Article(id=1320888828861202543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040252, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745078400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854037727, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854037727, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854037727, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854037727, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888829079306352, articleId=1320888828861202543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Identification of Differential Metabolites in Lactic Acid Bacteria-Fermented Dangshan Pear Juice and Study of Key Metabolic Pathways, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to deeply analyze the changing situation of nutrients during the fermentation of Dangshan pear juice by lactic acid bacteria, in this study, the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used to analyze the metabolomics changes during the mixed fermentation of Dangshan pear juice by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The sensory evaluation results indicated that the fermented pear juice exhibited a better balanced sourness and sweetness, along with a more complex aroma profile. The principal component analysis (PCA) results indicated that all samples could be clearly classified into three categories. A total of 80 differential metabolites were identified through metabolomics analysis, mainly including amino acids, peptides, sugars and organic acids. The results by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these differential metabolites were mainly involved in some key metabolic pathways such as phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, glutathione metabolism, arginine metabolism, as well as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pyruvate metabolism. The research results showed that lactic acid bacteria fermentation could significantly change the composition of metabolites in pear juice, promoting the biodegradation of complex macromolecular substances, thereby improving its nutrition and functional properties. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the industrial production of fermented beverages from Dangshan sweet pears.

, authors=Xusheng YOU1, Xingjiang LI2, Jian YE2, Xuefeng WU2, *, authorsList=Xusheng YOU, Xingjiang LI, Jian YE, Xuefeng WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuefeng WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888830551507069, articleId=1320888828861202543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=乳酸菌发酵砀山酥梨汁差异代谢物的鉴定及其关键代谢途径研究, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了深入分析乳酸菌发酵砀山酥梨汁过程中营养物质变化情况,本研究采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(UPLC-MS)分析了植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)混合发酵砀山酥梨汁过程中的代谢组学变化。感官评定结果显示发酵梨汁酸味、甜味更加平衡,香气更加丰富。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,所有样品可明显分为三类。代谢组学分析共鉴定出80种差异代谢物,主要包括氨基酸类、肽类、糖类及有机酸类化合物。KEGG通路富集分析表明,这些差异代谢物主要参与苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、色氨酸代谢、淀粉与蔗糖代谢、果糖与甘露糖代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢、精氨酸代谢以及三羧酸循环和丙酮酸代谢等关键代谢途径。研究结果表明,乳酸菌发酵可显著改变梨汁中代谢物组成,从而改善其营养价值。本研究为砀山酥梨发酵饮料的工业化生产提供了理论依据和技术支持。

, authors=尤旭升1, 李兴江2, 叶剑2, 吴学凤2, *, authorsList=尤旭升, 李兴江, 叶剑, 吴学凤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴学凤, authorNote=

尤旭升(1972−),男,本科,研究方向:自然科学,E-mail:

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吴学凤(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品发酵工程及农产品副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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LWT, 2023, 179: 114661., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888830773805182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888830782193791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, companyId=1320888830773805182, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Tongcheng Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Tongcheng Enterprise Service Center, Tongcheng Innovation Research Institute, Tongcheng 231400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888830798971008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, companyId=1320888830773805182, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1桐城市科技创新服务中心,桐城企业服务中心,桐城创新研究院,安徽桐城 231400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888830887051393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888830895440002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, companyId=1320888830887051393, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888830903828611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, companyId=1320888830887051393, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院,安徽省发酵食品工程研究中心,安徽合肥 230601)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888832682213536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=PCA during mixed culture fermentation of pear juice, figureFileSmall=fTv8L9lW/5+rqQpTngl2vQ==, figureFileBig=ip96aCIzIykgvs7LwmTRaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888832774488225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=CN, label=图1, caption=混菌发酵梨汁过程中PCA, figureFileSmall=fTv8L9lW/5+rqQpTngl2vQ==, figureFileBig=ip96aCIzIykgvs7LwmTRaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888832992592034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=OPLS-DA score plot and its verification model of mixed fermentation of pear juice at different stages, figureFileSmall=HSVU4iZJ3wSpR/RfpD1Fdw==, figureFileBig=hW8QpzDdTPDKrZlQfl7cyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833080672419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=CN, label=图2, caption=混菌发酵梨汁不同阶段的OPLS-DA得分图及其验证模型

