Article(id=1320883559984906454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852781530, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852781530, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852781530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852781530, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=221, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883560156872919, articleId=1320883559984906454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparative of Microbial Community Diversity in Artificially and Mechanically Produced High-temperature Daqu in Different Storage Periods, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of manual and mechanical methods of making high-temperature Daqu on the microbial community during storage, this study analyzed the differences in microbial community composition and succession patterns of Jiangxiangxing Baijiui high-temperature Daqu made by manual and mechanical methods during the storage period (0~150 days) using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods. Additionally, the bacterial functions and phenotypes were predicted based on BugBase. The results showed that the manual-made high-temperature Daqu had a significantly higher fungal community richness during storage compared to the mechanically-made Daqu (P<0.05), and the fungal community composition was also significantly different. However, there was no significant difference in bacterial community diversity between the two types of Daqu (P>0.05). Thermomyces was a key genus, but the dominant fungal genera varied with different storage times and Daqu-making methods. Lactobacillus was relatively enriched in the mechanical Daqu, while Bacillus was more prominent in the manual Daqu. Linear discriminant analysis revealed the impact of Daqu-making methods on biomarkers. Leptospora rubella and Trichomonascus ciferrii were the biomarkers for manual and mechanical Daqu at different storage periods, respectively. Weissella was the biomarker for the manual Daqu during storage, while Kocuria was the biomarker for the mechanical Daqu during storage. Moreover, different Daqu-making methods also had a significant impact on bacterial functions and phenotypes. Kroppenstedtia and Staphylococcus were the bacterial genera that were significantly positively correlated with multiple metabolic functions during the storage of manual and mechanical Daqu, respectively (P<0.05). Both types of Daqu were dominated by Gram-positive bacteria, but the manual Daqu maintained a higher anaerobic bacterial activity phenotype. This study found that different Daqu-making methods had an impact on the microbial community structure, succession patterns, and bacterial functions and phenotypes during Daqu storage, providing a theoretical reference for the scientific regulation of Daqu storage and the analysis of the aging mechanism.

, authors=Lianshuang XIONG1, 2, 3, Dan XIE1, 2, 3, Anran ZHU1, 2, 3, Daoli XIA1, 2, 3, 4, Hu LU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Jianfeng HU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Feng HU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Cheng WU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=Lianshuang XIONG, Dan XIE, Anran ZHU, Daoli XIA, Hu LU, Jianfeng HU, Feng HU, Cheng WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cheng WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883565357809896, articleId=1320883559984906454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同储存期人工和机械生产高温大曲微生物群落多样性比较, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解析人工和机械化成曲方式对高温大曲储存过程中微生物的影响,本研究基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术并结合多元统计分析方法,对人工和机械制备的酱香型白酒高温大曲储存过程(0~150 d)微生物群落组成及演替规律差异进行分析,并基于BugBase预测细菌功能及表型。结果表明,人工踩制高温大曲储存过程中在真菌群落丰富度上显著优于机械制备(P<0.05),且真菌群落组成差异较大,而两种大曲在细菌群落多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)是关键类群,但不同储存时间和成曲方式的优势真菌类群存在差异;机械曲中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对富集,而人工曲中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)更为突出。线性判别分析揭示了成曲方式对生物标志物的影响,真菌中Leptospora rubella和Trichomonascus ciferrii分别为人工和机械曲不同储存期的标志物,而魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)是人工曲储存过程中的生物标志物,克氏菌属(Kocuria)是机械曲储存过程中的生物标志物。不同成曲方式对细菌功能及表型也有较大影响,克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)分别是人工和机械曲储存过程中与多种代谢功能呈显著正相关的细菌属(P<0.05),且两种大曲均以革兰氏阳性菌为绝对优势表型,但人工曲维持更高厌氧菌活性表型。综上,不同成曲方式对大曲储存过程中微生物群落结构、演替规律以及细菌功能和表型均具有影响,为高温大曲储存期科学调控和老熟机理解析提供了理论参考。

, authors=熊连双1, 2, 3, 谢丹1, 2, 3, 朱安然1, 2, 3, 夏道丽1, 2, 3, 4, 路虎1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 胡建锋1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 胡峰1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 吴成1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=熊连双, 谢丹, 朱安然, 夏道丽, 路虎, 胡建锋, 胡峰, 吴成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴成, authorNote=

熊连双(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物和白酒工艺,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴成(1993−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物和白酒工艺,E-mail:。
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3Engineering Technology Research Center for Intelligent Brewing of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu, China National Light Industry Council, Xishui 564622, China
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注:*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=kpd8Vv7id5sO4hNP4CLtFQ==, figureFileBig=RxJ0PvgOd6cFCW2Hbra9Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572697841989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=ANOSIM analysis (A, C) and PCoA analysis (B, D) based on Bray-Curtis distance, figureFileSmall=ZtbcGJp/oq0WI/JKbqQImQ==, figureFileBig=++yyKH+48TFeKhLZ/GJDjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572773339462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于Bray-Curtis距离的ANOSIM(A,C)和PCoA分析(B,D), figureFileSmall=ZtbcGJp/oq0WI/JKbqQImQ==, figureFileBig=++yyKH+48TFeKhLZ/GJDjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572840448327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relative abundance bar plots of bacterial communities at the phylum (A) and genus level (B) based on OTUs level, figureFileSmall=Na9V1/5G1xv4BGsuuV1NbQ==, figureFileBig=sf/hDJQxxqZYvP9vQLsrdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572907557192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于OTUs水平细菌群落门(A)和属水平(B)相对丰度柱状图

