Article(id=1320883619527246497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040310, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852795725, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852795725, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852795725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852795725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=132, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883619753738914, articleId=1320883619527246497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Heating Temperature on the Structure and Functional Properties of Tilapia Myosin, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effect of heating temperature on myosin functional properties, this study systematically analyzed the correlation between its functional properties (solubility, turbidity, emulsifying activity, and flavor binding capacity) and structural changes of tilapia myosin at different temperatures (40~90 ℃). Results demonstrated that with increasing temperature, myosin solubility significantly decreased (51.91% reduction at 90 ℃ vs 40 ℃) (P<0.05), while turbidity and emulsifying activity exhibited a V-shaped trend (initial decline followed by increase). Conversely, flavor-binding capacity displayed an inverted V-shaped pattern, with critical transition points concentrated at 50~60 ℃. Temperature-mediated functional changes were closely associated with structural transitions. In the low-temperature phase (40~50 ℃), partial denaturation induced structural unfolding, characterized by reduced α-helix (5.44% decrease) and β-sheet (42.08% decrease) contents, alongside a 102.64% increase in random coils. This exposed internal hydrophobic groups (0.30% increase in surface hydrophobicity) and active sulfhydryl groups (10.23% increase), enhancing hydrophobic interactions and providing additional flavor-binding sites. However, weakened electrostatic repulsion reduced emulsifying activity. In the medium-temperature stage (50~60 ℃), the unfolding of myosin structure intensified, leading to a 19.59% increase in surface hydrophobicity. The exposed active sites of myosin enhanced flavor-binding capacity, reduced the solubility and increased emulsifying activity and turbidity. In the high-temperature phase (60~90 ℃), irreversible denaturation promoted dense aggregate formation via hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds, evidenced by increased β-sheet (19.85%) and β-turn (4.72%) contents. Aggregation led to turbidity increase (6.21% increase at 90 ℃ vs. 40 ℃) (P<0.05), reduced surface hydrophobicity (26.95% reduction), and diminished active sulfhydryl content (76.27% reduction). Although the network formed between myosin molecules enhanced the emulsifying activity (29.68% increase at 80 ℃ vs 60 ℃), it masked flavor-binding sites, decreasing flavor retention. The research results provided theoretical references for the regulation of heat treatment parameters in fish meat product processing.

, authors=Gang YOU1, Changyu WANG1, Gaigai NIU1, *, Youmei QIN1, Yizhi HUANG1, Jialu WU1, Fuyu XIE1, Tianyi ZHAO2, authorsList=Gang YOU, Changyu WANG, Gaigai NIU, Youmei QIN, Yizhi HUANG, Jialu WU, Fuyu XIE, Tianyi ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gaigai NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883623746716345, articleId=1320883619527246497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=加热温度对罗非鱼肌球蛋白结构及功能特性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究加热温度对罗非鱼肌球蛋白功能特性的影响,本研究通过不同加热温度(40~90 ℃)处理肌球蛋白,系统分析肌球蛋白功能特性(溶解度、浊度、乳化活力和特征风味物质结合能力)与其结构变化的相关性。结果表明,随着温度升高,肌球蛋白溶解度显著(P<0.05)下降(90 ℃较40 ℃降低51.91%),浊度与乳化活力呈“先降后升”的V型变化趋势,而风味结合能力则表现为“先升后降”的倒V型特征,拐点温度均集中于50~60 ℃区间。温度介导的肌球蛋白功能特性变化与其结构转变密切相关:在低温阶段(40~50 ℃),肌球蛋白部分变性,结构展开(α-螺旋和β-折叠结构分别减少5.44%和42.08%,无规则卷曲比例增加102.64%),导致内部疏水基团和活性巯基暴露(表面疏水性提升0.30%,活性巯基增加10.23%);此阶段内源荧光强度降低,疏水相互作用增强,为风味物质提供更多结合位点,但分子间静电斥力减弱导致乳化活力下降;在中温阶段(50~60 ℃),肌球蛋白结构展开程度增大,其表面疏水性增加19.59%、风味结合能力提升,但其溶解度降低、乳化活力和浊度增加;在高温阶段(60~90 ℃),肌球蛋白发生不可逆变性,分子间通过疏水相互作用和二硫键形成致密聚集体(β-折叠和β-转角分别增加19.85%和4.72%);聚集体的形成导致浊度显著增加(90 ℃较40 ℃增加6.21%)(P<0.05),表面疏水性和活性巯基分别降低26.95%和76.27%;此时形成的网络结构虽提升了乳化活性(80 ℃较60 ℃增加29.68%),但掩盖了部分风味结合位点,导致风味结合能力下降。研究结果为鱼肉制品加工中热处理参数的调控提供理论参考。

, authors=游刚1, 王昌宇1, 牛改改1, *, 覃由美1, 黄一支1, 吴佳璐1, 谢福瑜1, 赵天义2, authorsList=游刚, 王昌宇, 牛改改, 覃由美, 黄一支, 吴佳璐, 谢福瑜, 赵天义, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛改改, authorNote=

游刚(1989−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

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牛改改(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工与利用,E-mail:。
