais, including 21 types of alcohols, 29 types of esters, 10 types of acids, 3 types of aldehydes, 10 types of ketones, 5 types of phenols, and 6 other types of substances. Among them, alcohols and esters accounted for a relatively large proportion. The alcohol content of MNG Musalais accounted for 37.55% of the total volatile aromatic substances, ester content accounts for 50.20%. The alcohol and ester contents of HTH Musalais were 40.32% and 39.03%. HDQ Musalais contained 32.93% alcohol and 52.36% esters. Combining relative odor activity values, 11 key aromatic compounds were screened out, the main aromatic compounds in MNG Musalais were ethyl butyrate, isovaleric acid ethyl ester, linalool, isovaleric acid, and 4-ethylguaiacol. The main compounds in the HTH Musalais variety were ethyl caproate and damascenone, while the main compounds in the HDQ Muscat variety were ethyl hexanoate, ethyl caprylic acid, and ethyl phenylacetate. The sensory characteristics showed that HDQ Musalais was smooth and slightly sweet, with fruity, sweet and slightly caramelized aroma; The MNG Musalais was fresh, with obvious floral and milky aroma and slightly caramelized aroma, and HTH Musalais was prominent in alcoholic and nutty aroma, with typical Musalais flavor. The results of this study show the influence of raw materials on the flavor of Musalais, and provide a theoretical basis for the adoption of new varieties of Musalais in subsequent brewing.

, authors=Rumei WU, Yingjie CHEN, Wanxue'er ZHANG, Xin FANG, Hexiang BAI, Jing HE, Dongmin JIAN, Qiling CHEN, Xingyuan YANG*, authorsList=Rumei WU, Yingjie CHEN, Wanxue'er ZHANG, Xin FANG, Hexiang BAI, Jing HE, Dongmin JIAN, Qiling CHEN, Xingyuan YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingyuan YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880710152470917, articleId=1320880708927734139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=新疆不同葡萄酿造慕萨莱思的风味分析, columnId=1320880262997717526, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=现代分析与智能检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同葡萄原料酿造慕萨莱思风味特征,以‘和田红’(HTH)、‘红地球’(HDQ)及‘木纳格’(MNG)为原料酿造慕萨莱思,利用SPME-GC×GC-HMS技术提取分析酒样的挥发性香气成分,结合感官评价分析3种慕萨莱思的风味特征。结果表明,3个品种慕萨莱思共检测到84种挥发性香气物质,包括醇类21种、酯类29种、酸类10种、醛类3种、酮类10种、酚类5种及其他类物质6种,其中醇类、酯类物质占比较大,MNG慕萨莱思的醇类占总挥发性香气物质含量的37.55%、酯类占50.20%,HTH慕萨莱思的醇类、酯类占比分别为40.32%、39.03%;HDQ慕萨莱思醇类占32.93%、酯类占52.36%。结合相对气味活度值共筛选出11种关键香气物质,MNG慕萨莱思主要为丁酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、异戊酸、4-乙基愈创木酚;HTH慕萨莱思为辛酸乙酯、大马士酮;HDQ慕萨莱思主要为正己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯。感官评价表明,3种慕萨莱思的感官特征存在明显差异,HDQ慕萨莱思口感微甜,具有果香、甜香及轻微焦糖香;MNG慕萨莱思香气清新,花香和奶香明显,略带焦糖香;HTH萨莱思醇香和坚果香突出,具有典型慕萨莱思风味。该研究结果探明了原料对慕萨莱思风味的影响,为后续酿造慕萨莱思采用新品种提供了理论基础。

, authors=吴汝梅, 陈英杰, 张婉雪儿, 方心, 白鹤翔, 贺婧, 简东民, 陈其玲, 杨兴元*, authorsList=吴汝梅, 陈英杰, 张婉雪儿, 方心, 白鹤翔, 贺婧, 简东民, 陈其玲, 杨兴元, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨兴元, authorNote=

吴汝梅(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨兴元(1966−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒工程,E-mail:。
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Food Science and Technology, 2021, 46(7): 100−105.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880727537861128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOU X J, ZHAO Y X, GONG H C, et al. Research and development of low-alcohol bubbly Musalais products with mixed fermentation of double yeast[J]. 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Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008(7): 2098−2104.