Article(id=1320883635343970888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040274, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852799497, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852799497, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852799496, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852799496, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=109, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883635566269001, articleId=1320883635343970888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and Properties of Sunflower Seed Protein-Xanthan Gum Pickering Emulsion, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the high-value utilization of sunflower seed protein, composite particles were prepared using sunflower seed protein (SSP) and xanthan gum (XG) as raw materials and used to stabilize Pickering emulsions. SSP-XG was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the effect of the mass ratio of SSP to XG on the properties of SSP-XG particles. Particle size, Zeta potential, emulsifying activity index (EAI), and emulsion stability index (ESI) as indicators, this study analyzed the effects of different SSP-XG mass ratios and oil phase volume fractions on the microstructure, rheological properties and stability of Pickering emulsions. The results showed that hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions existed between SSP and XG. The addition of XG made the SSP-XG surface smoother and increased the contact angle measurement value. The mass of SSP to XG ratio was 5:1, and the Pickering emulsion with an oil phase volume fraction of 70% exhibited the smallest particle size (6.65 μm), the highest Zeta potential (28.82 mV), and the highest EAI and ESI (1.26 m2/g, 154.81 min), the droplets were evenly distributed, forming a well developed gel network structure, and demonstrated excellent emulsification and stability. Additionally, it showed a lower emulsification index when stored at 4 ℃. They also had high pH, ionic stability and heat stability. The shear thinning behavior of rheology indicated that the emulsion was a non-Newtonian fluid. Laser confocal microscopy showed composite particles surrounding oil phase droplets, forming an oil-in-water (O/W) type emulsion. This study provides useful reference for the development of new green food-grade Pickering emulsions.

, authors=Lingli GONG, Chenli CHU, Han YANG, Nuermaimaiti NUERZEBA, Maimaitituxun BUMAILIYAMU, Lingming KONG*, authorsList=Lingli GONG, Chenli CHU, Han YANG, Nuermaimaiti NUERZEBA, Maimaitituxun BUMAILIYAMU, Lingming KONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lingming KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883640016425574, articleId=1320883635343970888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=葵花籽蛋白-黄原胶Pickering乳液的制备与性质, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高葵花籽蛋白的高值化利用,以葵花籽蛋白(Sunflower seed protein,SSP)和黄原胶(Xanthan gum,XG)作为原料,制备复合颗粒并用于稳定Pickering乳液。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、接触角测量仪、扫描电镜对SSP-XG进行表征,探究SSP与XG质量比对SSP-XG颗粒特性的影响;以粒径、Zeta电位、乳化活性指数(Emulsifying activity index,EAI)和乳液稳定性指数(Emulsion stability index,ESI)为指标,分析不同SSP-XG质量比和油相体积分数对Pickering乳液微观结构、流变特性和稳定性的影响。结果表明:SSP与XG二者存在氢键、静电相互作用和疏水相互作用;XG的加入使SSP-XG表面更光滑且增大了接触角测量值。SSP与XG质量比为5:1,油相体积分数为70%的Pickering乳液粒径最小(6.65 μm),Zeta电位最大(28.82 mV),EAI和ESI最大(1.26 m2/g,154.81 min),液滴分布均匀,呈现良好的凝胶网络结构,具有良好的乳化性和稳定性,且在4 ℃下储藏乳析指数更小,具有较高的pH稳定性、离子稳定性和加热稳定性;流变学剪切变稀的行为,表明该乳液属于非牛顿流体;激光共聚焦显微镜显示复合颗粒包围在油相液滴周边,形成了水包油(O/W)型乳液。本研究可为开发新型绿色食品级Pickering乳液提供有益参考。

, authors=公伶俐, 楚晨俐, 杨晗, 努尔则巴·努尔麦麦提, 布买丽亚木·买买提吐逊, 孔令明*, authorsList=公伶俐, 楚晨俐, 杨晗, 努尔则巴·努尔麦麦提, 布买丽亚木·买买提吐逊, 孔令明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孔令明, authorNote=

公伶俐(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孔令明(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮油及蛋白质加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gBRAn1zPq+UyX9CGDdtvkg==, magXml=SL79OE/g12zLQlB9WRfyZA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=k3WBAlBjVb3x22MsavF0Kg==, pdfFileSize=6207004, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=l75JhjyI2sFnWVA5PeksuQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=qKqCM/xL6mfQZTjjuy7VSQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883640330998379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883635343970888, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1468138612@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883640414884461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883635343970888, authorId=1320883640330998379, language=EN, stringName=Lingli GONG, firstName=Lingli, middleName=null, lastName=GONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883640498770542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883635343970888, authorId=1320883640330998379, language=CN, stringName=公伶俐, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052, bio={"content":"

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注:不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),图6~图7、图9、图11~图14同。

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注:A:SSP-XG粒子;B:油滴;C:Pickering乳液液滴。

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Three-phase contact angles at the ratio of different SSP to XG

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标1:010:15:110:35:22:1
接触角(°)42.59±0.78d45.04±1.12c52.67±0.46a51.03±0.76a49.05±0.95b45.97±1.33c
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不同SSP与XG比例下的三相接触角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标1:010:15:110:35:22:1
接触角(°)42.59±0.78d45.04±1.12c52.67±0.46a51.03±0.76a49.05±0.95b45.97±1.33c
), ArticleFig(id=1320883649793348272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883635343970888, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of different SSP-XG ratios on peroxide value

