Article(id=1320884372497089206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852975247, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852975247, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852975247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852975247, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=490, endPage=499, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884372673249975, articleId=1320884372497089206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Characteristic Components and Biological Activities of Walnut Oil, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) belongs to the genus Juglans of the family Juglandaceae, with a long history of cultivation and a great production in China. It is rich in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins, which exhibits high nutritional value and unique medicinal effects. Walnut oil, extracted from walnut kernels, is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and contains a variety of characteristic components such as phytosterols, tocopherols, squalene and phospholipids. These characteristic components endow walnut oil with diverse biological activities. The main characteristic components of walnut oil are summarized in this article. It also reviews walnut oil's antioxidant, cardiovascular disease prevention, memory function improvement, anti-inflammatory, protection of intestinal health, antitumor, and other biological activities. Additionally, it summarizes the existing problems in the current research on walnut oil and prospects future research directions. The objective is to provide scientific basis for further research and comprehensive development and utilization of walnut oil.

, authors=Min'er CHEN1, 2, Kunzhui CHEN1, Weiliang DENG1, Xiaole CHEN1, Yingbin SHEN1, *, Lei ZHANG2, *, authorsList=Min'er CHEN, Kunzhui CHEN, Weiliang DENG, Xiaole CHEN, Yingbin SHEN, Lei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingbin SHEN, Lei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884375424713408, articleId=1320884372497089206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=核桃油的特征成分及其生物活性研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

核桃(Juglans regia L.),属于胡桃科胡桃属,在我国栽培历史悠久,产量巨大。核桃富含糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、矿质元素和维生素五大营养素,具有极高的营养价值和独特的药用功效。由核桃仁中提炼出的核桃油,富含不饱和脂肪酸,并含有植物甾醇、生育酚、角鲨烯和磷脂等多种特征成分,这些特征成分赋予了核桃油广泛的生物活性。本文以核桃油为对象,总结核桃油主要的特征成分,针对核桃油在抗氧化、预防心血管疾病、改善记忆功能、抗炎、保护肠道健康、抗肿瘤等方面的生物活性进行系统的综述,总结现阶段核桃油研究中存在的问题,并展望其未来的研究方向,以期为核桃油的深入研究与综合开发利用提供科学依据。

, authors=陈敏儿1, 2, 陈坤锥1, 邓玮亮1, 陈小乐1, 申迎宾1, *, 张磊2, *, authorsList=陈敏儿, 陈坤锥, 邓玮亮, 陈小乐, 申迎宾, 张磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=申迎宾, 张磊, authorNote=

陈敏儿(2003−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
申迎宾(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:精准营养,E-mail:。
张磊(1983−),男,硕士,高级实验师,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:。
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Main fatty acid composition of walnut oil

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种类脂肪酸质量分数(%)参考文献
饱和脂肪酸总饱和脂肪酸4.01~12.27[9,24]
棕榈酸(C16:0)2.98~8.27[9,24]
硬脂酸(C18:0)0.99~5.01[9,21]
单不饱和脂肪酸总单不饱和脂肪酸12.77~37.95[21,24]
油酸(C18:1)12.56~37.64[9,21]
多不饱和脂肪酸总多不饱和脂肪酸52.65~78.66[21,24]
亚麻酸(C18:3)6.82~16.8[9,25]
亚油酸(C18:2)45.54~68.97[9,21]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884379916813047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884372497089206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

核桃油主要脂肪酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类脂肪酸质量分数(%)参考文献
饱和脂肪酸总饱和脂肪酸4.01~12.27[9,24]
棕榈酸(C16:0)2.98~8.27[9,24]
硬脂酸(C18:0)0.99~5.01[9,21]
单不饱和脂肪酸总单不饱和脂肪酸12.77~37.95[21,24]
油酸(C18:1)12.56~37.64[9,21]
多不饱和脂肪酸总多不饱和脂肪酸52.65~78.66[21,24]
亚麻酸(C18:3)6.82~16.8[9,25]
亚油酸(C18:2)45.54~68.97[9,21]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884379996504824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884372497089206, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition and average content of phytosterols in walnut oil from various production areas in China (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产区植物甾醇总植物
甾醇
参考
文献
