Article(id=1320881309325574213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040335, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852244931, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852244931, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852244931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852244931, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=313, endPage=322, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881310730666054, articleId=1320881309325574213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Characteristic Aroma Substances of Different Processing Strawberry Varieties Based on GC-MS/GC-IMS, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The quality stability of fresh fruit milk tea is largely determined by the properties of its raw materials. As a commonly used ingredients, strawberries contribute significantly to the final flavor profile through their distinct aromas. Subtle differences in key aroma components can impart distinct aroma profiles to the final product, leading to batch-to-batch flavor variations in fresh fruit milk tea. Therefore, identifying the main aroma compounds in three strawberry cultivars commonly used in processing can help determine the causes of flavor differences. A combined approach of GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and GC-IMS (gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry) was employed to separate and identify VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the strawberries. OAV (odor activity value) analysis was utilized to pinpoint the key flavor compounds, and PCA (principal component analysis) combined with sensory evaluation was conducted to elucidate the aroma characteristic differences among the varieties. The results showed that a total of 110 VOCs were detected in 'Jiujiu' strawberry, 110 in 'Hani' strawberry, and 111 in 'Monterrey' strawberry. Through OAV analysis, 16 characteristic VOCs were identified, among which δ-decalactone, isoamyl acetate, linalool, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl hexanoate, propionaldehyde, and 1-octen-3-ol were the key volatile components across all samples. PCA and sensory evaluation revealed significant differences in aroma characteristics among the three varieties, 'Jiujiu' strawberry exhibited strong sweet and floral aromas, attributed to the contributions of (Z)-3-hexenal and linalool, 'Hani' strawberry showed intense fruity and sour aromas, mainly derived from ethyl isobutyrate and ethyl hexanoate, while 'Monterrey' strawberry's fruity and fresh aromas were primarily influenced by ethyl isobutyrate and propionaldehyde. Additionally, differences in the quantitative levels of VOCs were also observed among the different strawberry cultivars. In summary, the combined GC-MS/GC-IMS technique clarified the key aroma substances and their differences across the three strawberries, and the established flavor fingerprint provided a theoretical basis for raw material selection in strawberry processing.

, authors=Jingqiao XUE1, Xiaoying ZHANG1, Bin LI1, Xiyun SUN1, *, Hongbing GUO2, *, authorsList=Jingqiao XUE, Xiaoying ZHANG, Bin LI, Xiyun SUN, Hongbing GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiyun SUN, Hongbing GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881317072453721, articleId=1320881309325574213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于GC-MS/GC-IMS联用技术的不同品种草莓特征香气物质解析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鲜果奶茶品质稳定性主要取决于原料特性,而草莓作为鲜果奶茶中的常用原料,其香气差异直接影响产品风味呈现。不同草莓品种间特征香气成分的细微差异会使终产品呈现不同香气特征,造成鲜果奶茶批次间的风味波动。因此,通过鉴定三种加工常用草莓中主要香气物质,确定导致风味差异的成因。本文采用气相色谱-质谱法(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)和气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)相结合的方法对草莓挥发性有机物进行分离鉴定,采用气味活性值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)分析法锁定关键风味化合物,并结合主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和感官评价,探明不同品种草莓的香气特征差异。结果表明,三种草莓共检测出挥发性有机物分别为‘九九’草莓110种,‘哈尼’草莓110种,‘蒙特瑞’草莓111种。通过OAV分析,共鉴定出16种特征挥发性有机化合物,其中δ-癸内酯、乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、2,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮、异丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丙醛、1-烯-3-辛醇是所有样品的关键挥发性成分。主成分和感官分析表明,三种草莓香气特征差异显著,‘九九’草莓具有较强的甜香和花香,源于(Z)-3-己烯醛和芳樟醇的贡献;‘哈尼’草莓表现出强烈的果香和酸香,主要来源于异丁酸乙酯和己酸乙酯;‘蒙特瑞’草莓的果香与清新香气主要由异丁酸乙酯和丙醛影响。此外,不同草莓品种之间的挥发性化合物数量水平也存在差异。综上所述,GC-MS/GC-IMS联用技术明确了三种草莓的关键香气物质及其差异,所建立的风味指纹图谱可为草莓加工中的原料筛选提供理论依据。

, authors=薛靖侨1, 张晓颖1, 李斌1, 孙希云1, *, 郭弘冰2, *, authorsList=薛靖侨, 张晓颖, 李斌, 孙希云, 郭弘冰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙希云, 郭弘冰, authorNote=

薛靖侨(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:健康食品营养与创制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙希云(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
郭弘冰(1989−),男,本科,工程师,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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薛靖侨(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:健康食品营养与创制,E-mail:

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薛靖侨(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:健康食品营养与创制,E-mail:

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articleId=1320881309325574213, language=CN, label=图7, caption=草莓品种香气成分聚类热图, figureFileSmall=idRvh+k2U/7FP8+iGWoxcA==, figureFileBig=x4PgRFpiF6mnXWwKEF/TcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881610749231385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881309325574213, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Principal component analysis of volatile organic compounds from three processing strawberry varieties, figureFileSmall=SFdF1p8LotBUWwmymlbRVA==, figureFileBig=EqH2kyLEUx54a4w7lpNUWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881610816340250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881309325574213, language=CN, label=图8, caption=三种加工草莓挥发性有机物的主成分分析