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880727747576330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG M X, WU Y W, DUAN C Q. Progress in study of aromatic compounds in grape and wine[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008(7): 2098−2104., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880727835656715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU L X, ZHANG M M, LIU Z, et al. Levels of furaneol in Msalais wines: A comprehensive overview of multiple stages and pathways of its formation during Msalais wine making[J]. Molecules, 2019, 24(17): 3104., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880710387351942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880710391546247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, companyId=1320880710387351942, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urmuqi 830052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880710399934856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, companyId=1320880710387351942, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880716817220036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Production flow of Musalais wine, figureFileSmall=4CUbOWVPcQwMb1csuTHoiw==, figureFileBig=JLhCyP0JOagyj5HZlwehZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880716905300421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=图1, caption=慕萨莱思制备工艺流程, figureFileSmall=4CUbOWVPcQwMb1csuTHoiw==, figureFileBig=JLhCyP0JOagyj5HZlwehZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880717089849798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Quantity and the relative content of aroma substance in different grape varieties of Musalais wine, figureFileSmall=DZjxmn3yyQf70+DPAVhJfQ==, figureFileBig=gzuzs2wi50P4IzYvCBYs5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880717177930183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思香气物质数量和香气成分相对含量, figureFileSmall=DZjxmn3yyQf70+DPAVhJfQ==, figureFileBig=gzuzs2wi50P4IzYvCBYs5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880717253427656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Appearance and taste profiles in different grape varieties of Musalais wine, figureFileSmall=49FmyqdISxYSLql8K8Inrg==, figureFileBig=KIucLJnhKQo8Xm6er39OGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880717328925129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思外观与口感剖面图, figureFileSmall=49FmyqdISxYSLql8K8Inrg==, figureFileBig=KIucLJnhKQo8Xm6er39OGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880717421199818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Profile in different grape varieties of Musalais wine aroma scores, figureFileSmall=FCx/3iauOICS+QKy72w7BA==, figureFileBig=1qVujVjVqgwhY7JmgmYkYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880717492502987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思香气得分剖面图, figureFileSmall=FCx/3iauOICS+QKy72w7BA==, figureFileBig=1qVujVjVqgwhY7JmgmYkYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880717563806156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory score scale of Musalais wine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0123456789
无极弱弱微弱中等偏下中等中等偏上明显突出卓越
), ArticleFig(id=1320880717643497933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

慕萨莱思的感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0123456789
无极弱弱微弱中等偏下中等中等偏上明显突出卓越
), ArticleFig(id=1320880717702218190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic physical and chemical indexes of the different grape varieties of Musalais wine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品酒精度
(%vol)
总酸
(g/L)
还原糖
(g/L)
pH
MNG11.32±0.04b7.17±0.10b20.74±0.05b4.05±0.02a
HTH11.65±0.05a7.26±0.07a19.55±0.12c4.00±0.03a
HDQ11.15±0.04c7.12±0.05b22.19±0.09a3.92±0.02ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320880717781909967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思基础理化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品酒精度
(%vol)
总酸
(g/L)
还原糖
(g/L)
pH
MNG11.32±0.04b7.17±0.10b20.74±0.05b4.05±0.02a
HTH11.65±0.05a7.26±0.07a19.55±0.12c4.00±0.03a