注:A~C:OPLS-DA得分图;D~F:交叉验证图;p1:主成分;o1:正交成分。

, figureFileSmall=HSVU4iZJ3wSpR/RfpD1Fdw==, figureFileBig=hW8QpzDdTPDKrZlQfl7cyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833156169892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Volcano plot of differential metabolites at different stages of mixed fermentation of pear juice, figureFileSmall=d1ZCtgzfUo8VYjQsw+VhMw==, figureFileBig=SJkvKY1zRQeeo+A3qw9+7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833231667365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=CN, label=图3, caption=混菌发酵梨汁不同阶段的差异代谢物火山图

注:A图为PJ2 vs PJ1,B图为PJ3 vs PJ1,C图为PJ3 vs PJ2。

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Elution gradient program

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0~0.5595
0.5~7.03565
7.0~8.06040
8.0~9.06040
9.0~9.1595
9.1~12.0595
), ArticleFig(id=1320888833793704109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0~0.5595
0.5~7.03565
7.0~8.06040
8.0~9.06040
9.0~9.1595
9.1~12.0595
), ArticleFig(id=1320888833865007278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation result

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别各项评价得分总分
(0~100分)
香气
(0~30分)
口感
(0~30分)
色泽
(0~20分)
质地
(0~20分)
CK18.4115.9910.0910.2454.73
PA120.0118.9212.3411.1162.38
PA220.8924.2013.9812.0971.16
PA322.6723.9314.6612.9874.24
PA421.6522.8415.9914.0174.49
PA525.9826.1618.8016.1987.13
), ArticleFig(id=1320888833948893359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别各项评价得分总分
(0~100分)
香气
(0~30分)
口感
(0~30分)
色泽
(0~20分)
质地
(0~20分)
CK18.4115.9910.0910.2454.73
PA120.0118.9212.3411.1162.38
PA220.8924.2013.9812.0971.16
PA322.6723.9314.6612.9874.24
PA421.6522.8415.9914.0174.49
PA525.9826.1618.8016.1987.13
), ArticleFig(id=1320888834020196528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Screening of differential metabolites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物分子式VIP化合物分子式VIP
1-羟基-2-萘甲酸C11H8O328.3093,5-二羟基-3-甲基戊酸C6H12O41.8207
乳酸己酯C9H18O327.666精氨酰组氨酸C14H26N6O41.8138
蔗糖C12H22O1126.515绿原酸C16H18O91.7982
儿茶素C15H14O616.313甜菜碱C5H11NO21.7881
山梨醇C6H14O616.623异欧前胡素C16H14O41.7194
肌醇半乳糖苷C12H22O1112.392泽兰林素C18H16O71.6858
苯基乳酸C9H10O311.881D-阿洛酮糖C6H12O61.6792
松二糖C12H22O118.6753异麦芽酮糖C12H22O111.6528
戊二酰甘氨酸C7H11NO57.7705D-鸟氨酸C5H12N2O21.5769
3-苯丙酰甘氨酸C11H13NO36.2832N-油酰天冬酰胺C22H40N2O41.5477
海藻糖C12H22O115.8843D-木糖C5H10O51.4549
熊果苷C12H16O74.8405棕榈酸C16H32O21.4258
棉酚C30H30O84.9891积雪草苷C15H20O91.4167
D-果糖C6H12O64.3536环匹阿尼酸C20H19N2O31.4166
L-焦谷氨酸C5H7NO34.2633香草基扁桃酸C9H10O51.4164
苯锈啶C19H31N4.0459N-乙酰-5-羟色胺C12H14N2O21.4113
D-甘露糖C6H12O63.5133芥酸酰胺C22H43NO1.3949
6-磷酸葡萄糖酸三钠C6H10Na3O10P3.2634青蒿素AC13H18O21.3784
龙胆苦苷C16H20O93.2516乙二醇C2H6O21.3469
山姜素C16H14O43.1284十一烷基甘氨酸C13H25NO31.2984
6-羟基己酸丁酯C10H20O33.1063D-苏糖醇C4H10O41.2813
富马酸C4H4O43.0595蛋氨酸C5H11NO2S1.2801
苏氨酸-羟脯氨酸C9H16N2O52.9794反-3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基肉桂C11H12O41.2763
二酚葡糖苷酸C12H14O82.9372维生素BTC7H15NO31.2714
D-半乳糖苷C6H13NO52.911苯丙氨酰丙氨酸C12H16N2O31.2613
表没食子儿茶素C15H14O72.8764异亮氨酰-亮氨酸C13H26N2O31.2512
野黑樱苷C14H17NO62.8179肉豆蔻酸C14H28O21.2284
3,4-二羟基苯乳酸C9H10O52.72163-羟基亚油酸C8H14O51.1977
双苷氨肽C4H8N2O32.6576苹果酸C4H6O51.194
甲基吡喃己糖苷酸C23H25ClO102.5939苯甲酰(2-羟基苯酰)甲烷C15H12O31.1859
L-精氨酸C6H14N4O22.44365-氨基戊酸C5H11NO21.1744
乳糖-6-磷酸酯C12H23O14P2.3548对水杨酸C7H6O31.1553
姜黄素C21H20O62.1761脯氨酸C5H9NO21.1539
4-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯胺C12H12N2O2.159腺苷C10H13N5O41.1524
D-葡糖胺-6-磷酸C6H14NO8P2.01692,4-二羟基喹啉C9H7NO21.1489
植物鞘胺醇C18H39NO31.86293-氨基丙腈C3H6N21.1474
L-阿拉伯糖酸-1,4-内酯C5H8O51.8547对仲丁基苯酚C10H14O1.1437
2-氨基-1-苯乙醇C8H11NO1.8501烟酰胺C6H6N2O1.1297
甘油茶碱C10H14N4O41.8402牛磺胆酸钠C26H44NNaO7S1.1149
磷脂酰乙醇胺C41H78NO8P1.832苯丙氨酸C9H11NO21.1054
), ArticleFig(id=1320888834108276913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888828861202543, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

