Article(id=1320883627999736374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040317, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852797746, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852797746, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852797746, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852797746, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=143, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883628385612343, articleId=1320883627999736374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Structural Characteristics and Anthocyanin Loading Performance of Whey Protein Isolate-Chitosan Composite Particles Induced by Cold Plasma, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the inducing effect of dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (DBD-CP) technology (treatment voltages: 30, 90, 150 kV, treatment times: 30, 60, 90 s) on the conformational changes of whey protein isolate (WPI)-chitosan (CS) composite particles and its regulatory effect on the loading performance of anthocyanins (ACNs), this study employed a two-factor full factorial experimental design. By systematically evaluating the encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), ζ-potential, and particle size distribution of the composite particles for ACNs, the optimal DBD-CP treatment parameters were screened. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), and circular dichroism (CD) were utilized as multi-scale characterization techniques to deeply analyze the DBD-CP-induced molecular conformational changes in WPI-CS. Based on the results of the above systematic evaluation, the optimal DBD-CP treatment parameters were screened and determined as voltage 90 kV and time 60 s. Under this optimal parameter set, the EE and LC of ACNs increased to 91.93% and 4.59%, respectively, significantly higher than those of the untreated group (P<0.05). The ζ-potential increased, enhancing electrostatic repulsion between particles and significantly improving system stability. Particle size analysis showed that distribution uniformity and particle dispersibility were improved. Structural characterization revealed that: Reactive species (e.g., electrons, ions) in DBD-CP promoted the exposure of hydrophobic groups in WPI and decreased the deacetylation degree of CS through oxidative modification, thereby enhancing the formation of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic cross-linking networks, simultaneously, the plasma etching effect optimized the pore uniformity of the complex, forming a dense encapsulation structure. DBD-CP treatment effectively modulated the structure of WPI-CS composite particles through synergistic effects (oxidative modification induced by reactive species and the etching effect), significantly improving their loading performance for ACNs and the system stability. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of cold plasma technology in stabilized delivery systems for bioactive components.

, authors=Bowen XU1, 2, Chong SHI1, 2, 3, Dandan ZHOU1, 2, Yicheng WANG1, 3, 4, Weilin LI1, 3, 4, Donglu FANG1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Bowen XU, Chong SHI, Dandan ZHOU, Yicheng WANG, Weilin LI, Donglu FANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Donglu FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883631967547979, articleId=1320883627999736374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=低温等离子体诱导乳清分离蛋白-壳聚糖复合颗粒的结构特性及其花青素负载性能, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为考察介质阻挡放电冷等离子体(Dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma,DBD-CP)技术(处理放电电压:30、90、150 kV;处理时长:30、60、90 s)对乳清分离蛋白(Whey protein isolate,WPI)-壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)复合颗粒构象变化的诱导作用,及其对花青素(Anthocyanins,ACNs)负载性能的调控作用。该研究采用双因素全因子实验,通过系统评估复合颗粒对ACNs的包埋效率(Encapsulation efficiency,EE)、负载量(Loading capacity,LC)、ζ-电位及粒径分布,筛选DBD-CP最佳处理参数。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、荧光光谱(Fluorescence spectroscopy,FS)和圆二色谱(Circular dichroism,CD)等多尺度表征技术,深入解析DBD-CP诱导的WPI-CS分子构象变化规律。基于上述系统评估结果,筛选获得DBD-CP最佳处理参数为放电电压90 kV,处理时长60 s。基于此最优参数,ACNs的EE和LC分别提升至91.93%和4.59%,较未处理组显著提高(P<0.05);ζ-电位增加,颗粒间静电排斥增强,体系稳定性显著改善;粒径分析显示分布均一性,颗粒分散性改善。结构表征揭示:DBD-CP的活性粒子(如电子、离子)通过氧化修饰促使WPI疏水基团暴露并降低CS脱乙酰化程度,增强氢键与静电交联网络形成;同时,等离子体刻蚀作用优化了复合物孔隙均一性,形成致密包埋结构。DBD-CP处理通过协同作用(活性粒子诱导的氧化修饰与刻蚀作用)有效调控了WPI-CS复合颗粒的结构,显著提高了其对ACNs的负载性能及体系稳定性,为低温等离子体技术在生物活性成分稳态化递送体系中的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=许博文1, 2, 石翀1, 2, 3, 周丹丹1, 2, 王意程1, 3, 4, 李维林1, 3, 4, 方东路1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=许博文, 石翀, 周丹丹, 王意程, 李维林, 方东路, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方东路, authorNote=

许博文(2003−),男,本科,研究方向:生物活性递送系统设计,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
方东路(1989-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:林产品保鲜与加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WF90KEmlFQWGgfKE5FFmQQ==, magXml=afaWw4a6NZTJCbmheR/cVg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zjeE8BCZOlyxsBd4eEq/Mg==, pdfFileSize=5670811, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cp/yuAC1Y3jGy4xMwD4LIA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9KosdiU5ej+lRZMCL7dciA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883632651219545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xubowen@njfu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883632739299932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, authorId=1320883632651219545, language=EN, stringName=Bowen XU, firstName=Bowen, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1National Key Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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许博文(2003−),男,本科,研究方向:生物活性递送系统设计,E-mail:

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许博文(2003−),男,本科,研究方向:生物活性递送系统设计,E-mail:

