Article(id=1320889489522798706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040339, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854195241, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854195241, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854195241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854195241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=15, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889489719930995, articleId=1320889489522798706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Construction of Pea Protein-Coconut Oil-Potato Starch Gel System and Application in the Development of Dysphagia Food, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dysphagia (DP) was an increasingly prevalent health issue in aging populations, leading to increasing demand for DP-oriented food. This study aimed to develop a composite gel system based on pea protein-coconut oil-potato starch to address the functional and nutritional limitations of single-component gels and explore its potential for dysphagia food applications. Using potato starch as the matrix, a ternary composite gel system was formulated by incorporating pea protein (4%, w/v) and coconut oil (4%, w/v). Single-factor experiments optimized the formulation, and techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological analysis, texture profile analysis (TPA), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), sensory evaluation, and 3D printing were employed to investigate the gel structure, rheological properties, swallowing adaptability, and printability. The results demonstrated that the ternary composite gel achieved a hardness of 1062.95 N/m2, adhesiveness of 400.13 J/m3, and cohesiveness of 0.87, meeting the class II criteria of the Japanese Dysphagia Diet (JDD) standards. Rheological analysis revealed higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') compared to single-component gels, with a tanδ<1, indicating solid-like behavior conducive to swallowing control. LF-NMR analysis showed the water-holding capacity of the ternary composite gel was enhanced compared to that of the potato starch gel, with increased bound water proportion (T21 decreased from 4.20 ms to 2.97 ms). Sensory evaluation highlighted the ternary gel's superior cohesiveness and minimal oral residue, while IDDSI testing confirmed safe swallowing characteristics. Further integration of 3D printing technology with fruit-vegetable freeze-dried powders enabled nutrient fortification (protein: 16.06~18.06 g/100 g DW, dietary fiber: 10.31~15.95 g/100 g DW) and precise geometric control (dimensional error<5%). This study provides theoretical and technical foundations for developing personalized nutrition foods tailored to individuals with dysphagia.

, authors=Yu ZHANG1, 2, Huizhi CHEN2, Ruiling LIU2, Weijie WU2, Chuan TONG1, Xiangjun FANG2, Hangjun CHEN2, Ben NIU2, *, Haiyan GAO2, *, authorsList=Yu ZHANG, Huizhi CHEN, Ruiling LIU, Weijie WU, Chuan TONG, Xiangjun FANG, Hangjun CHEN, Ben NIU, Haiyan GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ben NIU, Haiyan GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889495151554722, articleId=1320889489522798706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系构建及其在易食食品开发中的应用, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

吞咽困难(Dysphagia,DP)是当今老龄化人口中日益严重的健康问题,这推动了DP适用食品的需求不断增加。本研究旨在构建豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉的复合凝胶体系,提升单一凝胶的功能和营养缺陷,并探索其在易食食品中的应用潜力。以马铃薯淀粉为基质,复配豌豆蛋白(4%,m/v)与椰子油(4%,m/v),构建三元复合凝胶体系。通过单因素实验优化添加量,结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、流变分析、质构剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)、低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)、感官评价及3D打印等技术,揭示凝胶结构、流变特性、吞咽适应性及打印特性。结果表明:三元复合凝胶硬度达1062.95 N/m2,黏附性400.13 J/m3,内聚性0.87,符合“日本吞咽障碍特殊食品”Ⅱ级标准;其储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')高于单一组分凝胶,tanδ值<1,表现为类固体特性,利于吞咽控制;LF-NMR显示,与马铃薯淀粉凝胶相比,三元复合凝胶持水能力提升,结合水比例增加(T21从4.20 ms降至2.97 ms);感官评价中,三元凝胶内聚力最高,口腔残留最少,IDDSI测试符合安全吞咽标准。进一步通过3D打印技术复配果蔬冻干粉,实现营养强化(蛋白质含量达16.06~18.06 g/100 g DW,膳食纤维10.31~15.95 g/100 g DW),并精准控制几何形状(尺寸误差<5%)。本研究为开发适用于吞咽困难人群的个性化营养食品提供了理论依据与技术路径。

, authors=张雨1, 2, 陈慧芝2, 刘瑞玲2, 吴伟杰2, 童川1, 房祥军2, 陈杭君2, 牛犇2, *, 郜海燕2, *, authorsList=张雨, 陈慧芝, 刘瑞玲, 吴伟杰, 童川, 房祥军, 陈杭君, 牛犇, 郜海燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛犇, 郜海燕, authorNote=

张雨(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品物流保鲜,E-mail:

陈慧芝(1989−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
牛犇(1989−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:生鲜食品物流与营养品质调控,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(9): 1−10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889505586983214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN Y, WANG Z, SHI C, et al. A novel strategy of dysphagia-oriented matrices bovine tendon collagen-cassava starch composite gels[J]. 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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(1): 87−95.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320889505792504113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Ying, JIANG Pengfei, FU Baoshang, et al. Effects of different protein powders on gelation properties of mixed shrimp mince of antarctic krill[J]. 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Applied Food Research, 2025, 5(1): 100966., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320889495390630051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889495399018660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, companyId=1320889495390630051, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889495407407269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, companyId=1320889495390630051, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1浙江工业大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江杭州 310014)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320889495478710438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889495487099047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, companyId=1320889495478710438, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fruit Post-Production Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320889495495487656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, companyId=1320889495478710438, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320889498351808735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different factors on the chewiness of composite gel, figureFileSmall=RXqK0bDrXFxe7pJoeRhdXg==, figureFileBig=HeR2T6QsxDfxlgQaHpzydw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889498414723296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同因素对复合凝胶咀嚼性的影响