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注:图中标注不同小写字母代表不同温度处理下同一指标间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图6同。同一温度下标注ns表示差异不显著(P>0.05),*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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加热温度对罗非鱼肌球蛋白结构及功能特性的影响
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游刚 1 , 王昌宇 1 , 牛改改 1, * , 覃由美 1 , 黄一支 1 , 吴佳璐 1 , 谢福瑜 1 , 赵天义 2
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(8): 132-142
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (8) : 132 -142
加热温度对罗非鱼肌球蛋白结构及功能特性的影响
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游刚1 , 王昌宇1, 牛改改1, * , 覃由美1, 黄一支1, 吴佳璐1, 谢福瑜1, 赵天义2
作者信息
  • 1北部湾大学食品工程学院,北部湾海产健康养殖与绿色加工实验室,广西壮族自治区海洋食品营养与加工技术创新工程研究中心,广西高校北部湾海产品高值化利用与预制食品重点实验室,广西钦州 535000
  • 2钦州市农业技术推广中心,广西钦州 535000
通讯作者:
牛改改(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

游刚(1989−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

Effect of Heating Temperature on the Structure and Functional Properties of Tilapia Myosin
Gang YOU1 , Changyu WANG1, Gaigai NIU1, * , Youmei QIN1, Yizhi HUANG1, Jialu WU1, Fuyu XIE1, Tianyi ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1Guangxi College and University Key Laboratory of High-value Utilization of Seafood and Prepared Food in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Marine Food Nutrition and Processing Technology Innovation, Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Product Healthy Aquaculture and Green Processing, College of Food Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535000, China
  • 2Qinzhou Agricultural Technique Promotion Center, Qinzhou 535000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040310
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为探究加热温度对罗非鱼肌球蛋白功能特性的影响,本研究通过不同加热温度(40~90 ℃)处理肌球蛋白,系统分析肌球蛋白功能特性(溶解度、浊度、乳化活力和特征风味物质结合能力)与其结构变化的相关性。结果表明,随着温度升高,肌球蛋白溶解度显著(P<0.05)下降(90 ℃较40 ℃降低51.91%),浊度与乳化活力呈“先降后升”的V型变化趋势,而风味结合能力则表现为“先升后降”的倒V型特征,拐点温度均集中于50~60 ℃区间。温度介导的肌球蛋白功能特性变化与其结构转变密切相关:在低温阶段(40~50 ℃),肌球蛋白部分变性,结构展开(α-螺旋和β-折叠结构分别减少5.44%和42.08%,无规则卷曲比例增加102.64%),导致内部疏水基团和活性巯基暴露(表面疏水性提升0.30%,活性巯基增加10.23%);此阶段内源荧光强度降低,疏水相互作用增强,为风味物质提供更多结合位点,但分子间静电斥力减弱导致乳化活力下降;在中温阶段(50~60 ℃),肌球蛋白结构展开程度增大,其表面疏水性增加19.59%、风味结合能力提升,但其溶解度降低、乳化活力和浊度增加;在高温阶段(60~90 ℃),肌球蛋白发生不可逆变性,分子间通过疏水相互作用和二硫键形成致密聚集体(β-折叠和β-转角分别增加19.85%和4.72%);聚集体的形成导致浊度显著增加(90 ℃较40 ℃增加6.21%)(P<0.05),表面疏水性和活性巯基分别降低26.95%和76.27%;此时形成的网络结构虽提升了乳化活性(80 ℃较60 ℃增加29.68%),但掩盖了部分风味结合位点,导致风味结合能力下降。研究结果为鱼肉制品加工中热处理参数的调控提供理论参考。

罗非鱼肌球蛋白  /  加热温度  /  功能特性  /  风味结合能力  /  结构变化

To explore the effect of heating temperature on myosin functional properties, this study systematically analyzed the correlation between its functional properties (solubility, turbidity, emulsifying activity, and flavor binding capacity) and structural changes of tilapia myosin at different temperatures (40~90 ℃). Results demonstrated that with increasing temperature, myosin solubility significantly decreased (51.91% reduction at 90 ℃ vs 40 ℃) (P<0.05), while turbidity and emulsifying activity exhibited a V-shaped trend (initial decline followed by increase). Conversely, flavor-binding capacity displayed an inverted V-shaped pattern, with critical transition points concentrated at 50~60 ℃. Temperature-mediated functional changes were closely associated with structural transitions. In the low-temperature phase (40~50 ℃), partial denaturation induced structural unfolding, characterized by reduced α-helix (5.44% decrease) and β-sheet (42.08% decrease) contents, alongside a 102.64% increase in random coils. This exposed internal hydrophobic groups (0.30% increase in surface hydrophobicity) and active sulfhydryl groups (10.23% increase), enhancing hydrophobic interactions and providing additional flavor-binding sites. However, weakened electrostatic repulsion reduced emulsifying activity. In the medium-temperature stage (50~60 ℃), the unfolding of myosin structure intensified, leading to a 19.59% increase in surface hydrophobicity. The exposed active sites of myosin enhanced flavor-binding capacity, reduced the solubility and increased emulsifying activity and turbidity. In the high-temperature phase (60~90 ℃), irreversible denaturation promoted dense aggregate formation via hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds, evidenced by increased β-sheet (19.85%) and β-turn (4.72%) contents. Aggregation led to turbidity increase (6.21% increase at 90 ℃ vs. 40 ℃) (P<0.05), reduced surface hydrophobicity (26.95% reduction), and diminished active sulfhydryl content (76.27% reduction). Although the network formed between myosin molecules enhanced the emulsifying activity (29.68% increase at 80 ℃ vs 60 ℃), it masked flavor-binding sites, decreasing flavor retention. The research results provided theoretical references for the regulation of heat treatment parameters in fish meat product processing.