β-谷甾醇菜油甾醇豆甾醇Δ5-燕麦甾醇
西北899.649.2447.4646.391042.69[9]
597.2654.292.6247.11701.28[24]
西南605.1534.3433.4963.32736.3[9]
814.1865.0510.1864.45953.86[24]
东部沿海967.1046.8620.4272.291106.48[9]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884380080390905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884372497089206, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国各产区核桃油中植物甾醇组成及其平均含量(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产区植物甾醇总植物
甾醇
参考
文献
β-谷甾醇菜油甾醇豆甾醇Δ5-燕麦甾醇
西北899.649.2447.4646.391042.69[9]
597.2654.292.6247.11701.28[24]
西南605.1534.3433.4963.32736.3[9]
814.1865.0510.1864.45953.86[24]
东部沿海967.1046.8620.4272.291106.48[9]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884380160082682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884372497089206, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition and average content of tocopherol in walnut oil from various production areas in China (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产区生育酚总生育酚参考文献
α-生育酚γ-生育酚δ-生育酚
西北64.33266.09160.14489.70[9]
39.14352.33353.821005.29[24]
西南40.13208.48101.22348.61[9]
52.20247.63238.12538.02[24]
东部沿海54.84417.62346.64814.41[9]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884380235580155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884372497089206, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

我国各产区核桃油中生育酚组成及其平均含量(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产区生育酚总生育酚参考文献
α-生育酚γ-生育酚δ-生育酚
西北64.33266.09160.14489.70[9]
39.14352.33353.821005.29[24]
西南40.13208.48101.22348.61[9]
52.20247.63238.12538.02[24]
东部沿海54.84417.62346.64814.41[9]
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核桃油的特征成分及其生物活性研究进展
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陈敏儿 1, 2 , 陈坤锥 1 , 邓玮亮 1 , 陈小乐 1 , 申迎宾 1, * , 张磊 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(7): 490-499
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核桃油的特征成分及其生物活性研究进展
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陈敏儿1, 2 , 陈坤锥1, 邓玮亮1, 陈小乐1, 申迎宾1, * , 张磊2, *
作者信息
  • 1广州大学生命科学学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2新疆农业大学林学与风景园林学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
通讯作者:
申迎宾(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:精准营养,E-mail:。
张磊(1983−),男,硕士,高级实验师,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈敏儿(2003−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

Research Progress on Characteristic Components and Biological Activities of Walnut Oil
Min'er CHEN1, 2 , Kunzhui CHEN1, Weiliang DENG1, Xiaole CHEN1, Yingbin SHEN1, * , Lei ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040268
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核桃(Juglans regia L.),属于胡桃科胡桃属,在我国栽培历史悠久,产量巨大。核桃富含糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、矿质元素和维生素五大营养素,具有极高的营养价值和独特的药用功效。由核桃仁中提炼出的核桃油,富含不饱和脂肪酸,并含有植物甾醇、生育酚、角鲨烯和磷脂等多种特征成分,这些特征成分赋予了核桃油广泛的生物活性。本文以核桃油为对象,总结核桃油主要的特征成分,针对核桃油在抗氧化、预防心血管疾病、改善记忆功能、抗炎、保护肠道健康、抗肿瘤等方面的生物活性进行系统的综述,总结现阶段核桃油研究中存在的问题,并展望其未来的研究方向,以期为核桃油的深入研究与综合开发利用提供科学依据。

核桃油  /  特征成分  /  生物活性  /  研究进展

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) belongs to the genus Juglans of the family Juglandaceae, with a long history of cultivation and a great production in China. It is rich in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins, which exhibits high nutritional value and unique medicinal effects. Walnut oil, extracted from walnut kernels, is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and contains a variety of characteristic components such as phytosterols, tocopherols, squalene and phospholipids. These characteristic components endow walnut oil with diverse biological activities. The main characteristic components of walnut oil are summarized in this article. It also reviews walnut oil's antioxidant, cardiovascular disease prevention, memory function improvement, anti-inflammatory, protection of intestinal health, antitumor, and other biological activities. Additionally, it summarizes the existing problems in the current research on walnut oil and prospects future research directions. The objective is to provide scientific basis for further research and comprehensive development and utilization of walnut oil.