注:A:GC-IMS;B:GC-MS。

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Basic physicochemical indices of three strawberry cultivars

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品种成熟度总糖(%)总酸(g/kg)糖酸比pH可溶性固形物(°Brix)
‘九九’(JJ)8~9成熟9.01±0.03a5.85±0.1c15.4±0.27a3.72±0.01a8.4±0.1a
‘哈尼’(HN)7~8成熟4.04±0.03c10.68±0.1a3.78±0.05c3.46±0.01c6.5±0.1b
‘蒙特瑞’(MTR)7~8成熟5.70±0.03b9.78±0.1b5.83±0.07b3.48±0.01b8.2±0.1a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881611097358622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881309325574213, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三种草莓基础理化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种成熟度总糖(%)总酸(g/kg)糖酸比pH可溶性固形物(°Brix)
‘九九’(JJ)8~9成熟9.01±0.03a5.85±0.1c15.4±0.27a3.72±0.01a8.4±0.1a
‘哈尼’(HN)7~8成熟4.04±0.03c10.68±0.1a3.78±0.05c3.46±0.01c6.5±0.1b
‘蒙特瑞’(MTR)7~8成熟5.70±0.03b9.78±0.1b5.83±0.07b3.48±0.01b8.2±0.1a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881611189633311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881309325574213, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key aromatic compounds of strawberry

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序号主要香气化合物香气描述阈值(mg/kg)ROAV
JJHNMTR
1(E)-肉桂酸乙酯b花香, 蜜香0.038<11.05<1
2δ-癸内酯b甜香,桃香0.0011.06<11.11
3乙酸异戊酯b香蕉香0.0035.545.115.21
4β-苯乙酸乙酯b花香,蜜香,果香0.02<12.912.17
5芳樟醇b柑橘香,玫瑰香0.0015100.00100.00100.00
6反-4-癸烯醛b柑橘香,橙香0.011.07<1<1
7(E)-2-己烯醛b奶香0.042.47<1<1
8(Z)-3-己烯醛b果香0.0002518.4124.075.68
9(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛b脂香,芳香0.0000641.9628.3928.95
10己醛b苹果香,青草香0.00756.682.01<1
112,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮b霉味,果香0.0254.321.7421.25
12异丁酸乙酯a甜香,果香,酒香0.000151.72170.59383.72
13己酸乙酯a菠萝香,果香0.0005100.00100.00100.00
14壬醛a柑橘醛香,气泡香0.0035<11.681.33
15丙醛a酒香,坚果香,植物香0.00725.5324.3723.01
161-烯-3-辛醇a香菇香,清香,油腻0.0022.305.882.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320881611248353568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881309325574213, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

草莓的主要芳香化合物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号主要香气化合物香气描述阈值(mg/kg)ROAV
JJHNMTR
1(E)-肉桂酸乙酯b花香, 蜜香0.038<11.05<1
2δ-癸内酯b甜香,桃香0.0011.06<11.11
3乙酸异戊酯b香蕉香0.0035.545.115.21
4β-苯乙酸乙酯b花香,蜜香,果香0.02<12.912.17
5芳樟醇b柑橘香,玫瑰香0.0015100.00100.00100.00
6反-4-癸烯醛b柑橘香,橙香0.011.07<1<1
7(E)-2-己烯醛b奶香0.042.47<1<1
8(Z)-3-己烯醛b果香0.0002518.4124.075.68
9(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛b脂香,芳香0.0000641.9628.3928.95
10己醛b苹果香,青草香0.00756.682.01<1
112,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮b霉味,果香0.0254.321.7421.25
12异丁酸乙酯a甜香,果香,酒香0.000151.72170.59383.72
13己酸乙酯a菠萝香,果香0.0005100.00100.00100.00
14壬醛a柑橘醛香,气泡香0.0035<11.681.33
15丙醛a酒香,坚果香,植物香0.00725.5324.3723.01
161-烯-3-辛醇a香菇香,清香,油腻0.0022.305.882.03
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基于GC-MS/GC-IMS联用技术的不同品种草莓特征香气物质解析
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薛靖侨 1 , 张晓颖 1 , 李斌 1 , 孙希云 1, * , 郭弘冰 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(16): 313-322
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (16) : 313 -322
基于GC-MS/GC-IMS联用技术的不同品种草莓特征香气物质解析
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薛靖侨1 , 张晓颖1, 李斌1, 孙希云1, * , 郭弘冰2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 2丹东益农食品有限公司,辽宁丹东 118125
通讯作者:
孙希云(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
郭弘冰(1989−),男,本科,工程师,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

薛靖侨(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:健康食品营养与创制,E-mail:

Analysis of Characteristic Aroma Substances of Different Processing Strawberry Varieties Based on GC-MS/GC-IMS
Jingqiao XUE1 , Xiaoying ZHANG1, Bin LI1, Xiyun SUN1, * , Hongbing GUO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural Univercity, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2Dandong Yinong Food Co., Ltd., Dandong 118125, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040335
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鲜果奶茶品质稳定性主要取决于原料特性,而草莓作为鲜果奶茶中的常用原料,其香气差异直接影响产品风味呈现。不同草莓品种间特征香气成分的细微差异会使终产品呈现不同香气特征,造成鲜果奶茶批次间的风味波动。因此,通过鉴定三种加工常用草莓中主要香气物质,确定导致风味差异的成因。本文采用气相色谱-质谱法(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)和气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)相结合的方法对草莓挥发性有机物进行分离鉴定,采用气味活性值(Odor Activity Value,OAV)分析法锁定关键风味化合物,并结合主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和感官评价,探明不同品种草莓的香气特征差异。结果表明,三种草莓共检测出挥发性有机物分别为‘九九’草莓110种,‘哈尼’草莓110种,‘蒙特瑞’草莓111种。通过OAV分析,共鉴定出16种特征挥发性有机化合物,其中δ-癸内酯、乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、2,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮、异丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丙醛、1-烯-3-辛醇是所有样品的关键挥发性成分。主成分和感官分析表明,三种草莓香气特征差异显著,‘九九’草莓具有较强的甜香和花香,源于(Z)-3-己烯醛和芳樟醇的贡献;‘哈尼’草莓表现出强烈的果香和酸香,主要来源于异丁酸乙酯和己酸乙酯;‘蒙特瑞’草莓的果香与清新香气主要由异丁酸乙酯和丙醛影响。此外,不同草莓品种之间的挥发性化合物数量水平也存在差异。综上所述,GC-MS/GC-IMS联用技术明确了三种草莓的关键香气物质及其差异,所建立的风味指纹图谱可为草莓加工中的原料筛选提供理论依据。

草莓  /  风味指纹图谱  /  挥发性有机物  /  品种  /  GC-MS  /  GC-IMS

The quality stability of fresh fruit milk tea is largely determined by the properties of its raw materials. As a commonly used ingredients, strawberries contribute significantly to the final flavor profile through their distinct aromas. Subtle differences in key aroma components can impart distinct aroma profiles to the final product, leading to batch-to-batch flavor variations in fresh fruit milk tea. Therefore, identifying the main aroma compounds in three strawberry cultivars commonly used in processing can help determine the causes of flavor differences. A combined approach of GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and GC-IMS (gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry) was employed to separate and identify VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the strawberries. OAV (odor activity value) analysis was utilized to pinpoint the key flavor compounds, and PCA (principal component analysis) combined with sensory evaluation was conducted to elucidate the aroma characteristic differences among the varieties. The results showed that a total of 110 VOCs were detected in 'Jiujiu' strawberry, 110 in 'Hani' strawberry, and 111 in 'Monterrey' strawberry. Through OAV analysis, 16 characteristic VOCs were identified, among which δ-decalactone, isoamyl acetate, linalool, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl hexanoate, propionaldehyde, and 1-octen-3-ol were the key volatile components across all samples. PCA and sensory evaluation revealed significant differences in aroma characteristics among the three varieties, 'Jiujiu' strawberry exhibited strong sweet and floral aromas, attributed to the contributions of (Z)-3-hexenal and linalool, 'Hani' strawberry showed intense fruity and sour aromas, mainly derived from ethyl isobutyrate and ethyl hexanoate, while 'Monterrey' strawberry's fruity and fresh aromas were primarily influenced by ethyl isobutyrate and propionaldehyde. Additionally, differences in the quantitative levels of VOCs were also observed among the different strawberry cultivars. In summary, the combined GC-MS/GC-IMS technique clarified the key aroma substances and their differences across the three strawberries, and the established flavor fingerprint provided a theoretical basis for raw material selection in strawberry processing.