注:不同小写英文字母表示数据存在显著性差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=RXqK0bDrXFxe7pJoeRhdXg==, figureFileBig=HeR2T6QsxDfxlgQaHpzydw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889498611855585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM of different gels (800×), figureFileSmall=TP14tFa3e4Riz3fL5Fgisg==, figureFileBig=6kwIiax4pLRJF8qeTFDFAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889498687353058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同凝胶扫描电镜图(800×)

注:A.马铃薯淀粉凝胶;B.椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶;C.豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶;D.豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶。

, figureFileSmall=TP14tFa3e4Riz3fL5Fgisg==, figureFileBig=6kwIiax4pLRJF8qeTFDFAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889498767044835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Rheological properties of fruit-vegetable gels, figureFileSmall=vVdcuXTjqu0TJg4cwCdj7g==, figureFileBig=NyvR/jb8tUbaputMGJYTvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889498834153700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=图3, caption=果蔬凝胶的流变特性

注:A.储存模量;B.损耗模量;C.表观黏度。

, figureFileSmall=vVdcuXTjqu0TJg4cwCdj7g==, figureFileBig=NyvR/jb8tUbaputMGJYTvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889498892873957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=LF-NMR relaxation time distribution of different gels, figureFileSmall=HWMi1MECiGx2bFTskmXY5A==, figureFileBig=ktBmHMPXSjVIfpblXwmayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889498955788518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同凝胶的低场核磁弛豫时间分布, figureFileSmall=HWMi1MECiGx2bFTskmXY5A==, figureFileBig=ktBmHMPXSjVIfpblXwmayQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889499031285991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sensory qualities of different gels, figureFileSmall=51UtrCiz42iULfThyGzRtA==, figureFileBig=aUq8+LQT0pQqAb/P5y3bgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889499098394856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同凝胶的感官品质

注:小写字母不同表示凝胶样品差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=51UtrCiz42iULfThyGzRtA==, figureFileBig=aUq8+LQT0pQqAb/P5y3bgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889499182280937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Morphology of 3D printed fruit-vegetable gels, figureFileSmall=f5lwA9OgMNhg65AZ9/EJTQ==, figureFileBig=r9Se0D2cYJyrQwbm+99zmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889499261972714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=图6, caption=3D打印果蔬凝胶的形态

注:A. 原味凝胶;B. 胡萝卜风味凝胶;C. 紫薯风味凝胶;D. 水蜜桃风味凝胶;E. 菠菜风味凝胶。

, figureFileSmall=f5lwA9OgMNhg65AZ9/EJTQ==, figureFileBig=r9Se0D2cYJyrQwbm+99zmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889499337470187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation of gels and scoring standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属
性名称
评估定义评估方法得分(分)
内聚力
(25分)
样品在舌头上保持聚拢的能力将2.5 mL样品放在舌头上,保持最多4 s;保持直立姿势,下巴水平,舌头放松,评估黏附性黏附性低
(1~10)
黏附性中等(11~19)
黏附性高
(20~25)
推进力
(25分)
舌头移动样品以启动吞咽的能力将样品移向舌头后部,然后吞咽,评估力量需要很少努力(1~10)
需要一些努力(11~19)
需要较大努力(20~25)
吞咽力
(25分)
样品在舌头和口腔顶部之间被压下并吞咽时的所需的力量将2.5 mL样品放在舌头上,并在口腔顶部和舌头之间压下,然后吞咽,评估力量所需力量大(1~10)
所需力量中等(11~19)
所需力量小(20~25)
口腔残留
(25分)
吞咽后在口腔中检测到的残留物量在评估后吞咽,评估口腔残留物残留物高
(1~10)
残留物适中(11~19)
残留物少
(20~25)
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499425550572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

凝胶感官指标及其评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属
性名称
评估定义评估方法得分(分)
内聚力
(25分)
样品在舌头上保持聚拢的能力将2.5 mL样品放在舌头上,保持最多4 s;保持直立姿势,下巴水平,舌头放松,评估黏附性黏附性低
(1~10)
黏附性中等(11~19)
黏附性高
(20~25)
推进力
(25分)
舌头移动样品以启动吞咽的能力将样品移向舌头后部,然后吞咽,评估力量需要很少努力(1~10)
需要一些努力(11~19)
需要较大努力(20~25)
吞咽力
(25分)
样品在舌头和口腔顶部之间被压下并吞咽时的所需的力量将2.5 mL样品放在舌头上,并在口腔顶部和舌头之间压下,然后吞咽,评估力量所需力量大(1~10)
所需力量中等(11~19)
所需力量小(20~25)
口腔残留
(25分)
吞咽后在口腔中检测到的残留物量在评估后吞咽,评估口腔残留物残留物高
(1~10)
残留物适中(11~19)
残留物少
(20~25)
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499513630957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Texture analysis of different gels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N·m−2)弹性内聚性胶黏性(J·m−3)咀嚼性(N·m−2)回复性
马铃薯淀粉凝胶675.28±11.46d0.65±0.06c0.81±0.05a454.78±26.79a353.57±16.21d0.18±0.06a
椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶873.72±16.39c0.68±0.04bc0.84±0.05a431.66±18.56ab494.56±18.36c0.26±0.08a
豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶961.47±27.10b0.78±0.06ab0.87±0.06a422.52±20.68ab652.60±25.89b0.29±0.08a
豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶1062.95±29.07a0.80±0.04a0.87±0.05a400.13±21.66b731.01±28.97a0.31±0.06a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499580739822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同凝胶的质构分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N·m−2)弹性内聚性胶黏性(J·m−3)咀嚼性(N·m−2)回复性
马铃薯淀粉凝胶675.28±11.46d0.65±0.06c0.81±0.05a454.78±26.79a353.57±16.21d0.18±0.06a
椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶873.72±16.39c0.68±0.04bc0.84±0.05a431.66±18.56ab494.56±18.36c0.26±0.08a
豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶961.47±27.10b0.78±0.06ab0.87±0.06a422.52±20.68ab652.60±25.89b0.29±0.08a
豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶1062.95±29.07a0.80±0.04a0.87±0.05a400.13±21.66b731.01±28.97a0.31±0.06a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499652042991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