差异代谢物筛选

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物分子式VIP化合物分子式VIP
1-羟基-2-萘甲酸C11H8O328.3093,5-二羟基-3-甲基戊酸C6H12O41.8207
乳酸己酯C9H18O327.666精氨酰组氨酸C14H26N6O41.8138
蔗糖C12H22O1126.515绿原酸C16H18O91.7982
儿茶素C15H14O616.313甜菜碱C5H11NO21.7881
山梨醇C6H14O616.623异欧前胡素C16H14O41.7194
肌醇半乳糖苷C12H22O1112.392泽兰林素C18H16O71.6858
苯基乳酸C9H10O311.881D-阿洛酮糖C6H12O61.6792
松二糖C12H22O118.6753异麦芽酮糖C12H22O111.6528
戊二酰甘氨酸C7H11NO57.7705D-鸟氨酸C5H12N2O21.5769
3-苯丙酰甘氨酸C11H13NO36.2832N-油酰天冬酰胺C22H40N2O41.5477
海藻糖C12H22O115.8843D-木糖C5H10O51.4549
熊果苷C12H16O74.8405棕榈酸C16H32O21.4258
棉酚C30H30O84.9891积雪草苷C15H20O91.4167
D-果糖C6H12O64.3536环匹阿尼酸C20H19N2O31.4166
L-焦谷氨酸C5H7NO34.2633香草基扁桃酸C9H10O51.4164
苯锈啶C19H31N4.0459N-乙酰-5-羟色胺C12H14N2O21.4113
D-甘露糖C6H12O63.5133芥酸酰胺C22H43NO1.3949
6-磷酸葡萄糖酸三钠C6H10Na3O10P3.2634青蒿素AC13H18O21.3784
龙胆苦苷C16H20O93.2516乙二醇C2H6O21.3469
山姜素C16H14O43.1284十一烷基甘氨酸C13H25NO31.2984
6-羟基己酸丁酯C10H20O33.1063D-苏糖醇C4H10O41.2813
富马酸C4H4O43.0595蛋氨酸C5H11NO2S1.2801
苏氨酸-羟脯氨酸C9H16N2O52.9794反-3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基肉桂C11H12O41.2763
二酚葡糖苷酸C12H14O82.9372维生素BTC7H15NO31.2714
D-半乳糖苷C6H13NO52.911苯丙氨酰丙氨酸C12H16N2O31.2613
表没食子儿茶素C15H14O72.8764异亮氨酰-亮氨酸C13H26N2O31.2512
野黑樱苷C14H17NO62.8179肉豆蔻酸C14H28O21.2284
3,4-二羟基苯乳酸C9H10O52.72163-羟基亚油酸C8H14O51.1977
双苷氨肽C4H8N2O32.6576苹果酸C4H6O51.194
甲基吡喃己糖苷酸C23H25ClO102.5939苯甲酰(2-羟基苯酰)甲烷C15H12O31.1859
L-精氨酸C6H14N4O22.44365-氨基戊酸C5H11NO21.1744
乳糖-6-磷酸酯C12H23O14P2.3548对水杨酸C7H6O31.1553
姜黄素C21H20O62.1761脯氨酸C5H9NO21.1539
4-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯胺C12H12N2O2.159腺苷C10H13N5O41.1524
D-葡糖胺-6-磷酸C6H14NO8P2.01692,4-二羟基喹啉C9H7NO21.1489
植物鞘胺醇C18H39NO31.86293-氨基丙腈C3H6N21.1474
L-阿拉伯糖酸-1,4-内酯C5H8O51.8547对仲丁基苯酚C10H14O1.1437
2-氨基-1-苯乙醇C8H11NO1.8501烟酰胺C6H6N2O1.1297
甘油茶碱C10H14N4O41.8402牛磺胆酸钠C26H44NNaO7S1.1149
磷脂酰乙醇胺C41H78NO8P1.832苯丙氨酸C9H11NO21.1054
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乳酸菌发酵砀山酥梨汁差异代谢物的鉴定及其关键代谢途径研究
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尤旭升 1 , 李兴江 2 , 叶剑 2 , 吴学凤 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(7): 1-9
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (7) : 1 -9
乳酸菌发酵砀山酥梨汁差异代谢物的鉴定及其关键代谢途径研究
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尤旭升1 , 李兴江2, 叶剑2, 吴学凤2, *
作者信息
  • 1桐城市科技创新服务中心,桐城企业服务中心,桐城创新研究院,安徽桐城 231400
  • 2合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院,安徽省发酵食品工程研究中心,安徽合肥 230601
通讯作者:
吴学凤(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品发酵工程及农产品副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