注:将未注释到分类水平的细菌门和属分别用p-unclassified和g_unclassified表示,其余用others表示。

, figureFileSmall=Na9V1/5G1xv4BGsuuV1NbQ==, figureFileBig=sf/hDJQxxqZYvP9vQLsrdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572974666057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=LEfSe analysis of bacterial communities in manually and mechanically prepared High-Temperature Daqu across storage periods, figureFileSmall=9h9dSxJ3Leh4MNDjpIspyA==, figureFileBig=c5M6qL8aezSW7RdA/c9O2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573045969226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同储存期人工和机械制备高温大曲中细菌群落LEfSe分析, figureFileSmall=9h9dSxJ3Leh4MNDjpIspyA==, figureFileBig=c5M6qL8aezSW7RdA/c9O2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573117272395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relative abundance bar plots of fungus communities at the phylum level (A) and genus level (B) based on OTUs level, figureFileSmall=kqD80RDy/iED+XTGKaHemQ==, figureFileBig=0CbqYjrsH751ze822to69w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573184381260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于OTUs水平真菌群落门水平(A)和属水平(B)相对丰度柱状图

注:将未注释到分类水平的细菌门和属分别用p-unclassified和g_unclassified表示,其余用others表示。

, figureFileSmall=kqD80RDy/iED+XTGKaHemQ==, figureFileBig=0CbqYjrsH751ze822to69w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573255684429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=LEfSe analysis of fungus communities in manually and mechanically prepared high-temperature Daqu across storage periods, figureFileSmall=eO30AJKedAYXvzaHgFJnAg==, figureFileBig=McmXnSpKr19Hhp0quIQRog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573335376206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同储存期人工和机械制备高温大曲中真菌群落LEfSe分析, figureFileSmall=eO30AJKedAYXvzaHgFJnAg==, figureFileBig=McmXnSpKr19Hhp0quIQRog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573402485071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Spearman correlation analysis between predicted functional 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不同储存期人工和机械生产高温大曲微生物群落多样性比较
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熊连双 1, 2, 3 , 谢丹 1, 2, 3 , 朱安然 1, 2, 3 , 夏道丽 1, 2, 3, 4 , 路虎 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 胡建锋 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 胡峰 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 吴成 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(8): 221-231
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (8) : 221 -231
不同储存期人工和机械生产高温大曲微生物群落多样性比较
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3Engineering Technology Research Center for Intelligent Brewing of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu, China National Light Industry Council, Xishui 564622, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883568071524606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559984906454, authorId=1320883567832449273, language=CN, stringName=熊连双, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1贵州习酒股份有限公司,贵州习水 564622
2贵州省酱香型白酒技术创新中心,贵州习水 564622
3中国轻工业酱香型白酒智能酿造工程技术研究中心,贵州习水 564622, bio={"content":"

熊连双(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物和白酒工艺,E-mail:

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熊连双(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物和白酒工艺,E-mail:

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3中国轻工业酱香型白酒智能酿造工程技术研究中心,贵州习水 564622
4贵州省白酒制造业创新中心,贵州仁怀 564500
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熊连双1, 2, 3 , 谢丹1, 2, 3, 朱安然1, 2, 3, 夏道丽1, 2, 3, 4, 路虎1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 胡建锋1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 胡峰1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 吴成1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州习酒股份有限公司,贵州习水 564622
  • 2贵州省酱香型白酒技术创新中心,贵州习水 564622
  • 3中国轻工业酱香型白酒智能酿造工程技术研究中心,贵州习水 564622
  • 4贵州省白酒制造业创新中心,贵州仁怀 564500
  • 5国家市场监管总局重点实验室(酱香型白酒品质与安全),贵州贵阳 550000
通讯作者:
吴成(1993−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物和白酒工艺,E-mail:。
作者简介:

熊连双(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:酿酒微生物和白酒工艺,E-mail:

Comparative of Microbial Community Diversity in Artificially and Mechanically Produced High-temperature Daqu in Different Storage Periods
Lianshuang XIONG1, 2, 3 , Dan XIE1, 2, 3, Anran ZHU1, 2, 3, Daoli XIA1, 2, 3, 4, Hu LU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Jianfeng HU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Feng HU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Cheng WU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guizhou Xijiu Co., Ltd., Xishui 564622, China
  • 2Guizhou Technology Innovation Center of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu, Xishui 564622, China
  • 3Engineering Technology Research Center for Intelligent Brewing of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu, China National Light Industry Council, Xishui 564622, China
  • 4Manufacturing Innovation Center for Baijiu, Guizhou Province, Renhuai 564500, China
  • 5Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu, State Administration for Market Regulation, Guiyang 550000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040311
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为了解析人工和机械化成曲方式对高温大曲储存过程中微生物的影响,本研究基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术并结合多元统计分析方法,对人工和机械制备的酱香型白酒高温大曲储存过程(0~150 d)微生物群落组成及演替规律差异进行分析,并基于BugBase预测细菌功能及表型。结果表明,人工踩制高温大曲储存过程中在真菌群落丰富度上显著优于机械制备(P<0.05),且真菌群落组成差异较大,而两种大曲在细菌群落多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)是关键类群,但不同储存时间和成曲方式的优势真菌类群存在差异;机械曲中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对富集,而人工曲中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)更为突出。线性判别分析揭示了成曲方式对生物标志物的影响,真菌中Leptospora rubella和Trichomonascus ciferrii分别为人工和机械曲不同储存期的标志物,而魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)是人工曲储存过程中的生物标志物,克氏菌属(Kocuria)是机械曲储存过程中的生物标志物。不同成曲方式对细菌功能及表型也有较大影响,克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)分别是人工和机械曲储存过程中与多种代谢功能呈显著正相关的细菌属(P<0.05),且两种大曲均以革兰氏阳性菌为绝对优势表型,但人工曲维持更高厌氧菌活性表型。综上,不同成曲方式对大曲储存过程中微生物群落结构、演替规律以及细菌功能和表型均具有影响,为高温大曲储存期科学调控和老熟机理解析提供了理论参考。

酱香型  /  人工大曲  /  机械大曲  /  储存期  /  微生物多样性

To investigate the impact of manual and mechanical methods of making high-temperature Daqu on the microbial community during storage, this study analyzed the differences in microbial community composition and succession patterns of Jiangxiangxing Baijiui high-temperature Daqu made by manual and mechanical methods during the storage period (0~150 days) using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods. Additionally, the bacterial functions and phenotypes were predicted based on BugBase. The results showed that the manual-made high-temperature Daqu had a significantly higher fungal community richness during storage compared to the mechanically-made Daqu (P<0.05), and the fungal community composition was also significantly different. However, there was no significant difference in bacterial community diversity between the two types of Daqu (P>0.05). Thermomyces was a key genus, but the dominant fungal genera varied with different storage times and Daqu-making methods. Lactobacillus was relatively enriched in the mechanical Daqu, while Bacillus was more prominent in the manual Daqu. Linear discriminant analysis revealed the impact of Daqu-making methods on biomarkers. Leptospora rubella and Trichomonascus ciferrii were the biomarkers for manual and mechanical Daqu at different storage periods, respectively. Weissella was the biomarker for the manual Daqu during storage, while Kocuria was the biomarker for the mechanical Daqu during storage. Moreover, different Daqu-making methods also had a significant impact on bacterial functions and phenotypes. Kroppenstedtia and Staphylococcus were the bacterial genera that were significantly positively correlated with multiple metabolic functions during the storage of manual and mechanical Daqu, respectively (P<0.05). Both types of Daqu were dominated by Gram-positive bacteria, but the manual Daqu maintained a higher anaerobic bacterial activity phenotype. This study found that different Daqu-making methods had an impact on the microbial community structure, succession patterns, and bacterial functions and phenotypes during Daqu storage, providing a theoretical reference for the scientific regulation of Daqu storage and the analysis of the aging mechanism.