strawberry  /  flavour fingerprint  /  volatile organic compounds  /  species  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)  /  gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS)
薛靖侨, 张晓颖, 李斌, 孙希云, 郭弘冰. 基于GC-MS/GC-IMS联用技术的不同品种草莓特征香气物质解析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 313 -322 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040335
Jingqiao XUE, Xiaoying ZHANG, Bin LI, Xiyun SUN, Hongbing GUO. Analysis of Characteristic Aroma Substances of Different Processing Strawberry Varieties Based on GC-MS/GC-IMS[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 313 -322 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040335
草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)是一种蔷薇科多年生草本植物[1],其中富含多种植物活性成分和膳食纤维。草莓作为饮料生产的重要原料,其产地、季节等差异会导致不同品种的香气特征产生显著区别。在实际生产中,采用不同草莓品种进行加工,原料的香气波动直接影响饮料的风味一致性,这种品质不稳定现象不仅影响消费者体验,最终还会影响产品销售可持续性。
风味更是消费者在选择时的主要考量因素,其本质来源于草莓果实中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的组成与含量。近几十年来,新鲜草莓中已鉴定出超过979种VOCs[2],涵盖酯类、醇类、酮类、呋喃类、萜烯类、醛类及含硫化合物等。其中,酯类化合物不仅种类繁多且含量丰富,被认为是成熟草莓标志性香气的核心贡献者;醇类和醛类次之[3]。尽管呋喃酮、萜烯等化合物含量较低,但它们对整体香气的贡献同样不容忽视[4]。已有研究确认了丁酸甲酯、己酸甲酯、乙酸庚酯、己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、2,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮(DMMF)及己酸等多种化合物均为草莓香气的重要组分[5]。然而,草莓的典型风味并非由单一“特征化合物”决定,而是多种VOCs共同作用的结果。因此,明确不同品种间VOCs的差异,对于稳定加工原料的香气品质具有实际意义。
东北凭借其独特的气候条件和丰富的草莓品种资源,成为重要的草莓产区。随着草莓加工行业的蓬勃发展,东北地区的草莓产业正逐步向深加工领域转型。草莓香气复杂多变,在加工过程中风味易流失。通过探究不同品种草莓香气差异的来源,从而确保加工原料质量稳定,在此背景下,本研究精心选取了三种常用加工草莓品种——‘九九’、‘哈尼’与‘蒙特瑞’。利用GC-IMS与GC-MS结合的检测手段,建立不同品种草莓挥发性有机物物质指纹图谱,通过对比分析,研究其不同地区和品种之间的风味特征的差异,探究不同品种草莓香气差异来源,为草莓深加工提供理论指导,促进草莓产业的发展。
草莓鲜果 购自辽宁丹东、云南,沈阳农业大学食品学院实验室,鉴定为‘九九’、‘哈尼’和‘蒙特瑞’品种并挑选九成熟鲜果;氯化钠 分析纯,国药公司;正己烷 色谱纯,德国Meker公司;正构烷烃标准品 色谱纯,上海BioBioPha/Sigma-Aldrich公司;所有分离用有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
Flavour Spec1H1-00053型气相离子迁移谱联用仪 德国G.A.S公司;JJ-1000电子分析天平 METTLER TOLEDO公司;MXT-5气相色谱多毛细管柱(15 m×0.53 mm×0.25 μm)、120 μm DVB/CWR/PDMS萃取头、8890-7000DGC-MS/MS、DB-5MS色谱柱 Agilent公司;MM400球磨仪 Retsch公司;SPME Arrow固相微萃取装置、Fiber Conditioning Station老化装置、Agitator样品加热箱 CTC Analytics AG公司;PH-10型pH计 上海力辰公司;LC-DR-53B数显糖度计 上海力辰公司。
将新鲜三种草莓鲜果去除果柄、果蒂及萼片,用去离子水冲洗干净并沥干表面水分。随机选取大小一致、无机械损伤的果实,按品种分别切块后,放入高速组织捣碎机中匀浆,制成草莓匀浆备用。参考相关国家标准与规范,对三种草莓鲜果的基础理化指标进行测定。采用手持数显糖度计测定可溶性固形物含量,结果以°Brix表示;精密称取10 g三种草莓匀浆,加入90 mL超纯水,均质后静置,使用pH计测定上清液的pH;参照GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定(含第1号修改单)》,采用第二法即pH计电位滴定法进行测定,结果以柠檬酸计,单位为g/kg;参考苯酚-硫酸法[6]进行总糖含量的测定,精密称取4 g草莓匀浆,用80 ℃热超纯水定容至100 mL,冷却至室温并过滤,滤液稀释50倍,采用移液枪精密吸取1.0 mL稀释液至具塞刻度试管并加入1.0 mL 6%苯酚溶液及5.0 mL浓硫酸,显色后于490 nm波长下测定吸光度,结果以葡萄糖计,单位为%。