尤旭升(1972−),男,本科,研究方向:自然科学,E-mail:

Identification of Differential Metabolites in Lactic Acid Bacteria-Fermented Dangshan Pear Juice and Study of Key Metabolic Pathways
Xusheng YOU1 , Xingjiang LI2, Jian YE2, Xuefeng WU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Tongcheng Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Tongcheng Enterprise Service Center, Tongcheng Innovation Research Institute, Tongcheng 231400, China
  • 2Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040252
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为了深入分析乳酸菌发酵砀山酥梨汁过程中营养物质变化情况,本研究采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(UPLC-MS)分析了植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)混合发酵砀山酥梨汁过程中的代谢组学变化。感官评定结果显示发酵梨汁酸味、甜味更加平衡,香气更加丰富。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,所有样品可明显分为三类。代谢组学分析共鉴定出80种差异代谢物,主要包括氨基酸类、肽类、糖类及有机酸类化合物。KEGG通路富集分析表明,这些差异代谢物主要参与苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、色氨酸代谢、淀粉与蔗糖代谢、果糖与甘露糖代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢、精氨酸代谢以及三羧酸循环和丙酮酸代谢等关键代谢途径。研究结果表明,乳酸菌发酵可显著改变梨汁中代谢物组成,从而改善其营养价值。本研究为砀山酥梨发酵饮料的工业化生产提供了理论依据和技术支持。

梨汁  /  代谢组学  /  发酵  /  乳酸菌

In order to deeply analyze the changing situation of nutrients during the fermentation of Dangshan pear juice by lactic acid bacteria, in this study, the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used to analyze the metabolomics changes during the mixed fermentation of Dangshan pear juice by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The sensory evaluation results indicated that the fermented pear juice exhibited a better balanced sourness and sweetness, along with a more complex aroma profile. The principal component analysis (PCA) results indicated that all samples could be clearly classified into three categories. A total of 80 differential metabolites were identified through metabolomics analysis, mainly including amino acids, peptides, sugars and organic acids. The results by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these differential metabolites were mainly involved in some key metabolic pathways such as phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, glutathione metabolism, arginine metabolism, as well as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pyruvate metabolism. The research results showed that lactic acid bacteria fermentation could significantly change the composition of metabolites in pear juice, promoting the biodegradation of complex macromolecular substances, thereby improving its nutrition and functional properties. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the industrial production of fermented beverages from Dangshan sweet pears.