Jiangxiangxing  /  manual Daqu  /  mechanical Daqu  /  storage periods  /  microbial diversity
熊连双, 谢丹, 朱安然, 夏道丽, 路虎, 胡建锋, 胡峰, 吴成. 不同储存期人工和机械生产高温大曲微生物群落多样性比较. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 221 -231 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040311
Lianshuang XIONG, Dan XIE, Anran ZHU, Daoli XIA, Hu LU, Jianfeng HU, Feng HU, Cheng WU. Comparative of Microbial Community Diversity in Artificially and Mechanically Produced High-temperature Daqu in Different Storage Periods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 221 -231 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040311
酱香型白酒以其独特的酱香、焦香和醇厚口感闻名于世,本质上依赖于高温大曲中复杂微生物群落的协同代谢与动态平衡及后续酿造工艺[1−2]。酱香型高温大曲以小麦为主要原料,经高温堆积发酵,品温可达到60 ℃以上,其工艺核心包括原料粉碎、加水拌料、踩曲成型及高温培养等步骤[3−4]。高温环境促使曲坯中微生物快速繁殖,如芽孢杆菌属、嗜热真菌属等,并通过美拉德反应生成吡嗪类、呋喃类等香气前体物质,奠定酱香风味基础[2,5−6]。高温大曲中群落多样性直接决定了糖化、发酵、产香等关键功能的实现,其制作工艺与储存期的动态变化直接决定功能微生物群落的稳定性及代谢活性[2,7]。谢丹等[7]研究表明大曲储存过程中的主要优势细菌属为克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter);主要优势真菌属为嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)、Trichomonascus、丝衣霉属(Byssochlamys);张丽等[8]研究表明酱香型大曲贮存5、6个月时生化性能趋于稳定,用于白酒生产有利于稳定基酒的产量和质量,最适宜于酱香型白酒的生产;梁晨等[9]研究表明大曲贮存过程中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等是大曲中的优势菌群。陈晓茹等[10]研究表明贮存过程中常规大曲的优势菌为魏斯氏菌属(Weissella),强化大曲中优势菌为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus);赵金松等[11]研究表明不同区域和工艺条件的酱香大曲样品中微生物中优势菌群为真菌和革兰氏阳性菌。可见,当前高温大曲研究多集中于传统生产方式单一储存节点以及不同生产地区之间微生物多样性差异,缺乏时序动态分析,导致对不同储存期高温大曲微生物群落组成、以及重要细菌功能及表型差异还尚不清晰。因此,探究不同储存期下高温大曲微生物多样性差异,可有助于破解传统工艺中“陈曲优于新曲”的科学机制,为优化大曲储存标准提供理论依据。
此外,由于传统酱香型大曲的成型工艺长期依赖人工踩曲,通过经验控制曲坯外紧内松结构,但其存在效率低、品质波动性大等缺陷,随着机械化转型的发展,目前部分酱香型白酒企业已引入机械压曲技术以优化生产效能与质量均一性[12−13]。然而,机械压曲虽能提升高温大曲产能,但其制作的大曲在储存过程中与人工曲的微生物群落组成、演替规律和重要细菌功能和表型差异尚未明晰。对比人工和机械成曲方式下大曲储存过程中的微生物组成及功能,可加深对传统人工和现代机械生产大曲在储存过程中微生物的演替规律了解,为机械化转型中保持大曲品质提供理论支撑。基于此,本研究以酱香型白酒高温大曲为研究对象,聚焦人工踩曲与机械压曲两种成曲方式在不同储存期(0~150 d),采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序,结合多元统计分析方法,系统分析不同成曲方式下高温大曲储存过程中微生物群落结构的时序性变化规律,并基于BugBase预测细菌功能及表型,旨在揭示成曲方式对储存期内大曲微生物多样性及功能基因分布的影响机制,为高温大曲储存期科学调控和老熟机理解析提供理论参考。
不同储存期人工踩制和机械制备高温大曲样品 由贵州省遵义市某酱香型酒企制曲车间提供;Qubit3.0 DNA检测试剂盒 美国Life公司;E.Z.N.A™ Mag-Bind Soil DNA Kit提取试剂盒 美国OMEGA公司;2×Hieff® Robust PCR Master Mix 翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;Hieff NGS™ DNA Selection Beads 翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;扩增引物细菌:341F/805R(341F:5'-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3'和805R:5'-GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC-3'),真菌:ITS3/ITS4(ITS3:5'-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC-3'和ITS4:5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') 生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。
GL-88B漩涡混合器 海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;Pico-21台式离心机 美国Thermo Fisher公司;TND03-H-H混匀型干式恒温器 深圳托能达科技有限公司;ETC811 PCR仪 北京东胜创新生物科技有限公司;DYCZ-21电泳仪 北京市六一仪器厂;FR-1000凝胶成像系统 上海复日科技有限公司;Q32866 Qubit® 3.0荧光计 美国Invitrogen公司;移液器 德国Eppendorf公司;IlluminaMiSeq测序配套试剂 美国Illumina公司。
