Article(id=1320884470966763979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040328, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852998725, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852998725, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852998725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852998725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=314, endPage=323, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884471147119052, articleId=1320884470966763979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Processing Suitability Analysis of Lentinus edodes Water Extracts Based on Differences in Amino Acids and Physicochemical Properties, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the deep-processing suitability of the same Lentinus edodes cultivar ('Shenxiang 1513') from different geographical origins (Suizhou, Hubei and Qingyuan, Zhejiang, China), aqueous extracts were prepared using three distinct extraction methods: Hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction, and microwave-assisted hot water extraction (designated as HH, HU, HM for Hubei samples and ZH, ZU, ZM for Zhejiang samples, respectively). The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of these extracts were systematically analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the polysaccharide content of the six aqueous extracts ranged from 37.44% to 53.17%, while the protein content ranged from 14.70% to 27.03%. Notably, both HH and ZH exhibited higher polysaccharide and protein contents compared to the other extraction methods. Furthermore, the protein content of Zhejiang-derived extracts consistently surpassed that of the extracts from Hubei. Additionally, HU and ZM showed relatively higher ash contents among all tested samples. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of polysaccharide-specific peaks (O-H, C-H) and protein-specific peaks (N-H) in all extracts. Amino acid analysis revealed complete profiles with glutamic acid dominant, ZM had the highest total amino acid content while HH had the lowest, with HU showed elevated individual amino acid levels compared to HH and HM, while ZM surpassed ZH and ZU. Molecular weight analysis revealed a trimodal distribution for the water extract of Hubei-sourced L. edodes, while the Zhejiang-sourced extract exhibited a bimodal distribution. Monosaccharide composition analysis demonstrated that all extracts consisted of mannose, glucosamine hydrochloride, galactose, and glucose, with glucose content exceeded 90%, both ultrasonic and microwave treatments significantly increased the monosaccharide content. In conclusion, significant differences in physicochemical and structural properties were observed among the aqueous extracts of L. edodes from different regions under varying extraction methods, for optimal extraction of bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts, hot water extraction proved to be the most effective method for both geographical origins. However, to obtain extracts with higher amino acid content, ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction was preferable for Hubei-derived samples, while microwave-assisted hot water extraction yielded superior results for Zhejiang-sourced specimens. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for evaluating the deep-processing suitability of L. edodes and support the precise development of future health foods using region-specific extracts as functional ingredients.

, authors=Lu ZHOU, Ning MA, Qiuhui HU, Yunyan YU, Yaning DUAN, Anxiang SU, Gaoxing MA*, authorsList=Lu ZHOU, Ning MA, Qiuhui HU, Yunyan YU, Yaning DUAN, Anxiang SU, Gaoxing MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gaoxing MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884474104103387, articleId=1320884470966763979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于氨基酸及理化性质差异分析香菇水提物的加工适宜性, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解析同一品种不同产地香菇的精深加工适宜性,以我国两大香菇主产区湖北随州和浙江庆元的主栽香菇品种‘申香1513’为研究对象,分别采用热水浸提法(hot water extraction)、超声波辅助热水提取法(ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction)和微波辅助热水提取法(microwave-assisted hot water extraction)三种工艺制备不同水提物(湖北随州:HH、HU和HM;浙江庆元:ZH、ZU和ZM),并利用高效液相色谱法、紫外光谱法和傅里叶红外光谱法等方法,重点比较了其理化性质和结构特征差异。结果显示,6种水提物的多糖含量在37.44%~53.17%,蛋白含量在14.70%~27.03%,HH和ZH的多糖及蛋白含量均高于其余两种提取方法,浙江水提物的蛋白含量均大于湖北水提物,HU和ZM具有相对更高的灰分含量;红外光谱显示6种水提物中存在O-H、C-H等多糖特征峰以及N-H等蛋白特征峰;氨基酸分析显示6种水提物的氨基酸种类齐全,且谷氨酸含量最高,其中,ZM的总氨基酸含量最高,HH的总氨基酸含量最低,HU的各氨基酸含量高于HH、HM,ZM的氨基酸含量高于ZH、ZU;分子量分析显示湖北香菇水提物分子量呈现三峰分布,浙江香菇水提物分子量为双峰分布;单糖组成分析表明6种香菇水提物均由甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,其中,葡萄糖含量最高,均在90%以上,超声和微波处理均能提高其单糖含量。综上,同一品种不同产地香菇在不同提取工艺下所得水提物理化性质和结构差异显著,若想提取水提物中的有效活性物质,则热水提取法为两地香菇的最佳提取方法,若要得到较高氨基酸含量的水提物,则湖北香菇采用超声辅助热水提取法,浙江香菇采用微波辅助热水提取法,该研究可为不同香菇的精深加工适宜性解析提供模型支撑,亦可为以同一品种、不同产地的香菇水提物作为食品基料,开展新型未来健康食品的精准开发,提供理论依据。

, authors=周璐, 马宁, 胡秋辉, 俞云燕, 段亚宁, 苏安祥, 马高兴*, authorsList=周璐, 马宁, 胡秋辉, 俞云燕, 段亚宁, 苏安祥, 马高兴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马高兴, authorNote=

周璐(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0003−1930−4020),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马高兴(1989−)(ORCID:0000−0002−5549−1367),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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Food Research and Development, 2017, 38(17): 129−133., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884474498367964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884474519339485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, companyId=1320884474498367964, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884474531922398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, companyId=1320884474498367964, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江苏省食用菌保鲜与深加工工程研究中心,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884478449402382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Ultraviolet spectra of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins, figureFileSmall=qoiJjEerGpuH9MF8spY27w==, figureFileBig=5FSoaRAqxwp5uBvenDvN0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884478516511247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同产地香菇水提物的紫外光谱图, figureFileSmall=qoiJjEerGpuH9MF8spY27w==, figureFileBig=5FSoaRAqxwp5uBvenDvN0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884478680089104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Infrared