pear juice  /  metabolomics  /  fermentation  /  lactic acid bacteria
尤旭升, 李兴江, 叶剑, 吴学凤. 乳酸菌发酵砀山酥梨汁差异代谢物的鉴定及其关键代谢途径研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040252
Xusheng YOU, Xingjiang LI, Jian YE, Xuefeng WU. Identification of Differential Metabolites in Lactic Acid Bacteria-Fermented Dangshan Pear Juice and Study of Key Metabolic Pathways[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040252
梨属于蔷薇科苹果亚科梨属植物,因其果肉脆嫩,高含糖量和低酸性,被誉为“功能食品”,其温和的风味深受人们喜爱[1−2]。砀山酥梨主要产自安徽省宿州市砀山县,是中国国家地理标志产品,地方特色食品。其产量丰富,以其果实较大,表皮金黄,果肉翠绿,口感甜润、汁液甘甜且不腻而闻名。砀山酥梨富含糖、蛋白质、有机酸及多种维生素,具有极高的营养价值,且具有生津止渴、润肠通肺的作用[3−4]。但由于其果肉中存在石细胞,导致其直接食用颗粒感明显,在一定程度上削弱了它的口感品质[5]。因此,通过深加工制备梨汁成为提升其附加值的有效途径。
近年来,微生物发酵技术为梨汁品质改良提供了新思路。乳酸菌因其安全性和益生特性成为首选发酵菌种[6]。如Li等[7]利用嗜酸乳杆菌发酵梨汁,发现可以显著改善梨汁的酶促褐变情况,发酵后梨汁的褐变程度和色差均显著降低,自由基清除能力显著提升。陈清爱等[8]利用植物乳杆菌发酵砀山梨汁发现发酵过程中梨汁风味物质的种类及含量不断变化,其中发酵48 h时风味物质种类最丰富,发酵有效改善了梨汁的感官品质。特别值得注意的是,混菌发酵梨汁展现出了一定的协同效应。如Roberts等[9]发现植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌混合发酵梨汁的抗氧化能力最强,混菌培养中酸类和萜烯类化合物较多。仝文玲[10]筛选了副干酪乳杆菌以及保加利亚乳杆菌作为梨汁的发酵菌种,通过工艺优化确定了混菌发酵的接种参数,且混菌发酵梨汁的乳酸含量、抗氧化活性、抑菌活性均升高。然而,现有研究多聚焦于发酵终产物的特性分析,对动态发酵过程中的代谢调控机制仍缺乏系统认知。因此,有必要进行梨汁发酵全过程的动态研究,以构建更精确的动态代谢网络模型,从而精准控制发酵过程,提高目标产物的得率和生产效率。
本研究采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(UPLC-MS),对植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌混合发酵砀山酥梨汁的全过程进行非靶向代谢组学分析。对各发酵阶段的差异代谢物进行相关性分析,明确梨汁发酵代谢通路的变化并探索代谢物与发酵梨汁品质的相互联系。为益生菌发酵梨汁产品的产业化生产提供理论基础,并为拓宽酥梨产品种类提供技术参考。
新鲜且成熟度较好(软硬适中)的砀山酥梨(金盖酥) 安徽梨多宝生物科技股份有限公司(于2023年9月采集于中国安徽省砀山县);甲醇、乙腈 色谱纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;蔗糖 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,LP)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus,LA) 中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC);MRS液体培养基和固体培养基 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