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SSP-XG质量比
(w/w)
过氧化值(mmol/kg)
0 d5 d10 d15 d20 d
1:00.16±0.02a0.23±0.04a0.29±0.02a0.42±0.04a0.48±0.03a
10:10.14±0.01ab0.17±0.04b0.19±0.02b0.26±0.05b0.30±0.04b
5:10.09±0.02bc0.11±0.01c0.13±0.02c0.21±0.02bc0.25±0.02c
10:30.08±0.06c0.10±0.01c0.13±0.01c0.18±0.01cd0.24±0.02c
5:20.05±0.02c0.09±0.01c0.10±0.01c0.15±0.01de0.16±0.01d
2:10.02±0.01c0.08±0.01c0.09±0.01c0.13±0.01e0.15±0.01d
), ArticleFig(id=1320883649927566001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883635343970888, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同SSP-XG比例的过氧化值影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SSP-XG质量比
(w/w)
过氧化值(mmol/kg)
0 d5 d10 d15 d20 d
1:00.16±0.02a0.23±0.04a0.29±0.02a0.42±0.04a0.48±0.03a
10:10.14±0.01ab0.17±0.04b0.19±0.02b0.26±0.05b0.30±0.04b
5:10.09±0.02bc0.11±0.01c0.13±0.02c0.21±0.02bc0.25±0.02c
10:30.08±0.06c0.10±0.01c0.13±0.01c0.18±0.01cd0.24±0.02c
5:20.05±0.02c0.09±0.01c0.10±0.01c0.15±0.01de0.16±0.01d
2:10.02±0.01c0.08±0.01c0.09±0.01c0.13±0.01e0.15±0.01d
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Effect of different oil phase volume fraction on peroxide value

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
油相体积分数
(%)
过氧化值(mmol/kg)
0 d5 d10 d15 d20 d
300.66±0.07a0.67±0.06a0.94±0.06a1.86±0.09a2.25±0.14a
400.48±0.09b0.66±0.07a0.70±0.07b1.42±0.11b1.53±0.06b
500.27±0.07c0.45±0.09b0.56±0.06c1.26±0.10c1.46±0.10bc
600.26±0.10c0.31±0.16b0.49±0.07c0.98±0.10d1.34±0.06c
700.09±0.02d0.11±0.01c0.13±0.02d0.21±0.02e0.25±0.02d
), ArticleFig(id=1320883650149864115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883635343970888, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同油相体积分数的过氧化值影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
油相体积分数
(%)
过氧化值(mmol/kg)
0 d5 d10 d15 d20 d
300.66±0.07a0.67±0.06a0.94±0.06a1.86±0.09a2.25±0.14a
400.48±0.09b0.66±0.07a0.70±0.07b1.42±0.11b1.53±0.06b
500.27±0.07c0.45±0.09b0.56±0.06c1.26±0.10c1.46±0.10bc
600.26±0.10c0.31±0.16b0.49±0.07c0.98±0.10d1.34±0.06c
700.09±0.02d0.11±0.01c0.13±0.02d0.21±0.02e0.25±0.02d
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葵花籽蛋白-黄原胶Pickering乳液的制备与性质
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公伶俐 , 楚晨俐 , 杨晗 , 努尔则巴·努尔麦麦提 , 布买丽亚木·买买提吐逊 , 孔令明 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(8): 109-121
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (8) : 109 -121
葵花籽蛋白-黄原胶Pickering乳液的制备与性质
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公伶俐 , 楚晨俐, 杨晗, 努尔则巴·努尔麦麦提, 布买丽亚木·买买提吐逊, 孔令明*
作者信息
  • 新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
通讯作者:
孔令明(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮油及蛋白质加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

公伶俐(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:

Preparation and Properties of Sunflower Seed Protein-Xanthan Gum Pickering Emulsion
Lingli GONG , Chenli CHU, Han YANG, Nuermaimaiti NUERZEBA, Maimaitituxun BUMAILIYAMU, Lingming KONG*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040274
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为提高葵花籽蛋白的高值化利用,以葵花籽蛋白(Sunflower seed protein,SSP)和黄原胶(Xanthan gum,XG)作为原料,制备复合颗粒并用于稳定Pickering乳液。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、接触角测量仪、扫描电镜对SSP-XG进行表征,探究SSP与XG质量比对SSP-XG颗粒特性的影响;以粒径、Zeta电位、乳化活性指数(Emulsifying activity index,EAI)和乳液稳定性指数(Emulsion stability index,ESI)为指标,分析不同SSP-XG质量比和油相体积分数对Pickering乳液微观结构、流变特性和稳定性的影响。结果表明:SSP与XG二者存在氢键、静电相互作用和疏水相互作用;XG的加入使SSP-XG表面更光滑且增大了接触角测量值。SSP与XG质量比为5:1,油相体积分数为70%的Pickering乳液粒径最小(6.65 μm),Zeta电位最大(28.82 mV),EAI和ESI最大(1.26 m2/g,154.81 min),液滴分布均匀,呈现良好的凝胶网络结构,具有良好的乳化性和稳定性,且在4 ℃下储藏乳析指数更小,具有较高的pH稳定性、离子稳定性和加热稳定性;流变学剪切变稀的行为,表明该乳液属于非牛顿流体;激光共聚焦显微镜显示复合颗粒包围在油相液滴周边,形成了水包油(O/W)型乳液。本研究可为开发新型绿色食品级Pickering乳液提供有益参考。