HDQ11.15±0.04c7.12±0.05b22.19±0.09a3.92±0.02ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320880717874184656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Volatile aroma composition of Musalais from different grape varieties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气物质CAS号香气描述[14−23]相对含量(%)
MNGHTHHDQ
1苯乙醇3913-2-8玫瑰花香13.0520.0316.34
2苯甲醇100-51-6杏仁味0.060.05ND
33-甲基-1-戊醇589-35-5威士忌、苹果味0.380.120.08
42-壬基醇628-99-9橙子乳酪味ND0.05ND
52,3-丁二醇513-85-9果香、奶油香0.780.980.51
6异戊醇123-51-3指甲油、威士忌11.0011.555.17
7正己醇111-27-3椰果味6.163.057.72
8异丁醇78-83-1果香、醇香3.553.791.07
9橙花醇106-25-2花香0.10ND0.11
10反式-橙花叔醇40716-66-3花香0.060.050.07
11芳樟醇78-70-6紫丁香、玫瑰花0.110.040.17
123-甲硫基丙醇505-10-2洋葱味0.30.120.05
132-庚醇543-49-7柠檬、甜花香ND0.08ND
14(S)-1,2-丙二醇79-33-4−1.50ND0.75
154-戊烯-2-醇625-31-0蘑菇香、蜡香0.390.110.17
16苯氧乙醇122-99-6玫瑰香气NDND0.46
17四氢熏衣草醇2051-33-4薰衣草香ND0.10.08
18香叶醇106-24-1花香、果香ND0.09ND
19二丙酮醇123-42-2−ND0.04ND
203-甲基-2-丁醇598-75-4果香0.060.070.07
21三缩四乙二醇112-60-7−0.050.110.11
醇类小计37.5540.3232.93
22月桂酸乙酯106-33-2花香、果香4.743.841.35
23乙酸乙酯141-78-6果香、菠萝香0.390.520.40
24乙酸苯乙酯103-45-7果香、玫瑰花2.741.462.14
25乙酸甲酯106-70-7香蕉、青苹果香NDND0.05
26乙酸异戊酯105-54-4香蕉、甜水果12.2311.1911.91
27乙酸异丙酯108-21-4果香0.09ND0.19
28丁酸乙酯123-86-4苹果味、菠萝香气味0.620.290.56
29己酸异戊酯2198-61-0香蕉、菠萝香0.070.040.07
30辛酸异戊酯2035-99-6果香、辛辣味0.330.220.31
31丁二酸二乙酯123-25-1甜香0.380.190.11
32正己酸乙酯123-66-0青苹果、花香6.753.1210.38
33乳酸乙酯97-64-3奶酪、覆盆子香0.020.020.02
34丙酸乙酯105-37-3成熟热带水果香0.04NDND
35辛酸乙酯106-32-1甜橙味10.548.76112.35
36丁酸丁酯109-21-7香蕉、菠萝香0.040.050.04
37水杨酸甲酯119-36-8冬青、薄荷香0.030.020.05
38甲酸-2-苯乙酯104-62-1玫瑰、风信子香0.030.02ND
39十四酸乙酯124-06-1紫罗兰香0.831.220.46
40十八酸乙酯111-61-5蜡香0.12ND0.09
41月桂酸异戊酯6309-51-9木香0.080.050.02
42油酸乙酯111-62-6花香、果香0.240.460.10
43棕榈酸乙酯628-97-7果味,奶油味0.100.140.10
44癸酸乙酯110-38-3果香、玫瑰香6.845.7610.06
45乙酸己酯142-92-7甜杏仁味0.02ND0.05
46庚酸乙酯106-30-9白兰地、果香0.100.050.02
47壬酸乙酯123-29-5果香、玫瑰0.140.090.06
48亚麻酸乙酯1191-41-9−0.08NDND
49反式-4-癸烯酸乙酯76649-16-6果香2.591.521.47
50乳酸异戊酯19329-89-6奶油、坚果香0.02NDND
酯类小计50.2039.0352.36
51辛酸124-07-2奶酪香2.072.253.16
52己酸142-62-1干酪香0.961.361.08
53L-乳酸79-33-4黄油、奶油味NDND0.66
54苯甲酸65-85-0−ND0.03ND
55月桂酸143-07-7金属味0.160.290.11
56异戊酸503-74-2奶酪香0.46ND0.38
57醋酸64-19-7醋味1.091.361.08
58棕榈油酸56219-10-4蜡香、奶油香2.871.550.06
59癸酸334-48-5脂肪味0.30.140.31
602-甲基己酸4536-23-6奶油味0.270.40.2
酸类小计8.187.387.04
61大马士酮23726-93-4蜂蜜香、花香0.600.060.05
622,3-戊二酮600-14-6黄油香、焦香0.390.140.07
63环己酮6971-63-7−0.050.020.01
643-戊烯-2-酮3102-33-8−ND0.06ND
652-庚酮110-43-0植物香、木香ND0.07ND
66二氢-2-甲基-3(2H)-噻吩酮13679-85-1浆果味0.11NDND
67仲辛酮111-13-7植物香ND0.030.02
68甲基庚烯酮110-93-0柑橘、柠檬香0.020.020.02
692,6-二(叔丁基)-4-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-环己二烯-1-酮10396-80-2−0.120.06ND
704,5-二甲基二氢呋喃-2(3H)-酮−ND8.245.49
酮类小计1.298.705.66
71糠醛498-60-2焦香0.150.130.14
722-乙基-2-己烯醛645-62-5−0.280.17ND
732,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛487-68-3−ND0.060.06
醛类小计0.430.360.20
744-乙基愈创木酚2785-89-9烟熏味、酱油味0.160.090.01
754-乙基苯酚123-07-9愈创木酚味0.200.360.05
762,4-二叔丁基苯酚96-76-4石炭酸味0.300.790.24
772-甲氧基-4-乙烯苯酚7786-61-0烟熏味0.060.120.26
782-硝基苯酚88-75-5−ND0.03ND
酚类小计0.721.390.56
79苯乙烯100-42-5汽油味、花香0.040.05ND
802,4-二甲基苯乙烯2234-20-0−ND0.100.15
81壬烯124-11-8−1.152.480.82
82萘91-20-3−0.200.240.16
832-甲基-2-丁烯513-35-9−0.10NDND
841-十一炔2243-98-3−0.140.150.12
其他小计1.632.821.25
), ArticleFig(id=1320880717953876433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思挥发性香气成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气物质CAS号香气描述[14−23]相对含量(%)
MNGHTHHDQ
1苯乙醇3913-2-8玫瑰花香13.0520.0316.34
2苯甲醇100-51-6杏仁味0.060.05ND
33-甲基-1-戊醇589-35-5威士忌、苹果味0.380.120.08
42-壬基醇628-99-9橙子乳酪味ND0.05ND
52,3-丁二醇513-85-9果香、奶油香0.780.980.51
6异戊醇123-51-3指甲油、威士忌11.0011.555.17
7正己醇111-27-3椰果味6.163.057.72
8异丁醇78-83-1果香、醇香3.553.791.07
9橙花醇106-25-2花香0.10ND0.11
10反式-橙花叔醇40716-66-3花香0.060.050.07
11芳樟醇78-70-6紫丁香、玫瑰花0.110.040.17
123-甲硫基丙醇505-10-2洋葱味0.30.120.05
132-庚醇543-49-7柠檬、甜花香ND0.08ND
14(S)-1,2-丙二醇79-33-4−1.50ND0.75