Vanquish Q Exactive Plus液相色谱-四级杆静电场轨道阱质谱联用仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司;HPX-9052ME恒温培养箱 上海恒克仪器有限公司;LDZX-50KBS高压灭菌锅 上海申安医疗器械厂;ZHJH-C1112B超净工作台 上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司。
菌种活化:用接种环挑取冷冻的乳酸菌于固体MRS培养基的平板中划线,37 ℃倒置培养18 h,从平板中挑取生长良好且无污染的单菌落,放入液体MRS培养基,再于37 ℃静置培养24 h。将活化好的菌种按5%的接种量接种至已灭菌的固体MRS培养基,于37 ℃静置培养6 h后测定OD600的吸光度,直至吸光度值为0.6±0.01可进行接种发酵。发酵液的调制[11−12]:选择大小适中,无腐烂发霉的酥梨,利用榨汁机去皮打浆得梨汁,添加蔗糖将梨汁调整糖度为20 °Brix,并分装100 mL于250 mL三角瓶中,于121 ℃灭菌30 min,冷却至室温后使用。接种:按比例1:1同时接种植物乳杆菌(2×106 CFU/mL)和嗜酸乳杆菌(2×106 CFU/mL),进行混菌发酵,于37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养5 d,分别于第1、2、3、4、5 d进行取样,将取得的发酵液在65 ℃灭菌30 min,并将不添加菌种发酵的梨汁作空白对照(CK)。根据不同的发酵时间将发酵液样品分别命名为PA1、PA2、PA3、PA4、PA5。
感官评价由20名经过培训的评估小组完成(10名女性和10名男性,平均年龄30岁,所有小组成员在发酵食品相关领域都有超过5年的经验)。在整个感官分析过程中,样品在标准感官室中进行评估,具有白光、受控气流和20~25 ℃的室温。分别从香气(0~30分)、口感(0~30分)、色泽(0~20分)、质地(0~20分)四个方面进行评估[8]。
样品前处理[13−14]:将发酵样品和未发酵梨汁于4 ℃下缓慢解冻,并将甲醇、乙腈溶液置于冰箱冷藏2 h。将冷藏后的甲醇、乙腈、水以2:2:1(v/v)加入至1 mL样品中,涡旋混合,低温超声30 min,−20 ℃静置10 min,在−4 ℃,10000 r/min的条件下离心20 min,取上清液真空干燥,上机前加入100 μL乙腈水溶液(1:1,v/v)复溶,涡旋,离心15 min,取上清液过0.22 μm的滤膜后上机检测。质控样本(QC)是将所有待测样本等体积混合制备,以检查仪器的稳定性。
色谱分析条件:色谱柱:ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm);柱温:25 ℃;流速:0.5 mL/min;进样量:2 μL;流动相A:水+25 mmol/L乙酸铵+25 mmol/L氨水(1:1:1,v/v);流动相B:乙腈。梯度洗脱程序见表1。
质谱分析条件:样品质谱信号采集分别采用正负离子扫描模式,电喷雾毛细管电压和碰撞电压分别为:5500 V、35 eV。加热温度和毛细管温度分别为:450 ℃和 325 ℃,鞘气流速40 Arb,质谱扫描范围:60~1000(m/z),全MS分辨率为:17500。
化合物的分析与鉴别:原始数据经Proteo Wizard软件成功转换成MzML格式后,利用XCMS程序进一步处理,主要进行峰对齐、保留时间校正和峰面积的精确提取。随后,为了对XCMS提取到的数据进行定性分析,主要使用PMDB数据库。在定性之前,首先对数据的完整性进行检查,剔除组内缺失值超过50%的代谢物,并对缺失值进行合理替换,同时删除数据中的极值,确保数据的准确性和可靠性。最后对数据进行总峰面积的归一化,确保各样本和代谢物间能进行平行性比较。采用相似度评分≥70%及二级谱图验证筛选高置信度结果。根据Metabolomics Standards Initiative标准划分置信度等级(Level 1-2),并结合砀山酥梨的生物学背景排除不合理代谢物,最终获得可靠差异化合物列表用于后续分析。
所有试验均平行三次,其结果以平均值±标准差表示。使用MetaboAnalyst平台对选定的化合物进行可视化和多变量统计分析。首先通过主成分分析(PCA)对数据进行系统全面的剖析。为进一步确定组间存在显著差异的代谢物,采用预测变量重要性VIP>1结合t检验的结果进行筛选。随后将差异代谢物在KEGG数据库中进行代谢途径分析,并对关键代谢途径进行富集分析,绘制相关代谢通路图。