LF-NMR relaxation parameters of different gels

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样品弛豫时间(ms)峰面积比例(%)
T21T22T23A21A22A23
马铃薯淀粉凝胶4.20±0.12b109.70±0.05aND4.50±0.03c95.50±0.06bND
椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶4.62±0.18a95.38±0.14bND4.20±0.09d102.34±0.13aND
豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶3.65±0.11c95.48±0.02bND4.88±0.13b95.12±0.09cND
豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶2.97±0.08d72.33±0.09cND6.29±0.21a93.71±0.17dND
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499714957552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同凝胶的低场核磁弛豫参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品弛豫时间(ms)峰面积比例(%)
T21T22T23A21A22A23
马铃薯淀粉凝胶4.20±0.12b109.70±0.05aND4.50±0.03c95.50±0.06bND
椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶4.62±0.18a95.38±0.14bND4.20±0.09d102.34±0.13aND
豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶3.65±0.11c95.48±0.02bND4.88±0.13b95.12±0.09cND
豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶2.97±0.08d72.33±0.09cND6.29±0.21a93.71±0.17dND
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499786260721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

IDDSI test of different 3D printed gels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品叉子按压实验勺子倾倒测试餐叉滴落测试
马铃薯淀粉凝胶
椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶
豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶
豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499853369586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同凝胶体系的IDDSI测试

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品叉子按压实验勺子倾倒测试餐叉滴落测试
马铃薯淀粉凝胶
椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶
豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶
豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499920478451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Size of 3D printed fruit-vegetable gels ''D''

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样品长度(mm)宽度(mm)高度(mm)
模型参数22.0035.005.00
原味凝胶23.92±0.06a37.87±0.15a5.43±0.04a
菠菜风味凝胶22.93±0.07c36.78±0.14b5.26±0.05c
水蜜桃风味凝胶22.65±0.06d35.13±0.09c4.99±0.06d
紫薯风味凝胶23.42±0.08b36.77±0.18b5.39±0.04b
胡萝卜风味凝胶22.90±0.06c35.22±0.11c5.37±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889499987587316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

3D打印果蔬凝胶“D”的尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品长度(mm)宽度(mm)高度(mm)
模型参数22.0035.005.00
原味凝胶23.92±0.06a37.87±0.15a5.43±0.04a
菠菜风味凝胶22.93±0.07c36.78±0.14b5.26±0.05c
水蜜桃风味凝胶22.65±0.06d35.13±0.09c4.99±0.06d
紫薯风味凝胶23.42±0.08b36.77±0.18b5.39±0.04b
胡萝卜风味凝胶22.90±0.06c35.22±0.11c5.37±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889500050501877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Size of 3D printed fruit-vegetable gels ''Dayan Pagoda''

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样品长度(mm)宽度(mm)高度(mm)
模型参数34.0034.0042.00
原味凝胶34.78±0.04b37.78±0.09b41.78±0.17a
菠菜风味凝胶34.23±0.05c35.62±0.11d40.91±0.10b
水蜜桃风味凝胶34.12±0.07c36.45±0.09c41.91±0.18a
紫薯风味凝胶35.45±0.04a38.91±0.10a41.89±0.09a
胡萝卜风味凝胶34.21±0.04c37.73±0.12b41.74±0.09a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889500125999350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3D打印果蔬凝胶“大雁塔”的尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品长度(mm)宽度(mm)高度(mm)
模型参数34.0034.0042.00
原味凝胶34.78±0.04b37.78±0.09b41.78±0.17a
菠菜风味凝胶34.23±0.05c35.62±0.11d40.91±0.10b
水蜜桃风味凝胶34.12±0.07c36.45±0.09c41.91±0.18a
紫薯风味凝胶35.45±0.04a38.91±0.10a41.89±0.09a
胡萝卜风味凝胶34.21±0.04c37.73±0.12b41.74±0.09a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889500218274039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Proximate composition of different gels