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2020, 41(4): 19−24.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883649956917971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J J, XU W M, WANG D Y. Interaction of curcumin with porcine lipoxygenase and its effect on protein structure[J]. 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注:不同小写字母代表各组间差异显著(P<0.05),图3同。

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注:A:WPI;B:CS;C:ACNs;D:WPI-CS;E:WPI-ACNs-CS(CK);F:WPI-ACNs-CS(90 kV,60 s)。

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Experimental grouping of discharge voltage and treatment time

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组别因素
放电电压(kV)处理时长(s)
0−−
13030
23060
33090
49030
59060
69090
715030
815060
915090
), ArticleFig(id=1320883640456819357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

放电电压与处理时长试验分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别因素
放电电压(kV)处理时长(s)
0−−
13030
23060
33090
49030
59060
69090
715030
815060
915090
), ArticleFig(id=1320883640557482654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Two-factor full factorial experimental design and result analysis

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组别放电
电压
(kV)
处理
时长
(s)
包埋效率
(%)
负载量
(%)
ζ-电位
(mV)
粒径
(nm)
0−−72.17±0.95g3.61±0.23g33.4±0.78e208.94±2.11e
1303074.56±0.33f3.73±0.03f33.9±0.87e267.02±3.23c
2306084.30±0.81e4.21±0.08e33.7±0.45e243.82±1.09d
3309088.17±0.08cd4.41±0.08cd36.7±0.19d241.28±3.32d
4903088.93±0.27bc4.45±0.02bc38.7±0.85c177.95±2.01f
5906091.93±0.20a4.59±0.02a41.4±0.76b158.65±2.99g
6909091.36±0.54a4.57±0.05a43.9±0.50a128.85±1.03h
71503084.76±0.66e4.24±0.06e45.7±0.60a197.26±0.99e
81506090.56±0.93ab4.53±0.09ab39.4±0.78c587.38±5.62a
91509087.16±0.68d4.36±0.06d36.2±0.47d563.92±4.93b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883640662340255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

双因素全因子试验设计及结果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别放电
电压
(kV)
处理
时长
(s)
包埋效率
(%)
负载量
(%)
ζ-电位
(mV)
粒径
(nm)
0−−72.17±0.95g3.61±0.23g33.4±0.78e208.94±2.11e
1303074.56±0.33f3.73±0.03f33.9±0.87e267.02±3.23c
2306084.30±0.81e4.21±0.08e33.7±0.45e243.82±1.09d
3309088.17±0.08cd4.41±0.08cd36.7±0.19d241.28±3.32d
4903088.93±0.27bc4.45±0.02bc38.7±0.85c177.95±2.01f
5906091.93±0.20a4.59±0.02a41.4±0.76b158.65±2.99g
6909091.36±0.54a4.57±0.05a43.9±0.50a128.85±1.03h
71503084.76±0.66e4.24±0.06e45.7±0.60a197.26±0.99e
81506090.56±0.93ab4.53±0.09ab39.4±0.78c587.38±5.62a
91509087.16±0.68d4.36±0.06d36.2±0.47d563.92±4.93b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883640771392160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of two-factor full factorial ANOVA

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指标方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值显著性
包埋效率放电电压1204.562602.2848.11***
处理时长456.322228.1618.23***
放电电压×处理时长320.15480.046.40**
误差225.291812.52
负载量放电电压3.2121.60529.72***
处理时长1.8720.93517.31***
放电电压×处理时长0.5240.132.41ns
误差0.97180.054
ζ-电位放电电压256.782128.3919.80***
处理时长62.45231.234.82*
放电电压×处理时长45.80411.451.77ns
误差116.66186.48
粒径放电电压432109.402216054.7050.25***
处理时长78456.80239228.409.12**
放电电压×处理时长15320.5043830.130.89ns
误差77345.1184296.95
), ArticleFig(id=1320883640842695329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883627999736374, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

双因素全因子试验方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标方差来源偏差平方和自由度均方F值显著性
包埋效率放电电压1204.562602.2848.11***
处理时长456.322228.1618.23***
放电电压×处理时长320.15480.046.40**
误差225.291812.52
负载量放电电压3.2121.60529.72***
处理时长1.8720.93517.31***
放电电压×处理时长0.5240.132.41ns
误差0.97180.054
ζ-电位放电电压256.782128.3919.80***
处理时长62.45231.234.82*
放电电压×处理时长45.80411.451.77ns
误差116.66186.48
粒径放电电压432109.402216054.7050.25***
处理时长78456.80239228.409.12**
放电电压×处理时长15320.5043830.130.89ns
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低温等离子体诱导乳清分离蛋白-壳聚糖复合颗粒的结构特性及其花青素负载性能
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许博文 1, 2 , 石翀 1, 2, 3 , 周丹丹 1, 2 , 王意程 1, 3, 4 , 李维林 1, 3, 4 , 方东路 1, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(8): 143-152
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (8) : 143 -152
低温等离子体诱导乳清分离蛋白-壳聚糖复合颗粒的结构特性及其花青素负载性能
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许博文1, 2 , 石翀1, 2, 3, 周丹丹1, 2, 王意程1, 3, 4, 李维林1, 3, 4, 方东路1, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1南京林业大学,森林食物资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室,江苏南京 210037
  • 2南京林业大学轻工与食品学院,江苏南京 210037
  • 3南京林业大学瑞华经济林研究院,江苏南京 210037
  • 4南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037
通讯作者:
方东路(1989-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:林产品保鲜与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