基于人的嗅觉、视觉、味觉等对发酵梨汁进行感官评价,从而判断梨汁色泽、风味、口感、质地等,进而全方面分析梨汁的品质。本研究通过将未发酵梨汁(CK)与乳酸菌混菌发酵梨汁的第1、2、3、4、5 d进行感官分析比较,结果如表2所示。可以得出如下结论:发酵梨汁总分高于未发酵的梨汁,且发酵5 d的梨汁感官评价总分达到了87.13分;香气方面,发酵梨汁得分都高于未发酵梨汁;口感方面,发酵梨汁第5 d高达26.16分,发酵前的梨汁口感单一,得分为15.99分。发酵后梨汁酸味、甜味更加平衡,香气更加丰富,且色泽更加澄明;质地方面,乳酸菌发酵后的梨汁比CK组更好。综上,混菌发酵梨汁的品质更优。
PCA作为一种无监督降维方法,不依赖于不同发酵组的信息,能真实地反映数据的原始状态,有助于从整体上全面把握数据的特点。通过对代谢物进行PCA,不仅可以从总体上揭示样本组间的差异以及组内的变异程度,还能清晰地观察到样本间的分布趋势[15]。采用PCA对LP与LA混合发酵的梨汁进行差异性分析,如图1所示,PC1(76.1%)和PC2(9%)共同解释了总方差的85.1%,这说明不同发酵时间的梨汁之间都可以较好地区分,并且可以进行代谢物的生物信息学分析。从图中可以看出同组的平行样本聚集在一起,表明样本分析的稳定性和重复性较好。通过PC1可以观察到CK和发酵样品之间显著分离,表明发酵可以显著改善梨汁的代谢物。发酵第2 d至第5 d的样品相对接近,表明随着时间的推移,代谢物的组成趋于相似,并且不同发酵时间明显聚为三类。因此可以将梨汁发酵分为三个阶段,PJ1(CK)、PJ2(PA1)、PJ3(PA2~PA5)。
为了对不同阶段梨汁的差异代谢物进行筛选,对PJ1、PJ2、PJ3三个阶段的样本进行两两对比的OPLS-DA,如图2A~C所示,不同发酵阶段的样本点均分为左右两簇,均呈现出较好的分离效果。如图2D~F中可以看出,三组模型对X矩阵的解释率(R2X)分别为0.737、0.491及0.151,对Y矩阵的解释率(R2Y)分别为0.999、0.997、0.925,三组模型预测能力(Q2)均大于0.5,接近1,表明三组模型的拟合度较高,模型预测准确性较高。
基于OPLS-DA的结果,以VIP>1,P<0.05,|FC|>4作为筛选差异代谢物的指标,分别绘制三组火山图,如图3所示,PJ2 vs PJ1共筛选到737种差异代谢产物,其中603种上调,134种下调;PJ3 vs PJ1共筛选到702种差异代谢物,其中541种上调,161种下调;PJ3 vs PJ2共筛选到260种差异代谢物,其中142种上调,118种下调。
对检测到的数据进行log2处理后,结合HDMB数据库,在有机酸及其衍生物、苯基丙类化合物、核苷酸及其类似物、有机氮化合物中对混菌发酵梨汁的过程进行差异代谢物的筛选(VIP>1,P<0.05),部分差异代谢产物见表3。从表中可知,整个发酵过程共检测到80种差异代谢物,包括氨基酸及其衍生物、类黄酮化合物、多酚及其衍生物、糖脂类、有机杂环分子、碳水化合物、肉桂酸及其衍生物等。这些差异代谢物通过不同的代谢途径,参与了发酵过程中微生物的生长、代谢、产物合成等多个方面,不仅影响了发酵的过程,还可能决定了最终发酵产品的营养成分、风味、口感以及保质期[16]。
图4热图使梨汁发酵过程中差异代谢物之间的成对相关性可视化。梨汁在LP与LA的作用下产生与糖、氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸、多酚黄酮、核苷酸及其衍生物等代谢相关物质,这些化合物对发酵后梨汁的口感及品质至关重要[16–17]。总的来说,从热图上可观察到,差异代谢物随着发酵时间的变化可以分为三个部分。
C区中差异代谢物主要富集在CK组,即发酵0 d,主要包括D-阿洛酮糖、半乳糖胺、L-苹果酸、D-果糖、D-木糖、蔗糖、海藻糖-6-磷酸和D-松二糖等物质,这些物质主要为糖类及其衍生物,在开始发酵后含量下降,表明这些物质主要来自于原料梨汁中,而不是乳酸菌产生的代谢物。A区中差异代谢物主要集中在PA2~PA5组,植物鞘氨醇、3-苯基乳酸、羟基苯乳酸、戊二酰甘氨酸、脯氨酸等物质在该阶段含量较高。鞘氨醇是植物组织脂质提取物中主要的游离长链碱,具有抗氧化及抗菌的作用[18]。L-精氨酸通过代谢释放的氨能中和发酵过程中的酸性环境,稳定pH,因此对乳酸菌发酵具有一定促进作用[19]。而脯氨酸是饮料中的重要呈味氨基酸,可以增加鲜甜感和风味复杂性[20]。通过以上分析可知,在未发酵阶段,梨汁主要由糖类组成;口感比较单一,香气不够丰富。在乳酸菌发酵阶段,主要是酸类物质、氨基酸及其衍生物以及核苷酸及其类似物的积累。其中有机酸及其衍生物的增加对发酵产品的风味和保存特性有至关重要的作用[21],因此乳酸菌发酵能改变代谢物的组成及其丰度,梨汁的风味和品质都得到了显著改善。