154-戊烯-2-醇625-31-0蘑菇香、蜡香0.390.110.17
16苯氧乙醇122-99-6玫瑰香气NDND0.46
17四氢熏衣草醇2051-33-4薰衣草香ND0.10.08
18香叶醇106-24-1花香、果香ND0.09ND
19二丙酮醇123-42-2−ND0.04ND
203-甲基-2-丁醇598-75-4果香0.060.070.07
21三缩四乙二醇112-60-7−0.050.110.11
醇类小计37.5540.3232.93
22月桂酸乙酯106-33-2花香、果香4.743.841.35
23乙酸乙酯141-78-6果香、菠萝香0.390.520.40
24乙酸苯乙酯103-45-7果香、玫瑰花2.741.462.14
25乙酸甲酯106-70-7香蕉、青苹果香NDND0.05
26乙酸异戊酯105-54-4香蕉、甜水果12.2311.1911.91
27乙酸异丙酯108-21-4果香0.09ND0.19
28丁酸乙酯123-86-4苹果味、菠萝香气味0.620.290.56
29己酸异戊酯2198-61-0香蕉、菠萝香0.070.040.07
30辛酸异戊酯2035-99-6果香、辛辣味0.330.220.31
31丁二酸二乙酯123-25-1甜香0.380.190.11
32正己酸乙酯123-66-0青苹果、花香6.753.1210.38
33乳酸乙酯97-64-3奶酪、覆盆子香0.020.020.02
34丙酸乙酯105-37-3成熟热带水果香0.04NDND
35辛酸乙酯106-32-1甜橙味10.548.76112.35
36丁酸丁酯109-21-7香蕉、菠萝香0.040.050.04
37水杨酸甲酯119-36-8冬青、薄荷香0.030.020.05
38甲酸-2-苯乙酯104-62-1玫瑰、风信子香0.030.02ND
39十四酸乙酯124-06-1紫罗兰香0.831.220.46
40十八酸乙酯111-61-5蜡香0.12ND0.09
41月桂酸异戊酯6309-51-9木香0.080.050.02
42油酸乙酯111-62-6花香、果香0.240.460.10
43棕榈酸乙酯628-97-7果味,奶油味0.100.140.10
44癸酸乙酯110-38-3果香、玫瑰香6.845.7610.06
45乙酸己酯142-92-7甜杏仁味0.02ND0.05
46庚酸乙酯106-30-9白兰地、果香0.100.050.02
47壬酸乙酯123-29-5果香、玫瑰0.140.090.06
48亚麻酸乙酯1191-41-9−0.08NDND
49反式-4-癸烯酸乙酯76649-16-6果香2.591.521.47
50乳酸异戊酯19329-89-6奶油、坚果香0.02NDND
酯类小计50.2039.0352.36
51辛酸124-07-2奶酪香2.072.253.16
52己酸142-62-1干酪香0.961.361.08
53L-乳酸79-33-4黄油、奶油味NDND0.66
54苯甲酸65-85-0−ND0.03ND
55月桂酸143-07-7金属味0.160.290.11
56异戊酸503-74-2奶酪香0.46ND0.38
57醋酸64-19-7醋味1.091.361.08
58棕榈油酸56219-10-4蜡香、奶油香2.871.550.06
59癸酸334-48-5脂肪味0.30.140.31
602-甲基己酸4536-23-6奶油味0.270.40.2
酸类小计8.187.387.04
61大马士酮23726-93-4蜂蜜香、花香0.600.060.05
622,3-戊二酮600-14-6黄油香、焦香0.390.140.07
63环己酮6971-63-7−0.050.020.01
643-戊烯-2-酮3102-33-8−ND0.06ND
652-庚酮110-43-0植物香、木香ND0.07ND
66二氢-2-甲基-3(2H)-噻吩酮13679-85-1浆果味0.11NDND
67仲辛酮111-13-7植物香ND0.030.02
68甲基庚烯酮110-93-0柑橘、柠檬香0.020.020.02
692,6-二(叔丁基)-4-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-环己二烯-1-酮10396-80-2−0.120.06ND
704,5-二甲基二氢呋喃-2(3H)-酮−ND8.245.49
酮类小计1.298.705.66
71糠醛498-60-2焦香0.150.130.14
722-乙基-2-己烯醛645-62-5−0.280.17ND
732,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛487-68-3−ND0.060.06
醛类小计0.430.360.20
744-乙基愈创木酚2785-89-9烟熏味、酱油味0.160.090.01
754-乙基苯酚123-07-9愈创木酚味0.200.360.05
762,4-二叔丁基苯酚96-76-4石炭酸味0.300.790.24
772-甲氧基-4-乙烯苯酚7786-61-0烟熏味0.060.120.26
782-硝基苯酚88-75-5−ND0.03ND
酚类小计0.721.390.56
79苯乙烯100-42-5汽油味、花香0.040.05ND
802,4-二甲基苯乙烯2234-20-0−ND0.100.15
81壬烯124-11-8−1.152.480.82
82萘91-20-3−0.200.240.16
832-甲基-2-丁烯513-35-9−0.10NDND
841-十一炔2243-98-3−0.140.150.12
其他小计1.632.821.25
), ArticleFig(id=1320880718037762514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ROAV of characteristic aroma compounds of different grape varieties of Musalais

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气化合物香气描述阈值[23−25](μg/L)ROAV
MNGHTHHDQ
1乙酸乙酯果香、菠萝香7500.110.040.07
2丙酸乙酯果香、甜香1800<0.010.000.00
3乙酸异丙酯果香、香蕉味1000.180.000.25
4乳酸乙酯乳酪香、覆盆子味14000<0.01<0.01<0.01
5丁酸乙酯酸果香、草莓味206.410.833.74
6乙酸异戊酯玫瑰、柑橘3084.4824.8953.52
7正己酸乙酯草莓味、青苹果味14100.0012.76100.00
8乙酸己酯玫瑰、蜂蜜670<0.010.000.01
9庚酸乙酯菠萝、新鲜果香4000.05<0.01<0.01
10辛酸乙酯菠萝味、花香5436.94100.00346.69
11壬酸乙酯果香、玫瑰、蜡味13000.02<0.01<0.01
12乳酸异戊酯奶油香2000.020.000.00
13癸酸乙酯果香、椰子香2007.201.646.78
14辛酸异戊酯甜味、奶油味1250.560.100.33
15水杨酸甲酯冬青油香气1000.070.010.07
16乙酸苯乙酯花香、果香、木香2502.270.331.16
17月桂酸乙酯花果香、肥皂味15000.680.150.12
18十四酸乙酯冬青油香气20000.090.040.03
19棕榈酸乙酯水果香、蜡香15000.13<0.01<0.01
20丁二酸二乙酯果香、花香155.300.731.02
21异丁醇酒精味、甜味40000<0.01<0.01<0.01
223-甲基-1-戊醇辛辣味、香草5000.160.010.02
23正己醇浆果、薰衣草味80000.160.020.10
242-壬基醇柑橘香、果香120.000.260.00
25芳樟醇奶酪、汗臭味251.070.220.58
262,3-丁二醇果香味、奶油味120000<0.01<0.01<0.01
273-甲硫基丙醇土豆味、蒜味10000.06<0.01<0.01
28橙花醇花香、果香4000.03<0.010.02
29苯甲醇苦杏仁味100000<0.01<0.010.00
30苯乙醇玫瑰花、蜂蜜味140000.190.080.16
31异戊醇玫瑰、果香、焦香300000.080.020.02
32香叶醇花香30/0.10/
33醋酸醋味200000.01<0.01<0.01
34己酸甜香4200.470.190.51
35辛酸奶酪、汗臭味10000.430.130.43
36异戊酸微弱蜡香3001.900.000.14
37月桂酸脂肪、蜡香10000.03<0.010.03
38癸酸甜香、烘焙香气15000<0.01<0.01<0.01