walnut oil  /  characteristic components  /  biological activities  /  research progress
陈敏儿, 陈坤锥, 邓玮亮, 陈小乐, 申迎宾, 张磊. 核桃油的特征成分及其生物活性研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 490 -499 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040268
Min'er CHEN, Kunzhui CHEN, Weiliang DENG, Xiaole CHEN, Yingbin SHEN, Lei ZHANG. Research Progress on Characteristic Components and Biological Activities of Walnut Oil[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 490 -499 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040268
核桃(Juglans regia L.),亦称胡桃或羌桃,隶属于胡桃科胡桃属,与扁桃、榛子、腰果一同被誉为世界“四大干果”[1]。我国核桃的栽培历史悠久,资源丰富,栽培面积、总产量和消费量都稳居世界之首[2−3]。目前,我国核桃的主要产地包括云南、新疆、四川、甘肃、陕西、山西和河北等省份[4−5],其中,云南省的种植面积已达4300万亩,产量高达198万吨,居全国第一。核桃营养丰富,兼具“乌发、养颜、益智、强身”功效,在我国被视为医食两用的珍品,有“养人之宝”“益智果”“长寿果”之美誉。由核桃仁提炼的核桃油,集核桃之精华,不但保留着核桃仁多数的营养保健和药理功效成分,而且具有自身的独特功效[6]。核桃油的生物活性与其特征成分有着密切联系,这些特征成分的含量又因核桃品种、产地、生产工艺以及储存条件的不同而存在较大差异[7]。核桃油富含不饱和脂肪酸、植物甾醇、生育酚和角鲨烯等多种特征成分,具有抗氧化、改善记忆功能、预防心血管疾病、抗炎、抗肿瘤等生物活性[8−12],尤其适合中老年人、孕期妇女以及需要补充必需脂肪酸的人群适量食用。在食品、医药和化妆品等行业,核桃油展现出重要影响,具有广阔的发展前景。
根据《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》建议,成年人每日烹调油摄入量应控制在25~30 g,其中可适当选择核桃油等富含不饱和脂肪酸的特色植物油作为膳食补充。在当前“健康中国”战略深入实施的背景下,我国居民健康消费意识不断加强,营养保健功效兼具的核桃油越来越受消费者青睐,给我国核桃油产业带来新的发展机遇[13]。因此,本文对核桃油的特征成分和生物活性进行探讨和分析,旨在为核桃油在促进人类健康、预防疾病方面的应用提供思路,同时为其综合开发利用提供理论支持,助力核桃油产业发展。
核桃油中含有脂肪酸、植物甾醇、生育酚和角鲨烯等特征成分,这些特征成分具有潜在的营养保健和药用功效,赋予了核桃油丰富的生物活性。
国内对核桃油的脂肪酸组成做了大量研究,表1归纳了有关文献报道的核桃油主要脂肪酸组成。核桃油中含有丰富的脂肪酸,核桃的产地、品种及提取方法都会对核桃油的脂肪酸含量造成影响,但其主要脂肪酸组成基本一致,包括:饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)、单不饱和脂肪酸(油酸)和多不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸和亚麻酸)。其中,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达90%以上[14],在核桃油的生物活性中发挥了关键作用,主要有亚油酸(Linoleic Acid,LA)、油酸(Oleic Acid,OA)和亚麻酸(Alpha-Linolenic Acid,ALA)。