tilapia myosin  /  heating temperature  /  functional properties  /  flavor-binding ability  /  structural changes
游刚, 王昌宇, 牛改改, 覃由美, 黄一支, 吴佳璐, 谢福瑜, 赵天义. 加热温度对罗非鱼肌球蛋白结构及功能特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 132 -142 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040310
Gang YOU, Changyu WANG, Gaigai NIU, Youmei QIN, Yizhi HUANG, Jialu WU, Fuyu XIE, Tianyi ZHAO. Effect of Heating Temperature on the Structure and Functional Properties of Tilapia Myosin[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 132 -142 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040310
罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)是中国重要的淡水养殖品种之一,其加工制品包括鱼糜、熏鱼、罐头等,具有重大的经济价值[1]。鱼肉制品质构特性、风味保留及加工稳定性直接决定了产品的市场接受度。肌球蛋白作为肌肉蛋白的主要成分(约占肌原纤维蛋白的50%~60%),不仅是鱼肉凝胶网络形成的核心功能蛋白,更是影响产品乳化性、持水性和风味释放的关键因素[2]。近年来,随着消费者对高品质鱼肉制品需求的提升,如何通过加工工艺优化调控肌球蛋白的功能特性成为研究热点。其中,热处理作为鱼肉加工的核心环节,温度诱导的蛋白质变性与聚集行为直接决定肌球蛋白的构效关系[3]。
肌球蛋白由两条重链和四条轻链组成,其头部(S1亚基)具有ATP酶活性,尾部(杆状区)则通过疏水相互作用参与分子聚集[4],其溶解性、乳化活力及风味物质结合能力与其结构状态密切相关。研究表明,肌球蛋白的二级结构(α-螺旋、β-折叠等)稳定性直接影响其表面疏水性和活性基团暴露程度[5]。例如,α-螺旋结构的破坏会导致蛋白质展开,促使内部疏水区域暴露,从而增强与风味物质的结合能力[6];而β-折叠和β-转角结构的增加则与分子间交联及凝胶网络形成相关[7]。热处理通过动态调控蛋白质的变性-聚集过程,影响肌球蛋白结构和功能特性。Jia等[8]发现,40~50 ℃处理可显著提高鲢鱼肌球蛋白的表面疏水性(P<0.05),但乳化活力下降;刘芳芳等[9]提出,60 ℃以上热处理通过促进β-折叠形成增强凝胶强度;另外,蛋白质风味结合能力通常与表面疏水性正相关,而高温聚集可能导致结合位点屏蔽[10]。但关于梯度加热诱导的蛋白质构象变化及其与多重功能特性(如乳化活性、风味结合能力)的关联机制尚不清晰。
因此,本研究以罗非鱼肌球蛋白为对象,系统探究40~90 ℃热处理对其溶解度、浊度、乳化活力及风味物质结合能力的影响,并结合二级结构、表面疏水性和巯基含量等指标,系统解析温度梯度下肌球蛋白结构变化规律及其对功能特性的调控规律,为精准调控鱼肉品质(持水性、质构特性等)、加工工艺参数优化及新型加工技术开发提供参考。
鲜活罗非鱼 购于钦州市永辉超市;1-苯胺基萘-8-磺酸(1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid,1,8-ANS)、2-硝基苯甲酸(5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid),DNTB)、己醛(CAS:66-25-1)、庚醛(CAS:111-71-7)、壬醛(CAS:124-19-6)、1-辛烯-3-醇(CAS:3391-86-4)、1-苯胺基萘-8-磺酸(1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid,1,8-ANS)、2-硝基苯甲酸(5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid),DNTB) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;乙二醇双α-氨基乙基醚四乙酸(Ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid,EGTA)、三磷酸腺苷(Adenosine triphosphate,ATP) 购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;所有其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
TGL-16M高速冷冻离心机 长沙湘智仪器有限公司;Lumina荧光分光光度计、Evolution紫外-可见光分光光度计 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;T25数显型高速匀浆机 德国IKA公司;Spectrum 3傅里叶红外光谱仪 Perkin Eimer公司;Zeta电位分析仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;7890B气相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