spectra of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins, figureFileSmall=w8Sysh1Gw7TYC3aY8RABMQ==, figureFileBig=1++AQ48LQD9CyvcfMecPQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884478734615057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同产地香菇水提物的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=w8Sysh1Gw7TYC3aY8RABMQ==, figureFileBig=1++AQ48LQD9CyvcfMecPQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884478801723922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Secondary structure content diagram of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins, figureFileSmall=tHu4ZQZfGCe65phAeEo9Yw==, figureFileBig=DO8SdYiH6ZDcK6BHtwoDGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884478864638483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同产地香菇水提物的二级结构含量

注:同一指标不同小写字母表示数据差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=tHu4ZQZfGCe65phAeEo9Yw==, figureFileBig=DO8SdYiH6ZDcK6BHtwoDGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884478927553044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation analysis of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins, figureFileSmall=CWlxg/W/RmIuxbxWR7fNlA==, figureFileBig=8Q0jvUO3G9Ei+kskypitzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884478990467605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同产地香菇水提物的相关性分析

注:***代表P<0.001,**代表P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=CWlxg/W/RmIuxbxWR7fNlA==, figureFileBig=8Q0jvUO3G9Ei+kskypitzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884479044993558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scanning electron microscope image of lyophilized water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins (100×), figureFileSmall=hi0OvqVpOMdaXXNdZI/T3A==, figureFileBig=D9NekRE8VPrUCD/uATt1UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884479099519511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同产地香菇水提物冻干的扫描电镜图(100×)

注:从上到下、从左至右分别是HH、HU、HM和ZH、ZU、ZM。

, figureFileSmall=hi0OvqVpOMdaXXNdZI/T3A==, figureFileBig=D9NekRE8VPrUCD/uATt1UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884479162434072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Molecular weight spectrum of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins, figureFileSmall=Xz4U8Gg65iQ/ecKtBfQOIA==, figureFileBig=dH2Ba08DU2k2Kd4erSvsUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884479233737241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同产地香菇水提物的分子量谱图, figureFileSmall=Xz4U8Gg65iQ/ecKtBfQOIA==, figureFileBig=dH2Ba08DU2k2Kd4erSvsUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884479296651802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Monosaccharide composition spectrum of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins, figureFileSmall=i693d+elJ7x0YhVcG17Xkw==, figureFileBig=mIu1TVW3WcHC6GwymP8Cmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884479355372059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同产地香菇水提物的单糖组成谱图, figureFileSmall=i693d+elJ7x0YhVcG17Xkw==, figureFileBig=mIu1TVW3WcHC6GwymP8Cmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884479418286620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic composition of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称多糖含量(%)蛋白含量(%)灰分含量(%)
HM39.85±0.002cd16.84±0.050d9.34±0.270d
HH53.17±0.004a16.92±0.130d9.33±0.010d
HU44.36±0.011b14.70±0.670e14.36±0.100b
ZM37.44±0.007d19.47±0.330c17.20±0.300a
ZH43.14±0.006bc27.03±0.340a12.95±0.580c
ZU38.60±0.003cd25.42±0.200b13.54±0.570b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884479477006877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同产地香菇水提物基本组成成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称多糖含量(%)蛋白含量(%)灰分含量(%)
HM39.85±0.002cd16.84±0.050d9.34±0.270d
HH53.17±0.004a16.92±0.130d9.33±0.010d
HU44.36±0.011b14.70±0.670e14.36±0.100b
ZM37.44±0.007d19.47±0.330c17.20±0.300a
ZH43.14±0.006bc27.03±0.340a12.95±0.580c
ZU38.60±0.003cd25.42±0.200b13.54±0.570b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884479539921438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Amino acid composition and contents of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称氨基酸含量(mg/g)
HHHUHMZHZUZM
天冬氨酸(Asp)31.21±0.39d43.37±0.16a33.33±0.94c30.30±0.96d33.13±0.44c40.71±1.82b
苏氨酸(Thr)*18.57±0.18e24.55±0.07b19.82±0.57cd19.02±0.66de20.66±0.34c25.75±1.03a
丝氨酸(Ser)17.49±0.23d23.47±0.24a19.23±0.70c16.19±0.66e17.96±0.46d22.27±0.62b
谷氨酸(Glu)110.21±0.72d136.58±1.10c108.78±0.22e152.85±0.11b153.62±0.94b192.96±1.26a
甘氨酸(Gly)20.83±0.15bc26.41±0.54a21.44±0.46b19.99±0.55c21.38±0.18b27.24±0.46a
丙氨酸(Ala)21.83±0.10d28.92±0.15a23.68±0.41c19.78±0.65e21.65±0.33d27.15±0.05b
半胱氨酸(Cys)3.45±0.16a2.41±0.07c2.66±0.30bc3.15±0.64ab3.51±0.27a3.47±0.09a
缬氨酸(Val)*18.84±0.06d25.19±0.46b20.52±0.32c19.48±0.57d21.33±0.31c26.62±1.05a
甲硫氨酸(Met)*7.29±0.23d9.19±0.38b8.41±0.35c8.23±0.69c9.35±0.55b11.77±0.16a
异亮氨酸(Ile)*12.43±0.05d17.50±0.40a13.78±0.25c10.94±0.25e12.45±0.06d15.07±0.75b
亮氨酸(Leu)*21.21±0.14d29.80±0.30a23.74±0.41c18.24±0.52e20.89±0.30d25.45±0.0.93b
酪氨酸(Tyr)8.31±0.07b10.36±0.30a8.42±0.14b3.88±0.11d4.09±0.03d5.03±0.23c
苯丙氨酸(Phe)*14.92±0.12d19.62±0.33a15.85±0.18c13.63±0.37e15.25±0.20d18.27±0.51b
赖氨酸(Lys)*21.82±0.16c28.06±0.31a23.89±0.41b20.50±0.58d22.31±0.27c28.21±0.98a
组氨酸(His)8.42±0.04bc10.20±0.73a8.97±0.06b7.07±0.55d7.92±0.07c9.80±0.29a
精氨酸(Arg)15.84±0.05e22.03±0.53b17.43±0.66d18.20±0.41d19.92±0.10c24.91±0.83a
脯氨酸(Pro)12.12±0.11d17.26±0.04a13.57±0.41c10.16±0.34f11.43±0.22e14.18±0.60b
氨基酸总量(TAA)364.79e474.92b383.52d391.61d416.85c518.86a
必需氨基酸(EAA)115.08c153.91a126.01b110.04d122.24b151.14a
非必需氨基酸(NEAA)249.71f321.01b257.51e281.57d294.61c367.72a
EAA/TAA(%)31.5532.4132.8628.1029.3229.13
EAA/NEAA(%)46.0947.9448.9339.0841.4941.10
), ArticleFig(id=1320884479611224607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同产地香菇水提物的氨基酸组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称氨基酸含量(mg/g)
HHHUHMZHZUZM
天冬氨酸(Asp)31.21±0.39d43.37±0.16a33.33±0.94c30.30±0.96d33.13±0.44c40.71±1.82b
苏氨酸(Thr)*18.57±0.18e24.55±0.07b19.82±0.57cd19.02±0.66de20.66±0.34c25.75±1.03a
丝氨酸(Ser)17.49±0.23d23.47±0.24a19.23±0.70c16.19±0.66e17.96±0.46d22.27±0.62b