葵花籽蛋白  /  黄原胶  /  Pickering乳液  /  复合颗粒  /  性质

In order to improve the high-value utilization of sunflower seed protein, composite particles were prepared using sunflower seed protein (SSP) and xanthan gum (XG) as raw materials and used to stabilize Pickering emulsions. SSP-XG was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the effect of the mass ratio of SSP to XG on the properties of SSP-XG particles. Particle size, Zeta potential, emulsifying activity index (EAI), and emulsion stability index (ESI) as indicators, this study analyzed the effects of different SSP-XG mass ratios and oil phase volume fractions on the microstructure, rheological properties and stability of Pickering emulsions. The results showed that hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions existed between SSP and XG. The addition of XG made the SSP-XG surface smoother and increased the contact angle measurement value. The mass of SSP to XG ratio was 5:1, and the Pickering emulsion with an oil phase volume fraction of 70% exhibited the smallest particle size (6.65 μm), the highest Zeta potential (28.82 mV), and the highest EAI and ESI (1.26 m2/g, 154.81 min), the droplets were evenly distributed, forming a well developed gel network structure, and demonstrated excellent emulsification and stability. Additionally, it showed a lower emulsification index when stored at 4 ℃. They also had high pH, ionic stability and heat stability. The shear thinning behavior of rheology indicated that the emulsion was a non-Newtonian fluid. Laser confocal microscopy showed composite particles surrounding oil phase droplets, forming an oil-in-water (O/W) type emulsion. This study provides useful reference for the development of new green food-grade Pickering emulsions.