许博文(2003−),男,本科,研究方向:生物活性递送系统设计,E-mail:

Structural Characteristics and Anthocyanin Loading Performance of Whey Protein Isolate-Chitosan Composite Particles Induced by Cold Plasma
Bowen XU1, 2 , Chong SHI1, 2, 3, Dandan ZHOU1, 2, Yicheng WANG1, 3, 4, Weilin LI1, 3, 4, Donglu FANG1, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 2College of Light Industry and Food Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 3Ruihua Economic Forest Institute of Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 4Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040317
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为考察介质阻挡放电冷等离子体(Dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma,DBD-CP)技术(处理放电电压:30、90、150 kV;处理时长:30、60、90 s)对乳清分离蛋白(Whey protein isolate,WPI)-壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)复合颗粒构象变化的诱导作用,及其对花青素(Anthocyanins,ACNs)负载性能的调控作用。该研究采用双因素全因子实验,通过系统评估复合颗粒对ACNs的包埋效率(Encapsulation efficiency,EE)、负载量(Loading capacity,LC)、ζ-电位及粒径分布,筛选DBD-CP最佳处理参数。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、荧光光谱(Fluorescence spectroscopy,FS)和圆二色谱(Circular dichroism,CD)等多尺度表征技术,深入解析DBD-CP诱导的WPI-CS分子构象变化规律。基于上述系统评估结果,筛选获得DBD-CP最佳处理参数为放电电压90 kV,处理时长60 s。基于此最优参数,ACNs的EE和LC分别提升至91.93%和4.59%,较未处理组显著提高(P<0.05);ζ-电位增加,颗粒间静电排斥增强,体系稳定性显著改善;粒径分析显示分布均一性,颗粒分散性改善。结构表征揭示:DBD-CP的活性粒子(如电子、离子)通过氧化修饰促使WPI疏水基团暴露并降低CS脱乙酰化程度,增强氢键与静电交联网络形成;同时,等离子体刻蚀作用优化了复合物孔隙均一性,形成致密包埋结构。DBD-CP处理通过协同作用(活性粒子诱导的氧化修饰与刻蚀作用)有效调控了WPI-CS复合颗粒的结构,显著提高了其对ACNs的负载性能及体系稳定性,为低温等离子体技术在生物活性成分稳态化递送体系中的应用提供了理论依据。

低温等离子体  /  乳清分离蛋白  /  壳聚糖  /  花青素  /  负载性能

To investigate the inducing effect of dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (DBD-CP) technology (treatment voltages: 30, 90, 150 kV, treatment times: 30, 60, 90 s) on the conformational changes of whey protein isolate (WPI)-chitosan (CS) composite particles and its regulatory effect on the loading performance of anthocyanins (ACNs), this study employed a two-factor full factorial experimental design. By systematically evaluating the encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), ζ-potential, and particle size distribution of the composite particles for ACNs, the optimal DBD-CP treatment parameters were screened. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), and circular dichroism (CD) were utilized as multi-scale characterization techniques to deeply analyze the DBD-CP-induced molecular conformational changes in WPI-CS. Based on the results of the above systematic evaluation, the optimal DBD-CP treatment parameters were screened and determined as voltage 90 kV and time 60 s. Under this optimal parameter set, the EE and LC of ACNs increased to 91.93% and 4.59%, respectively, significantly higher than those of the untreated group (P<0.05). The ζ-potential increased, enhancing electrostatic repulsion between particles and significantly improving system stability. Particle size analysis showed that distribution uniformity and particle dispersibility were improved. Structural characterization revealed that: Reactive species (e.g., electrons, ions) in DBD-CP promoted the exposure of hydrophobic groups in WPI and decreased the deacetylation degree of CS through oxidative modification, thereby enhancing the formation of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic cross-linking networks, simultaneously, the plasma etching effect optimized the pore uniformity of the complex, forming a dense encapsulation structure. DBD-CP treatment effectively modulated the structure of WPI-CS composite particles through synergistic effects (oxidative modification induced by reactive species and the etching effect), significantly improving their loading performance for ACNs and the system stability. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of cold plasma technology in stabilized delivery systems for bioactive components.