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营养成分指标马铃薯淀粉凝胶复合凝胶胡萝卜风味凝胶紫薯风味凝胶水蜜桃风味凝胶菠菜风味凝胶
水分(g/100 g FW)65.89±0.19a60.29±0.78c56.62±0.52d45.52±0.73e63.06±0.33b60.77±0.64c
淀粉(g/100 g DW)62.55±0.44a47.55±0.44b41.89±0.19d46.77±0.08c35.89±0.16e41.89±0.19d
蛋白质(g/100 g DW)9.06±0.70e16.51±0.15c18.06±0.41a17.15±0.70b15.28±0.53e16.44±0.58c
脂肪(g/100 g DW)2.43±0.01d13.60±0.28a11.43±0.01b10.42±0.81c10.26±0.06c11.03±0.25b
膳食纤维(g/100 g DW)6.40±0.22c10.31±0.09d13.48±0.22b15.95±0.57a11.05±0.61c15.88±0.46a
灰分(g/100 g DW)1.69±0.04f2.71±0.12e3.47±0.73d5.62±0.64a4.31±0.25c5.06±0.19b
), ArticleFig(id=1320889500293771512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889489522798706, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同凝胶的基本营养成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分指标马铃薯淀粉凝胶复合凝胶胡萝卜风味凝胶紫薯风味凝胶水蜜桃风味凝胶菠菜风味凝胶
水分(g/100 g FW)65.89±0.19a60.29±0.78c56.62±0.52d45.52±0.73e63.06±0.33b60.77±0.64c
淀粉(g/100 g DW)62.55±0.44a47.55±0.44b41.89±0.19d46.77±0.08c35.89±0.16e41.89±0.19d
蛋白质(g/100 g DW)9.06±0.70e16.51±0.15c18.06±0.41a17.15±0.70b15.28±0.53e16.44±0.58c
脂肪(g/100 g DW)2.43±0.01d13.60±0.28a11.43±0.01b10.42±0.81c10.26±0.06c11.03±0.25b
膳食纤维(g/100 g DW)6.40±0.22c10.31±0.09d13.48±0.22b15.95±0.57a11.05±0.61c15.88±0.46a
灰分(g/100 g DW)1.69±0.04f2.71±0.12e3.47±0.73d5.62±0.64a4.31±0.25c5.06±0.19b
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豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系构建及其在易食食品开发中的应用
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张雨 1, 2 , 陈慧芝 2 , 刘瑞玲 2 , 吴伟杰 2 , 童川 1 , 房祥军 2 , 陈杭君 2 , 牛犇 2, * , 郜海燕 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(4): 15-24
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (4) : 15 -24
豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系构建及其在易食食品开发中的应用
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张雨1, 2 , 陈慧芝2 , 刘瑞玲2, 吴伟杰2, 童川1, 房祥军2, 陈杭君2, 牛犇2, * , 郜海燕2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江工业大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江杭州 310014
  • 2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021
通讯作者:
牛犇(1989−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:生鲜食品物流与营养品质调控,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张雨(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品物流保鲜,E-mail:

陈慧芝(1989−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜,E-mail:

Construction of Pea Protein-Coconut Oil-Potato Starch Gel System and Application in the Development of Dysphagia Food
Yu ZHANG1, 2 , Huizhi CHEN2 , Ruiling LIU2, Weijie WU2, Chuan TONG1, Xiangjun FANG2, Hangjun CHEN2, Ben NIU2, * , Haiyan GAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
  • 2Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fruit Post-Production Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040339
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吞咽困难(Dysphagia,DP)是当今老龄化人口中日益严重的健康问题,这推动了DP适用食品的需求不断增加。本研究旨在构建豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉的复合凝胶体系,提升单一凝胶的功能和营养缺陷,并探索其在易食食品中的应用潜力。以马铃薯淀粉为基质,复配豌豆蛋白(4%,m/v)与椰子油(4%,m/v),构建三元复合凝胶体系。通过单因素实验优化添加量,结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、流变分析、质构剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)、低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)、感官评价及3D打印等技术,揭示凝胶结构、流变特性、吞咽适应性及打印特性。结果表明:三元复合凝胶硬度达1062.95 N/m2,黏附性400.13 J/m3,内聚性0.87,符合“日本吞咽障碍特殊食品”Ⅱ级标准;其储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')高于单一组分凝胶,tanδ值<1,表现为类固体特性,利于吞咽控制;LF-NMR显示,与马铃薯淀粉凝胶相比,三元复合凝胶持水能力提升,结合水比例增加(T21从4.20 ms降至2.97 ms);感官评价中,三元凝胶内聚力最高,口腔残留最少,IDDSI测试符合安全吞咽标准。进一步通过3D打印技术复配果蔬冻干粉,实现营养强化(蛋白质含量达16.06~18.06 g/100 g DW,膳食纤维10.31~15.95 g/100 g DW),并精准控制几何形状(尺寸误差<5%)。本研究为开发适用于吞咽困难人群的个性化营养食品提供了理论依据与技术路径。

吞咽困难  /  软食品凝胶  /  3D打印  /  冻干粉

Dysphagia (DP) was an increasingly prevalent health issue in aging populations, leading to increasing demand for DP-oriented food. This study aimed to develop a composite gel system based on pea protein-coconut oil-potato starch to address the functional and nutritional limitations of single-component gels and explore its potential for dysphagia food applications. Using potato starch as the matrix, a ternary composite gel system was formulated by incorporating pea protein (4%, w/v) and coconut oil (4%, w/v). Single-factor experiments optimized the formulation, and techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological analysis, texture profile analysis (TPA), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), sensory evaluation, and 3D printing were employed to investigate the gel structure, rheological properties, swallowing adaptability, and printability. The results demonstrated that the ternary composite gel achieved a hardness of 1062.95 N/m2, adhesiveness of 400.13 J/m3, and cohesiveness of 0.87, meeting the class II criteria of the Japanese Dysphagia Diet (JDD) standards. Rheological analysis revealed higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') compared to single-component gels, with a tanδ<1, indicating solid-like behavior conducive to swallowing control. LF-NMR analysis showed the water-holding capacity of the ternary composite gel was enhanced compared to that of the potato starch gel, with increased bound water proportion (T21 decreased from 4.20 ms to 2.97 ms). Sensory evaluation highlighted the ternary gel's superior cohesiveness and minimal oral residue, while IDDSI testing confirmed safe swallowing characteristics. Further integration of 3D printing technology with fruit-vegetable freeze-dried powders enabled nutrient fortification (protein: 16.06~18.06 g/100 g DW, dietary fiber: 10.31~15.95 g/100 g DW) and precise geometric control (dimensional error<5%). This study provides theoretical and technical foundations for developing personalized nutrition foods tailored to individuals with dysphagia.