谷氨酸(Glu)110.21±0.72d136.58±1.10c108.78±0.22e152.85±0.11b153.62±0.94b192.96±1.26a
甘氨酸(Gly)20.83±0.15bc26.41±0.54a21.44±0.46b19.99±0.55c21.38±0.18b27.24±0.46a
丙氨酸(Ala)21.83±0.10d28.92±0.15a23.68±0.41c19.78±0.65e21.65±0.33d27.15±0.05b
半胱氨酸(Cys)3.45±0.16a2.41±0.07c2.66±0.30bc3.15±0.64ab3.51±0.27a3.47±0.09a
缬氨酸(Val)*18.84±0.06d25.19±0.46b20.52±0.32c19.48±0.57d21.33±0.31c26.62±1.05a
甲硫氨酸(Met)*7.29±0.23d9.19±0.38b8.41±0.35c8.23±0.69c9.35±0.55b11.77±0.16a
异亮氨酸(Ile)*12.43±0.05d17.50±0.40a13.78±0.25c10.94±0.25e12.45±0.06d15.07±0.75b
亮氨酸(Leu)*21.21±0.14d29.80±0.30a23.74±0.41c18.24±0.52e20.89±0.30d25.45±0.0.93b
酪氨酸(Tyr)8.31±0.07b10.36±0.30a8.42±0.14b3.88±0.11d4.09±0.03d5.03±0.23c
苯丙氨酸(Phe)*14.92±0.12d19.62±0.33a15.85±0.18c13.63±0.37e15.25±0.20d18.27±0.51b
赖氨酸(Lys)*21.82±0.16c28.06±0.31a23.89±0.41b20.50±0.58d22.31±0.27c28.21±0.98a
组氨酸(His)8.42±0.04bc10.20±0.73a8.97±0.06b7.07±0.55d7.92±0.07c9.80±0.29a
精氨酸(Arg)15.84±0.05e22.03±0.53b17.43±0.66d18.20±0.41d19.92±0.10c24.91±0.83a
脯氨酸(Pro)12.12±0.11d17.26±0.04a13.57±0.41c10.16±0.34f11.43±0.22e14.18±0.60b
氨基酸总量(TAA)364.79e474.92b383.52d391.61d416.85c518.86a
必需氨基酸(EAA)115.08c153.91a126.01b110.04d122.24b151.14a
非必需氨基酸(NEAA)249.71f321.01b257.51e281.57d294.61c367.72a
EAA/TAA(%)31.5532.4132.8628.1029.3229.13
EAA/NEAA(%)46.0947.9448.9339.0841.4941.10
), ArticleFig(id=1320884479686722080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Amino acid score (AAS) of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸FAO/WHOHHHUHMZHZUZM
组氨酸(His)1652.6363.7556.0644.1949.561.25
异亮氨酸(Ile)3035.5358.3345.9336.4741.5050.23
亮氨酸(Leu)6134.7748.8538.9229.9034.2541.72
赖氨酸(Lys)4845.4658.4649.7742.7146.4858.77
甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸
(Met+Cys)
2346.7050.4348.1349.4855.9166.26
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸
(Phe+Tyr)
4156.6673.1259.2042.7147.1756.83
苏氨酸(Thr)2574.2898.2078.2876.0882.64103.00
缬氨酸(Val)4047.1062.9851.3048.753.3366.55
), ArticleFig(id=1320884479758025249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同产地香菇水提物的氨基酸评分(AAS)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸FAO/WHOHHHUHMZHZUZM
组氨酸(His)1652.6363.7556.0644.1949.561.25
异亮氨酸(Ile)3035.5358.3345.9336.4741.5050.23
亮氨酸(Leu)6134.7748.8538.9229.9034.2541.72
赖氨酸(Lys)4845.4658.4649.7742.7146.4858.77
甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸
(Met+Cys)
2346.7050.4348.1349.4855.9166.26
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸
(Phe+Tyr)
4156.6673.1259.2042.7147.1756.83
苏氨酸(Thr)2574.2898.2078.2876.0882.64103.00
缬氨酸(Val)4047.1062.9851.3048.753.3366.55
), ArticleFig(id=1320884479976129058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Amino acid ratio (RAA), amino acid ratio coefficient (RC) and amino acid ratio coefficient score (SRC) of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸HHHUHMZHZUZM
RAARCRAARCRAARCRAARCRAARCRAARC
组氨酸(His)0.531.080.641.000.561.050.440.950.500.970.610.97
异亮氨酸(Ile)0.360.730.580.900.460.860.360.780.420.820.500.79
亮氨酸(Leu)0.350.710.490.760.390.730.300.650.340.660.420.67
赖氨酸(Lys)0.450.910.580.900.500.930.430.930.460.900.590.93
甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸(Met+Cys)0.470.950.500.780.480.900.491.060.561.090.661.05
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr)0.571.160.731.140.591.100.430.930.470.910.570.90
苏氨酸(Thr)0.741.500.981.530.791.480.761.640.831.621.031.63
缬氨酸(Val)0.470.950.630.980.510.950.491.060.531.030.671.06
SRC74.5575.2577.5570.7271.7171.42
), ArticleFig(id=1320884480068403747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同产地香菇水提物的氨基酸比值(RAA)、氨基酸比值系数(RC)及氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸HHHUHMZHZUZM
RAARCRAARCRAARCRAARCRAARCRAARC
组氨酸(His)0.531.080.641.000.561.050.440.950.500.970.610.97
异亮氨酸(Ile)0.360.730.580.900.460.860.360.780.420.820.500.79
亮氨酸(Leu)0.350.710.490.760.390.730.300.650.340.660.420.67
赖氨酸(Lys)0.450.910.580.900.500.930.430.930.460.900.590.93
甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸(Met+Cys)0.470.950.500.780.480.900.491.060.561.090.661.05
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr)0.571.160.731.140.591.100.430.930.470.910.570.90
苏氨酸(Thr)0.741.500.981.530.791.480.761.640.831.621.031.63
缬氨酸(Val)0.470.950.630.980.510.950.491.060.531.030.671.06
SRC74.5575.2577.5570.7271.7171.42
), ArticleFig(id=1320884480148095524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Amino acid chemistry score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI) of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸HHHUHMZHZUZM
组氨酸(His)38.2746.3640.7732.1436.0044.55
异亮氨酸(Ile)19.7432.4125.5220.2623.0627.91
亮氨酸(Leu)24.6634.6527.6021.2124.2929.59
赖氨酸(Lys)31.1740.0934.1329.2931.8740.30
甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸
(Met+Cys)
18.8420.3519.4219.9622.5626.74
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸
(Phe+Tyr)
24.9832.2426.1018.8320.8025.05
苏氨酸(Thr)39.5152.2342.1740.4743.9654.79
缬氨酸(Val)28.5538.1731.0929.5232.3240.33
EAAI47.8262.8152.5144.7649.8361.12
), ArticleFig(id=1320884480227787301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同产地香菇水提物的氨基酸化学评分(CS)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸HHHUHMZHZUZM
组氨酸(His)38.2746.3640.7732.1436.0044.55
异亮氨酸(Ile)19.7432.4125.5220.2623.0627.91
亮氨酸(Leu)24.6634.6527.6021.2124.2929.59
赖氨酸(Lys)31.1740.0934.1329.2931.8740.30
甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸
(Met+Cys)
18.8420.3519.4219.9622.5626.74
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸
(Phe+Tyr)
24.9832.2426.1018.8320.8025.05
苏氨酸(Thr)39.5152.2342.1740.4743.9654.79
缬氨酸(Val)28.5538.1731.0929.5232.3240.33
EAAI47.8262.8152.5144.7649.8361.12
), ArticleFig(id=1320884480294896166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Molecular weight of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HHHUHM
RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)
22.5861.23×10724.1176.57×10622.4771.28×107
22.6321.20×10726.5902.39×10627.0002.03×106
44.575155744.625152544.6251525
ZHZUZM
RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)
22.4761.28×10722.6171.21×10722.4331.31×107
44.642151544.683149044.6831490
), ArticleFig(id=1320884480374587943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同产地香菇水提物的分子量大小

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HHHUHM
RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)
22.5861.23×10724.1176.57×10622.4771.28×107
22.6321.20×10726.5902.39×10627.0002.03×106
44.575155744.625152544.6251525
ZHZUZM
RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)RT(min)Mw(Da)
22.4761.28×10722.6171.21×10722.4331.31×107
44.642151544.683149044.6831490
), ArticleFig(id=1320884480441696808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Percentage of monosaccharide composition of water extracts from Lentinus edodes of different geographical origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名各组分摩尔百分比(%)
甘露糖(Man)盐酸氨基葡萄糖
(GlcN)
半乳糖(Gal)葡萄糖(Glc)
HH1.482±0.012e0.650±0.034c1.579±0.137e96.288±0.063b
HM1.394±0.003d0.507±0.015e1.349±0.003f96.749±0.016a
HU1.734±0.002f0.608±0.008d2.322±0.212a95.336±0.004c
ZH2.559±0.010b1.559±0.028b1.958±0.005c93.925±0.009e
ZM2.462±0.006a1.555±0.003b1.723±0.058d94.261±0.007d
ZU2.702±0.005c2.016±0.051a2.228±0.004b92.999±0.008f
), ArticleFig(id=1320884480517194281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884470966763979, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同产地香菇水提物的单糖组成百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名各组分摩尔百分比(%)
甘露糖(Man)盐酸氨基葡萄糖
(GlcN)
半乳糖(Gal)葡萄糖(Glc)
HH1.482±0.012e0.650±0.034c1.579±0.137e96.288±0.063b
HM1.394±0.003d0.507±0.015e1.349±0.003f96.749±0.016a
HU1.734±0.002f0.608±0.008d2.322±0.212a95.336±0.004c
ZH2.559±0.010b1.559±0.028b1.958±0.005c93.925±0.009e
ZM2.462±0.006a1.555±0.003b1.723±0.058d94.261±0.007d
ZU2.702±0.005c2.016±0.051a2.228±0.004b92.999±0.008f
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基于氨基酸及理化性质差异分析香菇水提物的加工适宜性
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周璐 , 马宁 , 胡秋辉 , 俞云燕 , 段亚宁 , 苏安祥 , 马高兴 *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(8): 314-323
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (8) : 314 -323
基于氨基酸及理化性质差异分析香菇水提物的加工适宜性
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周璐 , 马宁, 胡秋辉, 俞云燕, 段亚宁, 苏安祥, 马高兴*
作者信息
  • 江苏省食用菌保鲜与深加工工程研究中心,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023
通讯作者:
马高兴(1989−)(ORCID:0000−0002−5549−1367),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

周璐(2001−)(ORCID:0009−0003−1930−4020),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Processing Suitability Analysis of Lentinus edodes Water Extracts Based on Differences in Amino Acids and Physicochemical Properties
Lu ZHOU , Ning MA, Qiuhui HU, Yunyan YU, Yaning DUAN, Anxiang SU, Gaoxing MA*
Affiliations
  • Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040328
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为解析同一品种不同产地香菇的精深加工适宜性,以我国两大香菇主产区湖北随州和浙江庆元的主栽香菇品种‘申香1513’为研究对象,分别采用热水浸提法(hot water extraction)、超声波辅助热水提取法(ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction)和微波辅助热水提取法(microwave-assisted hot water extraction)三种工艺制备不同水提物(湖北随州:HH、HU和HM;浙江庆元:ZH、ZU和ZM),并利用高效液相色谱法、紫外光谱法和傅里叶红外光谱法等方法,重点比较了其理化性质和结构特征差异。结果显示,6种水提物的多糖含量在37.44%~53.17%,蛋白含量在14.70%~27.03%,HH和ZH的多糖及蛋白含量均高于其余两种提取方法,浙江水提物的蛋白含量均大于湖北水提物,HU和ZM具有相对更高的灰分含量;红外光谱显示6种水提物中存在O-H、C-H等多糖特征峰以及N-H等蛋白特征峰;氨基酸分析显示6种水提物的氨基酸种类齐全,且谷氨酸含量最高,其中,ZM的总氨基酸含量最高,HH的总氨基酸含量最低,HU的各氨基酸含量高于HH、HM,ZM的氨基酸含量高于ZH、ZU;分子量分析显示湖北香菇水提物分子量呈现三峰分布,浙江香菇水提物分子量为双峰分布;单糖组成分析表明6种香菇水提物均由甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,其中,葡萄糖含量最高,均在90%以上,超声和微波处理均能提高其单糖含量。综上,同一品种不同产地香菇在不同提取工艺下所得水提物理化性质和结构差异显著,若想提取水提物中的有效活性物质,则热水提取法为两地香菇的最佳提取方法,若要得到较高氨基酸含量的水提物,则湖北香菇采用超声辅助热水提取法,浙江香菇采用微波辅助热水提取法,该研究可为不同香菇的精深加工适宜性解析提供模型支撑,亦可为以同一品种、不同产地的香菇水提物作为食品基料,开展新型未来健康食品的精准开发,提供理论依据。

香菇  /  不同产地  /  加工品质  /  理化性质  /  营养价值  /  氨基酸分析

To investigate the deep-processing suitability of the same Lentinus edodes cultivar ('Shenxiang 1513') from different geographical origins (Suizhou, Hubei and Qingyuan, Zhejiang, China), aqueous extracts were prepared using three distinct extraction methods: Hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction, and microwave-assisted hot water extraction (designated as HH, HU, HM for Hubei samples and ZH, ZU, ZM for Zhejiang samples, respectively). The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of these extracts were systematically analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the polysaccharide content of the six aqueous extracts ranged from 37.44% to 53.17%, while the protein content ranged from 14.70% to 27.03%. Notably, both HH and ZH exhibited higher polysaccharide and protein contents compared to the other extraction methods. Furthermore, the protein content of Zhejiang-derived extracts consistently surpassed that of the extracts from Hubei. Additionally, HU and ZM showed relatively higher ash contents among all tested samples. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of polysaccharide-specific peaks (O-H, C-H) and protein-specific peaks (N-H) in all extracts. Amino acid analysis revealed complete profiles with glutamic acid dominant, ZM had the highest total amino acid content while HH had the lowest, with HU showed elevated individual amino acid levels compared to HH and HM, while ZM surpassed ZH and ZU. Molecular weight analysis revealed a trimodal distribution for the water extract of Hubei-sourced L. edodes, while the Zhejiang-sourced extract exhibited a bimodal distribution. Monosaccharide composition analysis demonstrated that all extracts consisted of mannose, glucosamine hydrochloride, galactose, and glucose, with glucose content exceeded 90%, both ultrasonic and microwave treatments significantly increased the monosaccharide content. In conclusion, significant differences in physicochemical and structural properties were observed among the aqueous extracts of L. edodes from different regions under varying extraction methods, for optimal extraction of bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts, hot water extraction proved to be the most effective method for both geographical origins. However, to obtain extracts with higher amino acid content, ultrasonic-assisted hot water extraction was preferable for Hubei-derived samples, while microwave-assisted hot water extraction yielded superior results for Zhejiang-sourced specimens. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for evaluating the deep-processing suitability of L. edodes and support the precise development of future health foods using region-specific extracts as functional ingredients.