394-乙基愈创木酚丁香、烟熏味301.110.180.06
404-乙烯基愈创木酚甜香1000.120.070.35
412,3-戊二酮花香、奶油香2000.400.040.05
42大马士酮花香、果香0.05237.1366.51126.24
43糠醛杏仁香、果香3000.02<0.010.02
44苯乙烯煤油味、芳香味7300.01<0.010.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320880718117454291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880708927734139, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思特征香气化合物的ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号香气化合物香气描述阈值[23−25](μg/L)ROAV
MNGHTHHDQ
1乙酸乙酯果香、菠萝香7500.110.040.07
2丙酸乙酯果香、甜香1800<0.010.000.00
3乙酸异丙酯果香、香蕉味1000.180.000.25
4乳酸乙酯乳酪香、覆盆子味14000<0.01<0.01<0.01
5丁酸乙酯酸果香、草莓味206.410.833.74
6乙酸异戊酯玫瑰、柑橘3084.4824.8953.52
7正己酸乙酯草莓味、青苹果味14100.0012.76100.00
8乙酸己酯玫瑰、蜂蜜670<0.010.000.01
9庚酸乙酯菠萝、新鲜果香4000.05<0.01<0.01
10辛酸乙酯菠萝味、花香5436.94100.00346.69
11壬酸乙酯果香、玫瑰、蜡味13000.02<0.01<0.01
12乳酸异戊酯奶油香2000.020.000.00
13癸酸乙酯果香、椰子香2007.201.646.78
14辛酸异戊酯甜味、奶油味1250.560.100.33
15水杨酸甲酯冬青油香气1000.070.010.07
16乙酸苯乙酯花香、果香、木香2502.270.331.16
17月桂酸乙酯花果香、肥皂味15000.680.150.12
18十四酸乙酯冬青油香气20000.090.040.03
19棕榈酸乙酯水果香、蜡香15000.13<0.01<0.01
20丁二酸二乙酯果香、花香155.300.731.02
21异丁醇酒精味、甜味40000<0.01<0.01<0.01
223-甲基-1-戊醇辛辣味、香草5000.160.010.02
23正己醇浆果、薰衣草味80000.160.020.10
242-壬基醇柑橘香、果香120.000.260.00
25芳樟醇奶酪、汗臭味251.070.220.58
262,3-丁二醇果香味、奶油味120000<0.01<0.01<0.01
273-甲硫基丙醇土豆味、蒜味10000.06<0.01<0.01
28橙花醇花香、果香4000.03<0.010.02
29苯甲醇苦杏仁味100000<0.01<0.010.00
30苯乙醇玫瑰花、蜂蜜味140000.190.080.16
31异戊醇玫瑰、果香、焦香300000.080.020.02
32香叶醇花香30/0.10/
33醋酸醋味200000.01<0.01<0.01
34己酸甜香4200.470.190.51
35辛酸奶酪、汗臭味10000.430.130.43
36异戊酸微弱蜡香3001.900.000.14
37月桂酸脂肪、蜡香10000.03<0.010.03
38癸酸甜香、烘焙香气15000<0.01<0.01<0.01
394-乙基愈创木酚丁香、烟熏味301.110.180.06
404-乙烯基愈创木酚甜香1000.120.070.35
412,3-戊二酮花香、奶油香2000.400.040.05
42大马士酮花香、果香0.05237.1366.51126.24
43糠醛杏仁香、果香3000.02<0.010.02
44苯乙烯煤油味、芳香味7300.01<0.010.01
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新疆不同葡萄酿造慕萨莱思的风味分析
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吴汝梅 , 陈英杰 , 张婉雪儿 , 方心 , 白鹤翔 , 贺婧 , 简东民 , 陈其玲 , 杨兴元 *
食品工业科技 | 现代分析与智能检测 2026,47(18): 274-283
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食品工业科技 |现代分析与智能检测 2026 , 47 (18) : 274 -283
新疆不同葡萄酿造慕萨莱思的风味分析
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吴汝梅 , 陈英杰, 张婉雪儿, 方心, 白鹤翔, 贺婧, 简东民, 陈其玲, 杨兴元*
作者信息
  • 新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
通讯作者:
杨兴元(1966−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴汝梅(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Flavor Analysis of Musalais Wine Brewing with Different Grapes in Xinjiang
Rumei WU , Yingjie CHEN, Wanxue'er ZHANG, Xin FANG, Hexiang BAI, Jing HE, Dongmin JIAN, Qiling CHEN, Xingyuan YANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urmuqi 830052, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040367
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为探究不同葡萄原料酿造慕萨莱思风味特征,以‘和田红’(HTH)、‘红地球’(HDQ)及‘木纳格’(MNG)为原料酿造慕萨莱思,利用SPME-GC×GC-HMS技术提取分析酒样的挥发性香气成分,结合感官评价分析3种慕萨莱思的风味特征。结果表明,3个品种慕萨莱思共检测到84种挥发性香气物质,包括醇类21种、酯类29种、酸类10种、醛类3种、酮类10种、酚类5种及其他类物质6种,其中醇类、酯类物质占比较大,MNG慕萨莱思的醇类占总挥发性香气物质含量的37.55%、酯类占50.20%,HTH慕萨莱思的醇类、酯类占比分别为40.32%、39.03%;HDQ慕萨莱思醇类占32.93%、酯类占52.36%。结合相对气味活度值共筛选出11种关键香气物质,MNG慕萨莱思主要为丁酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、异戊酸、4-乙基愈创木酚;HTH慕萨莱思为辛酸乙酯、大马士酮;HDQ慕萨莱思主要为正己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯。感官评价表明,3种慕萨莱思的感官特征存在明显差异,HDQ慕萨莱思口感微甜,具有果香、甜香及轻微焦糖香;MNG慕萨莱思香气清新,花香和奶香明显,略带焦糖香;HTH萨莱思醇香和坚果香突出,具有典型慕萨莱思风味。该研究结果探明了原料对慕萨莱思风味的影响,为后续酿造慕萨莱思采用新品种提供了理论基础。

葡萄品种  /  慕萨莱思  /  挥发性香气  /  感官特征  /  全二维气相色谱-高分辨质谱仪  /  主成分分析  /  ROAV法