dysphagia  /  soft food gels  /  3D printing  /  freeze-dried powder
张雨, 陈慧芝, 刘瑞玲, 吴伟杰, 童川, 房祥军, 陈杭君, 牛犇, 郜海燕. 豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系构建及其在易食食品开发中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 15 -24 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040339
Yu ZHANG, Huizhi CHEN, Ruiling LIU, Weijie WU, Chuan TONG, Xiangjun FANG, Hangjun CHEN, Ben NIU, Haiyan GAO. Construction of Pea Protein-Coconut Oil-Potato Starch Gel System and Application in the Development of Dysphagia Food[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 15 -24 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040339
吞咽障碍是指患者难以吞咽正常大小和质地的食物,它损害了患者摄入食物的能力,导致食物摄入量减少,并且患者的饮食选择通常会受到限制,全球约有8%的人口患有吞咽障碍[1]。患病人群常因长期蛋白质和能量摄入不足而导致体重减轻、肌肉萎缩症,甚至死亡。显然,吞咽障碍已成为全球范围内的重要公共卫生问题,其中最常见的并发症是营养不良[2]。目前,改善患者吞咽问题的方法之一是开发增稠液体和质地改性食品[3]。
软凝胶食品是一种典型的质地改性食品,由于其柔软、光滑、湿润和稳定的质地,具有作为吞咽困难饮食的巨大潜力[4]。然而,使用单一食物原料如大豆蛋白[5]、鹰嘴豆粉[6]、豌豆蛋白[7]、马铃薯淀粉[8],存在营养不均衡、质构与功能缺陷、感官与适口性问题[9]。如单独马铃薯淀粉质构及流变特性不符合吞咽障碍食品分级[8],并且营养成分单一,无法实现有效的营养管理。豌豆蛋白因溶解性差、以球蛋白为主的刚性结构,以及较弱的乳化和起泡性能[10],限制了其在需要稳定乳液、理想质构和稳定产品质量的应用。
与单组分软凝胶相比,复合凝胶可以通过重构成分更有效地丰富营养物质并调节凝胶质地,通过多组分协同复配可弥补单一原料缺陷。Sow等[11]发现海藻酸钠(SA)和罗非鱼明胶(FG)可通过静电相互作用相互结合,形成FG-SA复合物凝聚物,导致凝胶强度和硬度增加。Ren等[12]以大米淀粉与大豆蛋白为原料制备复合凝胶,大米淀粉-大豆蛋白复合凝胶的IDDSI等级、凝胶强度、模量及应变值均显著降低,可满足吞咽障碍患者的膳食需求。然而,目前尚无蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物三元体系协同构建凝胶及其在吞咽障碍中应用的相关研究。
此外,通过3D打印凝胶食品也能提高视觉吸引力和增加食物摄入量,能在一定程度上改善吞咽困难患者的营养状况。3D技术已成功证明可用于制造具有特定设计、风味、颜色、功能、感官和质地属性的食品[13]。果蔬中含有丰富的维生素、多种矿物质以及膳食纤维[14],是日常饮食中不可或缺的微量营养素来源。然而,鲜果蔬含水量高、成型性差,难以直接实现3D打印[15]。经冻干脱水得到的果蔬粉营养丰富,为3D打印食品的批量生产提供了可能[16]。通过3D打印实现凝胶复配冻干粉,可以解决复合凝胶颜色、形状无法定制、缺乏微量营养素等缺点,设计质地柔软、外观新颖的食品,同时提升其营养结构[17]。
本研究以马铃薯淀粉为基质,复配豌豆蛋白与椰子油,构建三元复合凝胶体系,旨在通过多元化配比解决单一凝胶的功能和营养局限,为吞咽困难患者提供一种营养均衡、口感丰富且易于吞咽的果蔬凝胶食品,为吞咽困难患者提供更加多样化、营养均衡的食品选择[18]。
马铃薯淀粉(食品级,99.9%) 甘肃正阳现代农业服务有限公司;豌豆蛋白(食品级,99.9%) 晟发生物科技有限公司;椰子油(食品级,99.9%) 海南恒诚旭光食品有限公司;胡萝卜冻干粉(食品级,99.9%)、紫薯冻干粉(食品级,99.9%)、菠菜冻干粉(食品级,99.9%) 江苏佳隆食品有限公司;水蜜桃冻干粉(食品级,99.9%) 山东省宏福慧科技有限公司。
Haake Mars 40流变仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司;NMI20-060V-I变温低场核磁共振成像分析仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;TM-3000扫描电子显微镜 上海日立分析仪器有限公司;Free Zone-18 L冻干机 美国Labconco公司;VERTEX 70v傅立叶变换红外光谱仪 布鲁克公司;DSC差示扫描量热仪 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司;cTongue电子舌 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;FOX3000电子鼻 Alpha MOS公司;SHINOVE-D1型3D打印机 杭州时印科技有限公司。
根据Yang等[19]、Avila等[20]的研究结果,分别对马铃薯淀粉添加量、豌豆蛋白添加量、椰子油添加量的单因素水平进行考察。按如下添加量制备凝胶,蒸煮20 min后快速搅匀。凝胶用保鲜膜包裹后放入4 ℃保存备用,测定凝胶的咀嚼性。