sunflower seed protein  /  xanthan gum  /  Pickering emulsion  /  composite particle  /  property
公伶俐, 楚晨俐, 杨晗, 努尔则巴·努尔麦麦提, 布买丽亚木·买买提吐逊, 孔令明. 葵花籽蛋白-黄原胶Pickering乳液的制备与性质. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 109 -121 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040274
Lingli GONG, Chenli CHU, Han YANG, Nuermaimaiti NUERZEBA, Maimaitituxun BUMAILIYAMU, Lingming KONG. Preparation and Properties of Sunflower Seed Protein-Xanthan Gum Pickering Emulsion[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 109 -121 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040274
Pickering乳液是一种使用超细固体颗粒作为乳化剂而形成的乳状液体系[1]。Pickering乳液与传统乳液相比,具有环境友好、生产成本低、稳定性良好等特点,是近年来的研究热点之一[2]。植物蛋白和多糖是目前用于制备Pickering乳液的天然植物性固体颗粒的主要生物大分子,蛋白质和多糖通过非共价相互作用来提高乳液体系的稳定性,从而提高食品的营养价值[3]。近年来蛋白-多糖及二元以上复合乳化剂制备的食品级Pickering乳液,如核桃分离蛋白和壳聚糖[4]、花生蛋白和多糖复合体系[5]、花生分离蛋白-羧甲基壳聚糖复合体系[6]等,在食品加工中得到了广泛应用。
向日葵作为一种重要的油料资源,其产量在世界上仅次于大豆、棉籽、菜籽、花生,是五大油料之一,也是我国的主要油料作物之一[7]。目前对于葵花籽加工研究主要集中于葵花油的加工,而葵花籽蛋白研究较少。葵花籽蛋白(Sunflower seed protein,SSP)是一种营养价值极高的植物蛋白,是人类摄取蛋白的重要来源[8]。与大多数植物蛋白相比,SSP的氨基酸组成比较均衡,具有良好的消化率(90%)[9],营养价值较高,具有广泛的开发前景,但目前大部分SSP被用作饲料或遭废弃,仅少量用于生产葵花蛋白粉、乳饮料等初级产品,没有充分发挥其作为高营养食品原料的潜力[10]。因此,有效利用SSP资源,对葵花产业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。近年来,在SSP为乳化剂稳定乳液的研究中,SSP与多酚物质相互作用,乳化性能显著提高[11]。黄原胶(Xanthan gum,XG)作为一种天然的高分子亲水性多糖胶体,具有较好的稳定性、增稠性、乳化性、悬浮性和安全性,对环境影响较小,是一种绿色环保的食品添加剂,凭借其较好的乳化性和稳定性在食品工业中得到广泛应用[12]。杨婷[13]研究表明,苦荞蛋白与XG结合,XG可通过提高蛋白质的乳化性,从而影响Pickering乳液的稳定性。因此,本文选择XG作为乳化剂进行SSP Pickering乳液的制备。目前使用蛋白-多糖复合乳化剂制备食品级Pickering乳液已被广泛研究,但SSP-XG复合共同构建的Pickering乳液及性质鲜有报道。
基于此,本研究以SSP和XG作为原料,通过改变SSP和XG的质量比制备SSP-XG复合颗粒,并用来稳定Pickering乳液,研究不同质量比和油相体积分数对Pickering乳液性能的影响。本研究以期拓宽SSP的应用领域,为蛋白-多糖体系提供有价值的信息。
SSP 健肽生物科技有限公司;XG 河南飞仕生物科技有限公司;葵花籽油 日照福之泉粮油食品有限公司;氢氧化钠、盐酸、碘化钾 分析纯,天津市鑫铂特化工有限公司;氯化钠、淀粉、十二烷基硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠、冰乙酸、三氯甲烷 分析纯,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司。
TU-1810 APC紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限公司;PHS-3C pH计 上海雷磁仪器有限公司;S550T-720HD生物显微镜 苏州倍特嘉光电科技有限公司;LXJ-IIB低速台式离心机 陕西环宇仪器设备有限公司;WQF-530A傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、TDP-5型单冲压片机 北京瑞利分析仪器有限公司;FSH-2A高调速匀浆机 安庆洁佳仪器设备有限公司;Anton Paar MCR302流变仪 安东帕商贸有限公司;Nano Brook 90Plus Zeta型激光粒度仪 英国Malvern仪器有限公司;STELLARIS 5激光共聚焦显微镜 Leica公司;SZ-CAMC32接触角测量仪 苏州奥普特光电技术有限公司;DHG-9070A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;JSM7610FPLUS 扫描电镜 北京科贸有限公司。
参考Yang等[14]方法,略微修改。将1 g的SSP加入100 mL去离子水中,在室温下搅拌2 h后放入冰箱中冷藏过夜,使SSP充分水化,取出后搅拌30 min,分别以SSP:XG质量比1:0、10:1、5:1、10:3、5:2、2:1(w/w)制备混合溶液,使用1 mol/L的NaOH将溶液的pH调节至12,在室温下600 r/min搅拌3 h,再用1 mol/L的HCl将溶液pH调节至7,搅拌2 h,将溶液在5000 r/min离心20 min除去不溶成分,得到SSP-XG复合体系。
将制备好的SSP和SSP-XG复合物悬浊液经冷冻干燥后,与KBr粉末混合研磨成粉,用压片机压成片,将薄片快速转移至傅里叶变换红外成像光谱仪,选择扫描范围为400~4000 cm−1,扫描次数为32次,分辨率4 cm−1进行测量。