如表1所示,核桃油中含量最高的脂肪酸是亚油酸,含量为45.54%~68.97%,油酸次之,含量为12.56~37.64%;按照含量减少依次为亚麻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸。亚油酸是一种ω-6系列脂肪酸,是合成二十碳四烯酸和前列腺素的主要原料[15],同时,亚油酸可降低低密度脂蛋白(Low Density Lipoprotein,LDL)含量,升高高密度脂蛋白(High-Density Lipoprotein,HDL)水平,有助于预防血栓形成和扩张血管[16];亚麻酸因双键位置不同,又分为α-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸[17],核桃油富含α-亚麻酸。α-亚麻酸是一种ω-3系列脂肪酸,易被人体吸收,最终转化为二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic Acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid,DHA)[18],二者均与心血管保护有关,具有很强的抗炎、抗血栓形成、抗心律失常和抗动脉粥样硬化作用[19]。值得注意的是,DHA对维持神经系统生长至关重要,也是大脑和视网膜的重要组成部分[20],因此被认为是孕妇和婴儿营养补充的关键成分。亚油酸和α-亚麻酸均为人体必需脂肪酸,在人体内无法合成,必须从外界摄取,它们在核桃油中的比例为4:1~6:1[21],该比例对人体健康有益[22]。相较于其他常见植物油,核桃油中的亚油酸和亚麻酸含量更高[16],具有更高的营养价值。作为单不饱和脂肪酸,油酸较易被人体吸收[17],具有降血脂,抑制肿瘤发生,改善炎症性疾病等作用[23]。
除了上述主要脂肪酸外,核桃油中还含有EPA、DHA等微量脂肪酸,这些脂肪酸虽然含量不高,但也在一定程度上丰富了核桃油的脂肪酸组成,赋予核桃油重要的生物活性。
植物甾醇,又称植物固醇(Phytosterols,Plant sterols),一种天然存在的活性物质,是植物细胞膜的重要组成成分,广泛存在于植物油、坚果、谷物等食物中[26]。归纳不同学者对我国三大产区核桃油中植物甾醇含量的研究,如表2所示,不同产区核桃油植物甾醇含量存在显著差异,这可能与不同产区的种植条件、气候环境以及核桃品种等因素有关。核桃油中植物甾醇主要包括菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇和Δ5-燕麦甾醇等,其中,β-谷甾醇含量最高,占总植物甾醇含量的80%以上(表2)。
植物甾醇被誉为“生命的钥匙”,具有良好的抗炎、降低胆固醇、预防心血管疾病、抗肿瘤、保护皮肤以及增强免疫力等作用[17,27],在医药、化妆品、食品等领域有着广泛用途。
核桃油中含有多种维生素,如VE、VD、VP、VK、VA等,其中,VE含量最高。VE,又名生育酚,核桃油中的生育酚包括α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚,其中,γ-生育酚含量最高,β-生育酚含量最低。如表3示,不同产区间核桃油的生育酚含量差异较大,且不同研究人员针对同一产区内核桃油中生育酚含量存在显著差异,这种差异可能与核桃品种、种植园微气候和土壤条件、核桃油提取方法以及样本数量有关。研究表明,不同提取方法提取的核桃油中生育酚含量差异显著[28]。
生育酚作为天然的脂溶性抗氧化剂,是体内各种生物膜的强大“保护神”,它通过清除自由基,显著改善脑部缺血状况,有效延缓脑细胞衰老与死亡速度[16],也具有抗肿瘤、抗炎和增强人体免疫力的作用[5]。其中,γ-生育酚可通过螯合铁离子和清除自由基发挥抗氧化作用[29],也可通过抑制癌细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡来达到抗肿瘤效果[30]。此外,研究发现,γ-生育酚可通过抑制氧化应激和炎症反应,改善血管内皮功能[31]。
角鲨烯,又名三十碳六烯,属于萜类化合物,是植物甾醇或动物胆固醇生物合成的中间体[32],因从鲨鱼肝油中提取而得名[9]。角鲨烯广泛分布于油料植物中,是我国评价优质粮油中食用油营养搭配的重要指标[33]。核桃油中角鲨烯含量约为2.89~53.8 mg/kg[34−35],其可与多不饱和脂肪酸协同作用,保持皮肤弹性[35],具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、延缓衰老、促进血液循环、降血脂、活化身体机能细胞、增强免疫等多种功能[32,36]。此外,角鲨烯可添加到护肤品中,有效保护皮肤免受高温环境和紫外线的伤害[17],防止皮肤水分散失,达到保湿作用[37]。
核桃油中磷脂含量为0.02%~0.03%[16]。磷脂是组成脑细胞和神经细胞的重要成分,其可在人体内水解为胆碱,进而与大脑中的乙酸结合,生成乙酰胆碱。乙酰胆碱能够促进神经元之间的信号传递,维持正常的神经传导功能。褪黑素是一种保护细胞免受氧化损伤的激素[38],其在核桃油中含量约为3.54 μg/kg,此外,褪黑素还具有抗癌、抗衰老和调节神经活动等多种功能[22]。黄酮是一类多酚类化合物,核桃油中总黄酮量为0.27%[18],黄酮具有抗衰老、抗炎症、改善血液循环、增强机体免疫力的功能[16,27]。此外,核桃油中还具有β-胡萝卜素,β-胡萝卜素是维生素A的前体物质,具有抗氧化功能,能够清除自由基,防止脂质氧化,也具有提高免疫力、抑制癌细胞增殖等作用[27,35]。在矿质元素方面,核桃油中含有K、P、Ca、Na、Zn、Fe等矿质元素,具有抗病毒、抗血栓、细胞修复、消炎等作用[18]。但在核桃油营养成分相关研究中,对上述特征成分的研究报道较少,仍需进一步挖掘和分析。