使用Flavour Spec1H1-00053型气相离子迁移谱联用仪,色谱柱采用MXT-5毛细管柱(15 m×0.53 mm×1.0 μm),使用自动顶空进样单元完成草莓样品的分析。分别称取2 g草莓匀浆样品,置于20 mL顶空瓶中,在60 ℃下孵育20 min后进样,用加热的注射器以65 ℃的速度自动进样(85 ℃,无分流模式)。以氮气(99.99%)为载气,先将流速初始设定为2 mL/min,保持2 min,2~10 min柱流速增加至100 mL/min,10~20 min柱流速保持在100 mL/min。所有分析均重复3次。挥发性化合物的RI通过使用正己烷作为外部参考。基于RI和漂移时间与GC-IMS库进行比较来鉴定挥发性化合物。
为比较不同品种草莓挥发性有机物的差异并将其可视化,将通过GC-IMS检测得到的信号强度数据采用仪器配套的LAV(Laboratory Analytical Viewer)软件,以每种挥发性有机物的保留时间和迁移时间为坐标,以其信号强度为特征值,通过对比不同样品中挥发性有机物的信号强度差异,建立可直观反映三种加工常用草莓品种间的风味差异的特征指纹图谱。
称取500 mg草莓匀浆样品于顶空瓶中,分别加入2 mL饱和NaCl溶液,使用顶空固相微萃取方法进行样本萃取,每个草莓品种设置6个平行组。采用SPME Arrow萃取头(120 μm DVB/CWR/PDMS),在60 ℃恒温条件下,振荡5 min后顶空萃取15 min,于250 ℃下解析5 min。采样前萃取头在250 ℃下老化5 min。
取样后,在GC装置中250 ℃下,在不分流模式下持续5 min。使用配备有30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm DB-5MS (5%苯基聚甲基硅氧烷)毛细管柱的质谱仪进行VOCs的鉴定和定量。氦气以1.2 mL/min的线速度用作载气。进样器温度保持在250 ℃,检测器温度保持在280 ℃。烘箱温度从40 ℃(3.5 min)开始编程,以10 ℃/min的速度升至100 ℃,以7 ℃/min的速度升至180 ℃,以25 ℃/min的速度升至280 ℃,保持5 min。质谱在70 eV的电子碰撞(EI)电离模式下记录。四极杆质量检测器、离子源和传输线的温度分别设置为150、230和280 ℃。MS选择离子监测(SIM)模式用于分析化合物的鉴定和定量。采用峰面积归一化法进行相对定量计算,得到不同品质草莓样品中各化合物的相对百分含量。
为确定对草莓特征香气有关键贡献的挥发性有机物,采用相对气味活度值(Relative Odor Activity Value,ROAV)作为特征香气物质的判定标准。选择对样品整体风味贡献最大的化合物作为基准物质,其ROAV值记为100,其中,GC-MS分析以芳樟醇为基准物质,GC-IMS分析以己酸乙酯为基准物质,其他有机物质的ROAV值计算公式如下:
$\rm ROAV_i=\frac{C_i/T_i}{C_j/T_j}\times 100 $
式中:ROAVi表示该香气物质的相对气味活度值,%;Ci表示该香气物质的相对浓度,%;Ti表示该物质在水中的气味阈值,mg/kg;Cj表示基准物质的浓度,%;Tj表示基准物质的阈值,mg/kg。
若ROAV≥1,则该有机物被认为是对草莓样品香气有关键贡献的特征香气物质;若0.1≤ROAV<1,则该有机物被认为对草莓样品香气有辅助作用。
草莓的感官评价方法参考GB/T 39625-2020《感官分析 方法学 建立感官剖面的导则》[7]进行。在本研究中,选用成熟度相同且具有品质属性代表性的草莓果实。在评价开始之前,依据GB/T 29604-2013《感官分析 建立感官特性参比样的一般导则》[8]制备了各项香气属性的相应参比样,参考GB/T 15549-2022《感官分析 方法学 检测和识别气味方面评价员的入门和培训》[9]对12名评价小组成员(4名男性和8名女性)进行草莓香气识别与标定培训。正式评价时,要求评价小组成员依据GB/T 39501-2020《感官分析 定量响应标度使用导则》[10]评价每个样品的气味强度值,使用0至9评分方法来评价不同的气味属性以进行评分,其中0表示几乎没有感知到气味,1至3表示弱气味,4至6表示中等强度气味,7至9表示强烈气味。所有草莓样品平行评价三次。
基础理化指标数据均以平均值±标准差表示(n=3)。GC-IMS辅助分析软件包括仪器配套的分析软件包括LAV(Laboratory Analytical Viewer)和三款插件以及GC×IMS Library Search,分别从不同角度进行样品分析。通过GC-MS测定得到的数据通过MetWare数据库和NIST library数据库比对,进行定性定量分析。本实验GC-IMS的数据为3次重复的平均值,GC-MS的数据为6次的平均值。用Origin 2019进行主成分分析和绘制统计图。通过TB Tool软件(版本v0.6735)进行聚类热图分析。
不同品种草莓鲜果的基础理化指标是构成其风味特征的重要基础。不同品种草莓的总糖、总酸、pH、糖酸比及可溶性固形物含量见表1,‘九九’品种草莓的总糖和可溶性固形物含量最高,表现出高甜度的特性;‘哈尼’品种草莓的总酸含量显著高于其他两个品种(P<0.05),导致其糖酸比最低,口感偏酸;‘蒙特瑞’品种草莓的各项指标介于二者之间,呈现出酸甜均衡的风味特点。
食品香气的关键在于其挥发性特征,对消费者偏好有显著影响。采用GS-IMS分析草莓不同品种间的挥发性风味成分的差异。由于数据库有限,三种生产常用的草莓样品中共鉴定出已知挥发性有机物40种(附表1,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。在已知的成分中,40种挥发性物质主要由酯类、醛类、醇类和呋喃酮类组成(图1)。由于单体离子和中性分子可能会在漂移区形成辅助物质,因此几种单一化合物可能会产生多种信号,部分物质后面的M、D和T分别指同一物质的单体、二聚体和三聚体[11]。