参考Park等[11]的方法制备肌球蛋白。宰杀后的罗非鱼经去头、去鳞和去内脏后,用冰水冲洗干净,取脊骨两侧肌肉搅碎,加入10倍体积的试剂A(0.10 mol/L 氯化钾,20 mmol/L Tris,pH7.5),均质(12000 r/min、1 min)后反应15 min,离心(8000 r/min,20 min);沉淀溶于3倍体积的试剂B(0.45 mol/L氯化钾,0.2 mol/L乙酸镁,1 mmol/L EGTA,20 mmol/L Tris,5 mmol/L β-巯基乙醇,pH6.8)反应1 min,加入ATP,使其终浓度为10 mmol/L,反应90 min,离心(10000 r/min,20 min);上清液加入3倍体积的1 mmol/L碳酸氢钾,反应40 min,离心(12000 r/min,10 min);沉淀物加入2.5倍体积的试剂C(0.5 mol/L氯化钾,20 mmol/L Tris,5 mmol/L β-巯基乙醇,pH7.5)反应10 min后,加入3倍体积的KHCO3(1 mmol/L),接着加入MgCl2,将浓度调整为10 mmol/L,4 ℃反应过夜后离心(8000 r/min,25 min),沉淀即肌球蛋白。采用双缩脲法测定蛋白质浓度(以牛血清蛋白为标品,标准曲线:Y=0.2506X+0.1051,R2=0.9989)。将肌球蛋白溶液浓度调至4 mg/mL,分别于40、50、60、80、90 ℃下热处理20 min后,冰浴冷却,以室温(未加热)为对照组,置于4 ℃冰箱保存备用。
参考Cao等[12]的方法,经热处理的肌球蛋白溶液于4 ℃放置30 min后,离心(10000 r/min,4 ℃,10 min),使用双缩脲法测定上清液蛋白质含量,根据式(1)计算溶解度。
$\rm \mathrm{S}(\text{%})=\frac{C_{ \mathrm{1}}} {\mathrm{C}_{ \mathrm{2}}} \mathrm{\times 100} $
式中:S代表溶解度;C1是离心后上清液蛋白浓度;C2是离心前蛋白浓度。
参考Cao等[12]的方法测定浊度。在340 nm处测定热处理后肌球蛋白溶液与加热后4 ℃静置24 h上清液的吸光值,以吸光值表示浊度。
参考叶凤凌等[13]的方法,用含有0.6 mol/L NaCl的PBS缓冲液(pH7,50 mmol/L)将肌球蛋白溶液稀释至1 mg/mL。将大豆油分散在肌球蛋白溶液(v:v=1:4)中制备水包油乳剂25 mL。乳化剂在室温下均质1 min(10000 r/min)。将40 μL乳液样品分散于4 mL 0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)溶液中,静置10 min(室温)后,以相同浓度的SDS溶液作为空白对照,在500 nm波长处测定初始吸光度值(A0)。随后对混合液进行均质处理,再次静置10 min(室温)后,在相同波长下测定吸光度(A10)。乳化活力指数(Emulsifying activity index,EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(Emulsion stability index,ESI)分别依据式(2)和式(3)进行计算。
$\rm EAI(m^{2}/g)=\frac{2\times 2.303}{ \rho \times (1-\varphi)\times 10^{4}}\times A_{500}\times 稀释倍数 $
式中,A500表示在500 nm处的吸光度;$ \rho $表示蛋白质质量浓度(g/mL);$ \varphi $表示乳化液的油体积分数(v/v),为0.2;2.303为固定常数;稀释倍数是100。
$\rm \mathrm{ESI}(\text{%})=A_{ \mathrm{10}} /\mathrm{A}_{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{\times 100 } $
参考You等[10]的方法测定。用少量甲醇溶解风味物质(己醛、庚醛、壬醛和1-辛烯-3-醇),再用去离子水将其浓度调整至1.0 mg/mL作为母液,密封后置于4 ℃冰箱备用。向不同温度处理的肌球蛋白溶液中分别加入特征风味物质溶液(20 mL萃取瓶),使样品溶液中风味化合物终浓度分别为:5 μg/mL1-辛烯-3-醇、1 μg/mL壬醛、5 μg/mL己醛、5 μg/mL庚醛。密封后置于室温下吸附12 h。空白组用相同体积的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液代替蛋白液。样品瓶于37 ℃平衡3 min后,将萃取针插入样品瓶吸附(20 min,250 r/min)完成后,进行气相色谱测定(FID检测器,60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm HP-5色谱柱),萃取头在250 ℃下解析10 min,不分流进样。风味物质的结合能力计算见式(4)。
$\rm \mathrm{风味物质结合能力(\text{%})=(1-A}_{ \mathrm{s}} \mathrm{/A}_{ \mathrm{c}} \mathrm{)\times 100} $
式中:Ac为缓冲液中风味化合物的峰面积;As为样品溶液中风味化合物的峰面积。
参考周昕仪等[14]的方法,将不同温度处理后的肌球蛋白溶液(4 mg/mL)冷却至25 ℃后平衡1 min,利用Zeta电位分析仪测定电位值。