cold plasma  /  whey protein isolate  /  chitosan  /  anthocyanin  /  loading performance
许博文, 石翀, 周丹丹, 王意程, 李维林, 方东路. 低温等离子体诱导乳清分离蛋白-壳聚糖复合颗粒的结构特性及其花青素负载性能. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 143 -152 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040317
Bowen XU, Chong SHI, Dandan ZHOU, Yicheng WANG, Weilin LI, Donglu FANG. Structural Characteristics and Anthocyanin Loading Performance of Whey Protein Isolate-Chitosan Composite Particles Induced by Cold Plasma[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 143 -152 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040317
近年来,基于天然高分子的蛋白-多糖复合物因其优异的生物相容性与可定制化结构特性,逐渐成为功能因子递送领域的研究热点[1]。这类载体不仅能通过分子间作用力精确调控活性成分释放位点,其可食用特性更避免了合成材料的代谢风险[2]。当前递送体系构建主要依赖脂质体、微胶囊及纳米复合物等技术,但普遍存在载药效率低、缓释靶向性差及化学交联剂残留等共性缺陷[3−4]。在纳米复合物递送体系中,乳清分离蛋白(Whey protein isolate,WPI)凭借两亲性结构可有效包封疏水活性成分,而壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)的阳离子特性则赋予其良好的蛋白质结合能力[5]。通过静电复合、共价偶联等分子组装策略构建的WPI-CS复合物递送载体虽能实现对活性成分的高效包封与可控释放[6],但传统制备工艺仍面临双重挑战:其一,热诱导法可能导致蛋白质变性失活;其二,化学交联法易引入残留毒性物质,同时颗粒粒径均一性难以精准控制。因此,如何实现WPI-CS载体结构的精准调控,已成为提升其递送效率的关键问题。
针对传统技术缺陷,低温等离子体(Cold plasma,CP)作为一种用于食品成分功能修饰的非热加工技术,凭借其环保、无化学添加和可持续的特性,为WPI-CS递送载体结构调控提供了新思路[6]。作为CP技术的一种重要形式,介质阻挡放电冷等离子体(Dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma,DBD-CP)技术利用介质阻挡层促进在大气压下的放电,显著提高了经济效率和实用性[7]。此外,DBD-CP处理过程通常快速高效,且能在接近室温的温和条件下进行,有效避免了生物活性物质的热变性风险。其产生的活性粒子具有良好的穿透性,能够深入材料内部实现均匀改性,为蛋白-多糖复合物的功能化改性提供了新的可能[8]。研究表明,DBD-CP处理可显著改变蛋白质二级结构,增强多糖链的交联密度,从而改善复合物的包埋性能[9]。然而,DBD-CP作用参数(放电电压、处理时长)对提升蛋白质-多糖复合物的包埋性能、负载量的机制尚未明晰,亟需系统性研究。
聚焦递送对象需求,花青素(Anthocyanins,ACNs)作为天然植物源性色素,在抗氧化、抗炎及心血管保护等领域展现出重要生物活性[10]。然而,其实际应用面临双重挑战:其一,该类成分对环境条件高度敏感,易受温度波动、光照及pH变化引发显著降解;其二,口服递送过程中存在生物利用度严重不足的固有缺陷[11]。尽管现有的递送系统,如脂质体/微囊,在一定程度上提升了其稳定性,但其对ACNs的包埋效率(Encapsulation efficiency,EE)和负载量(Loading capacity,LC)普遍偏低,限制了递送体系的实用性与经济性[12]。
基于此,本研究创新性地采用DBD-CP技术对WPI-CS复合颗粒进行改性处理,系统调控放电参数(放电电压:30、90、150 kV;处理时长:30、60、90 s),构建ACNs高效负载体系。通过系统评估复合颗粒对ACNs的包埋效率、负载量、ζ-电位及粒径分布,筛选DBD-CP最佳作用参数。进一步结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、荧光光谱(Fluorescence spectroscopy,FS)、圆二色谱(Circular dichroism,CD)及扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)等多尺度结构表征技术,深入解析DBD-CP诱导的WPI-CS分子构象变化规律及其与ACNs的相互作用机制,为阐明低温等离子体技术在生物活性物质稳态化递送中的作用原理提供理论支撑。
WPI(食品级样品装) 河南中辰生物科技有限公司;CS(脱乙酰度90%)、ACNs(来源蓝莓ACNs) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;无水乙醇、盐酸、氢氧化钠、磷酸、醋酸 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