为了分析3种草莓样品的VOC的差异,以2D和3D地形图的形式呈现了各样品的信息(图2和图3)。对离子漂移时间和反应离子峰(RIP)位置进行归一化处理,RIP峰用于确定物质是否具有活性[12−13]。结果表明,3个草莓品种的挥发性物质种类较相似。整个光谱表示从样品中提取的化合物的总数。其中,颜色代表物质的浓度,颜色越深表示浓度越大。由于3个草莓样品挥发性物质含量差异较大,选取‘哈尼’草莓样品为参照,如图3所示,可以看出,草莓样品中的挥发性成分得到了很好的分离,大部分信号出现在100~500 s的保留时间和1.0~2.0 ms的迁移时间。此外,三个样品的挥发性成分的信号强度有显著的不同。‘九九’草莓样品中挥发性化合物含量高于‘哈尼’草莓样品,‘蒙特瑞’草莓中部分化合物含量略低于‘哈尼’草莓样品,但某些青草味醛类成分却高于‘哈尼’草莓。
为了有效地可视化三种生产常用的草莓样品中VOC的差异,建立了挥发性有机物特征指纹图谱(见图4),以直观呈现三种草莓的挥发性有机物特征。该图谱基于GC-IMS检测数据的信号强度构建,能够清晰反映不同品种间挥发性物质的定性及半定量差异。如图4所示,在三个品种草莓样品中均发现果香味的乙酸乙酯、丙醛、异戊酸丁酯、己酸乙酯和青草香的二甲基丁醇,以及草莓味的2,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮(DMMF),奠定了草莓样品总体的香气基调。‘九九’草莓样品中发现的挥发性化合物主要以果香和青草香为主,包括异丁酸乙酯、己醛、丁酸异丁酯、顺-2-戊烯-1-醇。然而,在‘哈尼’草莓样品中发现了具有泥土气息的化合物(1-烯-3-辛醇),其可赋予样品绿色和蘑菇香味,使得‘哈尼’草莓的香气更为丰富,具有层次感。相反,发现‘蒙特瑞’草莓样品的挥发性物质中的酯类含量具有比其他样品更高,包括:乙酸乙酯、己酸甲酯、2-甲基丁基乙酸酯等,酯类的主要作用是由醇和酸化合物之间酯化反应产生的花香和果香[14]。同时还伴有庚醇(柑橘味)、2,4-庚二烯醛(青草味)、2-甲基戊醛(坚果味)多种气味,说明‘蒙特瑞’草莓的香气物质更为丰富。除此之外,‘九九’和‘哈尼’草莓样品中共有的挥发性物质以芳樟醇、己酸乙酯和乙酸丙酯为主,均呈现浓郁的果香味道。‘哈尼’草莓及‘蒙特瑞’草莓样品中共有的含量较高的挥发性成分主要以酯类为主,包括乙酸乙酯、丁酸异戊酯等。值得注意的是,并未发现‘九九’草莓和‘蒙特瑞’草莓共有的挥发性物质的组分。总体而言,GC-IMS指纹图谱表明,虽然三种生产常用的草莓样品的挥发性化合物类型相似,其含量不同,表现出不同的风味特征。因此,每个品种的草莓的香气并不是由单一的挥发性化合物决定的,而是由挥发性风味化合物之间的平衡和相互作用决定的。
为确定影响草莓香气的挥发性有机物,采用气质谱联用技术[15]对样品中的挥发性有机物进行分析。在3个生产常用的草莓品种中共鉴定出74种挥发性化合物(附表2,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。
如图5所示,GC-MS检测到74种VOCs,而用GC-IMS检测到另外22种不同的VOCs,其中两种方法都鉴定了4种化合物,包括芳樟醇(铃兰香)[16]、(E)-2-己烯醛(青草香)[17]、己醛(苹果香)[18]、DMMF(焦糖味)[19]。比较两种方法的检测结果,GC-MS检测到更多的VOCs,包括有机酸、萜烯等,说明GC-MS可以为草莓中VOCs的检测提供更多的信息。然而,GC-IMS被证明是能敏感地识别酯[20],如乙酸乙酯、己酸甲酯等,因此,这两种方法的整合,可以更全面地鉴定草莓样品中的挥发性有机化合物。
根据挥发性风味物质的分类结果(图6)表明,酯类、萜类是贡献草莓风味的两种关键化合物。这与先前研究的结果一致[21−22]。‘蒙特瑞’草莓样品中其他类物质的相对含量占比较大,可能是因为呋喃酮对挥发物的分布有相当大的影响。DMMF(2,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮)和DMHF(2,5-二甲基-4-羟基-3(2H)-呋喃酮)这两种香气成分都拥有极低的阈值,香气值很高,被认为是草莓中的特征性香气成分[23],香气类型被描述为焦糖味、甜味、花香和果香[19],提供草莓样气味[24]。
为进一步了解不同品种草莓样品的差异,对三种加工常用草莓的挥发性成分进行了可视化分析。采用TB Tool软件基于每种挥发性化合物的相对含量,对每个变量进行归一化处理,得到基于行尺度的不同品种草莓鲜果的聚类热图(图7)。同行比较显示每种物质在三个草莓样品中的分布频率。根据聚类分析,三种草莓样品可以分为两类:‘蒙特瑞’,‘九九’和‘哈尼’。‘九九’和‘哈尼’草莓样品的挥发性成分相似,说明产地对草莓香气组分有较大的影响。
草莓样品中酯类存在明显差异,表明它们对各个品种感官特征有独特的贡献。‘九九’、‘哈尼’和‘蒙特瑞’样品中分别发现29、28、30种酯类化合物。同时,在所有样品中都高表达的挥发性酯类物质有:乙酸异戊酯、苯甲酸异丙酯、苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲酸己酯、丙烯酸丁酯、β-苯乙酸乙酯。这些酯可能是由脂质氧化产生的游离脂肪酸与醇之间相互作用产生的,其中短链脂肪酸酯(C1~C10)具有水果的甜香味[25]。由于它们具有很高的香气值,有助于提供特殊的甜香,如甜苹果香、菠萝-香蕉型水果香等,是草莓果实的特征芳香物质。Dong等[26]发现己酸乙酯、辛酸甲酯、苯甲酸甲酯等酯类是草莓香气成分的重要组成成分。此外,辛酸丁酯仅在‘蒙特瑞’草莓样品中检测到,主要为果香味,带有一些甜美和清新的感觉。虽然‘蒙特瑞’样品中酯的总类最多,但其相对含量是最少的。不同的环境条件及栽培措施可能导致样品中酯类化合物的含量和组成不同,从而导致样品的香气特征不同。Peng等[27]发现,红色地膜通过反射远红光和红光影响草莓生长过程中的基因表达,进而导致草莓果实香气物质数量和类型的差异。