参考徐永霞等[3]的方法,采用1,8-ANS荧光探针法测定蛋白质表面疏水性。将待测蛋白液用50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH7.0)依次稀释至0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL的梯度浓度,取4 mL各梯度样品,加入50 μL浓度为8 mmol/L的1,8-ANS溶液,涡旋振荡混合后于室温避光孵育10 min。以相同体积的Tris-HCl缓冲液与1,8-ANS混合液作为空白对照,使用荧光分光光度计在激发波长374 nm下检测荧光强度。仪器参数设置为:激发与发射狭缝宽度均为5 nm,发射波长扫描范围250~500 nm。用荧光强度的初始斜率表示疏水指数(S0)。
参考刘芳芳等[9]的方法测定。总巯基测定:取0.5 mL样品(4 mg/mL),加入4.5 mL的Tris-HCl(0.2 mol/L Tris,8 mol/L尿素,2% SDS,10 mmol/L EDTA,pH6.8)缓冲液,涡旋混匀后,取混合液的上清液4 mL,加入0.4 mL的DNTB(0.1%)溶液,在40 ℃下保温25 min,然后于412 nm测定吸光度。活性巯基测定:取0.5 mL样品(4 mg/mL),加入4.5 mL的Tris-HCl(0.2 mol/L Tris,2% SDS,10 mmol/L EDTA,pH6.8)缓冲液,涡旋混匀后,4 mL上清液与0.4 mL DTNB(0.1%)溶液在40 ℃下水浴25 min后于412 nm处测定吸光值。总巯基和活性巯基(-SH)的计算公式见式(5)。
$\text{-} \mathrm{SH(mol/10}^{ \mathrm{5}} \mathrm{g)=\frac{A\times D}{\varepsilon \times C}} $
式中:A是吸光值;C是蛋白质浓度(g/L);D是稀释倍数;ε代表摩尔消光系数(13600 L/(mol·cm))。
参照陈雪珂[15]的方法,用缓冲液稀释混合体系至蛋白质浓度0.5 mg/mL,激发波长295 nm,狭缝均设为5 nm,扫描范围300~500 nm。以Tris-HCl缓冲液作为空白。
参考梁雯雯等[16]的方法,用缓冲液稀释混合体系至蛋白质浓度0.5 mg/mL,用紫外可见分光光度计以600 nm/min扫描速率在190~600 nm范围内扫描。用Tris-HCl缓冲液作为空白。
热处理后的肌球蛋白溶液经冷冻干燥后,采用红外仪扫描。扫描波数范围:4000~500 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,扫描32次,环境温度25 ℃。
结果表示为平均值±标准偏差(n=3),采用IBM SPSS Statistics 19软件进行数据处理,Duncan多重比较检验差异显著性(P<0.05),采用Origin 2021软件作图。
溶解度和浊度可以反映蛋白质的聚集和构象变化,溶解度反映了肌球蛋白在溶液中的状态和变性程度,蛋白聚集则用浊度来表征[4,6]。温度对肌球蛋白溶解度和浊度的影响如图1所示,40 ℃与50 ℃热处理肌球蛋白的溶解度无显著差异(P>0.05),但60 ℃处理组的溶解度显著小于50 ℃处理组(P<0.05),60 ℃较50 ℃下降了18.30%,此过程中蛋白质分子结构表面疏水区域的数目增多,溶解度降低[16],表明温度超过50 ℃后蛋白质开始变性。随温度的升高(60~90 ℃),肌球蛋白溶解度持续降低,在90 ℃时降到39.89%,与80 ℃相比下降了21.84%,原因是蛋白质经过较高温处理发生变性,肌球蛋白分子通过疏水相互作用和二硫键相互靠近产生聚集、沉淀,溶解性降低[17]。
肌球蛋白浊度随热处理温度的升高呈先下降后逐渐上升趋势,50 ℃时浊度最低,较40 ℃降低了13.27%,在90 ℃时达到最大值,较40 ℃增加6.21%。肌球蛋白在加热过程中会发生多步变性和聚集,在40 ℃时,肌球蛋白仅部分变性,导致其分子展开并暴露疏水基团,从而增加溶液的浊度[18];然而,当温度升高至50 ℃时,肌球蛋白的变性可能进一步加剧,导致其分子内结构重新排列或形成更稳定的聚集态,从而减少了溶液中的散射颗粒,使得浊度降低[18]。温度继续升高(60~90 ℃),浊度整体呈上升趋势,表明加热使肌球蛋白发生聚集和光散射现象,产生较多的悬浮颗粒,浊度逐渐升高,高温更易造成肌球蛋白聚集[4];这是由于高温诱导肌球蛋白变性,二级结构(如α-螺旋)展开,更多的疏水基团和反应位点显露出来;这些疏水基团促使肌球蛋白分子之间发生更强烈的聚集,形成较大的颗粒,从而导致溶液的浊度增加[16]。另外,高温下分子间的聚集促进了结构域的解折叠和凝胶网络的形成,溶液中的颗粒尺寸逐渐增大,浊度也随之上升[18]。混合体系于4 ℃静置24 h后悬浮颗粒沉淀,浊度均下降,其中50、80 ℃处理组下降显著(P<0.05),相较于静置前分别降低28.16%、2.82%,说明在这两个温度下反应最剧烈,蛋白质聚集物较多。
食品中,乳化性代表油品和水形成乳化液的能力。乳化作用是将一种液体分散到另一种互不相溶液体中去的过程。在肉制品加工中,蛋白质的乳化特性是决定产品质构的关键功能特性,直接影响肉品的弹性形成、嫩度保持及水分锁定能力[13]。该特性通常通过乳化活力指数(EAI)和乳化稳定性(ESI)两个核心指标进行量化评价。其中,EAI反映蛋白质作为乳化剂促进油水两相形成稳定界面的效率,其数值体现单位质量蛋白质可覆盖的油水界面面积;ESI则表征乳状液在外界条件变化(如温度波动、机械剪切或长时间储存)下抵抗分层或相变的能力,体现乳化体系的抗干扰性能[13],这两个指标共同构成评价肉蛋白乳化功能的重要参数体系。