所有样品均以小麦为主要原料、经过粉碎、加水拌料、入仓发酵一周左右温度达到62 ℃以上进行一次翻曲、再经过一周左右进行二次翻曲、发酵40 d以上,进行拆曲储存,两种类型的样品,除成型方式不同,人工踩制大曲样品采用传统手工方式,机械制备大曲样品采用仿生压曲机压制成型,其余从原料到拆曲,储存期取样的所有条件都相同。
选取贵州某酱香型酒企制曲车间储存曲仓,在储存仓门口、中间,靠墙位置三处随机采集样品后,按一定比例(黄:白:黑=8:1:1)的黄、白和黑曲人工粉碎,过30目筛后混合成一个综合样,在储存过程中进行定期跟踪取样,每隔30 d取1次,最终共采集人工曲综合样(RG-1~RG-6)6个,机械曲综合样(JX-1~JX-6)6个,共计12个样品。样品磨碎后置于无菌密封袋中,按取样时间依次标记为RG-1(0 d)、RG-2(30 d)、RG-3(60 d)、RG-4(90 d)、RG-5(120 d)、RG-6(150 d);JX-1(0 d)、JX-2(30 d)、JX-3(60 d)、JX-4(90 d)、JX-5(120 d)、JX-6(150 d)。
按照课题组报道的方法提取DNA以及扩增总DNA[14−15]。总DNA提取:按照E.Z.N.A™Mag-Bind Soil DNA Kit试剂盒方法提取。扩增引物,细菌(341F:5'-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3'和805R:5'-GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC-3'),真菌(ITS3:5'-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC-3'和ITS4:5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3')。
PCR反应体系为:2×Hieff®Robust PCR Master Mix 15 μL,正向及反向引物各1 μL,DNA模板20~30 ng,使用ddH2O补齐体系至30 μL。扩增条件为:95 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性20 s;55 ℃退火20 s;72 ℃延伸30 s;25次循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min,降至10 ℃保存。
基于Illumina Miseq测序平台,分别对细菌16S rRNA基因V3~V4区、真菌ITS3~ITS4区进行高通量测序分析,由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成。
对得到的有效数据,首先根据overlap关系进行拼接,区分样本后对序列质量进行质控和过滤,然后进行OTU聚类分析和物种分类学分析。基于OTU聚类分析结果,对不同储存期的人工和机械高温大曲Alpha多样性指数进行比较分析。使用Mann-Whitney检验方法检验各多样性指数之间的显著差异性;基于Bray-Curtis距离对人工踩制和机械制备的高温大曲在储存过程中的检出的OTUs进行ANOSIM相似性分析[16]和主坐标分析[17](Principal Co-ordinates Analysis,PCoA),置信区域为95%。根据97%序列同源性阈值对OTU代表序列进行分类学注释分析,使用RDP[18]为参考数据库进行细菌物种注释,真菌采用UNITE[19]数据库进行分类学注释。细菌表型和功能预测采用BugBase[20]工具和PICRUSt工具[21]预测。采用Microsoft Office Excel 2019进行数据统计和处理;采用Origin 2021软件进行相关柱状图绘制;使用OmicStudio工具在https://www.omicstudio.cn上进行功能预测的相关热图绘制以及Alpha多样性指数的显著性检验。
样品经过Illumina Miseq测序平台测序完成后,将得到的原始序列进行拼接、质控、过滤等处理后,共得到1044816条有效序列,其中细菌有410609条、真菌634207条。测序覆盖率在99.9%以上,表明测序深度足够,测序结果可真实反映出不同成曲方式的高温大曲储存过程中微生物群落组成情况。将人工踩制和机械制备大曲储存过程中的细菌群落和真菌群落的Alpha多样性指数进行了比较分析,结果如图1所示。
由图1可知,对于细菌而言,在储存过程中机械制备高温大曲样品的Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou指数均略高于人工踩制的高温大曲,表明机械制备大曲样品中物种丰富度高、物种分布均衡,且群落结构复杂,但进一步结合Mann-Whitney检验发现差异均不显著(P>0.05);而对于真菌而言,人工踩制高温大曲样品的Richness、Simpson、Shannon、Chao1等指数均高于机械制备的高温大曲,表明人工踩制的大曲中物种丰富度高且物种分布均匀,且进一步结合Mann-Whitney检验发现,Richness指数和ACE指数之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。由此可见,高温大曲储存过程中,在细菌群落上,机械制曲物种多样性略占优但无显著差异;在真菌群落上,人工制曲在物种丰富度上显著领先,核心归因于其传统人工踩曲开放操作引入的多样性及曲块结构优化的生态位,这一结果印证了人工踩曲在真菌资源保留上的不可替代性[22],也为机械制曲的工艺改进提供了明确靶点。
由图2A和图2C可知,ANOSIM分析中R值分别为0.004和0.213都大于0,表明人工曲和机械曲样品在储存过程中微生物群落的组间差异大于组内差异,但其差异不显著(P>0.05)。由图2B可知,PCoA1轴解释了37.08%的细菌群落变异,PCoA2轴解释了25.22%的细菌群落变异,相对于机械曲而言,人工曲储存期的样品在PCoA图上分布较广,表明人工曲储存期间细菌群落结构差异较大,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。它与机械曲有一定的重叠,表明这两个组在细菌群落组成上有一定相似性;由图2D可知,PCoA1轴解释了40.86%的真菌群落变异,PCoA2轴解释了25.56%的真菌群落变异,人工曲储存期的样品在PCoA图上分布较广,表明人工曲储存期间的真菌群落结构差异较大,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。机械曲置信椭圆较小,表明机械曲在各储存期真菌群落组成差异较小,可见,基于ANOSIM分析和主坐标分析结果表明人工曲和机械曲在储存过程中,微生物群落组成有一定的相似性且机械曲储存期间真菌群结构的相似性较高。