To explore the flavor characteristics of Musalais wine made from different grape varieties, 'Hetian Hong' 'Red Globe' and 'Munage' were selected as raw materials for brewing Musalais. Volatile aroma components in wine samples were extracted and analyzed using SPME-GC×GC-HMS technology, and combined sensory evaluation to analyze the flavor characteristics of three types of Mussalais. The results showed that a total of 84 volatile aromatic compounds were detected in three varieties of Musalais, including 21 types of alcohols, 29 types of esters, 10 types of acids, 3 types of aldehydes, 10 types of ketones, 5 types of phenols, and 6 other types of substances. Among them, alcohols and esters accounted for a relatively large proportion. The alcohol content of MNG Musalais accounted for 37.55% of the total volatile aromatic substances, ester content accounts for 50.20%. The alcohol and ester contents of HTH Musalais were 40.32% and 39.03%. HDQ Musalais contained 32.93% alcohol and 52.36% esters. Combining relative odor activity values, 11 key aromatic compounds were screened out, the main aromatic compounds in MNG Musalais were ethyl butyrate, isovaleric acid ethyl ester, linalool, isovaleric acid, and 4-ethylguaiacol. The main compounds in the HTH Musalais variety were ethyl caproate and damascenone, while the main compounds in the HDQ Muscat variety were ethyl hexanoate, ethyl caprylic acid, and ethyl phenylacetate. The sensory characteristics showed that HDQ Musalais was smooth and slightly sweet, with fruity, sweet and slightly caramelized aroma; The MNG Musalais was fresh, with obvious floral and milky aroma and slightly caramelized aroma, and HTH Musalais was prominent in alcoholic and nutty aroma, with typical Musalais flavor. The results of this study show the influence of raw materials on the flavor of Musalais, and provide a theoretical basis for the adoption of new varieties of Musalais in subsequent brewing.

grape varieties  /  Musalais  /  volatile aromatic  /  sensory features  /  full two-dimensional gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HMS)  /  principal component analysis  /  ROAV method
吴汝梅, 陈英杰, 张婉雪儿, 方心, 白鹤翔, 贺婧, 简东民, 陈其玲, 杨兴元. 新疆不同葡萄酿造慕萨莱思的风味分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 274 -283 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040367
Rumei WU, Yingjie CHEN, Wanxue'er ZHANG, Xin FANG, Hexiang BAI, Jing HE, Dongmin JIAN, Qiling CHEN, Xingyuan YANG. Flavor Analysis of Musalais Wine Brewing with Different Grapes in Xinjiang[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 274 -283 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040367
葡萄品种是影响葡萄酒品质和口感的因素之一[1],不同葡萄品种所含的酚类化合物种类和含量不同,这些化合物在葡萄酒酿造过程中会转化为色素、单宁等物质,影响葡萄酒的颜色、口感和风味[2]。香气是决定果酒风格和典型性的关键感官品质,其形成受原料、发酵条件和菌株种类等因素影响[3]。慕萨莱思由于采用自然发酵工艺,其香气成分会因葡萄品种,以及发酵过程中的微生物群落代谢活动而有所不同。‘和田红’葡萄长期以来被公认是酿造慕萨莱思的主要原料;而‘木纳格’和‘红地球’作为新疆地区广泛栽培的优质葡萄品种,虽然具有果实饱满、营养物质丰富、口味甘美等优良特点,但关于以这两种葡萄为原料酿造慕萨莱思的研究仍相对匮乏。
慕萨莱思在酿造原料的选择、生产流程、风味物质等方面与一般葡萄酒存在不同。由于葡萄原料与酿造工艺的差异,形成了独特风格。目前针对慕萨莱思配方工艺、发酵工艺优化、风味物质分析及酿酒酵母筛选等方面已进行了大量研究。张璐等[4]采用电子鼻、电子舌结合GC-MS技术对比分析了慕萨莱思与市售葡萄酒的挥发性香气物质。张昱[5]采用电子鼻和GC-MS技术研究了慕萨莱思葡萄酒中呈香物质的变化。尽管目前已有研究探讨了不同工艺处理对慕萨莱思挥发性香气的影响,但针对不同原料慕萨莱思风味差异性的研究报道较少。
本试验采用固相微萃取法结合全二维气相色谱-高分辨质谱法技术,对‘木纳格’‘和田红’‘红地球’三种葡萄品种酿造的慕萨莱思酒体中的挥发性香气成分进行测定,并进一步计算其相对香气活性值(Relative Odor Activity Value,ROAV),以评估各化合物对整体风味的贡献程度,通过分析3个葡萄品种慕萨莱思香气和感官特征,以期为慕萨莱思挥发性物质的研究奠定一定理论基础。
‘和田红’(22°Brix,HTH)、‘木纳格’(19.2°Brix,MNG)、‘红地球’(17°Brix,HDQ) 均同一时间采购于新疆乌鲁木齐九鼎市场,用小型货车运输到低温库,并贮藏于2 ℃温度环境下。
BS214D分析天平 北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司;BQT-541手持糖度仪 禹城市田园信科学仪器有限公司;PHS-3C pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;气相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱质谱(Orbitrap Exploris GC240) 美国ThermolFisher公司;全二维调制器(SSM 1820) 雪景电子科技(上海)有限公司;第一维色谱柱:DB-WAX(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm)、第二维色谱柱DB-17MS(1.2 m×0.18mm×0.18 µm) 上海安谱科学仪器有限公司;50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取头 美国Supelco公司。
慕萨莱思的制备工艺如图1所示,葡萄果实经除梗、破碎后,手工压榨并用纱布过滤得到葡萄汁;皮渣按1.0:1.5(g:g)质量比兑水,于80~85 ℃低温熬煮浓缩至糖度(12±1)°Brix,冷却后过滤去除皮渣,所得滤液与葡萄汁混合煮沸浓缩,熬煮期间定期检测糖度;用酒石酸调整浓缩汁的pH为3.7,置于(20±1)℃恒温培养箱中进行自然发酵;当残糖降至(10±1)°Brix时,通过倒罐分离酒泥,取上清液并添加120 mg/L偏重亚硫酸钾,同时结合降温(0 ℃)以终止发酵,将酒样置于低温(2 ℃)环境下储存。