采用扫描电镜观察样品的微观形貌。取少量样品置于导电胶并黏附于样品台上,喷金30 s,在5 kV的工作电压下进行100倍、1000倍、3000倍观察并拍照。
用压片机(压力20 MPa)将SSP和不同质量比的SSP-XG复合物粉末制成1 cm×1 cm的圆形薄片,在薄片表面滴一滴去离子水,静置待稳定后,对接触角进行测量。
分别以SSP和XG质量比为1:0、10:1、5:1、10:3、5:2、2:1(w/w)的SSP-XG颗粒为乳化剂,油相体积分数70%,高调速匀浆机15000 r/min均质120 s,分析不同质量比对乳液稳定性的影响。
以SSP和XG质量比为5:1(w/w)为乳化剂,油相体积分数30%、40%、50%、60%、70%,高调速匀浆机15000 r/min均质120 s,分析油相体积分数对乳液稳定性的影响。
使用激光粒度仪测定Pickering乳液的粒径、PDI和Zeta电位,分散剂为去离子水,折射率为1.33,温度为25 ℃。
a.乳液外观:将新鲜乳液置于西林瓶中,观察其乳液的外观图像,从宏观角度分析乳液状态。
b.乳液微观:将新鲜制备的乳液用去离子水稀释10倍,用移液枪滴加2 μL于载玻片上,后用生物显微镜40倍进行观察。
将葵花籽油与SSP-XG溶液混合,15000 r/min剪切2 min以产生乳液。将乳液倒入烧杯中,取固定在0.5 cm底部的50 μL乳液与5 mL 0.1%的十二烷基硫酸钠混合,并使用分光光度计在500 nm下测量样品的吸光度。10 min后,使用相同的方法测量50 μL等份乳液的吸光度,空白组为0.1%的十二烷基硫酸钠溶液[15]。按照下式计算乳液的EAI和ESI:
$ \text{EAI}(\mathrm{m}^2/\mathrm{g})=\frac{2\times2.303\times\mathrm{A}_0\times {\mathrm{N}}}{\mathrm{C}\times\mathrm{\theta}\times1000} $
$ \text{ESI}(\text{min})=\frac{10\mathrm{\times A}_0}{\mathrm{A}_0-\mathrm{A}_{10}} $
式中:A0为0 min的吸光度;N为稀释倍数;C为样品浓度,g/mL;θ为油相体积分数;A10为10 min的吸光度;10为时间间隔,min。
在室温下(25 ℃),使用直径为35 mm、间隙为1 mm的平板夹测定乳液的流变性。在1~100 s−1范围内进行剪切板扫描,测量乳液黏度与剪切频率的关系,在1~100 Hz范围内进行动态频率扫描,记录乳液的储能模量(G')和耗损模量(G")[16]。
DPPH自由基清除率:根据DPPH试剂盒法,取50 μL乳液与950 μL配制好的DPPH溶液充分混合,在25 ℃下避光保存30 min,以蒸馏水代替样品作为对照组。在517 nm处测定吸光度。DPPH自由基清除率计算如下:
$ \text{DPPH}\mathrm{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}-{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}} \times 100$
式中,A0为空白对照;A1为测试样品的吸光度。
ABTS+自由基清除率:根据ABTS试剂盒法,取50 μL乳液与950 μL配制好的ABTS溶液充分混合,空白以蒸馏水代替样品作为对照组,静置20 min后,在734 nm处测定吸光度。ABTS+自由基清除率计算如下:
$ \text{ABTS}^+自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{A}_0-\mathrm{A}_1}{\mathrm{A}_1}\times 100 $
式中,A0为空白对照;A1为测试样品的吸光度。
为了测定贮藏过程中乳液的氧化稳定性,用西林瓶贮藏乳液在50 ℃恒温下加速氧化20 d,分别在第0、5、10、15和20 d测定乳液的过氧化值。按照最新版GB 5009.227-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》进行测定计算。
采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察乳液的微观结构。将尼罗蓝(1 mg/mL,溶于异丙醇)和尼罗红(1 mg/mL,溶于异丙醇)溶液1:1混合制成染色剂。取20 μL乳液于离心管中,加入10 μL混合染液,避光反应10 min。取20 μL染色后的样品置于载玻片上密封后观察。其中尼罗蓝的激发波长为633 nm,尼罗红的激发波长为488 nm。用1000油镜观察,扫描成像分辨率2048×2048 dpi[17]。
pH稳定性:根据Shah等[18]方法,略微修改。用0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液和0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液分别将乳液pH调节为3、5、7、9、11,测量乳液的粒径、PDI、Zeta电位、EAI和ESI。
离子稳定性:参考邓苏梦[19]的方法,略微修改。加入浓度分别为50、100、200、300、400、500 mmol/L的NaCl,测量乳液的粒径、PDI、Zeta电位、EAI、ESI,并观察微观结构。
加热稳定性:根据张达超[20]的方法,略微修改。将乳液放置于西林瓶中,分别在50、60、70、80、90 ℃下水浴加热30 min,然后在室温下冷却2 h,测量乳液的粒径、PDI、Zeta电位、EAI、ES,并观察微观结构。
储藏稳定性:取新鲜制备的乳液放置于西林瓶中,在5 ℃和4 ℃下贮藏1、5、7、15和30 d测定乳析指数(CI)[21]。
$ \text{CI}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{H}}{{\mathrm{H}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,H为清液层高度,cm;H0为乳液总高度,cm。
所有实验均重复3次,数据结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 27进行方差分析,P<0.05,差异显著,采用Origin 2021进行统计作图。