对于细菌微生物组而言,样品经高通量测序后,在机械曲储存过程中共检测到12个门、20个纲、31个目、71个科和104个属,在人工曲储存过程中共检测到13个门、21个纲、35个目、75个科和111个属,人工踩制的高温大曲储存过程中的细菌多样性略优于机械制备的高温大曲,与范恩帝等[22]的研究结论一致。在样品JX-1、JX-2、JX-3、JX-4、JX-5和JX-6中分别注释到4、6、7、9、7和8个细菌门,而在样品RG-1、RG-2、RG-3、RG-4、RG-5和RG-6中分别注释到6、9、6、10、7和9个细菌门,相对于其他储存期,储存90 d时,在人工和机械制备高温大曲中检测到门水平的物种最多;而在属水平上,机械曲在储存90 d时检出最多,共61个属,而人工曲在储存30 d时检出最多,共75个属。
进一步选择不同储存期人工和机械两种方式制备的高温大曲样品中注释到分类水平的门水平(总相对丰度含量≥5.33%)和属水平(Top10,总相对丰度含量≥18.49%)绘制了柱状图,如图3所示。
由图3A可知,不同储存期的机械制备和人工踩制的高温大曲中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占主要优势地位,相对丰度在54.77%~99.00%,0.25%~41.48%和0.24%~38.51%之间。相对于机械制备的大曲,不同储存期人工踩制大曲中厚壁菌门的相对丰度整体较高,在储存期90 d至150 d之间,机械制备的高温大曲的厚壁菌门相对丰度呈逐渐下降趋势,而人工踩制的则与之相反呈上升趋势,呈相反的演替趋势。随着储存时间的增加,机械制备的高温大曲中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度逐渐增加。由图3B可知,储存过程中在不同储存期的机械曲中g_unclassified、Thermoactinomycetaceae、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)为主要的优势菌属,相对于其他类群,储存过程中乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、乳酸菌属(Lactococcus)和短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)的相对丰度变化趋势为先上升再下降,而克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)呈逐渐下降趋势,相反克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)呈逐渐上升趋势;在不同储存期的人工曲中,储存过程中g_unclassified、Thermoactinomycetaceae、克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)为主要的优势菌属。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)在储存过程中呈先上升后下降的趋势,与机械曲在储存期的变化规律一致。冯智伟等[23]研究发现贮曲过程中优势细菌为克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)和泛酸枝芽孢杆菌属(Virgibacillus);赵慧君等[12]研究表明人工踩曲制备的高温大曲中优势细菌属为克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)、高温放线菌属(Thermoactinomyces)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),而机械压曲制备的高温大曲中优势菌属除上述四类外,还包含慢生芽孢杆菌属(Lentibacillus),本研究结论与之相似。
为了揭示人工踩制和机械制备大曲在不同储存期细菌群落结构组成差异,进一步使用LEfSe对人工踩制和机械制备大曲中具有显著差异的细菌群落进行了比较分析,结果如图4所示。
由图4可知,当LDA值大于2时,共检测到6个分类单元在不同储存期人工踩制和机械制备高温大曲样品中存在显著差异(P<0.05)。由图4A可知,鞘氨醇杆菌科(Sphingobacteriaceae)、f_unclassified_Bacillales、g_unclassified_Bacillales、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)和魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)是在不同储存期人工踩制高温大曲样品中起重要作用的优势细菌(P<0.05);考克氏菌属(Kocuria)在不同储存期机械制备高温大曲样品中起重要作用的优势细菌(P<0.05)。由图4B可知,柱状图的长短代表差异物种的影响值大小,人工踩制高温大曲不同储存期样品中魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)的LDA值最高,而机械制备高温大曲在储存过程中考克氏菌属的LDA值最高,魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)和考克氏菌属(Kocuria)分别是人工和机械制备高温大曲不同储存期样品的生物标志物。人工踩曲的致密结构以及高水分环境塑造了魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)的厌氧发酵优势,而机械制曲的疏松结构以及氧化应激特性选择了好氧的考克氏菌属(Kocuria)[12,24]。储存期微生物演替进一步放大这种差异,使其成为区分人工曲和机械曲储存过程中的核心生物标志物。赵慧君等[12]研究发现高温放线菌科(Thermoactinomycetaceae)和芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)分别是人工曲和机械曲制备高温大曲的生物标志物。
本研究挑出不同储存期人工和机械方式制备的高温大曲样品中注释到分类水平的门水平和属水平(Top10,总相对丰度含量≥6.06%)绘制了柱状图,如图5所示。