不同温度处理对肌球蛋白乳化性的影响如图2所示,40~80 ℃ EAI呈先下降后上升趋势,90 ℃时再次显著下降(P<0.05),与40 ℃相比下降2.00 m2/g。肌球蛋白在不同温度下的乳化活力变化与其结构的变性和聚集行为密切相关。在40~50 ℃时,肌球蛋白开始发生部分变性,结构逐渐螺旋,蛋白质分子内的疏水基团暴露增加;这种结构变化使得肌球蛋白的乳化活力下降,因为蛋白质的乳化能力与分子的表面活性密切相关,而变性初期的结构展开可能破坏了其原有的表面活性[9]。在50~80 ℃时,肌球蛋白进一步变性,分子间的聚集行为增强,形成更大的聚集体,从而增加了其在油-水界面的吸附能力,进而提升了乳化活力,80 ℃比50 ℃增加1.99 m2/g;另外,加热时形成的更稳定的网络结构,有助于其在乳化过程中更好地稳定油滴。当温度达到90 ℃时,肌球蛋白的变性程度进一步加剧,其结构可能完全展开并形成更紧密的凝胶网络,这种高度聚集的状态导致蛋白质的表面活性降低,乳化能力显著下降(P<0.05)[9];此外,高温下肌球蛋白的巯基含量减少,二硫键形成增加,这进一步限制了蛋白质的表面活性,导致乳化活力显著下降[19]。ESI在整个温度范围内呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),其中40~80 ℃ ESI急剧下降,90 ℃较40 ℃降低81.68%,表明加热温度越高,肌球蛋白变性程度越大,包裹油滴的能力越小,降低吸附于界面上的蛋白质膜粘度,乳浊液分层加快,表现出乳化稳定性下降的趋势[20]。
己醛、庚醛、壬醛和1-辛烯-3-醇是鱼肉的特征腥味物质[5–6,10],不同温度处理对肌球蛋白吸附特征腥味物质的影响如图3所示。肌球蛋白与四种风味化合物的结合程度具有显著差异(P<0.05),其对1-辛烯-3-醇的结合能力弱于庚醛、己醛和壬醛,说明肌球蛋白与1-辛烯-3-醇的亲和力较弱。1-辛烯-3-醇主要通过氢键和不太稳定的静电力与蛋白质相互作用,而醛可以与蛋白质形成不可逆共价键,醛类与肌球蛋白的结合通常比1-辛烯-3-醇更有效,这可能是由于醛类中不同羰基的空间抗性效应较低和分子活性较高[21]。肌球蛋白对醛类化合物的吸附作用强度与其疏水性密切相关,具体表现为:随着醛类分子碳链长度的延长(疏水性增强),结合能力呈现递增趋势,即己醛的结合强度最低,庚醛次之,壬醛的吸附作用最强;这一现象与肌球蛋白表面疏水区域的暴露程度及分子间疏水相互作用力的增强直接相关,Gu等[22]的研究也证实这一现象。随着处理温度的升高,肌球蛋白对特征腥味物质的吸附作用均呈先升高后降低趋势,1-辛烯-3-醇、庚醛、壬醛和己醛与肌球蛋白的结合能力分别于50、60、60和60 ℃增至最大,与40 ℃相比,增幅分别为1116.99%、391.20%、46.40%和1513.99%。在低温区(40~50 ℃),肌球蛋白的结构较为稳定,但随着温度的升高,蛋白质分子开始展开,内部的疏水性氨基酸残基逐渐暴露,增加了与风味化合物的疏水作用和极性相互作用,导致结合能力增强[3]。中温区(50~60 ℃),蛋白质分子进一步展开,疏水性结合位点暴露更多,结合能力达到峰值。高温区(60~90 ℃),蛋白质发生聚集变性,部分疏水性结合位点被掩盖或修饰,疏水作用与极性相互作用减弱,结合能力下降[23]。
Zeta电位作为评估溶液体系稳定性的关键参数,其绝对值与肌球蛋白的粒径及电荷分布密切相关[24]。当肌球蛋白粒径减小时,Zeta电位绝对值增大,表明分子表面电荷密度增加,从而通过静电排斥作用增强溶液稳定性;反之,若分子间相互作用增强(如疏水作用或交联),则会导致Zeta电位绝对值降低,促使蛋白质聚集并形成致密结构[25]。这种粒径-电荷-稳定性的动态关系在肌球蛋白的热处理、乳化及冷冻加工等过程中均表现出重要调控作用[15]。不同温度处理后肌球蛋白Zeta电位见图4,Zeta电位是负值,表明蛋白质侧链上的阴离子氨基酸残基暴露在表面。40 ℃处理肌球蛋白的电位绝对值与50 ℃组差异不显著(P>0.05),体系趋于稳定水平,表明蛋白质分子相互作用力强,没有大量聚集[26]。60 ℃时电位绝对值显著降低(P<0.05),较40 ℃减少23.35%,可能是温度的升高影响了蛋白体系的稳定性,并且使肌球蛋白发生聚集,阴离子氨基酸被遮掩导致的[5]。60~90 ℃电位绝对值呈降低趋势,这是由于高温下肌球蛋白变性加剧,游离巯基(-SH)氧化形成二硫键(-S-S-),消耗带负电的巯基,同时肌球蛋白分子间聚集,使带负电的氨基酸残基(如谷氨酸、天冬氨酸)被包埋于聚集体内部,电荷屏蔽效应增强,表面有效电荷密度下降[16]。
表面疏水性是决定表面疏水基团数量的指标,在评价蛋白质构象变化中起着关键作用[27]。不同温度处理后肌球蛋白表面疏水性的变化如图5所示,40 ℃处理肌球蛋白的表面疏水性与50 ℃处理无显著性差异(P>0.05),60 ℃处理相比50 ℃显著增加了19.59%(P<0.05),说明60 ℃加热后,肌球蛋白变性且展开程度大,更多的疏水性氨基酸暴露在蛋白质表面,使肌球蛋白处于疏水环境中。80 ℃和90 ℃处理后肌球蛋白的表面疏水性较60 ℃分别下降22.28%和26.95%(P<0.05),原因是高温引发的蛋白质变性会导致其三级结构解折叠,暴露出内部疏水区域,此时通过疏水相互作用和二硫键交联形成稳定的聚集体[20];在此过程中,部分原本暴露的疏水基团会因分子间重排而重新嵌入聚集体的疏水核心,这种构象调整使得蛋白质表面可接触的疏水位点减少,表现为表面疏水性指标下降,这与刘芳芳等[9]的研究结果一致。
