Article(id=1320884453912723768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040319, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852994659, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852994659, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852994659, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852994659, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=263, endPage=272, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884454097273145, articleId=1320884453912723768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Influence of Different Drying Methods on the Quality of Crispy Plum Preserved Fruits, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore a drying technique tailored to the characteristics of crisp plum preserves, this study systematically compared the effects of four drying methods—hot-air drying at constant temperature (HD), hot-air drying with variable temperature (VHD), hot-air-vacuum-hot-air drying (CD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD)—on the drying characteristics, sensory quality, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of the preserves. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of the correlations between various indicators was conducted. The results indicated that all drying rates followed a pattern of initial increase followed by decrease, with the drying durations for the HD, VHD, CD, and VFD groups being 15, 17, 16 and 23 h, respectively. Within the first 9 h, the drying rate of the VFD group was lower than that of the HD, VHD, and CD groups. However, from 11 h onwards, the drying rate of the VFD group exceeded that of the other three groups. In sensory evaluation, the VHD group achieved the highest score (79.60 points), while the VFD group obtained the lowest (73.20 points). The L*, a*, and b* values of the VFD group were significantly higher than those of the other treatment groups (P<0.05), no significant differences were observed in textural properties or shrinkage rate between the VFD and VHD groups (P>0.05). Regarding physicochemical properties, the VHD group contained the highest level of free amino acids (0.7105 g/100 g). Its contents of total sugar, total phenols, flavonoids and vitamin C were significantly higher than those in other hot-air drying groups (P<0.05), at 375.53, 2.10, 10.29 mg/g, and 2.20 mg/100 g, respectively. The VFD group showed the strongest antioxidant activity, with a FRAP value of 50.36 μmol Fe2+/g, a hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of 45.04%, and both ABTS+ and DPPH free radical scavenging rates exceeded 80%. The VHD group ranked second, with the corresponding indicators being 35.73 μmol Fe2+/g (FRAP), 41.75% (hydroxyl radical scavenging rate), 77.29% (ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates), and 67.37% (DPPH free radical scavenging rates), respectively. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the total sensory evaluation score was significantly negatively correlated with L*, a*, and b* values (P<0.05). The hardness of the preserves was highly significantly negatively correlated with the contents of total sugar, total phenols, and flavonoids (P<0.01), while antioxidant indicators were significantly positively correlated with these three components (P<0.05). Additionally, free amino acid content was significantly negatively correlated with a* (r=−0.58, P<0.05) and vitamin C content (r=−0.70, P<0.05). Considering comprehensive indicators and economic costs, VHD would be more suitable for the production of crisp plum preserves, providing a reference for enhancing their industrial efficiency and quality.

, authors=Song LI, Hongjie PAN, Pan ZHANG, Benjiao LI*, authorsList=Song LI, Hongjie PAN, Pan ZHANG, Benjiao LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Benjiao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884456513192256, articleId=1320884453912723768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同干燥方式对脆李果脯品质的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探索一种契合脆李果脯特性的干燥方法,本研究系统对比了热风恒温干燥(HD)、热风变温干燥(VHD)、热风-真空-热风干燥(CD)、真空冷冻干燥(VFD)这四种干燥方式对果脯干燥特性、感官品质、理化品质及抗氧化活性的影响,并深入分析各指标之间的相关性。结果表明:HD组、VHD组、CD组及VFD组的干燥时间分别为15、17、16及23 h,干燥速率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在9 h之前,HD组、VHD组及CD组的干燥速率均高于VFD组,而从11 h起,VFD组高于其他三组。