设定豌豆蛋白添加量分别为0%、2%、4%、6%、8%(m/v),在马铃薯淀粉添加量为30%,椰子油添加量为4%的条件下,考察豌豆蛋白添加量对咀嚼性的影响,重复3次。
设定椰子油添加量分别为0%、2%、4%、6%、8%,在马铃薯淀粉添加量为30%(m/v),豌豆蛋白添加量为4%的条件下,考察椰子油添加量对咀嚼性的影响,重复3次。
以50 mL去离子水为基质,设定马铃薯淀粉添加量分别为20%、25%、30%、35%、40%(m/v),在豌豆蛋白添加量为4%,椰子油添加量为4%的条件下,考察马铃薯淀粉添加量对咀嚼性的影响,重复3次。
采用扫描电子显微镜对凝胶的形貌进行分析。样品经真空干燥处理后,使用导电碳胶固定于样品台,经喷金处理后,在20 kV加速电压下分别以800倍的放大倍数进行观测。
参考李柯新等[21]和Zhang等[22]的方法并修改,流变仪配备平行板,然后在恒定应力下,频率变化0.1~100 Hz范围内进行流变学测试。
采用圆柱形探头(型号P/36R)进行质构剖面分析(TPA),设定参数如下:测试前后速度均为2 mm·s−1,测试中速度为1 mm·s−1,触发力设定为5 g,压缩比例调整至50%。记录样品TPA指标(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性、胶黏性、回复性)[23]。
参考王欣等[24]的方法并稍作修改。将复合凝胶用保鲜膜包裹后置于直径70 mm核磁检测管内。采用Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)进行多指数拟合分析,通过核磁松弛时间反演和拟合系统,并进行核磁成像采集。
本研究基于文献[25−27]的方法,选取了四项感官属性(内聚力、推进力、吞咽力和口腔残留)进行评估,见表1。招募了15名具有感官评价经验的健康受试者(年龄22~28岁,女性8名,男性7名),按照Shahbal等[26]的方法对评价员进行培训。尽管受试者为健康人群,但经过专业教育与培训。该方法可有效控制感官评估中常见的干扰变量,例如避免受试者个体口腔处理方式的差异,或吞咽障碍患者症状类型及严重程度的变异等因素的影响[28]。
按照Shahbal等[26]的方法,采用两种标样校准评价员对稠度的感知:“过稀”样本(符合IDDSI 1级)及“过稠”样本(不符合IDDSI 4级),作为稠度范围的两端锚点。数据用于验证评价员的准确性与可靠性。
每个样本(3 mL)以随机三位数编码呈递于塑料茶匙上。所有样本均在20 ℃恒温条件下保存与呈递[29]。随后统计分析感官评分。
根据《国际吞咽障碍食物标准》[30]进行餐叉滴落实验、勺子倾侧实验、餐叉压力测试。
打印材料制备:按1.2.1所述方法制备原味凝胶,根据Liang等[31]的研究,加入质量分数为10%的果蔬粉制备果蔬风味凝胶。使用3D打印机进行打印。参考Hou等[32]的方法设置打印参数:打印温度25 ℃,平板温度25 ℃,喷嘴直径为0.8 mm,层高为0.8 mm,打印速度为700 mm·min−1,打印体积流速为0.12 cm3·s−1,打印高度4.1 mm,填充比例为35%,并使用相机Canon R8拍照记录。
水分含量测定参考国标GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》;淀粉测定方法参照国标GB 5009.9-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中淀粉的测定》;蛋白质含量采用杜马斯定氮仪测定;脂肪测定采用索氏抽提法(GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》);参考GB 5009.88-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》测定膳食纤维。
所有数据平行测定3次,实验数据用ANOVA(采用IBM SPSS Statistics 20)进行方差分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。使用Graph Pad Prism 8.0软件和Origin 2018软件生成图表。
如图1A所示,当豌豆蛋白添加量为0%~8%范围内,凝胶的咀嚼性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,这可能是因为凝胶中较少的蛋白质会导致较低的交联程度[33]。豌豆蛋白的添加量为4.0%时,咀嚼性最高,豌豆蛋白添加量超过4.0%时,咀嚼性呈下降趋势。
根据图1B可知,椰子油的添加使凝胶的咀嚼性呈现先增后降的趋势,这可能是椰子油可促进更密集的油滴网络,从而增强了凝胶的刚度[34]。所以适量添加椰子油可增加凝胶的硬度,从而提高其咀嚼性;而过量添加椰子油会导致凝胶过硬,影响咀嚼性。由结果选取椰子油添加量为4.0%。
由图1C可知,随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加,凝胶的咀嚼性同样表现为先增加后降低的趋势,因此选择马铃薯淀粉的添加量为30.0%。