人体在正常代谢过程中会产生多种活性氧自由基(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS),这些自由基在人体内处于动态平衡,一旦这种平衡被打破,细胞结构将被破坏,氧化应激随之产生,进而诱发癌症、衰老、神经退行性疾病等[39−40]。
核桃油中含有丰富的天然抗氧化剂,如生育酚、多酚类化合物、角鲨烯、β-胡萝卜素等[41−42],其抗氧化作用机制如图1所示,主要包括直接清除自由基、增强抗氧化酶活性、调节抗氧化相关基因和蛋白质的表达三个方面。研究表明,核桃油清除自由基的能力优于芝麻油、亚麻籽油、橄榄油、杏仁油、花生油等普通植物油和坚果油[43−44]。核桃油中的酚类物质可通过捕获羟基自由基(·OH)、烷氧自由基(RO·)和过氧自由基(ROO·),起到抗氧化作用[9]。此外,核桃油还能通过清除DPPH自由基(DPPH·)和螯合Fe2+,实现抗氧化作用,这与多酚和生育酚密切相关[40]。
与此同时,核桃油还可增强抗氧化酶活性。机体可通过抗氧化防御系统来抑制氧化应激,抗氧化防御体系包括过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione Peroxidase,GSH-Px)等抗氧化酶类[45]。范学辉等[39]通过连续灌胃小鼠不同剂量的核桃油,发现17 mL/(kg·d)核桃油能够显著提高小鼠肝、脑组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等抗氧化物酶类的活性,从而增强机体抗氧化能力,且当剂量达33 mL/(kg·d)时效果最好。Soussi等[46−47]发现,核桃油通过提高大鼠体内的抗氧化酶活性,抑制铅介导的肾脏或肝氧化损伤,证明核桃油对铅中毒具有潜在的抑制作用。这些研究表明,核桃油可提高抗氧化酶的活性,加速清除体内过多的自由基,降低脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量[12],达到减轻氧化损伤的效果。
此外,核桃油可提高抗氧化相关基因和蛋白质的表达。在D-半乳糖构建的小鼠衰老模型中,复方核桃油胶囊通过上调血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)和抗衰老Klotho基因的表达,抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达,增强小鼠抗氧化能力[12]。针对高碳水化合物和高脂肪饮食诱导的氧化应激,核桃油可降低NF-κB和NADPH氧化酶亚基P22phox的水平,增加内皮一氧化氮合酶(e-NOS)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)和乙酰化酶1(SIRT1)的水平[48],因NF-κB参与炎症反应,Nrf2作为细胞抗氧化应激的关键核转录因子,可以激活下游多种抗氧化酶基因的表达[49],通过实验证明核桃油可通过调节炎症及抗氧化相关信号通路,有效降低氧化应激反应,实现抗氧化作用。
目前,核桃油抗氧化活性的研究以体外试验和动物试验为主,验证其通过多途径发挥抗氧化活性。但对其抗氧化作用的分子机制研究比较有限。
核桃油改善记忆功能的活性与其富含的多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFAs)密切相关[50]。而必需脂肪酸需维持合理的比例才能发挥出一定的改善作用。陈亮等[51]通过研究指出,单独补充α-亚麻酸和亚油酸无法提高断奶幼鼠的空间学习能力,可能是二者不同比例的补充会影响其自身吸收速率和在大脑中的分布,或需要与核桃油中其他活性物质联合作用。
张清安等[52]通过小鼠跳台试验和迷宫试验,发现核桃油可显著减少小鼠的逃避潜伏期和觅食时间,证明了核桃油对正常小鼠的学习记忆具有促进作用,而且能改善由酒精和亚硝酸钠引起的记忆障碍,其作用呈现出明显的量效关系。Liao等[10]构建东莨菪碱诱导的小鼠记忆障碍模型,并用10 mL/kg体重/d的剂量连续给小鼠灌胃8周,发现核桃油可通过提高SOD活性,增加GSH含量,降低MDA水平,缓解小鼠记忆损伤。核桃油可通过增强抗氧化防御系统,减轻神经元氧化损伤,从而发挥神经保护作用。在核桃油对阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s Disease,AD)延缓作用研究中发现,核桃油通过抑制氧化应激、增强胆碱能活性[53]和线粒体功能[54],对AD起潜在的保护和改善作用,并在神经可塑性、神经元存活和认知功能方面发挥着关键作用[55],通过激活BDNF/TrkB/CREB信号通路,上调与突触的重塑、再生功能相关的蛋白(SYN、PSD-95蛋白)的表达,改善大鼠记忆障碍[56]。