由图1可知,SSP和SSP-XG在3400~3600 cm−1波长处的宽吸收峰,是-OH的伸缩振动峰[22],2996 cm−1出现C-H的伸缩振动峰[23]。SSP和不同质量比的SSP-XG在2800~3100 cm−1处的峰与-CH3和-CH2的C-H拉伸有关,但SSP-XG复合颗粒峰的强度较高,表明SSP和XG之间存在疏水相互作用[24]。SSP的酰胺Ⅱ带在1477 cm−1有最大峰值,酰胺II带是由N-H弯曲振动和C-N伸缩振动引起[25],加入XG后,与SSP相比,SSP-XG复合颗粒在酰胺Ⅱ带有轻微偏移(1480~1484 cm−1),峰的强度发生了增加,且在SSP-XG质量比为5:1时强度增加最大,表明SSP的氨基和XG的羧基发生了静电相互作用[26]。1196 cm−1处为SSP的C-O伸缩振动吸收,与SSP相比,SSP-XG质量比10:1~2:1在3360 cm−1峰发生偏移,SSP-XG复合颗粒在此处吸收峰分别移至1198、1200、1201、1202、1209 cm−1,表明在SSP-XG复合体中,SSP的C-O基团与XG的羟基和羧基存在氢键相互作用[27],结果表明,疏水相互作用、静电相互作用和氢键相互作用是SSP-XG形成的主要相互作用力。
由图2可以观察到,经过pH循环后SSP表面的某些化学键断裂或重新组合,导致其形态发生变化,从而形成棒球状和不规则状结构,在扫描电镜观察下,观察到其表面粗糙、不光滑和不平整,且存在较多细小的碎片,表明SSP形成的结构不够稳定和致密,可能无法有效地稳定乳液液滴。当SSP与XG质量比为5:1时,呈现出较为规则的片状或块状结构,这种结构有利于在油-水界面形成稳定的界面膜,从而更好地稳定乳液[28]。当质量比10:3~2:1时,出现了一些较小的颗粒和不规则的团聚体。可能是XG比例进一步增加,导致SSP-XG相互作用发生变化,复合物的结构稳定性受到一定影响。综上所述,再次证明SSP和XG之间发生了相互作用,形成了SSP-XG复合物,该复合物是导致其乳化性能提高的原因。
三相接触角(θ)是颗粒-水-油三相的接触角,反映了固体颗粒表面的润湿性和乳液的类型[29],颗粒会朝向对颗粒吸引力较小的一面弯曲,当θ<90°,颗粒为亲水性颗粒,形成的乳液类型为O/W乳液;当θ>90°,颗粒为疏水性颗粒,形成的乳液类型则为W/O乳液[30],而当θ越接近90°时,形成的乳液越稳定[31]。SSP和SSP-XG复合颗粒的θ值如表1和图3所示,所有样品的θ值均小于90°,因此SSP和SSP-XG复合颗粒均为亲水性颗粒,对应的乳液类型均为O/W乳液。SSP-XG复合颗粒的θ值均高于SSP,质量比10:1~5:1,θ值呈增大趋势,因为随着XG的增加,促进了SSP疏水基团的暴露,增加了颗粒的表面疏水性[32],质量比5:1~2:1,θ值呈下降趋势,因为XG的增加,颗粒表面被XG“包裹”,界面吸附效率下降,导致颗粒亲水性增强,降低了颗粒的表面疏水性,导致θ值逐渐下降[33]。质量比5:1时,θ最大,因为XG双螺旋结构赋予其亲水基团和疏水基团,其羟基和羧基与SSP形成氢键,XG在SSP表面形成稳定的吸附层,疏水基团暴露程度最大[34],表明其具有良好的界面湿润性,能更好地在油水界面吸附,有期望作为Pickering乳液的理想稳定颗粒。
由图4A可知,质量比1:0的乳液颗粒稀疏,大小不一,质量比10:1的乳液出现分层,油滴表面的颗粒覆盖度可能不足,导致油滴间的相互作用增强,容易出现破乳和聚并等现象,其乳液稳定性较差。质量比5:1时,固体颗粒形成的保护层防止了乳液体系中的相互作用,从而使乳液稳定不发生聚结[35]。质量比为5:2和2:1时,颗粒大小不一,液滴尺寸逐渐增大。
由图4B可知,不同比例的SSP-XG颗粒粒径不同。SSP的粒径和PDI分别为18.52 μm和0.46,与SSP-XG复合体相比,粒径和PDI显著增大,说明XG的加入改善了SSP颗粒的表面润湿性,促进了其在油水界面的均匀吸附,形成了更稳定的乳液[36]。随着XG的比例升高,SSP-XG颗粒的粒径呈先降低后升高的趋势,随着XG的增加,形成的黏弹性网络包裹部分油滴,导致乳液液滴的聚集,从而使得粒径增大[37]。SSP与XG比值为5:1时,复合乳液的粒径最小为6.65 μm,证明复合效果最好,形成稳定的界面层,稳定性最好。复合颗粒的PDI值均小于0.3,表明粒径分布均匀。
由图4C可知,未添加XG时,SSP的电位绝对值为21.04 mV,随着XG的加入,XG作为阴离子多糖,其羧酸基团在溶液中解离带负电,更多的XG分子吸附在SSP颗粒表面,增加了颗粒的负电荷密度,从而导致乳液的Zeta电位绝对值增大。质量比5:1~2:1时,Zeta电位绝对值呈下降趋势,因为体系黏度过高而影响乳液的稳定性。质量比在5:1时电位绝对值达到最大(28.82 mV),形成较稳定的蛋白-多糖复合体系[38]。
EAI和ESI是表征蛋白质形成和稳定油水界面能力的重要指标[39]。由图4D可知,添加XG的乳液比单一颗粒的乳液EAI和ESI高,由于XG具有亲水性,SSP具有疏水性。当XG与SSP结合时,形成了具有适中润湿性的复合颗粒稳定剂,这种复合颗粒能够更好地吸附在油-水界面上,形成有效的界面膜,从而提高了乳液的EAI和ESI。当质量比5:1时,EAI(1.26 m2/g)和ESI(154.81 min)达到最大,质量比10:3~2:1时,随着乳液黏度增大,蛋白质吸附在界面的速率降低,从而导致EAI和ESI的降低,质量比2:1时,ESI上升,因为XG浓度过高时,可能在界面上形成更致密的黏弹性网络,这种网络结构虽然不利于EAI,但一定程度阻止了乳液液滴的聚集和合并,从而提高了ESI[40]。因此,当SSP与XG质量比为5:1时,SSP-XG可有效稳定Pickering乳液。
SSP-XG不同质量比的乳液黏度随剪切速率的变化,如图5A所示。随着剪切速率从1 s−1增加到100 s−1,所有Pickering乳液的黏度随剪切速率的增大而减小,呈现剪切变稀的行为,表明该乳液属于非牛顿流体[41]。图5A中SSP-XG颗粒稳定的乳液黏度均大于SSP稳定的乳液,XG分子链在水中通过螺旋构象形成刚性三维网络,显著增加连续相的黏度。质量比1:0~5:2时,黏度明显增加。