感官评价中,VHD组评分最高(79.60分),VFD组的分值最低(73.20分)。VFD组的L*、a*及b*值显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05);其质构特性与皱缩率和VHD组无显著差异(P>0.05)。在理化品质方面,VHD的游离氨基酸含量最高(0.7105 g/100 g),总糖、总酚、黄酮及VC也均显著高于其他热风干燥组(P<0.05),分别为375.53、2.10、10.29 mg/g和2.20 mg/100 g。VFD组的抗氧化活性最强,其FRAP值为50.36 μmol Fe2+/g,羟自由基清除率为45.04%,ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除率均超过80%;VHD次之,FRAP值35.73 μmol Fe2+/g、羟自由基清除率41.75%、ABTS+自由基清除率77.29%、DPPH自由基清除率67.37%。相关性分析表明,L*、a*及b*与感官评价总分均呈现显著负相关趋势(P<0.05);果脯硬度与总糖、总酚及黄酮含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而抗氧化性指标与三者呈显著正相关(P<0.05);游离氨基酸含量与a*(r=−0.58,P<0.05)、维生素C含量呈显著负相关(r=−0.70,P<0.05)。综合指标与经济成本,VHD更适用于脆李果脯生产,为提升果脯工业化效率与品质提供了参考。

, authors=李松, 潘洪杰, 章攀, 李本姣*, authorsList=李松, 潘洪杰, 章攀, 李本姣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李本姣, authorNote=

李松(1988−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李本姣(1990−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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李松(1988−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

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LWT, 2024, 3(196): 115873., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884470207594948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Qiaolan, LI Chen, ZHOU Cunshan, et al. Effects of cutting and drying method (vacuum freezing, catalytic infrared, and hot air drying) on rehydration kinetics and physicochemical characteristics of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) [J]. Journal of Food Science, 2022, 87(9): 3797−3808., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884470283092421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=肖广健, 刘园, 陈飞, 等. 渗透处理结合热风干燥对桃脯干燥特性的影响[J]. 食品科学技术学报, 2021, 39(5): 165−174. [XIAO Guangjian, LIU Yuan, CHEN Fei, et al. Effect of osmosis treatment combined with hot air drying on the drying characteristics of dried peaches[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021, 39(5): 165−174.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884470341812678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO Guangjian, LIU Yuan, CHEN Fei, et al. Effect of osmosis treatment combined with hot air drying on the drying characteristics of dried peaches[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021, 39(5): 165−174., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884470400532935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张晓敏, 徐玉娟, 余元善, 等. 龙眼间歇热泵干燥特性及干燥过程品质变化[J]. 食品工业科技, 2024, 45(23): 208−216. [ZHANG Xiaomin, XU Yujuan, YU Yuanshan, et al. Drying characteristics and quality changes of longan during intermittent heat pump drying[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(23): 208−216.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884470455058888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Xiaomin, XU Yujuan, YU Yuanshan, et al. Drying characteristics and quality changes of longan during intermittent heat pump drying[J]. 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Modern Food Science and Technology, 2021, 37(4): 189−198.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884470564110794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO Jiale, CHI Yan, SUN Jingyao, et al. Optimization of color fixative and analysis of non-enzymatic browning during drying of liguang apricots[J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2021, 37(4): 189−198., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884456718713153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884456727101762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, companyId=1320884456718713153, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Dazhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dazhou 635000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884456731296067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, companyId=1320884456718713153, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=达州市农业科学研究院,四川达州 635000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884460397117802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different drying methods on the drying characteristics of dried plum fruit, figureFileSmall=vKnEju56bLq6M37fWOn20Q==, figureFileBig=EWqsRGNzB2QaUVGEu0vchQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884460460032363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干燥方式对脆李果脯干燥特性的影响, figureFileSmall=vKnEju56bLq6M37fWOn20Q==, figureFileBig=EWqsRGNzB2QaUVGEu0vchQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884460640387436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different drying methods on the antioxidant activity of preserved plum fruits, figureFileSmall=orpS8JSp+xDW7bwelZOKuw==, figureFileBig=AqwJBk9Pux+mjpUWUWv20A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884460703301997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥方式对脆李果脯抗氧化活性的影响