此外,核桃油能通过抑制氧化应激、调节相关信号通路、调节神经递质水平、促进海马组织中相关基因和蛋白质的表达等途径来改善记忆,如图2所示。神经递质是学习记忆的关键媒介,核桃油对于神经递质,具有一定的调节作用。Liao等[10]发现,核桃油可抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性,提高胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活性,维持乙酰胆碱能系统的稳定性。Wang等[57]的研究也表明,核桃油可上调一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,调节神经递质的释放,通过增加酸感离子通道基因Asic2a和Asic4的表达来改善大鼠的空间记忆,ASIC离子通道分布于中枢和外周神经系统,它们的激活可能有助于大脑的神经传递或神经调节[22]。研究发现,核桃油还能上调NR1、CREB、c-Fos mRNA的表达,促进神经元生长[58]。
上述研究表明,核桃油有望成为一种预防和改善AD等神经退行性疾病的天然营养品。目前关于核桃油改善记忆功能的评估主要依赖于行为学测试和生化分析,然而这些指标无法全面反映核桃油对复杂脑网络的影响,存在评估上的局限性。
心血管疾病(CVD)已成为我国主要的慢性疾病之一,是威胁百姓健康的“头号杀手”。大量研究表明[59−62],核桃油具有预防心血管疾病的生物活性,这主要得益于其富含的多不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是含量很高的亚油酸。亚油酸能与胆固醇结合生成酯,促进胆固醇的转运、代谢和排泄[63],并通过调节肠道菌群多样性、调节脂代谢、改善血管内皮功能、降低MDA含量和炎症因子等作用,改善血脂代谢,对于预防和延缓心血管疾病具有一定的作用,如图3。
动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病的主要病理基础,表现为内皮细胞损伤、脂质代谢紊乱和炎症反应[64]。而核桃油可通过调控脂质代谢、改善血管内皮功能、抑制炎症反应、抗氧化和调节肠道菌群等机制达到预防动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病的效果。
核桃油中的亚麻酸[65]和亚油酸[60]能显著调节小鼠血液生化指标,具体表现为降低动脉硬化指数(AI)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol,LDL-C)水平,并提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol,HDL-C)含量,有效防治小鼠高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化。LDL-C主要负责把胆固醇运输到肝外的组织细胞,以满足它们对胆固醇的需求,但其过量会引起动脉壁内胆固醇沉积,形成动脉粥样硬化斑块,进而引发心血管疾病,因此,降低LDL-C是减少心血管疾病发病率的关键[17]。相反,HDL-C通过促进胆固醇从周围组织向肝脏逆向转运并代谢排出,有助于降低心血管疾病的风险。高盼等[59]的研究进一步揭示了核桃油调控脂质代谢的分子机制,他们发现,核桃油可通过下调胆固醇的合成基因HMGCR、SREBP-2和CYP51的表达,促进胆固醇逆转运基因ABCG1的表达,起到降胆固醇作用。这些研究表明,核桃油可通过降低胆固醇合成、调节胆固醇的转运,起到降血脂的作用。
Davis等[61]发现核桃油可通过降低主动脉胆固醇酯浓度和内皮素1(ET-1)mRNA水平,改善血管内皮功能,从而降低心血管疾病的风险。在人体研究中,核桃和核桃油饮食显著降低了受试者的舒张压(2~3 mmHg)和总外周阻力(约4%)[62],改善血管内皮功能,从而维持血管健康。
核桃油还可影响炎症相关信号通路,保护心血管健康。研究表明[64],核桃油可通过下调NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路,减少IL-1β、IL-18等炎症因子的释放,缓解炎症反应,延缓动脉粥样硬化的发展[66−67]。此外,核桃油可提高GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量[68],减轻内皮细胞氧化损伤,抑制因内皮细胞氧化损伤促进炎症反应而导致的动脉粥样硬化进程[69]。