酒精度的测定:参照GB 5009.225-2016《食品安全国家标准 酒中乙醇浓度的测定》[6]中的方法进行测定;挥发酸、残糖、总酸含量的测定:参照GB/T 15038-2006《葡萄酒、果酒通用分析方法》[7]中的方法进行测定;pH的测定:采用pH计法。以上指标测定重复3次。
在固相微萃取过程中,先准确称取5 mL酒样并转移至顶空瓶中,设置萃取温度为50 ℃,并保持10 min以使样品充分平衡。接着,将固相微萃取头插入顶空瓶的气体部分,进行30 min的挥发性成分萃取。萃取完成后,将萃取头转移至气相色谱进样口,设置脱附时间为5 min,同时将针头温度调节至70 ℃,以确保挥发性成分充分脱附并进入分析系统进行检测。
色谱条件:进样口温度设置为250 ℃;采用分流进样,分流比为5:1;载气流量1.0 mL/min;传输线温度设定为245 ℃;起始温度为40 ℃,保持5 min,随后以5 ℃/min的速率升温至220 ℃;再以20 ℃/min的速率升温至250 ℃,并保持7.5 min;采用HV调制柱(规格为1.2 m×0.25 mm),调制周期为6 s,调制柱的升温程序与气相色谱(GC)同步进行。
质谱分析:电子轰击源(Electron Impact Ion Source,EI),电离能70 eV;离子源温度为250 ℃,MS传输线温度为290 ℃,采集质量范围m/z 30~450。
将化合物与美国国家标准技术研究所(national institute of standards and technology,NIST)数据库检索识别时,设置化合物正反匹配度>700,与数据库中的标准保留时间进行比对,确定化合物保留时间,采用相对峰面积法定量,在Excel软件上计算香气物质的百分比。
$ \rm \text{相对峰面积}(\text{%}) =\frac{\text{单一组分峰面积}}{\text{全部挥发性组分峰面积之和}}\times 100 $
采用相对气味活度值(ROAV)评价挥发性成分对不同品种葡萄酿造慕萨莱思香气体系的贡献度。ROAV计算公式如下:
$\rm R\text{OAV=}\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}}{{\text{C}}_{\max }}\times \frac{{\text{T}}_{\max }}{{\text{T}}_{\text{i}}}\times 100 $
式中:ROAV为某一香气组分的相对气味活度值;Ci为某一香气组分的相对含量,%;Cmax为香气体系中贡献最大组分的相对含量,%;Ti为该组分的香气阈值;Tmax为香气体系中贡献最大组分的香气阈值。
建立感官描述词:由10名具有葡萄酒品酒师资格证的成员组成感官品评小组,包括5名男性和5名女性,然后对每位评价员进行为期1周的感官描述分析培训,培训内容包括感官分析基础知识、感官特性的识别及标度的确立和使用等。品评小组通过讨论,合并、删除、整理描述词,从而形成特有的葡萄酒感官描述词汇表[8]。
创建评分标尺[9]:采用数字标度(0~9)为评分标尺,通过数字将感官强度进行量化,表示感官强度从无到卓越的程度,如表1所示。
感官评定:品尝人员依据感官评分尺度表、描述词汇对酒样的外观(颜色、澄清度)、口感(酸度、涩度、圆润度、辛辣感、余味、苦味)和香气(奶香、果香、花香、焦糖香、甜香、青草香、坚果香、醇香)的感官强度进行评定。通过对所得数据进行均一化处理,计算各项特征强度的平均值,并绘制雷达图,直观展示不同葡萄酿造慕萨莱思在口感、香气等方面的感官强度。
采用Canvas V2.6处理香气提取数据;采用Excel 2019处理数据;SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析处理;使用Origin 2021进行作图。结果使用平均值±标准差表示。
酒精度、残糖、总酸等是影响慕萨莱思风味和口感平衡的关键指标。由表2可知,3种慕萨莱思的理化指标符合GB 15037-2006《葡萄酒》的要求,属于半甜型酒体。不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思的酒精度存在显著性差异(P<0.05),MNG(‘木纳格’)和HDQ(‘红地球’)慕萨莱思的总酸无显著差异(P>0.05),还原糖存在显著性差异(P<0.05),HDQ(‘红地球’)慕萨莱思的酒精度、总酸、pH最低,还原糖含量最高。HTH(‘和田红’)慕萨莱思的酒精度、总酸含量最高,还原糖含量最低。
挥发性香气物质不仅是描述葡萄酒风味的关键,也是决定其感官品质的重要指标之一[10],对‘木纳格’‘和田红’‘红地球’三种慕萨莱思挥发性香气物质进行检测,结果见表3,共鉴定出84种香气成分,包括醇类21种、酯类29种、酸类10种、醛3种、酮类10种、酚类5种、其他香气物质6种,共有成分55种。其中酯类物质种类最多,包括乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、辛酸乙酯等;醇类物质次之,主要有苯乙醇、2,3-丁二醇、正己醇等;酸类及酮类物质包括辛酸、月桂酸等,大马士酮、2,3-戊二酮等也是慕萨莱思主要的香气物质;醛类及其他类物质相较于其他类香气化合物的种类和相对含量较少。
发酵过程中,酯类化合物主要来源于果实和酒精发酵,具有水果香气,通常给果酒带来令人愉悦的香气[11]。三种原料慕萨莱思中酯类物质的相对含量分别为50.20%、39.03%、52.36%,乙酸异戊酯、正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯等为主要香气成分:MNG和HTH慕萨莱思以乙酸异戊酯(香蕉、热带水果香)为主,HDQ慕萨莱思以辛酸乙酯(花香、菠萝、梨香)为主。相较于其他两种酒样,HDQ慕萨莱思中的癸酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯等酯类物质相对含量较高,进一步增强了酒体的果香、花香香气。
醇类是果酒中第二大挥发性化合物,主要来源于酵母糖代谢,赋予酒体甜香和清香[12]。MNG、HTH、HDQ三种慕萨莱思的醇类物质相对含量分别为37.55%、40.32%、32.93%,共检出21种醇类物质,苯乙醇、正己醇、异戊醇和异丁醇为主要的共有香气物质(含量较高)。苯乙醇是相对含量最高的高级醇,其含量在HTH慕萨莱思中最高,可以提供玫瑰、蔷薇花香。异丁醇和异戊醇,HDQ酒样中的含量低于MNG和HTH慕萨莱思,能为酒体提供醇香。香叶醇、芳樟醇和橙花醇等香气物质虽然含量较低,但它们能够显著提升果酒香HDQ慕萨莱思中相对含量较高。
酸类物质是酵母代谢的次级产物也是酯类合成的关键前体。它能够影响酒体协调性和入口的延展性[13]。相比于HDQ慕萨莱思,MNG和HTH慕萨莱思的挥发性脂肪酸相对含量较高,三种慕萨莱思共有的挥发性酸类物质包括己酸、辛酸、月桂酸、醋酸、棕榈油酸和正癸酸。MNG酒样中棕榈油酸含量最高,赋予酒体坚果和油脂香气;而HDQ和HTH酒样中辛酸含量最高,带来奶酪和脂肪香气。此外,酸类物质与醇类化合物发生酯化反应,生成酯类物质,进一步丰富酒体的香气层次。
醛类和酮类物质主要产生于发酵和陈酿过程,可赋予葡萄酒优雅独特的香气[11]。HTH、HDQ慕萨莱思中的酮类含量高于MNG慕萨莱思,4,5-二甲基二氢呋喃-2(3H)-酮是HTH和HDQ慕萨莱思中独有且含量最高的酮类物质。MNG慕萨莱思中酮类含量贡献最大的为2,3-戊二酮,赋予酒体黄油香、焦香的香气。糠醛、大马士酮等物质都能够赋予果酒花香、焦香、果香,是三种原料慕萨莱思香气的重要组成部分。酚类物质能够赋予酒体更复杂的香气特征,如香料、烟熏或草本气息等。HTH慕萨莱思的酚类物质的种类及含量要高于其他两种酒样,香料香、草本香气更为明显。
香气物质的种类和含量是决定慕萨莱思酒品质的重要指标之一,它们共同影响酒体的和谐度与醇厚感。由图2可知,在香气数量方面,MNG、HTH、HDQ慕萨莱思分别鉴定出70种、71种、66种挥发性物质,其中,MNG和HTH慕萨莱思的香气数量相近。具体来看,MNG慕萨莱思的酯类物质与其他类物质高于其余两种酒样,HTH慕萨莱思醇类物质、酮类物质数量最高,HDQ慕萨莱思的醇类物质、酮类物质及酚类物质数量与MNG慕萨莱思接近。在相对含量方面,MNG慕萨莱思香气物质总含量高于HTH慕萨莱思,与HDQ慕萨莱思含量接近,其中,HTH慕萨莱思的醇类(40.32%)和酮类(8.7%)占比高于MNG、HDQ慕萨莱思;HDQ慕萨莱思酯类物质占比达52.36%,高于MNG和HTH慕萨莱思。
酯类在各品种葡慕萨莱思酒样中含量最丰富(39.03%~52.36%),其次是醇类物质、酸类、酮类物质,合计占总香气物质含量的60%以上。因此,酯类、醇类、酸类、酮类四类组分可能是三种慕萨莱思主要的挥发性香气物质。各香气化合物的种类及相对含量不能准确判别对样品整体的香气的贡献程度,含量还需结合其感官阈值计算进一步分析特征香气。