注:不同小写字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=orpS8JSp+xDW7bwelZOKuw==, figureFileBig=AqwJBk9Pux+mjpUWUWv20A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884460757827950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation analysis of various indexes of dried plum fruits, figureFileSmall=44/VpW5CskfMK8xccLyLCg==, figureFileBig=3E5egs1gnGuZ+z9VHBrWTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884460816548207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=图3, caption=脆李果脯各指标的相关性分析

注:*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=44/VpW5CskfMK8xccLyLCg==, figureFileBig=3E5egs1gnGuZ+z9VHBrWTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884460871074160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for crisp plum preserves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评价标准感官评分(分)
色泽
(30分)
果脯颜色均匀为黄绿色,表面有光泽21~30
果脯颜色为褐黄色,光泽度一般11~20
果脯颜色为深褐色,光泽度较差1~10
滋味和气
味(40分)
果脯酸甜适中,软硬适宜,有嚼劲,李子气味浓郁31~40
果脯稍甜,口感一般,李子气味较淡16~30
果脯过甜或过酸,过硬或过软,口感不好,无果香味1~15
组织状态
(30分)
果脯果肉组织饱满,表面略微皱缩25~30
果脯果肉有少量破损,表面皱缩16~24
果脯果肉不成型,表面严重皱缩1~15
), ArticleFig(id=1320884460950765937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

脆李果脯感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评价标准感官评分(分)
色泽
(30分)
果脯颜色均匀为黄绿色,表面有光泽21~30
果脯颜色为褐黄色,光泽度一般11~20
果脯颜色为深褐色,光泽度较差1~10
滋味和气
味(40分)
果脯酸甜适中,软硬适宜,有嚼劲,李子气味浓郁31~40
果脯稍甜,口感一般,李子气味较淡16~30
果脯过甜或过酸,过硬或过软,口感不好,无果香味1~15
组织状态
(30分)
果脯果肉组织饱满,表面略微皱缩25~30
果脯果肉有少量破损,表面皱缩16~24
果脯果肉不成型,表面严重皱缩1~15
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461022069106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different drying methods on the sensory scores of dried plum fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式色泽(分)滋味和气味(分)组织状态(分)总分(分)
HD21.20±3.55a32.50±3.21a22.90±2.33b76.60±4.17a
VHD21.90±3.32a34.10±2.13a23.60±2.46b79.60±4.72a
CD20.30±3.97a33.30±2.11a23.40±1.78b77.00±3.20a
VFD20.70±2.79a20.90±3.38b25.70±1.49a73.20±2.04b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461110149491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同干燥方式对脆李果脯感官评分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式色泽(分)滋味和气味(分)组织状态(分)总分(分)
HD21.20±3.55a32.50±3.21a22.90±2.33b76.60±4.17a
VHD21.90±3.32a34.10±2.13a23.60±2.46b79.60±4.72a
CD20.30±3.97a33.30±2.11a23.40±1.78b77.00±3.20a
VFD20.70±2.79a20.90±3.38b25.70±1.49a73.20±2.04b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461198229876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different drying methods on the color and luster of dried plum fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式L*a*b*∆E
HD30.93±1.73b7.46±1.34b18.59±2.07b42.47±1.44a
VHD31.40±1.83b5.80±1.00c19.25±1.31b42.02±1.72a
CD31.12±0.42b7.49±0.58b18.47±1.50b42.30±0.64a
VFD53.56±1.27a11.26±1.17a52.73±2.80a7.65±1.38b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461311476085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同干燥方式对脆李果脯色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式L*a*b*∆E
HD30.93±1.73b7.46±1.34b18.59±2.07b42.47±1.44a
VHD31.40±1.83b5.80±1.00c19.25±1.31b42.02±1.72a
CD31.12±0.42b7.49±0.58b18.47±1.50b42.30±0.64a
VFD53.56±1.27a11.26±1.17a52.73±2.80a7.65±1.38b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461378584950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different drying methods on the texture and crumpling rate of dried plum fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式质构皱缩率(%)
硬度(N)弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
HD9.92±1.76a2.84±0.30a14.44±2.21a45.03±1.51a
VHD6.71±0.40bc2.74±0.27a9.55±2.00b30.40±1.86b
CD7.48±0.55b3.11±0.09a12.95±1.00a31.18±2.04b
VFD6.04±0.90c2.77±0.40a9.29±2.04b26.03±0.40c
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461462471031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同干燥方式对脆李果脯质构和皱缩率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式质构皱缩率(%)