使用扫描电镜观察凝胶的微观结构。如图2A所示,马铃薯淀粉凝胶内部结构疏松,存在较多孔隙。根据Han等[35]的研究,马铃薯淀粉颗粒中的直链淀粉分子在加热搅拌过程中可能发生溶出,而空置的淀粉颗粒则以淀粉残骸的形式残留,导致系统的体积膨胀而凝胶强度下降。随着椰子油的加入(图2B),表面孔隙数量减少,这可能归因于油滴的分散,促进凝胶基质内聚合物链之间更紧密的堆积和增强的相互作用。Zhao等[36]的研究同样发现,在制备的乳液凝胶中,与不含油的凝胶相比,所有含油凝胶样品都表现出更致密的网络结构,孔径更小。如图2C所示,豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶呈现较少的孔隙数量和较小的粒径,这与Xu等[7]的研究一致。如图2D所示,豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶相较于前三组样品,粒径更小,几乎不存在孔隙。研究表明,豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉可以形成淀粉-蛋白质-脂质三元复合物[37],其结构最为紧密,这可能是由于氢键、静电相互作用、疏水相互作用以及共价键等多种作用力的协同作用[38]。豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶三元体系有助于降低凝胶的黏度,从而减少食物粘黏而引发窒息风险,有助于吞咽动作的进行[39]。
通过频率扫描试验获得的黏弹性特性是表征样品吞咽困难程度和吞咽愉悦感的关键指标,结果如图3A、图3B所示。储能模量(G')表示弹性模量,表示材料的结构支撑性;损耗模量(G'')表示粘性模量,主要影响物料的流动性能[40−41]。结果表明,储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')随着豌豆蛋白和椰子油的增加而增加,较高的G'和G''值证明凝胶系统有着更好的弹性和支撑性。损耗因子tanδ=G''/G',反映了通过喷嘴的可挤出性[41]。相对于tanδ>1的类液体食物,tanδ<1的类固体食物在吞咽过程中的流速更易控制,能更顺畅地通过食道[42]。四种凝胶的tanδ值在0.1~10 Hz频率范围内始终小于1,表明这些样品都属于类固体食物,在吞咽过程中更易于控制。
四种凝胶的表观黏度变化如图3C所示,其黏度曲线均呈现出典型的非牛顿流体特征。研究表明,该物料体系表现出明显的剪切稀化行为,其表观黏度随剪切速率的增大而单调递减。这种独特的流变特性具有重要的应用价值:在低剪切速率区(如静置状态)可维持较高的黏度,确保食物的结构稳定性;而在口腔加工过程中,当受到舌头运动产生的剪切应力作用时,黏度明显降低,这种动态流变响应特性恰好满足吞咽障碍患者对特殊食物质构的需求,既保证了进食安全性,又维持了适口性[25,28]。凝胶的黏度随着椰子油及豌豆蛋白的添加呈下降趋势,Opaluwa等[43]研究表明油滴具有润滑作用,可起到填料的作用,使凝胶黏度下降。
在设计易食食品过程中,改善和控制质地至关重要。质构中的硬度和咀嚼性是首要关注的指标。符合的易食食物应该具有适当的硬度和较高的咀嚼性,有利于咀嚼和安全吞咽[44]。如表2所示,当向马铃薯淀粉中添加豌豆蛋白、椰子油时,凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性、回复性总体上增加,黏附性下降。具体分析,豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶的硬度为1062.95 N·m−2,黏附性为400.13 J·m−3,内聚性为0.87。其硬度、黏附性及内聚性均符合“日本吞咽障碍特殊食品”的Ⅱ级食品要求(类别Ⅱ:硬度1×103~1.5×104 N·m−2、黏附性≤1×103 J·m−3、内聚性0.2~0.9),而其他三种凝胶由于硬度偏低,不符合“日本吞咽障碍特殊食品”的Ⅱ级食品要求。Yang等[45]的研究同样观察到添加花生油后乳化凝胶硬度、弹性等指标增加;另一项研究中,Xu等[46]研究发现豌豆蛋白的添加使草莓凝胶的机械强度上升。
利用低场核磁技术检测凝胶中水分的流动性和分布情况。如图4和表3,弛豫谱中T21表示结合水、T22表示不易流动水、T23表示自由水。四种凝胶均发现结合水及不易流动水的峰,没有出现自由水的峰。对比马铃淀粉凝胶,豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶的T21值从4.20 ms降至2.97 ms,T22值从109.70 ms降至72.33 ms;豌豆蛋白-马铃薯淀粉凝胶、椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶T21和T22值也明显降低,揭示了凝胶中水分向结合水转变的过程,说明椰子油和豌豆蛋白的添加提高了淀粉凝胶的持水能力[47]。该现象与既往研究结果一致[48−49]。
不同凝胶的弛豫峰面积从左到右分别表示为A21、A22和A23(表3)。其中,四种凝胶均检测出A21、A22,未检测出A23。A22在总弛豫峰面积中的占比最高,表明不易流动水在凝胶的水分结构中起着主导作用。豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶A21峰面积最高,说明淀粉-蛋白质-脂质复合物形成的凝胶网络结构对水分子的束缚作用更为明显,不仅能提升凝胶口感等食用品质,而且对促进吞咽也具有重要意义[50]。
随着椰子油、豌豆蛋白的加入,三种凝胶的所有感官特性强度均呈现显著增强趋势(图5)(P<0.05)。其中吞咽力和口腔残留表现出最显著的变化,相对来说,推进力和内聚力的样本之间的显著差异较小。凝胶的口腔内聚力对于确保吞咽障碍友好型食品的安全性至关重要[3]。豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶表现出最高的内聚力,因此能维持凝胶完整性,降低食物误吸风险。推进力作为舌腭协调运动的关键指标,其减弱会显著增加误吸风险[51]。椰子油和豌豆蛋白作为增稠剂,可降低吞咽压力,较单一的淀粉基凝胶更利于安全吞咽[51]。对于吞咽难易程度来说,豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶得分最高,被认为是易于吞咽,其他样品均为正常吞咽。口腔残留物会增加腭部清除所需力量,提升误吸风险[26]。豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉凝胶的口腔残留评分显著高于其他三种(P<0.05),表现为极少残留或者不残留,有利于吞咽安全。