Pickering乳液的黏弹性和网络结构强度可以通过储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")来表征[42]。图5B可知不同质量比的G'>G",表明乳液形成了以弹性为主的凝胶网络结构,乳液呈现出固体的性质,且乳液对频率的依赖性较低。质量比10:1~2:1的G"始终大于1:0的G",XG的添加促进乳液滴之间的聚集,形成更致密的堆积结构,导致更高的G''。
如图6可知,SSP与XG质量比1:0的DPPH自由基清除率为29.21%,该蛋白含有丰富的蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸,这些氨基酸可以清除自由基和螯合金属离子,具有一定的抗氧化能力。随着XG的加入,SSP-XG复合颗粒的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率均有所增加,质量比5:1时,DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率最高,分别为73.36%和50.93%,这表明XG的加入增加了抗氧化能力,XG本身具有一定的抗氧化能力,其双螺旋结构能抵抗酶解和氧化,与SSP结合后能够协同其清除自由基[43]。质量比10:3~2:1时,SSP-XG复合颗粒的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率降低,因为XG的持续结合引起了蛋白的构象变化,减少了抗氧化基团的暴露[44]。
油水界面是参与氧化反应的主要区域,因此界面组成对乳液脂质氧化具有极大影响[45]。如表2可知,随着储藏时间的增加,不同质量比的SSP-XG Pickering乳液的过氧化值逐渐增加,因为油脂持续发生自动氧化,产生氢过氧化物。当质量比1:0时,乳液的过氧化值最大,因为SSP在氧化条件下易发生聚集,形成大分子聚集体,油脂分子可通过孔隙扩散至水相,与氧化物质接触。随着XG比例的增加,过氧化值逐渐降低,XG具有亲水性,增强了界面层的机械强度和厚度,形成更致密的物理屏障,有效阻止氧气和自由基进入油滴内部,从而降低氧化反应的可能性[46],其浓度增加也会显著增大乳液连续相的黏度,油滴布朗运动受限,减少了油滴间碰撞导致的氧化产物交换[47]。综上所述,SSP与XG质量比为5:1时,乳液的粒径较小,液滴分布均匀,稳定性较好,所以选择质量比5:1的乳液进行后续实验。
图7A观察,当油相体积分数为30%~60%时,乳液颗粒普遍增多,颗粒饱满,当油相体积分数为70%,颗粒能够均匀地覆盖在油滴表面,大小均一,颗粒之间紧密连接,形成三维网络结构,形成一层连续的保护层。其液滴的直径越小,体积就越致密,形成的三维网络结构就越紧凑。
由图7B、图7C可知,不同油相体积分数的颗粒粒径不同。油相体积分数30%~70%时,乳液的粒径从8.74 μm减小到6.65 μm,PDI从1.42减小到0.21,粒径和PDI随油相体积分数的增加而减小,油相体积分数70%达到最小。EAI和ESI随油相体积分数的增加而增加,油相体积分数70%达到最大,乳液稳定性最佳,液滴间相互作用增强,形成网络结构,进一步抑制分层和聚结。
由图7D可知,油相体积分数30%~40%的Zeta电位绝对值从26.77 mV降低到25.07 mV,颗粒在界面的覆盖率较高,导致更多的颗粒参与界面稳定,从而增加Zeta电位的绝对值[48]。油相体积分数40%~70%的Zeta电位绝对值呈上升趋势,油相体积分数在70%达到最大(28.82 mV),颗粒间相互作用增强,电位升高,乳液稳定性提升。
不同油相体积分数的乳液黏度随剪切速率的变化,如图8A所示。油相体积分数30%~70%时,乳液的黏度随油相体积分数的增大而增加,乳液黏度与油相体积分数呈正相关,且在70%时达到最大,因为随着油相体积分数的增加,液滴非常紧密地堆积在一起,会系统产生一些类似固体的特性,提高体系黏度[49]。
由图8B可知,在0~1.58 Hz、0~1.16 Hz和0~0.85 Hz,油相体积分数为30%、40%和50%的G">G',因为乳液滴间距更小,碰撞频率增加,局部重排加剧,G''升高,当频率超过临界值,乳液之间形成更多的接触点,体系逐渐进入类固态,G'升高。油相体积分数为70%时,G'和G"最大,乳液的弹性和黏性最好,形成的凝胶网络结构更坚定,具有更高的稳定性[50]。
自由基清除率越高,乳液抗氧化能力越强。如图9可知,油相体积分数30%~70%时,乳液的DPPH自由基清除率从47.37%增加到73.36%,ABTS+自由基清除率从38.36%增加到50.93%,且在油相体积分数70%时达到最大。随着油相体积分数的增加,液滴排列更紧密,凝胶强度增强导致油相中抗氧化物质的浓度增加,从而维持DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率的持续升高,提高了乳液的稳定性。Cen等[51]研究发现,在藜麦蛋白乳液中,随着油相体积分数的增加,ABTS+自由基清除率也在增加,从而提升了乳液的抗氧化活性。
如表3可知,油相体积分数30%~70%时,随着油相体积分数的增加,过氧化值在逐渐降低,在油相体积分数为70%时最小,因为油相体积分数增加,油滴总表面积减少,氧气与油脂的接触面积有所降低,避免过氧化自由基的生成,从而控制油脂氧化程度并减少氢过氧化物的生成,从而减缓氧化速率[52]。Zhao等[53]研究发现,在大麦醇溶蛋白-壳聚糖Pickering乳液中,随着油相体积分数的增加,乳液的过氧化值有所降低,表明界面稳定性增强有效抑制了油脂氧化。综上所述,油相体积分数70%的乳液凝胶网络结构更稳定,具有更高的稳定性,所以选择油相体积分数70%的乳液进行后续实验。
为了更深入了解SSP-XG的界面特征,对最优条件下(SSP:XG质量比为5:1,油相体积分数为70%)制备的Pickering乳液进行激光共聚焦显微镜观察。采用尼罗蓝和尼罗红分别对蛋白和油相进行染色,油相信号设为红色、蛋白信号设为绿色。由图10观察到,SSP-XG颗粒包围在油相液滴周边,形成了水包油(O/W)型乳液。油滴被充分乳化后剩余的蛋白颗粒相互交联形成了渗透型蛋白质网络,油滴牢牢地“镶嵌”在凝胶网络结构里[54]。SSP-XG颗粒的界面吸附交联以及SSP与XG颗粒之间的相互作用形成了一个统一的凝胶状网络结构,球形油相外圈的一些绿色颗粒为散落在颗粒周围的SSP/XG,这表明乳液存在未吸附到水油界面上的胶体颗粒,这些颗粒形成三维网络结构以限制分散相液滴的运动,从而可以降低液滴碰撞和聚并的频率[55]。因此,SSP-XG能吸附在油水界面上有效地稳定Pickering乳液。