硬度(N)弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
HD9.92±1.76a2.84±0.30a14.44±2.21a45.03±1.51a
VHD6.71±0.40bc2.74±0.27a9.55±2.00b30.40±1.86b
CD7.48±0.55b3.11±0.09a12.95±1.00a31.18±2.04b
VFD6.04±0.90c2.77±0.40a9.29±2.04b26.03±0.40c
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461525385592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of different drying methods on the nutrient composition of dried plum fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式总糖(mg/g)总酚(mg/g)黄酮(mg/g)VC(mg/100 g)
HD339.9±15.94b1.80±0.05d7.57±0.16d1.80±0.20b
VHD357.53±9.05b2.10±0.06b10.29±0.28b2.20±0.10a
CD343.13±14.69b1.96±0.08c8.36±0.35c2.30±0.15a
VFD396.53±5.92a2.36±0.05a12.59±0.13a2.33±0.10a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461705740665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同干燥方式对脆李果脯营养成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干燥方式总糖(mg/g)总酚(mg/g)黄酮(mg/g)VC(mg/100 g)
HD339.9±15.94b1.80±0.05d7.57±0.16d1.80±0.20b
VHD357.53±9.05b2.10±0.06b10.29±0.28b2.20±0.10a
CD343.13±14.69b1.96±0.08c8.36±0.35c2.30±0.15a
VFD396.53±5.92a2.36±0.05a12.59±0.13a2.33±0.10a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461772849530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effects of different drying methods on the free amino acid content of dried plum fruit (g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HDVHDCDVFD
天门冬氨酸0.0121±0.0013a0.0092±0.0001a0.0127±0.0007a0.0092±0.0033a
苏氨酸0.0037±0.0007a0.0034±0.0000a0.0023±0.0002c0.0033±0.0001ab
丝氨酸0.1847±0.0103a0.1884±0.0100a0.1883±0.0099a0.1546±0.0056b
谷氨酸0.0080±0.0012a0.0084±0.0013a0.0130±0.0066a0.0055±0.0004a
甘氨酸0.0008±0.0001b0.0014±0.0006ab0.0011±0.0003ab0.0021±0.0003a
丙氨酸0.0451±0.0024c0.0637±0.0029b0.0508±0.0025c0.0715±0.0015a
胱氨酸0.0024±0.0001b0.0066±0.0004a0.0029±0.0001b0.0026±0.0004b
缬氨酸0.0056±0.0001a0.0052±0.0004a0.0061±0.0006a0.0056±0.0001a
异亮氨酸0.0044±0.0005ab0.0046±0.0002a0.0044±0.0004ab0.0036±0.0001b
亮氨酸0.0030±0.0003a0.0030±0.0001a0.0025±0.0001ab0.0023±0.0001b
苯丙氨酸0.0023±0.0006a0.0030±0.0002a0.0019±0.0005ab0.0011±0.0001b
赖氨酸0.0008±0.0001d0.0025±0.0004b0.0017±0.0001c0.0040±0.0001a
组氨酸0.0058±0.0005ab0.0056±0.0007ab0.0065±0.0008a0.0041±0.0001b
脯氨酸0.2115±0.0012d0.4058±0.0060a0.2917±0.0021b0.2607±0.0079c
总量0.4899±0.0138d0.7105±0.0174a0.5855±0.0098b0.5297±0.0123c
), ArticleFig(id=1320884461852541307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884453912723768, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同干燥方式对脆李果脯游离氨基酸含量的影响(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HDVHDCDVFD
天门冬氨酸0.0121±0.0013a0.0092±0.0001a0.0127±0.0007a0.0092±0.0033a
苏氨酸0.0037±0.0007a0.0034±0.0000a0.0023±0.0002c0.0033±0.0001ab
丝氨酸0.1847±0.0103a0.1884±0.0100a0.1883±0.0099a0.1546±0.0056b
谷氨酸0.0080±0.0012a0.0084±0.0013a0.0130±0.0066a0.0055±0.0004a
甘氨酸0.0008±0.0001b0.0014±0.0006ab0.0011±0.0003ab0.0021±0.0003a
丙氨酸0.0451±0.0024c0.0637±0.0029b0.0508±0.0025c0.0715±0.0015a
胱氨酸0.0024±0.0001b0.0066±0.0004a0.0029±0.0001b0.0026±0.0004b
缬氨酸0.0056±0.0001a0.0052±0.0004a0.0061±0.0006a0.0056±0.0001a
异亮氨酸0.0044±0.0005ab0.0046±0.0002a0.0044±0.0004ab0.0036±0.0001b
亮氨酸0.0030±0.0003a0.0030±0.0001a0.0025±0.0001ab0.0023±0.0001b
苯丙氨酸0.0023±0.0006a0.0030±0.0002a0.0019±0.0005ab0.0011±0.0001b
赖氨酸0.0008±0.0001d0.0025±0.0004b0.0017±0.0001c0.0040±0.0001a
组氨酸0.0058±0.0005ab0.0056±0.0007ab0.0065±0.0008a0.0041±0.0001b
脯氨酸0.2115±0.0012d0.4058±0.0060a0.2917±0.0021b0.2607±0.0079c
总量0.4899±0.0138d0.7105±0.0174a0.5855±0.0098b0.5297±0.0123c
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不同干燥方式对脆李果脯品质的影响
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李松 , 潘洪杰 , 章攀 , 李本姣 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(8): 263-272
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (8) : 263 -272
不同干燥方式对脆李果脯品质的影响
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李松 , 潘洪杰, 章攀, 李本姣*
作者信息
  • 达州市农业科学研究院,四川达州 635000
通讯作者:
李本姣(1990−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李松(1988−),男,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

Influence of Different Drying Methods on the Quality of Crispy Plum Preserved Fruits
Song LI , Hongjie PAN, Pan ZHANG, Benjiao LI*
Affiliations
  • Dazhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dazhou 635000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040319