CPCS-I高压低温等离子体表面处理机 南京苏曼等离子科技有限公司;Mastersizer 3000马尔文激光粒度仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;Lambda 950紫外分光光度计 美国PerkinElmer公司;Ultima IV组合式多功能X射线衍射仪 日本理学株式会社;Quanta 200环境扫描电子显微镜 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;VERTEX 80 V红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克公司;FluoroMax-4瞬态稳态荧光光谱仪、FluoroMax-4 荧光分光光度计 法国HORIBA公司;MOS-500多功能圆二色谱仪 法国Bio-Logic公司;IKA Topolino磁力搅拌器 艾卡(德国)仪器设备有限公司;ZF-800DE超声波清洗机 上海喆孚实业有限公司。
该研究的实验流程图及方法如图1所示。
参考李双健等[13]的方法并稍作修改。称取一定量的CS,用1%(w/v)的醋酸溶解,磁力搅拌器连续搅拌过夜,直至液体变得澄清透明,制成5 mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液。称取一定量的WPI,用去离子水溶解并充分搅拌,配制成相同质量分数的乳清分离蛋白溶液。用1 mol/L的盐酸溶液分别将CS和WPI溶液的pH调至3.5和6.0后,将制备好的CS溶液缓慢滴加至WPI溶液中,室温搅拌6 h,使带正电的CS溶液和带负电的WPI溶液充分混合制备WPI-CS复合物。将制得的复合物置于4 ℃的冰箱中储存以供后续使用。
对WPI-CS复合物进行DBD-CP处理。具体操作流程如下:将WPI-CS复合颗粒溶液均匀倒入玻璃基板后,转移至DBD-CP反应腔中,设定电极间距为30 mm、放电频率145 Hz、基板移动速度20 mm/s,通入空气作为工作气体。通过双因素全因子试验设计,以放电电压(30、90、150 kV)与处理时长(30、60、90 s)为自变量,共形成9组处理条件,同时设置未处理WPI-CS复合颗粒作为空白对照(CK),具体分组见表1。
基于WPI-CS复合颗粒自身特性及其对ACNs的递送效能,选取四项评估指标筛选最佳DBD-CP处理参数:ACNs包埋效率、ACNs负载量、WPI-CS的ζ-电位以及WPI-CS的粒径分布。通过测定上述指标数据,结合直观分析与方差分析,综合评估不同DBD-CP处理参数的效能差异,最终确定最优参数组合。
准确称量ACNs标准样品,用去离子水溶解并定容,配制成浓度为1 mg/mL的ACNs标准储备液。随后,将此储备液进行系列稀释,获得浓度梯度为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0 mg/mL的标准溶液。在520 nm波长下,使用紫外分光光度计测定各浓度标准溶液的吸光度值。以ACNs标准溶液浓度(X,mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度值(Y)为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线。经线性回归分析,得到标准曲线方程Y=0.8393X+0.0102,决定系数R2=0.99。
参考Li等[14]的方法并稍作调整。将5 mg ACNs溶解于5 mL pH为3.0的去离子水中,置于超声波清洗机中,超声功率设定为800 W,超声处理30 min,直至完全溶解,制得ACNs溶液。随后,将ACNs溶液与制备完成的WPI-CS复合溶液混合,以600 r/min的转速搅拌6 h,获得WPI-CS与ACNs的质量比为4:1的复合颗粒溶液。将部分溶液置于4 ℃冰箱中储存备用,剩余溶液进行真空冷冻干燥处理后,置于干燥器中备用,以进行后续的结构特征分析。
参考Wang等[15]的方法并稍作修改,将新制备的复合物分散液于低温离心机(4 ℃)中以8000 r/min转速离心3 min,离心结束后迅速取上清液,用去离子水稀释50倍,在室温下用紫外分光光度计在520 nm处测定游离ACNs的吸光度,同时结合绘制的ACNs的标准曲线图进行分析。最后根据式(1)和式(2)计算包埋效率及负载量。
$ \mathrm{包埋效率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}-{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}}\times 100 $
$ \mathrm{负载量}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}-{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:m0为总ACNs添加量(g);m1为游离ACNs添加量(g);m2为蛋白质和多糖添加量。
颗粒大小和ζ-电位均使用马尔文激光粒度仪在25 ℃的环境下测量,所有测量都基于至少三个新制备的样品进行。
基于多指标优化筛选结果(1.2.4节),确定最佳DBD-CP处理参数后,采用该最佳参数对WPI-CS复合颗粒进行DBD-CP改性,并依据1.2.4.2所述方法包埋ACNs,制备得到WPI-ACNs-CS复合体系。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、荧光光谱、圆二色谱及扫描电镜多尺度结构表征,研究WPI、ACNs、CS、WPI-CS以及最佳参数下制备的WPI-ACNs-CS复合体系,以探究递送性能强化机制。
样品的晶体结构通过组合型多功能水平X-射线衍射仪以5°/min的扫描速率,记录5°~90°扫描范围的XRD图谱。
将真空冷冻干燥后的样品与溴化钾以1:11比例进行混合,然后用研钵研磨成细小均匀的粉末。使用红外光谱仪在4000~400 cm−1的光谱范围内对样品扫描32次,以溴化钾压片作为空白对照。