从真菌门水平图5A来看,无论是机械制备的高温大曲,还是人工踩制的高温大曲,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)在储存过程中占绝对的优势,其中机械制备的高温大曲的子囊菌门的相对丰度在89.71%~99.99%之间,人工踩制的高温大曲相对丰度在84.56%~99.98%之间,这与李彦涛等[25]和孙羊羊等[26]的研究结果一致,表明子囊菌门(Ascomycota)在大曲形成过程中起着重要的作用。但在机械曲的储存期0 d和人工曲0 d、90 d和120 d的样品中检测到除子囊菌门外,相对优势的毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota)的类群,与李朝云等[27]研究结果一致。由图5B可知,属水平上,嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)是大曲储存过程中的优势类群,在储存0~120 d之间都能检测到该类群,其在机械曲储存120 d时相对丰度最高(86.60%)。而人工曲在储存30 d时相对丰度最高(99.45%)。丝衣霉属(Byssochlamys)是机械曲储存0 d的优势类群,其相对丰度为38.94%;Trichomonascus是机械曲储存期30~150 d的优势类群,其相对丰度范围为10.72%~73.36%之间,部分储存期的相对丰度高于嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces);而在人工曲中,Issatchenkia是储存期0、90和120 d的优势类群,其相对丰度最高,分别为59.95%、54.27%和66.00%;Trichomonascus是人工曲储存期60 d的优势类群,其相对丰度为55.34%。表明除嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)外,人工曲和机械曲中真菌优势属存在显著工艺特异性。谢丹等[7]研究表明大曲储存过程中主要优势真菌属为嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)、Trichomonascus、丝霉菌属(Byssochlamys)。赵慧君等[28]研究表明滨州地区高温大曲真菌物种多样性和丰富度显著低于中温大曲(P<0.01),其中嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)在高温大曲中平均相对含量显著偏高(P<0.05)。葛东颖等[29]研究表明与脚踩曲相比,机制曲所蕴含真菌菌群的丰富度和多样性均非常显著偏低,机制曲中酵母共生菌属(Symbiotaphrina)、干霉菌属(Xeromyces)和丝衣霉属(Byssochlamys)的含量显著偏高(P<0.05),脚踩曲中罗森氏菌属(Rasamsonia)和嗜热子囊菌属(Thermoascus)的含量显著偏高,本研究的结论与之相似。
为了揭示人工踩制和机械制备大曲在不同储存期真菌群落结构组成差异,进一步使用LEfSe对人工踩制和机械制备大曲中具有显著差异的真菌群落进行了比较分析,结果如图6所示。
由图6可知,当LDA值大于3时,共检测到18个分类单元在人工踩制高温大曲不同储存期样品中存在显著差异(P<0.05)。且丛赤壳科(Nectriaceae)、暗壳腔菌科(Phaeosphaeriaceae)、亚隔孢壳科(Didymellaceae)、Leptospora、须壳孢属(Phaeosphaeria)、Meyerozyma、地霉属(Geotrichum)、哈萨克斯坦酵母属(Kazachsta)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是在人工踩制高温大曲不同储存期样品中起重要作用的真菌类群(P<0.05);当LDA大于3时,不同储存期机械制备高温大曲样品中没有起重要作用的真菌类群。由图6B可知,柱状图的长短代表差异物种的影响值大小,人工踩制高温大曲不同储存期样品中属水平的Leptospora和种水平Leptospora rubella的LDA值最高,而机械制备高温大曲在储存过程中Trichomonascus ciferrii的LDA值最高,Leptospora rubella和Trichomonascus ciferrii分别是人工和机械制备高温大曲不同储存期样品的生物标志物。文鹤等[30]从曲霉型豆豉后发酵过程中分离筛选到1株产香酵母Trichomonascus ciferrii,该菌株可赋予豆豉更浓郁的酯香、花香和果香。
本研究进一步对其基因功能进行了预测,基于KO数据库功能预测,与不同成曲方式储存期细菌属水平相对丰度Top20进行Spearman相关性分析,结果如图7所示。
由图7可知,在人工曲储存过程中,克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)相对丰度与脂质代谢(Lipid Metabolism)、酶家族(Enzyme Families)、环境适应(Environmental Adaptation)、辅酶与维生素代谢(Metabolism of Cofactors and Vitamins)和氨基酸代谢(Amino Acid Metabolism)等功能呈显著正相关(P<0.05),克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)通过多维度功能协同,成为高温大曲储存期的核心驱动者,脂质、氨基酸代谢及酶活性直接塑造白酒香气,耐高温保障其在极端环境中的优势,通过辅酶、维生素和底物供给,支持共生菌群的协同发酵[31−35]。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)与萜类及聚酮类代谢(Metabolism of Terpenoids and Polyketides)、碳水化合物代谢(Carbohydrate Metabolism)、其他氨基酸代谢(Metabolism of Other Amino Acids)等功能呈现显著负相关(P<0.05),研究发现乳杆菌属通过碳源竞争、产酸改变微环境及分泌抗菌物质,显著抑制其他功能菌群的代谢活性[32,36−39]。