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为探索一种契合脆李果脯特性的干燥方法,本研究系统对比了热风恒温干燥(HD)、热风变温干燥(VHD)、热风-真空-热风干燥(CD)、真空冷冻干燥(VFD)这四种干燥方式对果脯干燥特性、感官品质、理化品质及抗氧化活性的影响,并深入分析各指标之间的相关性。结果表明:HD组、VHD组、CD组及VFD组的干燥时间分别为15、17、16及23 h,干燥速率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在9 h之前,HD组、VHD组及CD组的干燥速率均高于VFD组,而从11 h起,VFD组高于其他三组。感官评价中,VHD组评分最高(79.60分),VFD组的分值最低(73.20分)。VFD组的L*、a*及b*值显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05);其质构特性与皱缩率和VHD组无显著差异(P>0.05)。在理化品质方面,VHD的游离氨基酸含量最高(0.7105 g/100 g),总糖、总酚、黄酮及VC也均显著高于其他热风干燥组(P<0.05),分别为375.53、2.10、10.29 mg/g和2.20 mg/100 g。VFD组的抗氧化活性最强,其FRAP值为50.36 μmol Fe2+/g,羟自由基清除率为45.04%,ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除率均超过80%;VHD次之,FRAP值35.73 μmol Fe2+/g、羟自由基清除率41.75%、ABTS+自由基清除率77.29%、DPPH自由基清除率67.37%。相关性分析表明,L*、a*及b*与感官评价总分均呈现显著负相关趋势(P<0.05);果脯硬度与总糖、总酚及黄酮含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而抗氧化性指标与三者呈显著正相关(P<0.05);游离氨基酸含量与a*(r=−0.58,P<0.05)、维生素C含量呈显著负相关(r=−0.70,P<0.05)。综合指标与经济成本,VHD更适用于脆李果脯生产,为提升果脯工业化效率与品质提供了参考。

脆李果脯  /  热风恒温干燥  /  热风变温干燥  /  热风-真空-热风干燥  /  真空冷冻干燥  /  品质  /  抗氧化性

To explore a drying technique tailored to the characteristics of crisp plum preserves, this study systematically compared the effects of four drying methods—hot-air drying at constant temperature (HD), hot-air drying with variable temperature (VHD), hot-air-vacuum-hot-air drying (CD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD)—on the drying characteristics, sensory quality, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of the preserves. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of the correlations between various indicators was conducted. The results indicated that all drying rates followed a pattern of initial increase followed by decrease, with the drying durations for the HD, VHD, CD, and VFD groups being 15, 17, 16 and 23 h, respectively. Within the first 9 h, the drying rate of the VFD group was lower than that of the HD, VHD, and CD groups. However, from 11 h onwards, the drying rate of the VFD group exceeded that of the other three groups. In sensory evaluation, the VHD group achieved the highest score (79.60 points), while the VFD group obtained the lowest (73.20 points). The L*, a*, and b* values of the VFD group were significantly higher than those of the other treatment groups (P<0.05), no significant differences were observed in textural properties or shrinkage rate between the VFD and VHD groups (P>0.05). Regarding physicochemical properties, the VHD group contained the highest level of free amino acids (0.7105 g/100 g). Its contents of total sugar, total phenols, flavonoids and vitamin C were significantly higher than those in other hot-air drying groups (P<0.05), at 375.53, 2.10, 10.29 mg/g, and 2.20 mg/100 g, respectively. The VFD group showed the strongest antioxidant activity, with a FRAP value of 50.36 μmol Fe2+/g, a hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of 45.04%, and both ABTS+ and DPPH free radical scavenging rates exceeded 80%. The VHD group ranked second, with the corresponding indicators being 35.73 μmol Fe2+/g (FRAP), 41.75% (hydroxyl radical scavenging rate), 77.29% (ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates), and 67.37% (DPPH free radical scavenging rates), respectively. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the total sensory evaluation score was significantly negatively correlated with L*, a*, and b* values (P<0.05). The hardness of the preserves was highly significantly negatively correlated with the contents of total sugar, total phenols, and flavonoids (P<0.01), while antioxidant indicators were significantly positively correlated with these three components (P<0.05). Additionally, free amino acid content was significantly negatively correlated with a* (r=−0.58, P<0.05) and vitamin C content (r=−0.70, P<0.05). Considering comprehensive indicators and economic costs, VHD would be more suitable for the production of crisp plum preserves, providing a reference for enhancing their industrial efficiency and quality.

crisp plum fruit preserves  /  hot-air drying at constant temperature  /  hot-air drying with variable temperature  /  hot-air-vacuum-hot-air combined drying  /  vacuum freeze drying  /  quality  /  antioxidant property