Lentinus edodes  /  different origins  /  processing quality  /  physical and chemical properties  /  nutritional value  /  amino acid analysis
周璐, 马宁, 胡秋辉, 俞云燕, 段亚宁, 苏安祥, 马高兴. 基于氨基酸及理化性质差异分析香菇水提物的加工适宜性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 314 -323 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040328
Lu ZHOU, Ning MA, Qiuhui HU, Yunyan YU, Yaning DUAN, Anxiang SU, Gaoxing MA. Processing Suitability Analysis of Lentinus edodes Water Extracts Based on Differences in Amino Acids and Physicochemical Properties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 314 -323 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040328
作为农业生产大国,开展农产品资源的多维品质评价,重点围绕营养功能品质特性,系统评价其精深加工适宜性,是提升我国农产品附加值的重要途径。已有研究对不同产地农产品的品质差异进行了比较分析,如潘红英等[1]研究了四川、新疆、吉林3个产地羊肚菌的风味物质,结果表明不同地区同种羊肚菌干品中风味成分含量差异明显,以四川产的羊肚菌风味最佳,吉林羊肚菌其次,刘利平等[2]比较了6个不同产地松茸子实体的营养和功能成分差异,结果表明,不同产地的松茸子实体中蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维与粗多糖含量均有一定差异,来自四川的松茸子实体中糖醇种类相较其他产地更为丰富。目前仍然缺乏决定营养和功能品质特征组分的加工适宜性评价,限制了农产品在未来健康食品开发领域的应用。
食用菌行业是中国农业种植业仅次于谷物、蔬菜、水果和油料的第五大行业[3]。食用菌是以高蛋白、低脂肪、低纤维而著称的健康食品[4]。作为食用菌种植大国,我国食用菌相关产品多以鲜菇和干菇两种形式为主,缺乏多样化的产品,尤其在未来健康食品领域,其精深加工产品未能形成规模,导致产品附加值低[5]。香菇是我国的代表性食用菌之一[6],在湖北随州和浙江庆元等多个地区被广泛种植,其中‘申香1513’是其主要栽培品种。整体而言,当前对香菇的品质评价多集中于感官、质构、风味等,如Xiang等[7]对不同产地香菇的总脂质进行表征,筛选出19种脂质作为区分不同产地香菇的潜在标志物,赵诗雨等[8]分析了浙江、湖北和新疆香菇多糖的抗氧化活性,结果显示,湖北香菇多糖具有显著清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH)的作用,新疆香菇多糖对2,2-联氮基双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS+)自由基的清除率显著高于浙江和湖北香菇。综上所述,不同产地香菇的品质有显著差异,但是其决定营养和功能品质的特征组分差异尚未被系统研究,相关理论基础仍需完善,尤其是产地、品种、加工工艺的交互作用对香菇上述品质的影响仍需深入研究。
本研究选取湖北随州、浙江庆元两大香菇主产区的主产香菇品种‘申香1513’为研究对象,并采用当前在精深加工过程中最常见的三种工艺:热水提取法、超声辅助热水提取法、微波辅助热水提取法,制备同一品种不同产地的香菇水提物,测定其基本理化指标,结合扫描电镜观察微观结构,采用高效液相色谱法、紫外光谱法和傅里叶红外光谱法表征各香菇水提物的结构和化学特性,并进行了氨基酸分析和蛋白质的营养评价,对同一品种不同产地香菇水提物潜在的营养和功能品质进行系统的解析,从而确定同一品种不同产地香菇水提物的精深加工适宜性,为同一品种不同产地香菇的适宜加工工艺选择提供理论支撑,同时有助于为香菇精深加工产品的开发提供技术支持。
湖北‘申香1513’香菇 湖北长久菌业有限公司,于2023年冬季采摘,采摘时形态大小一致;浙江‘申香1513’香菇 浙江香满亭生物科技有限公司,于2023年冬季采摘,采摘时形态大小一致;浓硫酸、盐酸 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;苯酚 (分析纯),南京化学试剂有限公司;右旋糖酐分析标准品 西格玛奥德里奇贸易有限公司;葡聚糖、氯化钠 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;岩藻糖、鼠李糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖、甘露糖、核糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸(各单糖纯度均为HPLC≥98%)、1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP,分析纯) 上海源叶生物;三氟乙酸(TFA,分析纯)、磷酸二氢钾(HPLC≥99.5%) 上海易恩生物;乙腈(HPLC≥99.9%) 湖北弗顿生化;BCA试剂盒 碧云天生物技术有限公司。
HH-4数显恒温水浴锅 国华电器有限公司;NO138-85-500冷冻干燥机 北京照生行仪器设备有限公司;GL-21M型高速冷冻离心机 上海市离心机械研究所有限公司;LC-DCY-12GK氮吹仪 上海力辰邦西仪器科技; KQ-500E型数控超声波清洗器 昆山超声仪器有限公司;Molecular M2E多功能酶标仪 美国Molecular Devices公司;日立大型扫描电镜TM-300 日本Hitachi高新技术公司;Bruker tensor27傅里叶红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;UV-9000 紫外-分光光度计 上海 Metash 公司;戴安U3000高效液相色谱仪 美国thermo;L-8900 型全自动氨基酸分析仪 日本Hitachi 公司。
湖北和浙江两地香菇经采摘后,在50~65 ℃烘干24 h,分别将湖北和浙江的干香菇研磨,过100目筛,取两产地的香菇粉样品,分别按 1:30 (w/v) 的料液比溶于去离子水,根据实验室前期已有工艺参数并稍作修改[9],对每种产地的样品分别进行以下三种处理,热水浸提:60 ℃水浴浸提3 h,处理后的湖北样品命名为HH(湖北热水处理组),浙江样品命名为ZH(浙江热水处理组)。超声辅助热水提取:在60 ℃水浴浸提的基础上,增加40 min超声处理,超声频率为40 kHz,处理后的湖北样品命名为HU(湖北超声处理组),浙江样品命名为ZU(浙江超声处理组)。微波辅助热水提取:在60 ℃水浴浸提的基础上,增加50 Hz、1300 W的微波处理2 min,处理后的湖北样品命名为HM(湖北微波处理组),浙江样品命名为ZM(浙江微波处理组)。4000 r/min离心20 min,将上清液旋转蒸发至适当体积,真空冷冻干燥72 h,得到香菇水提物冻干样品。
采用苯酚-硫酸法[10]测定多糖含量;采用BCA蛋白试剂盒测定蛋白质含量;采用国标GB 5009.4-2016[11]测定灰分含量。
根据文献[12]所报道的方法进行了紫外-可见光谱分析,并进行了少量修改,以水提物冻干样品制备0.5 mg/mL的样品溶液,使用蒸馏水作为空白,在200~400 cm−1范围内利用紫外分光光度计扫描。
参考Du等[13]的方法,将一定数量的溴化钾(100~200 mg)在烘箱中烘干至恒重,然后将KBr在玛瑙臼中进一步研磨,用压片机压成薄片,以没有样品的溴化钾薄片作为调整基线,将3~5 mg样品和KBr在玛瑙臼中轻轻研磨,然后用压片机压成薄片,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪扫描波段(400~4000 cm−1),分辨率为2 cm−1,扫描次数4次。