将固体样品置于5 mm×5 mm抛光硅片上,固定于样品台后,用扫描电子显微镜在10.0 kV的加速电压下进行观察。
将待测样品与去离子水按比例混合配制适量浓度的悬浊液,经充分振荡混匀后,采用荧光分光光度计进行检测分析。仪器参数设定如下:发射波长扫描范围设定为560~580 nm区间,激发波长固定为520 nm,光谱通带宽度设置为5 nm。
在室温条件下,将样品用磷酸盐缓冲液稀释至0.1 mg/mL后,采用1 mm石英比色皿进行测定。圆二色谱仪的波长扫描范围设定为190~270 nm,扫描速率为50 nm/min,扫描步长为1 nm。
所有测量至少进行三次重复,结果以平均值±标准差的形式呈现。绘图采用标准绘图软件Origin 2025进行。统计分析采用数据分析软件IBM SPSS 27.0进行,包括单因素方差分析,随后进行邓肯氏多重比较检验,P<0.05表明差异显著。
结合绘制的ACNs标准曲线对包埋效率及负载量进行测定。图2比较了不同放电电压(30、90、150 kV)及处理时长(30、60、90 s)下WPI-CS复合颗粒中ACNs的包埋效率和负载量。实验表明,在90 kV,60 s条件下,ACNs的包埋效率和负载量分别达到峰值91.93%和4.59%,较对照组(72.17%和3.61%)显著提升(P<0.05)。这一现象可归因于DBD-CP处理诱导的分子构象动态调控:一方面,等离子体产生的活性氧和活性氮促使WPI二级结构展开,暴露内部疏水基团,增强与ACNs的疏水结合;另一方面,CS的乙酰化程度在适度等离子体处理下降低,表面阳离子电荷密度增加,通过静电作用与带负电的ACNs形成稳定复合物[16]。此条件下,DBD-CP处理的能量密度恰处于WPI-CS复合颗粒的结构优化区间,既能打破蛋白质内部氢键促进疏水区域暴露,又避免过度交联导致的结合位点掩埋。Zhou等[9]的研究也证实了等离子体处理的优化效应,他们发现低温等离子体可以将玉米醇溶蛋白对姜黄素的包封效率从52.83%提高到76.31%,并表明等离子体可以增强分子间相互作用(如疏水作用、静电吸引),促进更强的自组装动力学和更多的结合位点来捕获姜黄素。然而,等离子体处理的效果高度依赖于能量输入强度,存在显著的阈值效应:当处理强度较弱时,能量不足以完全打破蛋白质内部氢键,疏水基团暴露有限,包埋效率和负载量提升幅度较小;而强度过高则会导致WPI发生不可逆聚集,形成致密结构,掩盖疏水区域并减少有效结合位点,包埋效率和负载量则有所下降[17−18]。
ζ-电位作为胶体体系稳定性的核心指标,其绝对值直接反映颗粒间静电排斥力的强弱。电位绝对值越大,表示颗粒之间的排斥力越大,意味着聚集的颗粒越少,溶液越稳定[19]。如图3所示,经DBD-CP处理的WPI-CS复合颗粒ζ-电位呈现先增后降的非单调变化趋势。除30 kV,30 s和30 kV,60 s两组低强度处理外,其余各处理组的ζ-电位较未处理对照组均显著提高,表明在一定强度的DBD-CP处理条件下,能够有效增强纳米颗粒间的静电排斥作用,从而改善体系稳定性。具体而言,随着放电电压与处理时长的增加,复合颗粒ζ-电位在150 kV,30 s时达到峰值(45.7±0.66 mV),随后在更高能量输入(150 kV,60 s、150 kV,90 s)时出现下降。这与高宝宇等[20]的研究一致,他们发现随着低温等离子体放电电压的增加,海藻酸钠-核桃分离蛋白的ζ-电位绝对值显示出先增后降的趋势。本研究中,该现象的产生机制可从以下三个层面进行解析:首先,DBD-CP特有的高能放电过程诱导产生大量活性带电物种(包括电子、离子、自由基及激发态分子)[21−22],这些物质通过物理吸附与化学修饰作用富集于颗粒表面,显著提高了表面电荷密度。其次,等离子体处理引发的能量沉积导致WPI与CS分子构象改变,使得原本被包埋的带电官能团(如氨基、羧基)暴露[23],同时增强的蛋白质链柔性促进了分子间相互作用的重排,从而优化表面电荷分布[24]。上述带电物种迁移、粒子结构重组与官能团暴露的协同效应,共同解释了处理初期ζ-电位的显著提升。值得注意的是,当过处理(≥150 kV,60 s)时,ζ-电位的下降提示存在临界能量阈值效应。此时,等离子体引发的高密度能量输入既可能导致过量带电物种引发电荷屏蔽效应,还可能促使蛋白质-多糖复合物发生不可逆聚集,形成可溶性聚集体[25]。这为处理参数过度时ζ-电位的衰减现象提供了合理解释。
不同DBD-CP处理手段对复合颗粒粒径的影响如图4所示。随着放电电压及处理时长的增大,WPI-CS的粒径呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。这与Chen等[21]的研究一致,他们发现随着低温等离子体放电电压的增强,玉米醇溶蛋白-壳聚糖复合物的粒径先减小后增大,并将该现象归因于不同电压处理下蛋白质的结构和比表面积的差异以及化学键的形成等作用。本研究中,在较低放电电压和处理时长下复合颗粒粒径的减小可归因于DBD-CP处理过程中产生的高能物质与复合物的物理碰撞,该碰撞导致颗粒的分散和重排,从而实现更小颗粒尺寸[26]。此外,高电压条件下增强的蚀刻能量与高密度氧化性化合物可破坏WPI或CS亚基内的共价键与非共价键[27],最终导致颗粒粒径减小。较小的颗粒尺寸通常意味着更大的比表面积,这为疏水性生物活性成分提供了更多的潜在结合位点,因此有望提高其包埋效率,并可能提升颗粒的溶解度[21]。然而,随着处理参数的进一步增大,当样品过度暴露于DBD-CP后,DBD-CP产生的高密度活性物质很可能通过游离巯基的氧化形成二硫键,在复合物内产生交联,从而导致颗粒尺寸呈逆向增加。Gupta等[28]和Ekezie等[29]也描述了蛋白质中类似的交联现象。
上述四个指标的分析试验结果如表2所示,通过综合分析筛选最佳组合,确定DBD-CP的最佳处理参数。