通过前期研究,在SSP:XG质量比为5:1,油相体积分数为70%时制备的SSP-XG Pickering乳液粒径小,液滴分布均匀,所以选择其进一步讨论pH稳定性、离子稳定性、加热稳定性和储藏稳定性。
由图11A可知,pH为3~7时,乳液粒径和PDI呈下降趋势,pH为3时粒径和PDI最大,因为在强酸的环境下,静电排斥弱,颗粒聚集程度高,液滴大小显著不均,乳液稳定性下降[56]。pH为7~11时,乳液粒径呈先增加后减小的趋势,pH为9时形成较大的颗粒聚集物,导致粒径增大,pH为11时,处于强碱环境,SSP发生变性,其分子结构展开,疏水基团暴露,导致颗粒聚集行为改变[57],粒径减小。
由图11B可知,随着pH的升高,电位绝对值呈上升趋势,pH为3时,静电排斥弱,导致电位绝对值最低,pH为5时,接近于SSP等电点,蛋白质表面电荷接近中性,导致电位绝对值较低,pH为7时,SSP与XG的静电相互作用增强,电位绝对值低。pH为9~11时,在碱性环境下SSP和XG的羧基去质子化,导致电位绝对值显著增大[58]。由图11C可知,pH为3~7时,EAI和ESI呈现出上升趋势,SSP溶解性较好,分子链更紧密地与XG相互作用,更有利于在油水界面吸附和展开,形成有效的界面膜和稳定的网络结构[59],乳液稳定性增加,pH为7~11时,EAI和ESI呈先降低后增加趋势,因为XG的过度伸展和SSP的变性导致乳液稳定性迅速下降,EAI和ESI降低,而后SSP和XG处于聚集状态,增强了油滴之间的作用力,恢复了乳液的稳定性,使得EAI和ESI开始增加[60],与粒径的结果一致。
由图12A可知,在不同盐离子浓度下,乳液外观无分层。在显微镜观察下,盐离子浓度在50~300 mmol/L下,乳液呈现出完整的颗粒状态,400~500 mmol/L下的颗粒逐渐减少,但乳液部分依然保持稳定,表明其良好的离子稳定性。
由图12B~图12D可知,不同盐离子浓度的颗粒粒径不同,随着盐离子浓度的增加(50~500 mmol/L),乳液的粒径呈急速上升的趋势,从7.48 μm上升到41.23 μm,NaCl浓度为500 mmol/L时粒径最大,当乳液体系中存在高浓度的盐离子时,盐离子会与颗粒表面的电荷发生相互作用,屏蔽颗粒表面的电荷,降低颗粒之间的静电排斥力[61]。NaCl屏蔽了SSP的表面电荷,压缩双电层,导致静电斥力减弱,液滴之间絮凝程度增加形成了较大的液滴聚集体(“盐析”效应)[62]。同样发现,随着盐离子浓度的增加(50~500 mmol/L),乳液电位绝对值、EAI和ESI不断减小。因为高离子强度可能会减弱颗粒表面的电荷屏蔽效应,使得颗粒之间的静电斥力减小,颗粒更容易发生聚并,导致乳液稳定性下降。
由图13A可知,在温度50~90 ℃范围内加热30 min后,乳液外观没有明显的变化,只有个别颗粒在油水界面上的吸附能力可能会发生变化,乳液仍保持着完整的形状,表明SSP-XG颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液有很好的加热稳定性。
由图13B可知,不同加热温度的颗粒粒径不同,随着温度的升高,乳液的粒径呈现不断增大的趋势,50 ℃粒径最小为12.45 μm,90 ℃粒径最大为15.74 μm,温度升高导致蛋白质变性,改变其构象和表面性质,形成聚集物,导致乳液粒径变大,影响乳液的稳定性。PDI均小于0.35,呈现分布均一性。由图13C可知,电位的绝对值随温度的变化没有明显的相关性,卢嘉欣[63]制备了环糊精-壳聚糖Pickering乳液,也发现了不同加热温度在外观和电位上没有较大的变化。由图13D可知,随着温度上升,EAI呈现下降趋势,ESI呈现先增加后降低趋势,温度为50 ℃时,未显著变性,仍保持较好的乳化能力,SSP与XG结合形成凝胶网络,增强乳液的稳定性。随着温度的升高,SSP聚集物增多,界面层破坏严重,乳液液滴碰撞频率增加,导致乳液失稳[64]。
由图14可知,随着时间的增加,4 ℃下的CI值始终低于25 ℃下的CI值,表明在4 ℃贮藏环境下的乳液始终比25 ℃下乳析指数低,因为在4 ℃下,颗粒的热运动减弱,界面吸附更加紧密,形成的界面膜更致密,能有效抵抗液滴间的聚结和重力作用导致的分层[65],有助于维持乳液的稳定性。在25 ℃下,颗粒的热运动加剧,从而使连续相中颗粒形成的紧密网络结构被破坏,界面膜强度降低,液滴间隙变大,导致乳滴之间的聚结和乳液的失稳,从而增加乳析指数[66]。
本研究采用SSP和XG构建了SSP-XG复合颗粒,以其为稳定剂制备Pickering乳液。SSP与XG通过疏水、静电和氢键相互作用形成紧密的网络结构;与SSP相比,XG的加入,改变了SSP的表面和形态,形成更紧凑的结构;复合后的SSP-XG颗粒接触角θ值均有所提高,SSP与XG质量比5:1时,θ最大,界面湿润性最好;当SSP与XG质量比为5:1,油相体积分数为70%的Pickering乳液粒径、Zeta电位、EAI和ESI分别为6.65 μm、28.82 mV、1.26 m2/g和154.81 min,颗粒之间紧密连接,形成稳定的三维网络结构,具有较好的pH稳定性、离子稳定性和加热稳定性,且在4 ℃下储藏乳析指数更低,进一步证明合适的固体颗粒和油相体积分数有利于乳液的稳定。本研究将为开发SSP产品及产业化发展奠定良好的基础并对Pickering乳液的稳定性研究提供一定的技术支持,为未来食品在健康、可持续和功能化方面提供了新的思路。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040274
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
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    新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052

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孔令明(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮油及蛋白质加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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