本研究采用国际吞咽障碍食物标准化倡议制定的标准化测试方法,使用叉压测试、叉滴测试和勺倾斜测试对凝胶样品进行评估分级(表4)。马铃薯淀粉凝胶在勺子倾倒实验中仍存有大量残留黏在勺子表面,因此不符合标准IDDSI测试,对于吞咽困难患者存在安全风险。马铃薯淀粉-椰子油凝胶、马铃薯淀粉-豌豆蛋白凝胶在勺子倾倒实验中有少量粘附,符合IDDSI-6级标准(软质及一口量)。马铃薯淀粉-椰子油-豌豆蛋白凝胶在测试中能轻易被餐叉碾碎,且不能恢复成原来形状,表明样品具有适度的屈服应力和断裂强度,在保证质地稳定同时,又能在舌部压力下实现安全破碎,符合吞咽障碍患者的食用需求[52]。在餐叉滴落测试中,样品能堆立成型在叉子上方,不从餐叉的缝隙滑落,证实样品具有适当的粘聚力和内聚力,能够维持结构完整性,防止吞咽过程中食物过早分散、降低误吸风险[53]。在勺子倾斜测试中,样品可以在勺子上保持形状,将勺子转向侧面时,样品容易滑落,并且餐勺残余很少,说明样品具有足够的凝聚力,食物既不会过于软塌,又确保了吞咽时的食团连贯性,避免了因残留导致的进食效率低、安全性低等问题[54],整体符合IDDSI-5级标准(细馅型)。
3D打印技术在吞咽障碍食品领域展现出显著的应用价值,通过精确控制打印参数,可定制具有复杂几何结构的食品,明显提升产品的视觉吸引力。真空冷冻干燥可以很好地保持食品的物理和营养特性[55],以果蔬冻干粉作为营养补充剂,可以提高凝胶食品中的维生素、矿物质及膳食纤维含量,为老年膳食提供全面的营养素摄入,改善其营养状况。
图6中展示了通过3D打印制作的字母“D”和“大雁塔”样品。制品与设计模型的吻合度是评估打印质量的重要依据,因此对打印样品的长、宽、高进行了测量(表5、表6)。结果表明打印产品的几何形状与设计模型差别较小,但彼此之间差别明显。添加果蔬粉的凝胶在打印过程中展现出优异的连续性和流畅性,不易发生断裂,便于挤出成型,且打印精度高,黏度适宜,具有良好的打印性能。
本研究对马铃薯淀粉凝胶、复合凝胶、果蔬风味复合凝胶的营养成分进行了定量分析,分别测定了水分、淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维和灰分的含量,单位为每100 g鲜重(FW)或干重(DW),结果如表7所示。马铃薯淀粉凝胶的水分含量和淀粉含量最高。复合凝胶及果蔬风味复合凝胶的蛋白质、脂肪含量显著高于马铃薯淀粉凝胶(P<0.05)。果蔬风味复合凝胶的膳食纤维、灰分含量最高,灰分含量的差异可能与凝胶中矿物质的含量有关。综上所述,添加椰子油、豌豆蛋白可以显著提高凝胶的蛋白质及脂肪含量,优化营养素配比,添加果蔬冻干粉能提高膳食纤维、灰分含量,增加微量元素的含量有利于全面营养素的补充。
本研究通过构建豌豆蛋白-椰子油-马铃薯淀粉三元复合凝胶体系,结合3D打印技术实现了吞咽障碍食品的功能优化与营养强化。实验表明,当豌豆蛋白与椰子油添加量均为4%(m/v)时,三元复合凝胶硬度、黏附性及内聚性显著优于单一组分凝胶,符合日本吞咽障碍食品Ⅱ级标准;其储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')较单一淀粉凝胶提升2.3~3.1倍,且表现为类固体流变特性,可有效控制吞咽流速。低场核磁分析显示,三元复合凝胶结合水比例显著增加,持水能力提升23%~45%,使质地更均匀且降低误吸风险。感官评价中,该凝胶内聚力与口腔残留量最优,推进力需求最低。通过3D打印技术复配果蔬冻干粉后,蛋白质含量较纯淀粉凝胶提升69.8%~100.4%,脂肪含量提升322.2%~459.7%,膳食纤维增加61.1%~149.2%。多元宏量营养素协同策略可有效平衡吞咽安全性与营养均衡性,为老年及吞咽障碍人群食品开发提供了兼具科学性与实用性的创新方案。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040339
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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    1浙江工业大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江杭州 310014
    2浙江省农业科学院食品科学研究所,农业农村部果品采后处理重点实验室,全省生鲜食品智慧物流与加工重点实验室,中国轻工业果蔬保鲜与加工重点实验室,浙江杭州 310021

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牛犇(1989−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品物流保鲜,E-mail:。
郜海燕(1958−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:生鲜食品物流与营养品质调控,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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