在所有样品中发现了不同水平的萜类物质。萜类化合物是通过位于细胞质中的甲羟戊酸途径(MAV)和位于质体中的脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸途径(DXP)产生的[28−29]。共检测到13种萜类化合物,在‘蒙特瑞’样品中仅发现10种萜烯。此外,萜类化合物的含量在不同的样品中有所不同。结果表明,不同来源的草莓可能具有不同的香气特征。在所有样品中含量最高的是芳樟醇。同时,在各种草莓样品中还发现α-石竹烯、α-松油醇、紫苏烯等物质,其可赋予样品轻微薄荷香味和草本气息。在不同的草莓样品中总共发现6种酸,己酸是所有样品中表达量最高的酸类(酸甜味)。这与董静等[30]的研究结果一致。
草莓样品中检测到的醛和醇主要是饱和与不饱和的C6~C9化合物。在每个样品中都检测到11种醛类物质,其中,(E)-2-己烯醛、己醛是所有样品中的关键风味化合物,己醛因其青草气味而在食品香料行业中众所周知[31−32],其可以赋予样品清新香气。醛是不饱和脂肪酸的氧化产生的[33−34],对草莓的香气特征也具有显著的影响。对于所有样品总共发现8种醇类,其可为草莓提供焦糖味、蜂蜜香味。脂肪醇并不是在样品中发现的唯一化合物。脂肪醇主要是通过多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化产生的[35]。同时,在各种样品中也发现了萜烯醇(3-戊烯-2-醇),为样品提供了独特的清凉香气[36]。
呋喃是通过碳水化合物的脱水和脂肪酸的氧化或通过Amadori重排机制产生的。例如,2-戊基呋喃(青草和甘草样香气)衍生自脂肪酸的氧化。在所有草莓品种中,DMMF含量较高,这可能对其特征香气起到重要作用[37],尤其是对‘蒙特瑞’草莓样品。在三种样品中出现如此大的差异主要可能是新陈代谢导致草莓整个成熟过程中呋喃浓度的显著波动[38],或者是通过沸水浴加热法从草莓中提取挥发物,导致化合物的损失[39]。
草莓特征香气的形成与变化,主要源于其内部挥发性物质的前体在特定酶系作用下的生物合成与降解。本研究鉴定出的关键香气物质,其生成与转化遵循明确的代谢途径。例如,具有“青草味”的C6醛类如己醛、(Z)-3-己烯醛和醇类,主要通过脂肪酸氧化途径(Lipoxygenase Pathway,LOX)生成,当草莓果实组织在采收或加工过程中受损后,不饱和脂肪酸如亚油酸、亚麻酸在脂氧合酶(LOX)的催化下发生氧化反应,随后在氢过氧化物裂解酶(HPVL)作用下生成短链醛类,这些醛类可进一步在乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)作用下还原为相应的醇类[28]。而赋予草莓典型“果香”的酯类物质如乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯,则主要由醇酰基转移酶(AAT)催化醇类和酰基辅酶A酯化而成[40]。
为了进一步区分和呈现不同品种草莓样品中挥发性有机物的差异,对GC-MS和GC-IMS检测到的挥发性有机物,根据信号强度进行了主成分分析(PCA)。根据GC-IMS,PC1(66.2%)和PC2(28.3%)的累积方差贡献率为94.5%,说明这两个主成分可以解释不同样品的主要特征信息。如图8A所示,不同品种的3个草莓样品可以很容易地区分开。各组草莓样品的空间区域显示,JJ和HN、MTR存在明显分离,表明果实香气因品种不同而表现出显著差异。HN和MTR存在重叠,但重叠部分不大,说明相似度不大。
通过GC-MS鉴定的VOCs的PCA图(图8B),解释了总方差的94.7%,包括PC1(60.5%)和PC2(34.2%)。‘九九’样品位于第一象限,其中包括:己酸丙酯、癸酸乙酯、δ-癸内酯、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛等特征挥发性化合物的负载量较高,表明这些VOC在‘九九’样品中更丰富。‘蒙特瑞’草莓位于第二象限,乙酸壬酯、柠檬烯和乙酸壬酯等负载物分散在‘蒙特瑞’样品的位置周围。‘哈尼’草莓位于第四象限,周围负载有乙酸异戊酯、α-蒎烯、己醇等。其中可能是因为GC-MS对某些VOCs不敏感,导致一些VOCs被忽略,从而导致三个样品完全没有重叠,甚至空间分离较远[41]。
每种VOCs对草莓整体香气的贡献由其OAV或ROAV决定,其不仅与其浓度相关,还与其气味阈值相关[42]。本研究依托 GC-IMS、GC-MS 完成挥发性有机物的相对定量分析。气味活度值(OAV)计算需采用各香气组分绝对浓度数据,而相对气味活度值(ROAV)仅依靠组分相对含量即可获得。因此,对GC-MS和GC-IMS检测到的挥发性有机物进行了ROAV分析,以确定不同品种草莓的关键芳香活性化合物。