冻干样品研磨成小颗粒,将导电双面胶贴在样品台上,取少许冻干样品于双面胶上,吹去多余粉末,在真空喷金后将样品置于扫描电子显微镜中观察并拍摄其微观形貌[14]。
按照食品安全国家标准GB 5009.124-2016[15]测定水提物样品中的氨基酸含量。
据联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)提出并于2013年修改的评价蛋白质营养价值模式[16]及常用参考蛋白质鸡蛋和牛奶的必需氨基酸含量[17],参考对应文献的方法,根据公式计算了六种水提物中蛋白的氨基酸评分(Amino acid score,AAS)[16]、氨基酸比值(Ratio of amino acid,RAA)[17]、氨基酸比值系数(Ratio of amino acid coefficient,RC)[18]和氨基酸比值系数分(Score of ratio coefficient of amino acid,SRC)[19],此外,参考标准蛋白鸡蛋蛋白模式计算了氨基酸的化学评分[20]和必需氨基酸指数[21]。
$\rm 氨基酸评分(AAS) =\frac{\mathrm{A}_{\text{sample},\mathrm{i}}}{\mathrm{A}_{\text{pattern},\mathrm{i}}}\times 100 $
$\rm 氨基酸比值(RAA) =\frac{\mathrm{A}_{\text{sample},\mathrm{i}}}{\mathrm{A}_{\text{pattern},\mathrm{i}}} $
式中,Asample,i(i=1, 2, ……, 8)为待测样品蛋白质中某种必需氨基酸的质量分数(mg/g蛋白质);Apattern,i(i=1, 2, ……, 8)为2013年FAO评分模式中相应必需氨基酸的质量分数(mg/g蛋白质)。
$\rm 氨基酸比值系数(RC) =\frac{\text{RAA}}{\overline{\text{RAA}}} $
式中:RAA表示氨基酸比值;$ \overline{\text{RAA}} $表示氨基酸比值的平均数。
$\rm 氨基酸比值系数分(SRC) = (100-C_{CV})\times 100 $
式中:CCV 是氨基酸比值系数的变异系数,是标准差与平均数的比值。
$\rm 化学评分(CS) =\frac{\mathrm{A}_{\text{sample},\mathrm{i}}}{\mathrm{A}_{\text{reference},\mathrm{i}}}\times 100 $
式中:Asample,i(i=1, 2, ……, 8)为待测样品蛋白质中某种必需氨基酸的质量分数(mg/g蛋白质);Areference,i (i=1, 2, ……, 8)为参考蛋白质鸡蛋中相应必需氨基酸的质量分数(mg/g蛋白质)。
$ \begin{split}&\rm 必需氨基酸指数(EAAI) =\\&\sqrt[8]{\frac{\mathrm{A}_{\text{sample},1}}{\mathrm{A}_{\text{reference},1}}\times \frac{\mathrm{A}_{\text{sample},2}}{\mathrm{A}_{\text{reference},2}}\times \cdots \cdots \times \frac{\mathrm{A}_{\text{sample},8}}{\mathrm{A}_{\text{reference},8}}} \end{split}$
式中:Asample,i(i=1, 2, ……, 8)和Areference,i(i=1, 2, ……, 8),同公式(5)。
参考Ren等[22]的方法并稍作修改,采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法测定水提物的分子量,精密称取样品5 mg,向样品中加入0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液1 mL,配制成5 mg/mL供试样品溶液,8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液用0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤,然后将样品转移至2 mL进样瓶中备用。色谱条件:流动相为0.05 mol/L NaCl溶液,色谱柱:示差检测器色谱柱为聚合物基质水溶性SEC(GFC)色谱柱(8×300 mm)3根串联,流速:0.65 mL/min,柱温为40 ℃,进样量为30 μL,与不同分子量的右旋糖酐标准品为对照,根据标准曲线的校准方程(lg Mw=−0.1772T+11.0909,R2=0.9936)计算样品分子量。
参考Wu等[23]的方法并稍作修改,标准品配制:依次称取鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐单糖各5 mg,岩藻糖10 mg,溶解后定容至10 mL,配制成标准品母液,再分别以10、20、40、60、80、100、200、500 μg/mL(岩藻糖:20、40、60、80、100、200、400、1000 μg/mL)的浓度梯度稀释定容,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜后装入进样瓶中。
样品溶液的制备:取干净的色谱瓶,精确称量多糖样品5 mg(±0.05 mg),加入1 mL 2 mol/L TFA溶液,121 ℃加热2 h。通氮气,吹干,加入3 mL甲醇清洗,再吹干,重复甲醇清洗2~3次,加入1 mL无菌水溶解,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜后转入色谱瓶中待测。
PMP衍生化:取单糖标准品溶液或多糖水解液0.2 mL于具塞尖底离心管中,加入0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,0.5 mL 0.5 mol/L PMP甲醇溶液,涡旋混匀后于70 ℃水浴中反应1 h,反应完成后加0.2 mL 0.5 mol/L盐酸中和所加入的氢氧化钠,加氯仿1 mL涡旋萃取3次除去多余的PMP,弃去氯仿层后,取0.3 mL加水定容至1 mL。
色谱方法:ThermoU3000液相色谱系统,色谱柱为ZORBAX EclipseXDB-C18,流动相为乙腈:磷酸盐缓冲液(磷酸二氢钾12 g/L,2 mol/L NaOH调整pH至6.8)等度洗脱,乙腈和磷酸盐缓冲液的体积比为17:83,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,检测波长250 nm,进样量10 μL。
试验数据重复测定三次,试验结果表示为平均值±标准差,使用Excel2016对数据进行整理;使用Origin 2021软件对试验数据进行图表绘制;使用SPSS 26.0软件的Duncan 检验对相关数据进行显著性分析,P<0.05表示差异显著;OMNIC 9.2软件进行红外光谱数据平滑,并计算相关系数。
对几种香菇水提物的基本成分进行检测,蛋白含量的线性回归方程:y=0.9875x+0.1393,R2=0.9984。结果如表1所示,对于湖北的香菇水提物,多糖含量最高的是HH,为53.17%,蛋白含量最高的也是HH,为16.92%。灰分含量最高的则是HU,为14.36%。而对于浙江的香菇水提物,多糖含量最高的是ZH,为43.14%,蛋白含量最高的也是ZH,为27.03%,灰分含量最高的是ZM,为17.20%。这可能是由于超声的强机械振动和微波的局部高温对多糖或蛋白的结构造成破坏,导致提取量减少,Zhang等[24]的研究结果显示,热水提取法所得的金针菇多糖含量高于超声辅助提取法,蛋白含量高于微波辅助提取法,由此可见,提取这两个产地香菇中的有效活性物质,热水提取法仍然是最有效的方法。湖北香菇水提物的多糖含量显著高于浙江香菇水提物(P<0.05),浙江香菇水提物的蛋白含量显著高于湖北香菇水提物(P<0.05),这可能与各产地的地理环境及生长方式等因素有关,虽然超声和微波处理没有提高多糖和蛋白的溶出量,但是灰分含量增加,无论是湖北香菇还是浙江香菇,超声辅助法和微波辅助法得到的灰分含量均高于纯热水法,超声处理对湖北香菇水提物灰分含量影响更大,微波处理对浙江香菇水提物灰分含量的影响更大。