李松, 潘洪杰, 章攀, 李本姣. 不同干燥方式对脆李果脯品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 263 -272 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040319
Song LI, Hongjie PAN, Pan ZHANG, Benjiao LI. Influence of Different Drying Methods on the Quality of Crispy Plum Preserved Fruits[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 263 -272 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040319
李(Prunus salicina Lindl.)是蔷薇科李属的特色水果,在中国南方地区广泛种植,其果肉脆嫩、酸甜适口,富含维生素C、钙、铁、钾等营养物质,以及酚类、黄酮类等生物活性成分,具备抗氧化、抗炎等功效[1−2]。但李属于呼吸跃变型果实,成熟时气温较高,采后呼吸旺盛,常温下极易腐烂变质,货架期仅3~5 d[3],致使大量果实浪费,严重阻碍产业发展,并且李季节性较强,因此,对李进行深加工,成为其解决鲜果销售困境、延长产业链、提升附加值的关键途径。
果脯作为传统的水果加工制品,在我国有着悠久的历史。将李制成果脯,不仅能够有效延长其保存期限,还能丰富产品种类,满足不同消费者的口味需求。在果脯加工过程中,干燥是关键环节,不同干燥方法在温度、压力、传热传质效率等方面存在显著差异,进而对果脯的理化性质、感官品质及活性成分产生不同的影响[4]。常见的果脯干燥方式包括热风干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥以及联合干燥等。热风干燥凭借设备简单、成本低廉的优势在工业生产中广泛应用,但是长时间的高温易导致果脯颜色加深、营养损失[5]。微波干燥加热速度快且均匀,但投入大、产能小、适用范围较窄[6],往往与其他干燥方式联合使用[7−8]。真空冷冻干燥能很大程度保留果脯的营养成分、皱缩小,但是干燥速率慢、能耗高,不符合节能降耗的环保理念,只适用于生产高经济价值的高端产品[9]。此外,红外干燥[10]、热泵干燥[11]、脉冲电场干燥[12]、过热蒸汽干燥等[13]新型干燥技术,在果脯干燥领域已展现出一定程度的应用实例与研究价值。目前国内外对脆李果脯的研究主要集中在加工工艺优化和单一干燥方式对果脯品质的影响,缺乏不同干燥方式的系统性对比,干燥工艺与品质指标的关联性研究仍存在空白。
本研究以达州巴山脆李为试验对象,系统比较热风恒温干燥、热风变温干燥、热风-真空-热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥这四种干燥方法对脆李果脯干燥特性、感官特性、理化品质及抗氧化性的影响,并分析各个指标之间的相关性,以期筛选出脆李果脯最佳的干燥方式,为其工业化生产提供理论依据和技术参考,推动本地脆李产业的可持续发展。
巴山脆李 九成熟,2024年8月采摘于四川松柏生态农业有限公司脆李种植基地,采摘当天运回实验室,散发田间热后置于1±0.5 ℃的冷库中保存备用;白砂糖、氯化钠 食品级,四川省达州市世纪隆超市;葡萄糖、甜菊糖甙、柠檬酸、黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠 食品级,河南万邦化工科技有限公司;亚硝酸钠、氢氧化钠、硝酸铝、草酸、抗坏血酸、碳酸氢钠、2,6-二氯靛酚、苯酚 分析纯,中国医药集团有限公司;芦丁、没食子酸 分析纯,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;蒽酮 分析纯,湖北一灵生物科技有限公司;抗氧化试剂盒 南京陌凡生物科技有限公司。
JA2003型电子天平 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司;DZF-6020型真空干燥箱 上海博讯实业有限公司;XMTD-8222型鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;FD-1A-50型冷冻干燥机 上海比朗仪器制造有限公司;TMS-Pro型质构仪 北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司;MD SpectraMax 190型全波长酶标仪 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;SR-64型手持式色差仪 深圳市三恩时科技有限公司;S-433Dup型全自动氨基酸分析仪 赛卡姆(北京)科学仪器有限公司。
脆李果脯的制备工艺流程包括原料挑选、清洗、去核、护色、硬化、糖煮、渗糖、干燥等环节[14]。挑选果实完整、香气浓郁、酸甜适宜的九成熟脆李,洗净并去核后,放入0.15%柠檬酸与0.1%D-异抗坏血酸钠的混合溶液中常温浸泡护色2 h,捞出洗净晾干水分后再放入0.3%的氯化钙溶液中常温浸泡硬化4 h,护色和硬化时的料液比均为1:2(质量比)。将处理好的脆李放入含白砂糖30%、葡萄糖15%、黄原胶0.2%、柠檬酸0.1%、氯化钠0.2%的糖煮液中熬煮12 min,料液比为2:3(质量比),随后同糖煮液一起真空渗糖4 h,最后捞出脆李果肉并沥干糖液再进行干燥。
参考文献[15−16]中的方法并结合预试验结果,将处理好的脆李果肉按照以下四种方式进行干燥处理:热风恒温干燥(HD组)。将脆李果肉均匀摆放至烘盘中,放入鼓风干燥箱中70 ℃干燥至水分含量为30%;热风变温干燥(VHD组)。将脆李果肉均匀摆放至烘盘中,放入鼓风干燥箱中70 ℃干燥6 h后转为60 ℃干燥5 h,最后再50 ℃干燥至水分含量为30%;热风-真空-热风干燥(CD组)。先将脆李果肉在设定为70 ℃的鼓风干燥箱中干燥7 h,再在真空度0.07 MPa、温度70 ℃的真空干燥箱中干燥4 h,最后在70 ℃的鼓风干燥箱中干燥至水分含量为30%;真空冷冻干燥(VFD组)。先将处理好的脆李果肉在−80 ℃冰箱中预冻6 h后,放入真空冷冻干燥机中−60 ℃干燥至水分含量为30%,其中真空压力为60 Pa。每隔1 h取出各组样品称重并记录,每组设置三组平行,并计算平均值。
参照国家标准GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法[17],测定脆李果脯的水分含量。记录干燥前后的质量、恒重的质量与干燥时间,并进行相关计算。干基含水率(Mt)和干燥速率(DR)计算公式见式(1)和式(2)。
$ {\text{M}}_{\text{t}}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{s}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{s}}} $
式中:Mt表示脆李果脯在t时刻的干基含水率,g/g;mt表示脆李果脯在t时刻的质量,g;ms表示脆李果脯干物质的质量,g。
$ {\text{D}}_{\text{R}}=\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{t1}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{t2}}}{{\text{t}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{2}}}$
式中:DR表示干燥速率,g/(g·h);Mt1表示t1时刻脆李果脯干基含水率,g/g;Mt2为t2时刻脆李果脯干基含水率,g/g。
参照李本姣等[14]和GB 14884-2016《食品安全国家标准 蜜饯》[18]中的感官标准设计感官评定表,从色泽、滋味和气味、组织状态三个方面来评价脆李果脯的食用品质,感官评价表如表1所示。
使用便携式色差仪紧贴脆李果脯表面,每个样品分别测定12次,剔除最大值和最小值后取平均值,干燥前后脆李果脯的总色差ΔE计算公式如式(3)。
$ \Delta {E}=\sqrt{{\left({{L}}^{\text{*}}-{{L}}_{{0}}\right)}^{\text{2}}+{\left({{a}}^{\text{*}}-{{a}}_{{0}}\right)}^{\text{2}}+{\left({{b}}^{\text{*}}-{{b}}_{\text{0}}\right)}^{{2}}}$
式中:∆E表示总色差;L*、a*及b*分别表示干燥后脆李果脯的亮度值、红度值及黄度值;L0、a0、b0分别表示干燥前脆李果脯的亮度值、红度值及黄度值。
参考王栋等[19]的方法并稍作修改,使用TMS-Pro型质构仪对脆李果脯进行测试,采用TPA模式,P/6探头,测试速度均为1.0 mm/s,压缩形变为30%,停顿时间5 s,感应力10 g。每个样品测定12次,取平均值。
参考刘芹等[20]的方法测量脆李果脯的体积皱缩率。体积皱缩率Y计算公式见式(4)。
$ \mathrm{Y}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}\times \mathrm{100} $
式中:Y表示体积皱缩率,%;V1表示干燥结束时脆李果脯的体积,mL;V0为干燥开始时脆李果脯的体积,mL。
总糖含量的测定参照GB/T 15672-2009《食用菌中总糖含量的测定》[21],采用苯酚-硫酸比色法测定。准确称取2.0 g脆李果脯干燥样品,粉碎后加入20 mL 95%乙醇溶液,静置20 min,在6000 r/min下离心10 min,取上清液在420 nm处测吸光度。每个样品测3次,取平均值。以葡萄糖含量为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=0.005x+0.0096,R2=0.9976。