基于表2数据的综合分析,发现在放电电压为90 kV,处理时长为60 s(组5)的改性参数下制得的复合颗粒性能优势显著:包埋效率和负载量作为核心指标,在组5(90 kV,60 s)达到实验最高值(包埋效率:91.93%±0.20%;负载量:4.59%±0.02%),仅与组6(90 kV,90 s)无显著差异。在包埋效率和负载量相近的高水平组中,组5展现出更均衡的综合性能:其粒径(158.65±2.99 nm)显著低于除组6外的所有处理组(P<0.05);同时维持理想纳米尺度(<200 nm);ζ-电位绝对值(41.4±0.76 mV)保持较高水平,虽略低于组6(43.9±0.50 mV)和组7(45.7±0.60 mV),但优于绝大多数实验组。因此,在首要保证包埋效率和负载量最大化的前提下,组5(90 kV,60 s)因其优异的粒径分布与足够高的稳定性被确定为最佳条件。此参数下制得的WPI-CS复合颗粒性能表现为:包埋效率91.93%±0.20%,负载量4.59%±0.02%,ζ-电位绝对值41.4±0.76 mV,粒径158.65±2.99 nm。因此确定90 kV,60 s为DBD-CP最佳改性参数。
为验证实验结果的可靠性,采用SPSS 27.0对数据进行双因素全因子方差分析(表3)。结果表明:放电电压对包埋效率、负载量、ζ-电位及粒径的影响均达极显著水平(P<0.001),处理时长对包埋效率和负载量的影响极显著(P<0.001),对粒径影响高度显著(P<0.01),对ζ-电位的影响显著(P<0.05);电压与处理时长的交互作用对包埋效率(P<0.01)的影响高度显著。基于上述统计结果并综合表2实验数据,选定90 kV,60 s作为优化参数组:90 kV电压对所有指标均表现极显著主效应优化(P<0.001),60 s处理时长对关键指标(包埋效率,负载量,粒径)呈现强主效应(P<0.001)。后续研究将针对此参数组制备的WPI-ACNs-CS复合体系开展多尺度结构表征与负载机制解析。
XRD是通过晶体结构与入射X射线的相互作用来解析材料结晶特性的表征技术。当体系中不同组分仅存在微弱相互作用或无明显化学键合时,各组分将保持独立的结晶区域,此时XRD图谱会显现各组分对应的特征峰。若组分间形成强相互作用,则会导致部分聚合物组分的特征衍射峰强度显著减弱甚至消失[30]。如图5所示。纯ACNs、CS和WPI的XRD图谱均呈现独立半结晶特征,其特征峰分别位于19.59°(ACNs)、10.92°/20.12°(CS)和8.89°/19.45°(WPI)。值得注意的是,当构建WPI-CS及WPI-ACNs-CS复合体系时,体系结晶度显著降低,特别是经DBD-CP处理后制备的WPI-ACNs-CS样品中特征峰接近消失。这一现象可从分子相互作用与结构调控机制深入解析。首先,WPI与CS的强分子相互作用(如静电吸引与疏水作用)破坏了二者原有的有序结构:WPI的β-折叠构象与CS分子链的规则排列因复合物形成而解离,导致其独立结晶特征峰减弱[31]。进一步地,DBD-CP处理通过氧化修饰与活性粒子(如自由基)作用,暴露WPI疏水基团并诱导CS分子链断键重组,从而增强WPI-CS间的氢键及静电交联网络[23,27]。该现象证实:WPI与CS通过强分子相互作用形成复合结构;复合物对ACNs的包埋作用诱导其从半结晶态向无定形态转变;DBD-CP处理可有效增强WPI-CS复合颗粒对ACNs的包埋能力与负载能力,同时显著增强颗粒间相互作用。值得注意的是,这些结论与粒径分布及ζ-电位分析结果相吻合,共同阐明了WPI-CS复合颗粒的相互作用机制,并进一步凸显DBD-CP处理在调控WPI-CS结构重排及分子间作用力方面的独特优势与潜在应用价值。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱对WPI-ACNs-CS复合体系中的ACNs与WPI-CS的相互作用进行分析,官能团的位置变化能有效反映出WPI-CS对ACNs的包埋效果[32]。如图6所示,单组分特征峰归属显示:ACNs的1278.26 cm−1(C-O-C振动)和1016.34 cm−1(C-O振动)表明其表面亲水/疏水基团共存。CS的3348.34 cm−1(O-H/N-H伸缩振动)和1025.13 cm−1(C-O-C糖苷键振动)反映其多糖骨架及氢键网络,而WPI的1630.94 cm−1(酰胺I带)与1529.85 cm−1(酰胺II带)则对应蛋白质二级结构特征;复合物中,未处理的WPI-ACNs-CS在3279.14 cm−1处出现O-H/N-H峰红移(相较于WPI移动了9 cm−1),表明ACNs通过氢键作用嵌入WPI-CS网络[2]。经DBD-CP处理后,WPI-ACNs-CS的C-O-C振动峰左移至1067.26 cm−1,证实等离子体刻蚀作用暴露更多活性基团(-NH2、-OH),促进多糖-蛋白交联网络致密化[33];同时,酰胺II带(1538.86 cm−1)和C-H振动峰(1405.31 cm−1)的峰位保持相对稳定。酰胺II带(1538.86 cm−1)主要归属于蛋白质的N-H弯曲和C-N伸缩振动,其稳定性通常与蛋白质β-折叠结构的维持相关[2,33]。C-H振动峰(1405.31 cm−1)的稳定性则反映了疏水微环境的相对恒定[34]。上述结果共同表明,低温等离子体处理显著调控了WPI-CS复合物的微观结构,进而优化其对ACNs的包埋效果,有效增强WPI-CS对ACNs的封装稳定性。Xu等[34]也描述了低温等离子体处理在提高蛋白质载体对活性成分包埋的潜力与类似机制。