相对香气活性值(ROAV)是一种基于香气成分含量与其阈值比值的评估方法,能够有效量化各挥发性成分对样品整体风味的贡献程度[18]。通过将气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)与ROAV法相结合,可以快速、准确地筛选出酒体中的关键香气化合物。ROAV越大的成分对样品总体风味的贡献越大,1≤ROAV≤100的成分为样品的关键香气成分,0.1≤ROAV<1的成分对样品整体香气起到修饰作用,属于重要香气组分[19]。基于文献中查阅的感觉阈值计算ROAV,并分析酒样中挥发性成分的贡献。结果表明:辛酸乙酯是三款慕萨莱思中风味贡献最大的香气物质。
如表4所示,以ROAV≥1为标准,共筛选出7种酯类化合物(丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯),1种酸类化合物(异戊酸),1种醇类化合物(芳樟醇),1种酮类化合物(大马士酮)以及1种酚类化合物(4-乙基愈创木酚)。这些化合物具有花香、果香、植物香和甜香等特征,对三种酒样的香气形成具有显著贡献。在0.1≤ROAV≤1的范围内,有12种次要香气成分(如2,3-戊二酮、苯乙醇、异戊醇、异丁醇、月桂酸等)对三种酒样的香气具有一定的修饰作用。MNG酒样中鉴定出12种关键香气成分(如丁酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、芳樟醇等),赋予酒体花香和果香;HTH和HDQ酒样分别含有5种(如癸酸乙酯、大马士酮等)和7种(如辛酸异戊酯、正己酸乙酯等)关键香气成分。MNG酒样中11种次要化合物(如苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯、2,3-戊二酮等)提供玫瑰花香、果香和奶香;HTH酒样中(如乙酸苯乙酯、芳樟醇等)10种次要香气成分为酒体提供醇香和植物香;HDQ酒样中(如月桂酸乙酯、异戊酸等)9种次要香气成分赋予酒体甜香、果香和花香。由此可见,辛酸乙酯、大马士酮、己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯是对三种慕萨莱思贡献最大的关键香气成分。
如图3所示,雷达图直观对比了不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思的感官特性差异。三种慕萨莱思均采用相同的工艺处理,但在外观和口感上存在一定差异。HDQ慕萨莱思呈红褐色,果香与酒香协调,入口柔顺,微甜的口感使得果香更加突出,特性鲜明;MNG慕萨莱思呈现浅黄色,澄清度最高,香气清新,入口清爽且酒体协调;HTH慕萨莱思酒体呈金黄色,由于原料特性,酸感较为明显,糖酸虽平衡但澄清度不足。经对比发现:HDQ慕萨莱思的颜色和甜度强度最高,MNG慕萨莱思的澄清度最高。综上,HDQ、MNG慕萨莱思感官品质表现较好,HTH慕萨莱思口感协调性最差,外观和口感得分最低,导致其典型性和总分较低。
果香、花香、醇香和焦香等是慕萨莱思香气成分的基本骨架。由10名小组成员对3种慕萨莱思酒样进行描述性感官分析。如图4所示,HDQ慕萨莱思的果香、甜香、花香的感官评分超过6分,MNG慕萨莱思的奶香、花香、甜香、果香感官评分超过6分,HTH慕萨莱思的醇香感官评分超过6分,坚果香、青草香、焦糖香的感官评分超过5接近6分。总体来看,HTH慕萨莱思香气感官评分大于三种香气评价值的香气种类更多,香气更为丰富,但是感官强度与其他两种酒样相比不明显。根据香气描述结果可以得出,MNG慕萨莱思的奶香、花香、果香突出,HTH慕萨莱思的醇香、坚果香、焦香明显,HDQ慕萨莱思的果香、甜香、花香突出。
由图4可知,果香、花香、醇香、甜香是三种慕萨莱思主要的气味,强度稳定。奶香中等强度,青草香、坚果香、焦糖香微弱。烘焙香(主要是焦糖香)通常不会出现在传统葡萄酒中,在陈酿过程中,一些品种和发酵香气化合物的浓度降低,使葡萄酒失去新鲜感和果味,而出现其他气味,即焦糖味、干果味、辛辣味、烤面包味和木香味,比如马德拉葡萄酒[26]。结合外观与口感剖面图来看,三种慕萨莱思的色泽以金黄色为主,部分呈红褐色,酒体澄清,酸甜味突出,略带苦味,展现出宜人的果香和花香,具有明显的典型性,进一步表明原料品种是决定慕萨莱思感官品质的关键因素之一。为了在突出慕萨莱思典型香气的同时又能保留住果香和花香,后续试验研究可以尝试不同原料混合发酵,或采用‘木纳格’‘红地球’等品种的皮渣与‘和田红’的汁进行复合发酵。
慕萨莱思在原料选择、浓缩、发酵及陈酿过程中,挥发性香气成分始终处于动态变化状态[27]。Zhu等[28]研究发现,葡萄汁浓缩过程中香气成分损失率高92%,发酵初期生成大量呋喃类衍生物,呋喃类、醇类和酯类化合物协同赋予酒体醇厚感与焦糖香韵。本研究发现,三个不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思的风味体现出共性,也存在差异,酯类和醇类为主要香气成分,己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、大马士酮等物质是构成三种慕萨莱思特征香气的关键化合物。高馨雨[29]对四种不同处理方式酿制的慕萨莱思香气物质进行检测定性发现,辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、苯乙醇、辛酸、正癸酸、大马士酮等,果香和花香为整体香气的主要贡献者。侯晓杰等[30]在研究低度起泡慕萨莱思酿造工艺时发现,异戊醇、苯乙醇、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、正己酸、辛酸、大马士酮等香气物质在低度起泡慕萨莱思中含量较高,对低度起泡慕萨莱思的香气具有重要贡献。
不同品种葡萄所含有的香气物质的种类和含量不同,导致葡萄及葡萄酒的风味和典型特征也呈现很大差异[31]。本研究中,‘和田红’慕萨莱思香气感官评分大于三种香气平均值的香气种类较多,香气更为丰富,但香气感官强度与其他两种酒样相比不明显。除‘和田红’慕萨莱思因坚果香和焦糖香较为浓郁,香气略显沉闷外,其他两种慕萨莱思香气较为清爽,花香和果香突出。花香、草本香在葡萄酒中很重要,但在慕萨莱思中却低于果香、醇香、烘焙香(主要是焦糖香),可能与慕萨莱思“三煮三榨”的特殊工艺,葡萄的香气在浓缩过程中被部分破坏,而烘焙、焦糖的气味会因葡萄汁的浓缩而加强,使得慕萨莱思具有强烈的果香味[32],这与本研究结果中果香、花香、醇香、甜香是三种慕萨莱思主要的气味,强度稳定,奶香中等强度,青草香、坚果香、焦糖香微弱存在差异。说明在浓缩及发酵工序的基础上,原料的差异会进一步影响慕萨莱思风味的表达。
本文研究了不同葡萄品种慕萨莱思在感官特征和挥发性香气方面的表现差异,但营养物质、风味物质不易保留仍是慕萨莱思需要解决的问题,后续研究可结合各品种香气特征,进一步深入分析不同品种在慕萨莱思酿造中的风味表现及其差异性,为品种筛选和工艺优化提供更全面的理论依据。
由于葡萄品种的不同,采取相同或相近的酿造工艺,所产慕萨莱思的挥发性香气成分和感官特性存在一定的差异和共性。浓缩工艺虽然会减弱葡萄原料中的部分香气成分,但还是保留着不同葡萄品种之间的差异性。三个葡萄品种慕萨莱思中挥发性香气成分的种类和含量存在一定差异,‘木纳格’与‘红地球’慕萨莱思在醇类和酯类的种类和相对含量较为接近,香气类型更为接近;‘和田红’与‘红地球’慕萨莱思的醛酮类数量和种类相似,且均比‘木纳格’慕萨莱思高。在感官特征上,‘木纳格’慕萨莱思的奶香、花香、果香突出,‘和田红’慕萨莱思的醇香、坚果香、焦香明显,‘红地球’慕萨莱思的果香、甜香、花香突出。本研究进一步证实了慕萨莱思的风味和葡萄品种存在密切的关系,同时该研究为今后酿造慕萨莱思的葡萄品种选择提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040367
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
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    新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052

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杨兴元(1966−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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