图1显示了湖北和浙江的香菇水提物的紫外光谱图,所有样品的光谱形状基本相似,说明六种水提物的主要化学成分种类相似,但在含量上存在差异,且六种水提物在280 nm处均有吸收峰,表明其中存在蛋白质,与基本组分含量测定结果一致。
红外光谱分析可以显示多糖各基团的特征吸收峰,各样品的红外光谱范围为4000~400 cm−1,图2是六种样品的红外光谱图,六种样品均在3400 cm−1附近出现一个宽而强的峰,这是羟基(O-H)的伸缩振动以及N-H键的伸缩振动[25],这两个官能团是糖和蛋白质的特征吸收峰,表明水提物中同时含有多糖和蛋白质,2935 cm−1左右的吸收峰与多糖中甲基(C-H)的收缩振动有关[26],1635 cm−1左右的吸收峰为羰基(C=O)的伸缩振动[10],这是蛋白的特征吸收峰,然而,1405 cm−1附近的宽而强的吸收峰可以归因于蛋白质的CH3和CH2的对称变形[27−28],在1100~1000 cm−1处的强吸收峰属于C-O-C糖苷键的特征,以及吡喃糖环的C-O-H侧基振动,表明6个水提物在其结构中具有吡喃糖单体[29],在890 cm−1左右的吸收峰来自糖苷键的β构型[30],说明这六种香菇水提物中糖苷键连接方式主要为β型。此结果也证实,香菇水提物是多糖和蛋白的混合物,与基本成分测定结果一致。
傅里叶变换红外光谱是分析蛋白质二级结构的有效工具,其中蛋白质中肽键的振动,即酰胺I带,存在于1600~1700 cm−1[31]。具体来说,1600~1640 cm−1、1640~1650 cm−1、1650~1660 cm−1和1660~1700 cm−1的波段分别表示β-折叠、无规则卷曲、α-螺旋和β-转角的存在[32],通过PeakFit v4.12将酰胺Ⅰ带(1700~1600 cm−1)的光谱进行去卷积和高斯拟合,计算二级结构百分比,结果如图3所示,六种样品中均含有β-转角、无规则卷曲、α-螺旋和β-折叠四种二级结构,但占比呈现差异,对于湖北香菇水提物而言,各二级结构含量均具有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中,HM的β-转角含量最高,HH、HU都是β-折叠的含量最高,与HH相比,HU的β-折叠的含量显著增加(P<0.05),但是另外三种二级结构的含量降低,HM的β-折叠的含量显著降低(P<0.05),无规则卷曲、α-螺旋和β-转角的含量增加,对于浙江香菇水提物而言,二级结构含量差异在小范围内波动,ZU和ZM的各二级结构含量无显著性差异,三种水提物中β-折叠含量显著高于其他二级结构(P<0.05),其次是β-转角,这与湖北香菇的三种水提物不同,除此之外,ZH的β-转角含量显著高于ZU和ZM(P<0.05),但无规则卷曲、α-螺旋含量更低。
六种样品的相关性如图4所示,相关性分析可以衡量各个变量之间线性相关程度,相关系数越接近1,则相关性越强,样品的差异越小;相关系数越接近0,相关性就越低,样品的差异就越大[33],对六种样品的红外光谱进行相关性分析,结果如图4所示,各水提物两两之间的相关系数在0.61~0.96之间,均大于0.6,呈较强相关性,可能与其都是同一品种香菇的水提物有关,除ZU和HH、ZM和HH外,其余水提物两两之间相关系数均大于0.7,说明其余水提物之间显著相关(P<0.01),其中,相关性最低的是ZU和HH,为0.61,表明这两个水提物的差异最大,ZH和ZM的相关系数最高,为0.96,极显著相关(P<0.001),说明其差异最小,就湖北香菇水提物而言,两两之间的相关系数在0.74~0.88之间,差异相对较大,而浙江香菇水提物两两之间的相关系数均在0.9以上,极显著相关(P<0.001),差异较小,表明不同提取方法对湖北香菇水提物的影响大于对浙江香菇水提物的影响,这与不同提取方法对二级结构含量的影响趋势相同。
图5为水提物冻干颗粒的扫描电镜图,从图5可以看出,湖北的香菇水提物冻干颗粒呈散块状,边角锋利,纯热水提取的冻干表面较为光滑,经过超声或微波处理的冻干表面粗糙。而浙江的香菇冻干颗粒呈聚集形态,边角圆润,相比于湖北香菇的冻干颗粒,浙江的表面更为光滑,且经过微波处理后的冻干颗粒逐渐趋于碎片化。
六种样品的氨基酸含量如表2所示,可见六种水提物氨基酸种类齐全,且均含有7种必需氨基酸(EAA)和10种非必需氨基酸(NEAA),就氨基酸总量(TAA)而言,在364.79~518.86 mg/g之间,HM、ZH的氨基酸总量相近,没有显著性差异,另外四组的氨基酸总量都具有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中ZM的氨基酸总量最高,HH的氨基酸总量最低,按其氨基酸总量从大到小排序为ZM>HU>ZU>ZH>HM>HH,就单个氨基酸而言,不同水提物的氨基酸含量基本具有显著性差异(P<0.05),湖北香菇水提物的氨基酸组成中,除半胱氨酸外,HU的各氨基酸含量显著高于HH、HM(P<0.05),且HH、HM的氨基酸含量相近,但除谷氨酸和半胱氨酸外,HM的各氨基酸含量比HH略高,说明超声处理对湖北香菇水提物的氨基酸影响较大。同样,浙江香菇水提物的氨基酸组成中,除半胱氨酸外,ZM的氨基酸含量显著(P<0.05)高于ZH、ZU,且ZH、ZU的氨基酸含量相近,但ZU的各氨基酸含量比ZH略高,说明微波处理对浙江香菇水提物的影响更为显著,这与湖北香菇水提物不同。
必需氨基酸含量在110~155 mg/g之间,均具有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中必需氨基酸含量最高的是HU,最低的是ZH,在必需氨基酸中,HH、HM、ZH、ZU和ZM中含量最高的是赖氨酸(Lys),HU中含量最高的是亮氨酸(Leu),所有水提物中含量最低的必需氨基酸均为甲硫氨酸(Met)。六种样品的非必需氨基酸在249~367.72 mg/g之间,含量最高的是ZM,最低的是HH,从表中可以看出,在非必需氨基酸中,六种水提物的谷氨酸含量远高于其余氨基酸,HH、HU、HM、ZM的谷氨酸含量有显著性差异,ZH、ZU的谷氨酸含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),在此基础上,浙江香菇水提物的谷氨酸含量均显著高于湖北香菇水提物(P<0.05),除此之外,六种样品的EAA/TAA为28.10%~32.86%,EAA/NEAA为39.08%~48.93%,EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA最高的均为HM。
食物中蛋白质营养价值的优劣主要取决于其中所含必需氨基酸的种类、数量和组成比例[34],通过分析水提物中的这三种指标从而对其营养价值进行评价。利用联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)提出的EAA模式,计算样品中EAA的氨基酸评分(ASS)、氨基酸比值(RAA)、氨基酸比值系数(RC)、氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)和化学评分(CS)以及必需氨基酸指数值(EAAI)。
食用菌蛋白质的氨基酸评分为被测蛋白质中某一必需氨基酸的百分比与 FAO/WHO评分模式中相应氨基酸的百分比的比值[35]。各样品的氨基酸评分如表3所示,除ZM中苏氨酸的ASS大于100外,其余样品的ASS均小于100,氨基酸评分最高为ZM的苏氨酸。最低为ZH的亮氨酸,为29.9,HU、HM的氨基酸评分均高于HH,除此之外,ZU、ZM的氨基酸评分也高于ZH,这与氨基酸组成中超声和微波能提高氨基酸含量对应,说明超声和微波处理提高了氨基酸的含量,优化了氨基酸组成。由见表3可知,不同样品的氨基酸组成具有较大差异,六种样品的亮氨酸(Leu)氨基酸评分均为最低,因此亮氨酸是六种样品的第一限制性氨基酸,进一步计算其比值系数和比值系数分,详见表4。