如图7所示,单一组分的形貌特征呈现显著差异。WPI单体呈近球形形貌(部分为椭圆形),粒径分布较宽且表面存在明显凹凸纹理(图7A);CS单体表现为褶皱状不规则线性结构(图7B);ACNs单体则兼具近球形与块状形貌,表面伴有褶皱特征(图7C)。值得注意的是,WPI-CS复合颗粒呈现出高度有序的多孔网络结构—CS分子链作为三维骨架支撑,WPI颗粒则作为交联节点锚定于CS网络节点处,形成稳定的空间拓扑构型(图7D)。与之相比,未经处理的WPI-CS复合颗粒包埋ACNs制得的复合物呈现无序多孔结构(图7E),与WPI-CS复合颗粒形貌特征较为类似。该现象与Chen等[35]的研究结果类似,他们发现槲皮万寿菊素的引入并未引起玉米醇溶蛋白基纳米复合体系整体微观结构的显著改变。然而,经DBD-CP处理的WPI-CS复合物在引入ACNs后的复合物则表现出显著优化的微观形貌:孔隙尺寸均一化且分布有序,形成致密包埋网络,实现对ACNs的高效负载(图7F)。上述现象与DBD-CP处理诱导的ζ-电位提升具有内在关联性。等离子体产生的活性带电物种(如电子、离子)通过吸附与化学修饰增加颗粒表面电荷密度[22-23],增强的静电排斥力不仅抑制颗粒聚集,还促进WPI-CS骨架的均匀扩展,形成规则孔隙网络。同时,与FTIR光谱分析结果一致,DBD-CP处理引发的分子间作用力强化进一步佐证了SEM观察到的CS骨架致密化现象。
通过荧光光谱技术系统评估了DBD-CP处理对WPI-ACNs-CS复合体系包埋性能的调控机制。如图8所示,在ACNs特征激发波长520 nm条件下,经DBD-CP处理的实验组荧光强度显著优于其他样品组。这一现象源于等离子体处理诱导的多尺度结构优化:DBD-CP改性后的WPI-CS通过增强的分子间交联作用形成致密疏水网络,并从两方面提升ACNs的功能特性。首先,包埋微环境极性降低与三维空间限域效应共同抑制了ACNs分子的自聚集及溶剂猝灭[36];其次,改性WPI中暴露的活性氨基酸残基与ACNs形成定向分子相互作用,通过电子云重排放大荧光信号,表明DBD-CP处理通过分子屏蔽效应显著提升了ACNs的光稳定性[23]。相比之下,未处理对照组荧光强度与空白载体(WPI-CS)接近,直接印证了DBD-CP对载体结构致密性的关键调控作用。此外,空白载体在检测波长下无显著荧光响应,有效排除了载体自发荧光的干扰。以上结果共同表明,DBD-CP处理可通过精准调控WPI-CS相互作用网络,实现功能成分的稳定包埋与性能强化。
CD光谱是分析蛋白质二级结构变化的有效手段,常用于蛋白质二级结构的测定[37]。如图9所示,单体WPI的CD光谱在201.79 nm处呈现负峰,在220.25 nm处呈现正峰,表明其构象以β-折叠为主[38]。引入CS后,形成的WPI-CS复合物光谱发生显著变化:主负峰红移至207.65 nm,并在244.03 nm处出现新的正峰。这表明CS的阳离子侧链可能与WPI的羧基或羟基发生静电相互作用并形成氢键网络,扰动了WPI原有的β-折叠构象。新正峰的出现可能与CS链间的有序堆积或WPI-CS界面处形成的新构象有关[39]。在含有ACNs的未处理WPI-ACNs-CS复合物中,负峰位置(201.41 nm)和正峰位置(220.99 nm)回移至接近WPI单体的状态。这表明ACNs的羟基可能竞争性地与WPI形成氢键,削弱了WPI与CS之间的相互作用,导致WPI的局部β-折叠结构发生松弛[40]。经DBD-CP处理后,WPI-ACNs-CS复合物的负峰位置蓝移至199.19 nm,正峰位置蓝移至219.54 nm,提示β-折叠片层间的氢键网络可能变得更加致密,且β-片层堆积有序性得到重建,构象趋于均一化。
本研究利用DBD-CP技术成功构建了具有高效负载特性的WPI-CS复合物载体体系,显著提升了ACNs的包埋效率与负载量。在90 kV,60 s条件下,ACNs包埋效率与负载量分别达91.93%和4.59%,粒径分布均匀,ζ-电位显著增大,体系稳定性显著增强。这一提升源于DBD-CP诱导的WPI-CS分子构象变化:FTIR分析显示,3279.14 cm−1处O-H/N-H峰红移,表明氢键网络增强;CD光谱中β-折叠构象负峰蓝移至199.19 nm,提示蛋白质二级结构展开并重建;SEM观察到处理后的复合颗粒形成孔隙均一的致密网络结构,ζ-电位增至41.4 mV,显著改善了体系稳定性。与现有研究相比,本研究阐明了DBD-CP的作用机制:通过降低CS脱乙酰化程度增强其阳离子特性,强化静电相互作用;同时暴露WPI疏水基团,促进与花青素的疏水结合。这一协同效应有效规避了传统方法导致的蛋白质变性风险及化学交联剂残留问题。基于此,本技术无需化学交联剂即可实现高效包埋,因而兼具环保、无化学添加、可持续等优势,在功能食品、保健品及药物载体领域具有广阔的应用前景,尤其适用于ACNs等敏感性生物活性物质的高效负载。为进一步验证体系功能,后续研究将优先开展动物实验,系统评估其体内生物利用度,为生物活性物质在复杂生理环境下的稳态化负载提供理论支撑和技术突破。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040317
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
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    1南京林业大学,森林食物资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室,江苏南京 210037
    2南京林业大学轻工与食品学院,江苏南京 210037
    3南京林业大学瑞华经济林研究院,江苏南京 210037
    4南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037

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方东路(1989-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:林产品保鲜与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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