在机械曲储存过程中,葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)与翻译(Translation)、萜类与聚酮类代谢(Metabolism of Terpenoids and Polyketides)、碳水化合物代谢(Carbohydrate Metabolism)、能量代谢(Energy Metabolism)、酶家族(Enzyme Families)、核苷酸代谢(Nucleotide Metabolism)、辅酶与维生素代谢(Metabolism of Cofactors and Vitamins)等功能呈显著正相关(P<0.05),由于葡萄球菌属是需氧或兼性厌氧,营养要求不高,且代谢多样性、环境适应能力及其在发酵过程中的功能性协同作用密切相关[13,32,34,40]。而节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)与碳水化合物代谢(Carbohydrate Metabolism)、核苷酸代谢(Nucleotide Metabolism)、复制与修复(Replication and Repair)、蛋白质折叠/分选/降解(Folding, Sorting and Degradation)等功能呈显著负相关(P<0.05),节杆菌属为革兰氏阳性严格好氧菌,受限于底物特异性及pH敏感性等,导致与相关功能呈显著负相关[41−42]。
使用BugBase对储存过程中人工踩制和机械制备的高温大曲细菌表型进行预测,如图8所示。由图8A可知,基于BugBase的表型预测,在5种细菌表型中,人工曲和机械曲之间储存过程中,预测的好氧菌(Aerobic)、厌氧菌(Anaerobic)、兼性厌氧菌(Facultatively_Anaerobic)、革兰氏阳性菌(Gram_Positive)和革兰氏阴性菌(Gram_Negative)表型丰度上没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但在部分储存期预测表型丰度较高。由图8B可知,表型预测显示,机械曲和人工曲中预测的好氧菌表型相对丰度储存过程中变化趋势整体呈先上升后下降,其中机械曲在储存60 d时表型相对丰度最高,而人工曲则在储存30 d达到最高;表型预测还显示,无论是人工曲,还是在机械曲中,在储存0 d时,预测的厌氧菌的表型相对丰度最高,整体而言人工曲预测的厌氧菌表型相对丰度高于机械曲。在机械曲储存过程中,预测的革兰氏阴性菌表型丰度呈逐渐上升的趋势,而人工曲在储存90 d后呈逐渐下降趋势。表型预测结果表明,在人工曲和机械曲的储存过程中,革兰氏阳性菌始终为优势表型,平均预测表型相对丰度分别为91.14%和86.95%,该预测结果与赵金松等[11]、冯智伟等[23]的研究结果一致,高温大曲中革兰氏阳性菌的高表型丰度预测值源于其独特的结构特性与酿造环境的协同作用。革兰氏阳性菌的厚细胞壁,如致密的肽聚糖层和磷壁酸赋予其优异的高温耐受性[43],使其能在50~60 ℃的制曲过程中存活并成为优势菌群;同时,大曲原料中丰富的淀粉和蛋白质为这类菌提供了充足的碳、氮营养,驱动其快速代谢与繁殖。制曲工艺中的翻曲操作通过调节温度与氧气分布,进一步促进了好氧或兼性厌氧的革兰氏阳性菌生长;而在储存阶段,水分的逐渐蒸发形成低湿环境,筛选出对干燥适应性更强的菌株[32]。整体来看,储存过程中,基于BugBase的表型预测显示,人工曲和机械曲的细菌表型丰度分布之间没有显著差异,但在部分储存期某些表型预测丰度较高。
本研究系统解析了人工踩制与机械制备高温大曲在储存过程中的微生物群落差异。Alpha多样性表明人工踩制高温大曲储存过程中在真菌群落丰富度上显著优于机械制备,凸显其在真菌多样性保留上的不可替代性,而两者细菌群落多样性无显著差异。β多样性表明人工踩制曲在储存期微生物群落结构差异较大,尤其真菌群落,而机械制曲的真菌群落稳定性更高;但两类大曲的微生物群落组成整体相似,无显著组间差异(P>0.05)。储存90 d是细菌门水平多样性峰值期,在储存期为90 d至150 d之间,人工曲和机械曲的厚壁菌门呈相反的演替趋势,且真菌优势属存在显著工艺特异性。在不同储存期的机械曲中乳杆菌属的含量相对人工曲较高,人工曲中的芽孢杆菌属的含量相对机械曲较高,储存过程中g_unclassified Thermoactinomycetaceae、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)为大曲储存过程中主要的优势细菌属。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)在储存过程中占绝对优势,嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)是大曲储存过程中的优势真菌类群,除嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)外,人工曲阶段性富集伊萨酵母属(Issatchenkia),机械曲则持续主导Trichomonascus。与目前关于高温大曲微生物多样性的研究报道,在优势类群研究方面结论基本一致。功能预测显示,储存过程中人工曲与机械曲通过差异化功能菌属驱动风味代谢路径,人工曲以克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)为核心激活脂质以及氨基酸代谢,机械曲依赖葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)主导碳水化合物以及能量代谢;二者均以革兰氏阳性菌为绝对优势表型,但人工曲维持更高厌氧菌活性表型。在酱香型白酒的酿造工艺中,未来研究需结合多组学技术解析克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)的脂质代谢网络,推动制曲工艺从经验导向向微生物精准调控转型,科学调控高温大曲的贮存周期并实现其最佳应用还有待进一步研究。本研究揭示了人工曲和机械曲储存期的微生物群落以及其功能差异,为高温大曲储存期科学调控和老熟机理解析提供了理论参考。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040311
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
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    1贵州习酒股份有限公司,贵州习水 564622
    2贵州省酱香型白酒技术创新中心,贵州习水 564622
    3中国轻工业酱香型白酒智能酿造工程技术研究中心,贵州习水 564622
    4贵州省白酒制造业创新中心,贵州仁怀 564500
    5国家市场监管总局重点实验室(酱香型白酒品质与安全),贵州贵阳 550000

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吴成(1993−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物和白酒工艺,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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