此外,核桃油能够调节肠道菌群的组成和多样性水平。肠道菌群组成与心血管健康密切相关[70]。研究表明[71],益生菌产生的短链脂肪酸(Short-Chain Fattyacids,SCFAs),可通过减少炎症因子的释放,扩张血管、调节血压等,维持心血管健康。在核桃油对肠道菌群的影响方面,杨瑞等[68]的研究表明,核桃油能够调节肠道菌群的组成和多样性水平,增加有益菌的相对丰度,减少有害菌含量,维持肠道微生态的平衡,进而保护心血管健康。
尽管大量研究表明核桃油对心血管健康有保护作用,但其对动脉粥样硬化的作用功效仍存在较大争议,主要体现在不同研究结果的差异上。大部分研究支持核桃油的抗动脉粥样硬化作用,杨栓平等[63]用高脂饲料建立大鼠高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化模型,证明了核桃油具有调节血脂和抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,且与剂量和性别有一定关系。Zhang等[72]通过对15名受试者进行为期4周的餐后喂养研究,评估核桃油(51 g)对胆固醇外排的影响,发现核桃油可显著降低巨噬源性泡沫细胞SCD1表达,增加胆固醇外排,有利于动脉粥样硬化的消退。但也有研究得出相反结论。Nergiz-ünal等[73]通过喂食载脂蛋白E(Apolipoprotein E,Apo E)缺失的雄性小鼠核桃和核桃油,发现喂食核桃能改善动脉粥样硬化斑块的大小,而喂食核桃油则不具有这种功效。而在Iwamoto等[74]的研究得出相反结论,核桃油饮食导致Apo E缺乏的小鼠血清胆固醇水平升高,并且增加了雌性小鼠主动脉根部的病变面积。上述得出相反结论的两项研究均采用Apo E缺乏小鼠模型,故推测可能与Apo E缺乏小鼠的特殊代谢特性有关,因为Apo E在脂质代谢和胆固醇清除中起着关键作用[75],但在ApoE缺乏小鼠中,这种调节机制可能被破坏,导致核桃油的代谢效应出现差异。上述结果说明,核桃油的心血管效应可能受实验模型、性别和剂量等因素的影响,其具体机制仍需进一步研究验证。
近年来,核桃油的抗炎活性研究集中在肠道炎症领域。如图4所示,核桃油的抗炎机制主要包括抑制炎症信号通路活化、增强抗氧化能力、维护肠道屏障完整性、调控肠道菌群组成及多样性水平四个方面。
核桃油可抑制炎症相关信号通路,发挥其抗炎活性。TLR4/NF-κB信号通路是介导炎症反应的经典通路之一,其抑制有助于减轻炎症反应和组织损伤[76]。在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肠损伤模型中,核桃油通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路的活化,降低TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等炎症因子的表达水平[77],保护肠道。针对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的结肠炎模型,核桃油通过抑制Nod样受体蛋白-3(NLRP3)/凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)/含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1(Caspase-1)炎症通路,减少IL-1β、IL-6等炎症因子的释放[78],发挥抗炎作用。值得注意的是,核桃油对炎症因子释放的影响可能与其浓度和持续作用时间有关[79],这提示需进一步探究其最佳使用浓度和作用时间范围,以实现抗炎效果的最大化和稳定性。
Miao等[77]发现,核桃油可通过提高GSH-Px、SOD等抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,有效清除体内过多的自由基,减轻氧化应激。通过减少氧化损伤,核桃油能够减轻炎症导致的细胞损伤和炎症反应。肠上皮屏障损伤与肠道炎症密切相关。在Caco-2细胞模型中,核桃油能改善受损Caco-2细胞中紧密连接蛋白(TJ)的表达和分布,缓解TNF-α/IFN-γ诱导的屏障损伤[80],维持肠道屏障完整性,从结构层面减少肠道炎症发生风险。此外,核桃油可调控肠道菌群组成及多样性水平。研究[78,81]表明,核桃油可增加瘤胃球菌科、梭菌、双歧杆菌等益生菌的数量,促进SCFAs的产生,发挥抗炎和免疫调节功能。
上述研究表明,核桃油通过多途径发挥抗炎活性。然而,目前研究也存在一些不足:a针对核桃油在肠道炎症中的作用机制探索尚不深入,例如,其发挥抗炎作用的关键特征成分及其与细胞内信号通路的具体互作机制,需进一步探究;b现有研究多集中于肠道炎症模型,无法全面反映其在更广泛疾病或生理状态下的抗炎效果。