SRC说明蛋白质的相对营养价值。RC表明了EAA含量与标准模式氨基酸的偏离程度;RC最小的即为第1限制性氨基酸;如果RC=1,则样品氨基酸含量与标准模式氨基酸一致;若RC>1,则样品的EAA相对过剩;若RC<1,则样品的EAA相对不足[35]。由表4可知,6种样品的氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)在70.72~77.55之间,平均为73.53。SRC最高的为HM,最低为ZH,其大小按高低排序为HM>HU>HH>ZU>ZM>ZH,从RC来看,HH、HU和HM的组氨酸(His)、苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr)、苏氨酸(Thr)均大于等于1,表明这三种水提物中His、Phe+Tyr、Thr相对过剩,异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、赖氨酸(Lys)、甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸(Met+Cys)、缬氨酸(Val)小于1,表明其含量相对不足,而ZH、ZU、ZM的Met+Cys、Phe+Tyr、Val大于1,表明这三种样品中Met+Cys、Phe+Tyr、Val相对过剩,其余氨基酸相对不足,说明不同样品氨基酸含量差异大。
化学评分则是蛋白质中某一必需氨基酸的百分比与标准鸡蛋模式中相对应的必需氨基酸百分比的比值,化学评分以最低的氨基酸作为蛋白质的化学评分[36],并预测第一限制性氨基酸,六种样品的氨基酸化学评分和必需氨基酸指数如表5所示,由表5可知,HH、HU、HM的第一限制性氨基酸均为甲硫氨酸+半胱氨酸(Met+Cys),其评分高低排序为HU>HM>HH,而ZH、ZU、ZM的第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Tyr),评分高低排序为ZM>ZU>ZH,较氨基酸评分(AAS)得出的第一限制性氨基酸不同,可见,采用全鸡蛋及FAO/WHO 2种不同的参考模式,评分存在差异,第一限制性氨基酸的种类也有差异。
必需氨基酸指数是样品待测蛋白中所有的必需氨基酸相对于标准鸡蛋白模式中所有必需氨基酸的比率。必需氨基酸指数越接近100,则说明样品蛋白与标准鸡蛋白的必需氨基酸组成越接近[36]。由表5可知,各样品的必需氨基酸指数均小于100,在44.76~62.81,最大为HU,其次为ZM,必需氨基酸指数按高低排序为HU>ZM>HM>ZU>HH>ZH,其中HU和ZM与标准鸡蛋白的必需氨基酸组成更接近,对于这两种产地的香菇,HU、HM或ZU、ZM的必需氨基酸指数均高于HH或ZH,同时也说明了不同水提物的氨基酸组成存在差异。
以标准品相对分子质量的对数值为纵坐标,以相应色谱峰的保留时间(T)为横坐标进行线性回归得到lgMw-T(重均分子量)校正曲线,根据校正曲线得到校正曲线方程:lgMw=−0.1772T+11.0909,R2= 0.9936,计算得到各样品的分子量大小,结果如表6所示,图6为分子量谱图,结合表6可以看出,6种样品的出峰时间相似,但是分子量大小有较大差异,所有样品均在RT≈22~24 min时检测到高分子量多糖,在RT≈44.6 min时均出现低分子量多糖,湖北香菇水提物中均含有3个峰,即3个多糖组分,最大分子量的高低排序为HM>HH>HU。而浙江香菇水提物中含有2个峰,即2个多糖组分,最大分子量的高低排序也为ZM>ZH>ZU,而在同一种提取方法下相比,浙江香菇水提物的最大分子量均大于湖北香菇水提物。
采用PMP柱前衍生高效液相色谱法分析六种样品单糖组成,对单糖混合标准液进行PMP衍生化,进行高效液相色谱分析,结果如图7所示,各单糖标准品出峰时间依次为甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、氨基半乳糖盐酸盐、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖。由图7可以看出,六种样品单糖组分基本相同,均由甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,但它们的摩尔比有明显不同,其摩尔比由表7所示,含量最多的单糖为葡萄糖,均在90%以上,含量最低的单糖为盐酸氨基葡萄糖,不同提取方法下各水提物的单糖含量不同,对湖北香菇水提物来说,HU的半乳糖含量是HH、HM的近两倍,而HH、HM的葡萄糖含量均高于HU,表明超声处理增加了甘露糖和半乳糖的含量,微波处理增加了葡萄糖含量,对浙江香菇水提物来说,ZU的甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖以及半乳糖含量高于ZH、ZM,但葡萄糖含量最低,ZM的葡萄糖含量最高,表明微波处理增加了葡萄糖含量,超声处理增加了其余3种单糖的含量。总的来说,浙江香菇水提物的甘露糖含量、盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量均高于湖北香菇水提物,而湖北香菇水提物的葡萄糖含量均高于浙江香菇水提物,因此六种水提物单糖组成相近,但含量上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
该研究对6种香菇水提物的组成、结构进行表征,并系统评价了水提物的营养价值,结果表明,湖北香菇的多糖含量基本高于浙江香菇,而多糖很难被胃肠道消化吸收,因此可以考虑将其进一步加工成益生元产品。浙江香菇的蛋白含量比湖北香菇蛋白含量高,更适用于靶向地加工成蛋白补充剂。比较6种水提物的紫外光谱和红外光谱可以发现,其光谱形状虽然相似,但在结构上存在差异。从微观结构上看,冻干颗粒整体都比较光滑,ZM更趋于碎片化。在氨基酸组成方面,HU或ZM的氨基酸含量高于其余样品,更适用于加工成为氨基酸补充剂,尤其以谷氨酸为主,能为某些特定人群提供氨基酸来源。分子量分析显示湖北香菇水提物有3个多糖组分,浙江香菇水提物有2个多糖组分。在单糖组成方面,6种水提物均由甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖组成,葡萄糖含量最高,占90%以上,盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量最低,因此六种水提物单糖组成相近,但含量上存在差异。综上所述,对同一香菇品种而言,不同地域栽培对香菇水提物基本组成成分含量、微观结构、氨基酸含量尤其以谷氨酸为主、分子量以及各单糖含量等特征影响显著;而对单一香菇而言,不同浸提方式所得香菇水提物亦会在基本组成成分含量、二级结构含量以及氨基酸含量等方面表现出显著差异,总的来说,若想提取水提物中的有效活性物质,则热水提取法为最佳提取方法,若要得到较高氨基酸含量的水提物,则湖北香菇采取超声辅助热水浸提法,浙江香菇采取微波辅助热水浸提法。由此,本研究结果可为具有不同特征品质的香菇水提物的精准制备提供理论支撑,实现香菇高附加值及个性化应用,同时有助于为香菇精深加工产品的开发提供技术支持。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040328
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
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    江苏省食用菌保鲜与深加工工程研究中心,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏南京 210023

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马高兴(1989−)(ORCID:0000−0002−5549−1367),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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