巯基是肌球蛋白中重要的功能基团,约有一半位于肌球蛋白的头部,对维持蛋白质分子的构象和稳定性起着重要作用[7]。不同温度处理后肌球蛋白总巯基和活性巯基的变化如图6所示,温度升高至90 ℃过程中,总巯基含量整体呈下降趋势,90 ℃时总巯基含量较40 ℃降低了40.82%,这是由于随着加热温度的升高,肌球蛋白中的巯基逐渐被氧化形成二硫键[28–29]。处理温度不断升高,活性巯基含量先增加后下降,50 ℃时含量最高,为33.80 mol/105 g;这说明热处理诱导肌球蛋白变性,其内部的疏水残基和活性巯基显露增加[9],50 ℃时活性巯基达到峰值;而在更高温度下,肌球蛋白逐渐聚集,活性巯基被掩盖或氧化,导致含量减少[17]。90 ℃处理肌球蛋白后,其总巯基和活性巯基含量均显著下降(P<0.05),相较于80 ℃处理组,90 ℃处理组总巯基下降40.69%,活性巯基下降75.55%,说明在高温(90 ℃)处理下,肌球蛋白的构象展开受到限制,同时巯基发生氧化反应形成分子间二硫键,促进蛋白质交联网络的构建,从而增强溶液体系的稳定性[30]。此外,蛋白质分子间作用力的增强导致原本暴露的巯基被重新包埋至内部,最终使活性巯基水平显著下降[31]。以上结果表明,低温下肌球蛋白趋于变性,高温时趋于聚集,蛋白聚合体的形成会掩盖活性巯基。
荧光光谱法作为研究蛋白质结构的重要手段,其原理基于分子中芳香族氨基酸的独特荧光特性。在天然蛋白质中,色氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸因侧链生色基团的差异,表现出不同的激发与发射光谱特征;其中,色氨酸的荧光量子产率最高,其发射强度在三种氨基酸中占据主导地位,常作为探针反映蛋白质微环境变化[16],例如,当色氨酸残基从疏水核心暴露至极性溶剂时,其荧光峰位会发生红移,而构象折叠则伴随蓝移现象,这些光谱变化为解析蛋白质动态构象提供了关键信息[16]。由图7可知,不同温度(40、50、60、80、90 ℃)处理肌球蛋白的荧光峰分别在334、335、336、334、332 nm,温度由40 ℃升到60 ℃过程中,色氨酸荧光强度降低,60 ℃较40 ℃降低了5.59%,并出现红移现象,表明肌球蛋白变性,分子空间构象被破坏,结构展开,使肌球蛋白分子中暴露的色氨酸残基暴露处于亲水环境中,疏水性减弱,且内源荧光猝灭出现荧光强度降低现象[32–33]。当热处理温度从60 ℃升高到90 ℃时,荧光强度增加7.90%且伴随着蓝移现象,说明高温处理下,蛋白质分子聚集或形成新的结构,色氨酸残基包埋,重新处于较为疏水的环境中,荧光强度增加[17]。
紫外-可见吸收光谱是由波长在200~800 nm且具有光学活性的物质,因吸收了一定范围的光而使其分子中的价电子跃迁,落在紫外-可见光区域产生的,是研究蛋白质结构变化的一种有效方法[16]。热处理后肌球蛋白的紫外光谱见图8,在200~350 nm范围的紫外吸收图谱中存在双特征谱峰:谱带I(207 nm)主要归属于肽键羰基的n→π*电子跃迁,该波长区域常作为蛋白质二级结构的敏感探针[17];而谱带II(280 nm)的出现则与含芳香环氨基酸(如色氨酸)的吲哚环π→π*跃迁振动相关联[16],该波长范围的吸收强度表征着三级结构的维系程度。特别值得注意的是,随着热处理温度上升,207 nm峰位的位移幅度显著大于280 nm谱带(P<0.05)。在280 nm波长处,与40 ℃处理组相比,50 ℃处理组肌球蛋白紫外吸收强度下降29.41%,这一现象源于热诱导的蛋白质结构伸展:升温导致部分结构域解折叠,将原本埋藏于疏水核心的色氨酸残基暴露至亲水性溶剂环境,当吲哚环处于高极性水溶液中时,其π→π*跃迁产生的消光系数降低(或发生瑞利散射引起的表观吸光度下降),从而导致紫外吸收信号减弱[34]。当温度从50 ℃升高到90 ℃时,280 nm处的吸收强度不断升高,90 ℃较50 ℃升高了47.6%,这是由于在较高温度下,蛋白质进一步变性,色氨酸和酪氨酸残基完全暴露在极性环境中,但同时蛋白质分子发生聚集或形成新的结构,导致吸收强度再次增加[17]。在210 nm处,不同温度处理下肌球蛋白的吸收强度变化趋势与280 nm一致,这是由于210 nm处的吸收主要由蛋白质的二级结构引起,低温处理时(40 ℃),蛋白质结构稳定,二级结构完整,吸收强度较高;随着温度升高(50 ℃),蛋白质变性,二级结构展开,吸收强度降低;热处理温度继续升高(60~90 ℃),蛋白质进一步变性,二级结构继续展开,同时,蛋白质分子聚集或形成新的结构,使得吸收强度增加。
红外光谱可用于分析蛋白质二级结构变化,酰胺I带、酰胺II带、酰胺III带用于确定含有酰胺基物质的结构和组成,分别在1700~1600 cm−1、1600~1500 cm−1、1340~1220 cm−1范围内有吸收[16]。相比之下,对酰胺I带(以羰基C=O伸缩振动为主)去卷积、二阶导处理可分析蛋白质二级结构变化[35]。不同温度处理对肌球蛋白红外光谱和二级结构相对含量的影响如图9所示,随着热处理温度增加,酰胺I带和酰胺II带的峰形整体上由尖锐趋于平缓,且伴随着谱带蓝移的现象,其中50 ℃时峰形最尖锐,吸收强度最大,当温度大于60 ℃时,吸收强度显著减弱,这是由于加热通过破坏氢键和疏水相互作用,使肌球蛋白二级结构从有序α-螺旋向无序β-折叠转化,导致酰胺I带和II带的吸收峰强度减弱及位置移动[12]。