目前,因肿瘤发病率逐渐增高,国内研究团队对核桃油对包括食管、前列腺和乳腺等在内的多种器官癌细胞群的抗肿瘤活性开展了研究工作[11,82–83]。Moon等[11]通过体外实验发现,α-亚麻酸和油酸可以协同抑制OE19和OE33食管癌细胞系中细胞的增殖和转移能力,其具体机制是通过调节AMPK/S6信号通路,上调抑癌基因p53、p21和p27的表达水平。因NFκB与肿瘤发生的几个阶段相关,并在某些类型的癌细胞中被激活[84],而核桃油通过抑制NFκB通路,诱导G0/G1期细胞周期停滞乃至细胞坏死,且这种抑制作用呈剂量依赖性(0~40 mg/mL)[85]。针对前列腺肿瘤细胞,核桃油可通过影响能量代谢、上调MSMB基因的表达、下调COX-2和IGF-1 mRNA的表达水平[83],有效抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,发挥抗癌作用。此外,核桃油中的多不饱和脂肪酸和褪黑激素可选择性地抑制COX和LOX的活性,对乳腺癌细胞具有协同抗肿瘤作用[82]。值得注意的是,以核桃油为原料制备的碳量子点,能够提高细胞程序性死亡的关键靶点caspase-3的活性,显著抑制乳腺癌细胞与前列腺癌细胞的增殖[86]。
上述研究结果表明,核桃油通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖与转移、阻遏细胞周期、诱导凋亡等途径发挥抗肿瘤作用。然而,目前大部分研究集中于体外实验,缺乏体内实验和临床实验的证据。
除了具有上述活性之外,核桃油还具有促进伤口愈合、保护神经组织、保护生殖系统和调节血糖等功能。Ma等[87]的研究表明,核桃油可使伤口的愈合时间缩短约8 d,且愈合率显著高于对照组,这主要是通过降低炎症反应、促进上皮细胞的增殖和毛细血管的再生、改善伤口局部微环境来实现的,表明核桃油是一种有效的天然伤口愈合剂。在视网膜缺血再灌注损伤模型中,核桃油能够抑制视网膜神经节细胞的凋亡,提高抗氧化酶活性,降低氧化产物水平,保护神经组织免受氧化应激损伤[88]。核桃油可减轻亚硝酸盐对睾丸的有害影响,减少氧化应激,促进精子的生成[89]。Zibaeenezhad等[90]的研究表明服用核桃油可以改善血糖水平,但2型糖尿病患者的体重和血压没有变化。
核桃油作为一种珍贵的营养油,具有广泛的抗氧化、抗炎等多种生物活性,这与核桃油中的多种生物活性物质尤其是其富含的不饱和脂肪酸密切相关。近年来国内外对核桃油生物活性研究取得显著进展,不仅揭示了其广泛的生物活性,而且逐步深入到其分子作用机制层面。
目前在食品、医药和化妆品等领域,核桃油已展现出一定的应用价值,但其开发利用还不够充分,在各个领域的应用仍然较少。对核桃油特征成分的研究主要集中在脂肪酸的组成,而对其他特征成分的研究则显得相对不足;同时,在核桃油的生物活性方面,尽管大量研究验证了核桃油的功效,但当前研究大多局限于整体的生物活性,未能深入至其具体特征成分及其作用机制的精细化研究,限制了其在实践中的应用;此外,核桃油的生物活性研究主要依赖于动物模型与细胞实验体系,缺乏对人体内效应过程和最佳摄入剂量的研究,这限制了对核桃油实际应用效果的深入理解,也影响了其在食品、医药等领域的广泛应用。
因此,未来研究应致力于构建能够反映成分-效应关系的特征图谱,以明确核桃油发挥各种生物活性的关键物质基础。同时,综合利用分子生物学、代谢组学和蛋白质组学等现代生物技术,开展更多的细胞、动物及人体实验,进一步明确核桃油发挥其生物活性的具体成分及作用靶点,从而全面揭示核桃油的成分组成与生物活性机制,为其深入开发与应用奠定坚实基础。为推动其临床应用进程,未来研究应拓展至临床试验阶段,揭示其在不同病理条件下的作用特点,探究量效关系,确保其安全性和有效性。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040268
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
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    1广州大学生命科学学院,广东广州 510006
    2新疆农业大学林学与风景园林学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052

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申迎宾(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:精准营养,E-mail:。
张磊(1983−),男,硕士,高级实验师,研究方向:天然产物开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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