总酚含量的测定参照忻晓庭等[22]的方法,采用福林酚比色法测定。称取脆李果脯干燥样品0.5 g,粉碎后用20 mL蒸馏水洗入25 mL容量瓶中,至100 ℃沸水浴中保温30 min,取出,冷却,定容,过滤,滤液备用。吸取0.5 mL滤液,加入1 mL福林酚试剂,充分振荡后静置3~4 min,加入5 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液,用蒸馏水定容25 mL,摇匀,40 ℃水浴30 min,以空白试剂调零,于765 nm处测吸光度。每个样品测3次,取平均值。以没食子酸含量为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=0.0077x+0.0043,R2=0.9988。
黄酮含量的测定参照邢晓凡等[23]的方法,采用硝酸铝盐比色法测定。将脆李果脯研细,精密称取1.0 g置于100 mL容量瓶中,加入70%乙醇至30 mL,浸泡24 h后抽滤,滤液用70%乙醇定容,得到黄酮提取液。取样液1 mL依次加2.5 mL 70%乙醇溶液、150 μL 5% NaNO2溶液、300 μL 10% AlCl3溶液,混匀后静置5 min。再加入1.00 mL的1 mol/L的NaOH溶液,在波长510 nm处测吸光度。每个样品测3次,取平均值。以芦丁含量为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=0.0006x−0.0025,R2=0.9984。
维生素C含量参照GB 5009.86-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中抗坏血酸的测定》[24],采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定。
游离氨基酸含量参照GB 5009.124-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》[25],采用常规酸水解法,利用全自动氨基酸分析仪进行测定。
脆李果脯体外抗氧化主要测定ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力、总抗氧化还原能力FRAP、DPPH自由基清除率及羟自由基清除率。
准确称取10.0 g脆李果脯,磨碎后加入100 mL无水乙醇,匀浆,用组织破碎仪冰浴提取,8000×g,4 ℃离心10 min,取上清液得到样品提取液,置冰上待测。
取0.1 mL样品提取液,加入ABTS工作液(2.45 mmol/L ABTS溶液,7 mmol/L过硫酸钾,体积比为1:1),充分混匀,室温避光静置6 min,于405 nm处测定吸光度。在样品溶液中加入等量的磷酸盐缓冲液为样品对照,以等量蒸馏水与ABTS工作液的混合溶液为空白对照,按式(5)计算ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力。
$\rm \text{ABTS}阳离子自由基清除能力(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{a}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{b}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,Aa为样品反应液的吸光度值;Ab表示对照组在405 nm处的吸光度值;A0为空白组的吸光度值。采用VC标准品绘制标准曲线,方程为y=0.9591x−0.0384(R2=0.9958)。
取20 μL样品提取液,加入180 μL FRAP工作液(0.3 mol/L,pH=3.6醋酸盐缓冲液、10 mmol/L 2,4,6-三吡啶基-均三嗪(TPTZ)溶液、20 mmol/L FeCl3,按10:1:1的体积比混匀),37 ℃避光反应30 min,593 nm波长,空白管调零,测定样品吸光度值。以吸光度值为横坐标,不同浓度FeSO4·7H2O标准品为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:y=0.8688x+0.0196,R2=0.9994。根据标准曲线计算样品的抗氧化活性,结果以Fe2+浓度(μmol/g)表示。
取50 μL样品提取液,加入950 μL,0.1 mmol/L的DPPH乙醇溶液,涡旋混匀,室温避光静置30 min,于517 nm处测定吸光度。以等体积无水乙醇与DPPH混合液为空白对照,等体积无水乙醇为样品对照,VC为阳性对照,按式(6)计算DPPH自由基的清除率。
$\rm \text{DPPH}自由基的清除率(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{a}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{b}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,Aa为样品反应液的吸光度值;Ab表示对照组在517 nm处的吸光度值;A0为空白组的吸光度值。以VC标准品绘制标准曲线,方程为y=3.1122x+0.0446(R2=0.9952)。
取60 μL样品提取液,加入60 μL,9 mmol/L的FeSO4溶液,30 μL,9 mmol/L的乙醇-水杨酸溶液,接着加入适量的去离子水,最后加入60 μL,8.8 mmol/L H2O2溶液,充分摇匀,37 ℃静置15 min,以蒸馏水为参比,在510 nm波长处测定样品的吸光度,按式(7)计算羟自由基清除率的测定。
$\rm \text{羟自由基清除率的测定}(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{a}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{b}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,Aa为样品反应液的吸光度值;Ab表示不加H2O2;A0为空白组的吸光度值。
实验均重复3次,使用SPSS 27软件对实验结果进行差异显著性分析,取95%置信度(P<0.05),各组实验数据均以“平均值±标准差”形式表示。后续采用Pearson系数法进行相关性分析,并用Origin 2024和Graphpad prism 9.5软件进行绘图。
不同干燥方式对脆李果脯干燥特性的影响结果如图1所示。由图1A可知,四种干燥方式下,干基含水率均随时间增加而降低。HD组、VHD组及CD组在前期下降较快,后期则趋于平缓,而VFD组在前期下降较缓。这可能是因为在干燥初期,热风能够快速地与脆李果脯表面进行热质交换,促使水分迅速蒸发。随着干燥过程的进行,脆李果脯表面变硬,内部水分向表面迁移的速率受限,从而导致干基含水率下降速率变缓[26]。而VFD组的果脯需经过预冻,且干燥环境处于低温和真空状态,水分直接从固态升华为气态,可能导致其干燥前期的水分迁移速率相对较慢;由图1B可知,四种干燥方式的干燥速率总体均呈先增加后降低的趋势。在9 h之前,HD组、VHD组及CD组的干燥速率均高于VFD组;在11 h之后,VFD组高于其他三组。这可能是因为在干燥初期,HD组、VHD组及CD组的热空气温度较高,较大的温差促使水分快速蒸发。相似地,陈恺等[27]研究发现杏片的干燥速率整体呈现先升速后降速的现象,第8 h干燥速率最大(热风干燥60 ℃),后期因内部水分扩散阻力远超表面汽化,干燥以内部水分扩散为主。VFD组的干燥速率下降相对较为缓慢,有研究通过模拟果蔬冻干过程发现,孔隙度变化与冻干速率呈正比,这可能是因为真空冷冻干燥避免了高温导致的物料结构塌陷,冰晶升华后形成的多孔结构为水分迁移提供了稳定通道,使干燥后期仍能保持较高速率[28]。
感官指标作为食品品质评价的关键要素,是衡量食品整体品质的重要依据。不同干燥方式对脆李果脯感官评分的影响结果如表2所示。由表2可知,各组样品的色泽分值无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在滋味和气味方面,VHD组得分最高,为34.10±2.13分,CD组和HD组次之,且三组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),VFD组的分值最低,为20.90±3.38分,显著低于其他三组(P<0.05),这可能是因为热风干燥在一定程度上通过加热促进了美拉德反应等,产生了一些风味物质[29],而VFD组处于低温条件下风味物质变化较少。在组织状态方面,VFD组得分显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),这可能是由于低温真空干燥对脆李果脯的内部结构破坏程度极小,而热风干燥过程中的高温环境易致使果脯结构发生变形,皱缩严重[30]。从总分来看,各组得分呈现出从高到低的排序:VHD组≈CD组≈HD组>VFD组。故综合来看,VHD组在色泽、滋味和气味上有优势,且组织状态表现也较好,未出现严重皱缩,因此总分最高,更适合于脆李果脯的加工。