ROAV分析结果分别见附表3和附表4(详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。当0.1≤ROAV<1时,该挥发性物质对草莓的总体风味起辅助作用;ROAV≥1时,该挥发性物质为草莓的关键风味物质。在GC-MS的ROAV分析中,芳樟醇的相对含量较高,且阈值只有0.0015 mg/kg,故对风味贡献较大。以芳樟醇作为基准物来计算其他挥发性化合物的ROAV。在GC-IMS的ROAV分析中则选用己酸乙酯作为基准物。此外,16种VOCs由于其ROAV超过1而被鉴定为草莓中的关键芳香化合物(表2)。结果表明,三种草莓共有的关键香气物质共9种,分别为乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、2,5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮、异丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丙醛和1-烯-3-辛醇,它们共同赋予草莓柑橘、玫瑰、果香、酒香及甜香等基础风味。但个别化合物的贡献度不同导致了不同品种草莓的香气差异,‘九九’草莓中,(Z)-3-己烯醛(ROAV=18.41)与芳樟醇协同作用,显著增强了甜香和花香,使其感官上甜香和花香强度最高;同时,丙醛(25.53)和δ-癸内酯(1.06)也提供了额外的果香和坚果香气。‘哈尼’草莓中,尽管(Z)-3-己烯醛的ROAV在三者中最高(24.07),但高含量的异丁酸乙酯(170.59)和己酸乙酯(100.00)主导了强烈的酸香和果香,掩盖了部分清香,因此其感官上酸香和果香最为突出,甜香和花香相对较弱。此外,丙醛(24.37)和(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛(28.39)亦为其关键贡献物质。‘蒙特瑞’草莓的香气则呈现均衡特征,异丁酸乙酯(383.72)和丙醛(23.01)共同赋予其强烈的果香与清新感,同时芳樟醇和(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛提供花香与脂香,使其感官表现介于两者之间。
为量化评价不同草莓品种的香气属性差异,由12名经过培训的评价员对三种草莓的6种关键香气特征即果香、清香、酸香、脂香、甜香、花香进行了强度评分(0~9分)。感官评价得分见附表5(详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版),其可视化雷达图如图9所示,三种草莓的香气轮廓存在显著差异。‘九九’草莓在甜香(平均分8.1)和花香(平均分7.2)上的强度最高,同时具有中等的清香(平均分6.1)和果香(平均分6.4),而酸香(平均分2.4)和脂香(平均分2.2)较弱,这表明‘九九’草莓的整体感官印象以浓郁的甜香和花香为主导,这与ROAV分析中鉴定出的贡献甜味和花香的化合物如(Z)-3-己烯醛和芳樟醇的结果相吻合;‘哈尼’草莓的酸香(平均分5.9)和清香(平均分6.3)在三者中得分较高,果香(平均分6.4)也优于其甜香(平均分4.1)和花香(平均分5.1),呈现出果香与酸香并重的特征,这种浓郁的果酸香气主要由异丁酸乙酯和己酸乙酯等关键酯类物质的高ROAV值所贡献;而‘蒙特瑞’草莓拥有三者中最强的果香(平均分7.2),并兼具均衡的清香(平均分7.8)和甜香(平均分5.6),整体呈现出突出的果香与清新的气息,其香气主要由异丁酸乙酯和丙醛等化合物贡献,形成了独特的果香与清香感。
本研究采用GC-MS与GC-IMS联用技术,对三种加工常用草莓(‘九九’、‘哈尼’、‘蒙特瑞’)的挥发性有机物进行了系统解析。两种方法共鉴定出110~111种VOCs,其中GC-MS检测到74种(以酯类、萜类为主),GC-IMS检测到40种(对酯类更敏感)。在挥发性物质构成上,GC-MS结果表明,酯类和萜类是三个品种共有的主要类别,但相对含量存在显著差异:‘九九’和‘哈尼’中酯类相对含量较高,赋予其浓郁的果香基调;‘蒙特瑞’中酯类种类最多,但相对含量最低,而其呋喃酮类的占比显著高于‘九九’和‘哈尼’。在关键香气化合物层面,基于ROAV≥1的筛选标准,共鉴定出16种关键芳香化合物。其中,δ-癸内酯、乙酸异戊酯、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、DMMF、异丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丙醛和1-烯-3-辛醇这10种化合物在三个品种中ROAV均≥1,构成三种草莓共有的香气物质,共同赋予其柑橘、玫瑰、果香及甜香等基础风味。而其余6种关键化合物仅在一或两个品种中ROAV≥1,可作为品种间的差异化标志物。三种草莓的香气特征差异化显著,‘九九’草莓中,(Z)-3-己烯醛(ROAV=18.41)与芳樟醇协同作用,使其感官上甜香和花香强度最高;‘哈尼’草莓中,高含量的异丁酸乙酯(ROAV=170.59)和己酸乙酯(ROAV=100.00)主导其强烈的酸香和果香,尽管其(Z)-3-己烯醛ROAV(24.07)在三者中最高,但被酸香掩盖;‘蒙特瑞’草莓则以异丁酸乙酯(ROAV=383.72)和丙醛(ROAV=23.01)共同赋予其均衡的果香与清新感。感官评价雷达图进一步验证了上述品种间香气轮廓的显著差异。本研究系统构建了三种草莓的风味指纹图谱,明确了共有关键香气物质与品种特异性标志物,可为草莓加工中的原料筛选与品质控制提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040335
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
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    1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
    2丹东益农食品有限公司,辽宁丹东 118125

通讯作者:

孙希云(1978−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
郭弘冰(1989−),男,本科,工程师,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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