由图9可知,热处理温度与肌球蛋白α-螺旋相对含量呈负相关,与β-转角含量呈正相关;与40 ℃处理组相比,90 ℃处理肌球蛋白的α-螺旋降低了31.94%,β-转角增加了75.20%。另外,肌球蛋白β-折叠含量随温度升高呈先下降后上升趋势,无规则卷曲则相反,于50 ℃处理时,二者均达到极值(β-折叠低至33.67%,无规则卷曲高达25.33%)。以上结果表明,温度处理引起肌球蛋白二级结构发生显著变化(P<0.05)。较低温度(40~50 ℃)处理时,肌球蛋白的二级结构开始解旋,α-螺旋和β-折叠结构逐渐展开,含量下降,同时形成更多的无规则卷曲;在较高温度下(60~90 ℃),蛋白质分子重新排列,形成更有序的结构和新的β-折叠、β-转角结构,导致β-折叠含量上升,无规则卷曲含量下降;值得注意的是,这种结构重组伴随着α-螺旋含量降低和β-折叠结构增加的特征性构象转变,且形成的交联网络具有不可逆性,这与热诱导的共价键重组密切相关。α-螺旋的构象稳定性源于其周期性氢键网络的形成,具体表现为多肽链上连接羰基(-CO)和氨基(NH-)的氢键,热处理会使氢键断裂,使α-螺旋发生解螺旋[36]。
不同温度下,肌球蛋白溶解度、浊度、乳化性和风味结合能力与肌球蛋白结构变化之间的相关性分析见图10。乳化活力与总巯基和活性巯基显著负相关(P<0.05),说明温度介导肌球蛋白总巯基和活性巯基的改变,影响肌球蛋白的乳化活力,这是由于总巯基含量下降与蛋白质聚集程度增加(如浊度升高)呈对应关系,而聚集的蛋白质难以有效稳定油水界面,导致乳化活力降低[19]。肌球蛋白对风味物质的结合效率与其表面疏水特性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明通过改变肌球蛋白的疏水作用位点暴露程度,可有效调节其对风味成分的吸附能力,其中疏水性提升有助于增强风味物质的保留效果;这一现象在热处理[37]、肌动蛋白复合物形成[38]及超声处理[25]等不同调控方式中均得到验证,表明疏水作用位点的动态变化是影响风味结合的关键结构因素;表面疏水作用位点与蛋白质展开程度正相关,展开的蛋白质更易通过疏水作用结合风味物质[3]。溶解度与总巯基和α-螺旋显著正相关(P<0.05),说明肌球蛋白二级结构的改变显著影响其溶解度(P<0.05),进而影响其功能特性。溶解度的降低常伴随浊度升高(聚集)、α-螺旋结构和无规则卷曲结构的减少,而有序结构(如β-折叠)增加,这种结构转变促进蛋白聚集[9]。
温度介导肌球蛋白结构变化对风味结合能力的影响示意图见图11。天然肌球蛋白分子通过非共价键作用(如疏水作用、氢键等)自发组装形成纤维状结构,称为自组装长丝[24]。不同温度下,肌球蛋白的构象转变与功能特性呈现显著差异(P<0.05),40 ℃低温处理时,肌球蛋白尾部α-螺旋结构开始部分解旋,导致埋藏的疏水性氨基酸残基(如色氨酸、苯丙氨酸)暴露于分子表面[18];这种构象变化增强了肌球蛋白与疏水性风味化合物(如醛类)的结合能力[20],但尚未引发聚集,溶解性仍保持较高水平。当温度升高到50~60 ℃中温变性阶段,肌球蛋白结构展开程度增大,表面疏水性和活性巯基增加,尽管表面电荷分布改变导致静电斥力减弱,但暴露的活性位点仍能暂时提升风味结合能力,肌球蛋白溶解度降低,乳化活力和浊度增加[12]。当温度提高到80~90 ℃高温凝胶阶段,肌球蛋白完全变性,尾部双螺旋结构完全解旋,通过β-折叠重组形成稳定的三维网状凝胶结构[18],溶解度进一步降低,而浊度和乳化活力因大分子聚集体的形成增加,另外,高温处理诱导肌球蛋白尾部结构折叠与重组,使部分疏水性结合位点被掩盖或修饰,风味物质结合能力降低[3]。综上所述,温度通过调控肌球蛋白结构域的阶段性展开/重组,动态改变分子间作用力类型,最终决定其功能特性的演变路径;其中,50~60 ℃阶段形成的过渡态聚集体是决定终产物质构与风味保留的关键调控节点。
温度对肌球蛋白溶解度、浊度、乳化活力及风味结合能力的影响呈显著的阶段性特征(P<0.05),且关键转折点集中在50~60 ℃区间。在低温阶段(40~50 ℃),肌球蛋白开始发生变性,蛋白质的二级结构展开,表现为α-螺旋和β-折叠含量减少,无规卷曲结构增加;结构展开促使原本包埋的疏水性氨基酸(如色氨酸)和活性巯基暴露于表面,导致表面疏水性增强,这为风味物质(如醛类)提供了更多结合位点,使风味结合能力达到峰值;同时,疏水基团的暴露降低了蛋白质的乳化活力和浊度,但溶解性仍保持较高水平。当温度升至中高温阶段(60~90 ℃),肌球蛋白进一步变性并发生分子间聚集,蛋白质分子重新排列形成紧密的凝胶网络;此时,α-螺旋含量进一步减少,而β-折叠和β-转角结构比例上升;聚集体的形成导致浊度显著回升(90 ℃时浊度较40 ℃增加6.21%)(P<0.05),同时,分子聚集掩盖了部分疏水基团和巯基,使表面疏水性下降,风味结合能力降低;值得注意的是,凝胶网络的形成提高了界面稳定能力,乳化活力增强。本研究结果为鱼肉制品的生产提供了重要的理论依据和数据参考,有助于优化加工条件,提高产品的品质和功能性。通过控制热处理温度,可以调节肌球蛋白的功能特性,以满足不同食品加工的需求。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040310
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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    1北部湾大学食品工程学院,北部湾海产健康养殖与绿色加工实验室,广西壮族自治区海洋食品营养与加工技术创新工程研究中心,广西高校北部湾海产品高值化利用与预制食品重点实验室,广西钦州 535000
    2钦州市农业技术推广中心,广西钦州 535000

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牛改改(1989−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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