不同干燥方式对脆李果脯色泽的影响结果如表3所示。L*表示脆李果脯的亮度,值越大颜色越亮;a*表示脆李果脯的红绿度,a*为正数则表示红色,数值越大颜色越红;b*表示脆李果脯的黄蓝度,b*为正数则表示黄色,数值越大颜色越黄。由表3可知,HD组、VHD组及CD组的L*和b*差异不显著(P>0.05),说明这三种热风相关的干燥方式对样品亮度和黄蓝度影响差异不大;而VFD组的L*和b*显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),这与叶馨阳等[31]关于苹果皮粉的干燥研究结果相似,其原因可能是VFD组干燥过程相对温和,水分在低温下直接升华,对脆李果脯原有结构破坏较小,成品亮度和黄度较高[32]。而HD组、VHD组及CD组可能由于热风高温导致脆李果脯中酚类、黄酮类物质发生氧化或降解,酚类化合物易与氧气和多酚氧化酶反应生成醌并发生聚集反应形成黑棕色沉淀,后续降解生成黑色素等邻苯醌类化合物,黄酮类化合物中的酚羟基易氧化生成醌类,从而影响样品的亮度和黄度[33]。此外,VFD组的a*值最高(11.26±1.17),VHD组最低,HD组、VHD组及CD组的∆E值接近且无显著性差异(P>0.05),说明这三种干燥方式处理的样品整体色泽无显著差异,而VFD组的∆E值显著低于其他三组(P<0.05),这可能是因为热风高温使脆李果脯发生了美拉德反应、焦糖化反应等导致的[28],而在低温真空环境下,脆李果脯减少了这些反应的发生,最大程度维持了样品原有颜色,因此总色差较小。
由于干燥过程中温度梯度和湿度梯度的传递方向相反,易导致果脯内维生素C、酚类等热敏性组分降解,同时引发可溶性糖、有机酸等内部成分向果脯表面迁移,从而影响脆李果脯质构特性[34]。不同干燥方式对脆李果脯质构和皱缩率的影响结果如表4所示。由表4可知,HD组的硬度和咀嚼性最大,CD组次之,但两者无显著差异。VHD组的硬度和咀嚼性适中,VFD组的硬度和咀嚼性最小,但两者之间也无显著性差异。这可能是因为HD组在较高且恒定的温度下进行,长时间的高温会使果脯表面硬化现象严重[35],导致脆李果脯质地较硬,从而咀嚼性均亦较大。而VFD组在低温下进行,水分直接升华,对果脯原有结构破坏较小[36],所以硬度和咀嚼性较低。四种干燥方式下脆李果脯的弹性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。对于果脯外观而言,皱缩率是不可忽视的关键考量点。由表4可知,HD组皱缩十分明显,高达45.03%±1.51%,显著高于其他三组(P<0.05)。VFD组由于处于真空低温环境下,对脆李果脯的组织内部破坏较小,从而皱缩率最小为26.03%±0.40%。
不同干燥方式对脆李果脯营养成分的影响结果如表5所示。由表5可知,4种干燥方式制得的脆李果脯的总糖、总酚及黄酮均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其中,VFD组的总糖、总酚、黄酮及VC含量均最高,这可能是因为热风干燥组的高温能引起糖类物质发生焦糖化反应或分解转化,从而使总糖含量降低[37];总酚和黄酮也属于热敏性物质,高温时易分解或结构被破坏[38],因此含量降低。VFD组在低温且真空条件下进行,能有效抑制上述反应,因此VFD组的营养成分保留较高。在果蔬干燥过程中,维生素很容易流失,而其损耗程度通常受多方面因素影响,如干燥前对物料的预处理方式、所选用的干燥方法及参数条件[39]。由表5可知,VHD组、CD组和VFD组的VC含量较为接近,这三组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),而HD组的VC含量为1.80±0.20 mg/100g,显著低于上述三组(P<0.05)。
游离氨基酸对脆李果脯品质影响显著,它可通过参与美拉德反应、氧化反应等,赋予果脯诱人色泽、独特风味与香气,提升其营养价值,并通过改变内部水分分布与组织结构等影响果脯质地[40]。由表6可知,不同干燥方式对脆李果脯的游离氨基酸含量影响显著(P<0.05)。各组均检测出14种游离氨基酸,其中丝氨酸和脯氨酸含量较高,其次是丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸。此外,14种游离氨基酸里包含6种人体必需氨基酸,它们分别是苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸及赖氨酸。苏氨酸和丙氨酸作为甜味氨基酸,能够有效平衡果脯中可能存在的酸味和苦味,使果脯整体味道更为协调、口感更佳。赵金梅等[41]研究发现真空冷冻干燥对沙枣花中呈味氨基酸的影响较小,沙枣花风味保持最好。在游离氨基酸总量方面,VHD组显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),达到0.7105±0.0174 g/100 g,这可能因为热风干燥的持续高温激活酶的活性,促进了氨基酸的热降解,而冻干的低温真空环境可同时抑制酶促反应和非酶促反应[42]。同时,干燥温度的变化可能也在一定程度上促进了果实内部结合态氨基酸向游离态转化。方晓珠等[43]关于黑皮鸡枞菌的干燥研究发现,真空冷冻干燥组的游离氨基酸含量(尤其是天冬氨酸、脯氨酸等易氧化氨基酸)显著高于热风干燥组,这可能与冻干初期的温度控制有效抑制了酶促反应有关。
抗氧化活性是衡量脆李果脯品质与营养价值的关键指标,它不仅影响产品的稳定性和货架期,更与消费者的健康益处紧密相连。由图2可知,综合来看VFD组的抗氧化活性最高,其ABTS+自由基清除率、DPPH自由基清除率(均在80%以上),FRAP还原力和羟自由基清除率分别为50.36±0.91 μmol Fe2+/g和45.04%±0.24%,产生这种差异的原因主要在于VFD组在低温真空条件下进行,能最大程度保留脆李中热敏性抗氧化成分[44]。而HD组、VHD组和CD组在热风且有氧条件下干燥,较高温度会破坏部分抗氧化成分[45],从而导致抗氧化活性相对较低。在三种热风干燥方式中,VHD组的抗氧化活性高于HD组和CD组,其ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力、总抗氧化还原能力(FRAP)、DPPH自由基清除率及羟自由基清除率分别为67.37%±0.83%、35.73±1.35 μmol Fe2+/g、77.29%±2.41%及41.75%±0.51%。Sun等[46]在对生姜的研究中发现,真空冷冻干燥组的抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除率)较热风干燥组提高了15%,他们认为这可能与真空环境对氧化反应的抑制作用有关。
为探究影响脆李果脯的品质变化因素,对其感官评价、皱缩率、色泽、质构、营养成分及抗氧化性进行Pearson相关性分析,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,在质构特性方面,硬度与皱缩率、咀嚼性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与总糖、总酚及黄酮呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),这可能是由于水分流失导致果脯体积收缩,改变了果脯结构紧实度,而总糖、总酚等成分通过与细胞壁多糖形成交联网络、参与凝胶化形成,改变了果脯内部的抗形变能力与内聚特性,最终影响硬度。肖广健等[47]在对桃脯进行干燥处理的研究中发现,硬度与维生素C含量、L*呈极显著负相关,同样说明了在果脯加工过程中,不同成分及物理特性之间存在复杂的相互作用关系。
在感官评价总分与色泽方面,L*与a*、b*呈极显著的正相关性(r=0.89、0.99,P<0.01),L*、a*、b*与感官评价总分均呈显著负相关趋势(P<0.05),相关系数依次为−0.58、−0.83以及−0.63,这表明果脯的色调和饱和度等外观特征对消费者的视觉感受及整体接受度有显著影响。此外,L*与总糖、总酚呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),这说明在果脯干燥过程中,营养成分的变化可能会引起色泽的改变。
在营养成分方面,黄酮、总糖、总酚与抗氧化性指标呈显著正相关(P<0.05),这表明三者是果脯抗氧化能力的重要贡献物质。同时,实验结果表明游离氨基酸含量与a*(r=−0.58,P<0.05)、维生素C含量呈显著负相关(r=−0.70,P<0.05),这种关联可能源于两方面原因:一是游离氨基酸发生美拉德反应或酶促褐变,生成呈色物质导致果脯颜色改变,a*值降低[48];二是游离氨基酸参与氧化还原反应,消耗体系内抗氧化物质或自身被氧化,改变环境氧化还原电位,加速维生素C氧化降解[49]。
本实验采用四种干燥方式制备脆李果脯,深入探究不同干燥处理对脆李果脯干燥特性、感官特性、理化品质及抗氧化性的影响。通过系统分析与对比,筛选出脆李果脯的最优干燥方式为热风变温干燥,即将脆李果肉均匀摆放至烘盘中,放入鼓风干燥箱中70 ℃干燥6 h后转为60 ℃干燥5 h,最后再50 ℃干燥至水分含量为30%。通过测定相关指标与深入分析,VHD组在感官评分方面表现最优,在质构特性、皱缩率等关键指标方面,与VFD组呈现出最为接近的特征。同时,VHD组处理的脆李果脯不仅关键营养成分含量更高,且具有较强的抗氧化活性,这对提升其品质及延长货架期均具有重要意义。相关性分析表明果脯营养成分与质构特性、抗氧化能力之间有相互作用,果脯色泽与感官评价总分之间呈显著负相关趋势(P<0.05)。综上,热风变温干燥在制备脆李果脯过程中展现出显著优势,相较于其他干燥方式,更契合脆李果脯的工业化生产需求。本研究为其工业化生产提供关键理论依据与技术参考。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040319
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
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    达州市农业科学研究院,四川达州 635000

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李本姣(1990−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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