以KEGG数据库为基础,将差异代谢物与特定代谢途径联系起来,通过富集分析获得重要代谢途径,研究发酵过程中代谢途径的动态变化。如图5所示,大多数差异代谢物富集在“生物合成”和“代谢”途径中,其中重要的代谢途径主要包括:苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸代谢(Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism)、淀粉和糖代谢(Starch and sucrose metabolism)、果糖和甘露糖的代谢(Fructose and mannose metabolism)、谷胱甘肽代谢(Glutathione metabolism)以及精氨酸的生物合成(Arginine biosynthesis)、TCA循环(TCA cycle)、丙酮酸代谢(Pyruvate metabolism)。参与代谢的重要差异物质主要为苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酰胺、果糖、柠檬酸、苹果酸。
将筛选的差异代谢物映射到KEGG数据库中,获得各差异代谢物的相应代谢路径,并绘制相关代谢通路图,如图6所示,绿色箭头表示发酵后的浓缩梨汁相比未发酵的含量升高或降低。
与氨基酸相关的途径主要表现在苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、色氨酸等氨基酸的代谢以及精氨酸的生物合成。碳水化合物的代谢途径包括淀粉和蔗糖的代谢、果糖和甘露糖的代谢以及氨基酸糖和核苷酸糖的代谢(Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism)。蔗糖、甘露糖、果糖经过发酵其含量均有所下降,说明发酵过程微生物主要以糖类物质作为能量来源,并将其转化为其他营养物质或风味物质,因此部分氨基酸(甘氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸)和有机酸(苹果酸、草酰乙酸、柠檬酸)在发酵后含量上升。柠檬酸和苹果酸既是能量代谢中间体,又是风味物质前体,其含量上升可以正向促进清新风味,并通过强化TCA循环产能,增强微生物的代谢活力,从而缩短发酵周期[22]。TCA循环是大部分生物共有的代谢途径,其中好氧生物通过氧化产生ATP和CO2释放储存在乙酰CoA中的能量[23]。共检测到TCA循环中四个关键组分,分别为柠檬酸、苹果酸、草酰乙酸以及延胡索酸,除延胡索酸外,其他有机酸水平有所提高。苹果酸和草酰乙酸可以参与丙酮酸循环,其含量上升通过扩大丙酮酸代谢池、调节碳流分配、提供还原力,从而影响发酵产物的方向与效率[24]。α-酮戊二酸参与生物体中的TCA循环,是氨基酸生产的中间体,它参与谷胱甘肽的代谢合成谷氨酸,并且与谷氨酰胺的合成也有关[25–26]。与未发酵梨汁相比,发酵梨汁代谢产物差异明显,发酵过程中乳酸菌可以影响其代谢途径及其有效成分的含量,代谢途径的差异是导致发酵代谢产物多样性的关键因素。
不同的代谢途径对细菌在发酵过程中的增殖具有显著影响,同时细菌的增殖状态也直接影响着代谢产物的生成与变化[27]。这种相互作用机制,使得发酵过程中的代谢产物可能出现增加或减少的现象,从而丰富了发酵产物的种类与数量[28]。植物乳杆菌在发酵过程中可以产生多种有机酸和抗菌物质,抑制有害微生物的生长,改善发酵环境,对发酵产品的安全性和稳定性可能具有一定的促进作用[29]。Lactobacillus acidophilus以其优异的耐酸和益生菌特性而闻名[30]。在发酵过程中,嗜酸乳杆菌能够耐受低pH环境,保持良好的生长和代谢活性,分泌大量乳酸等有机酸以调节发酵基质的pH,并且可以合成维生素、氨基酸等生物活性物质,提高发酵产物的营养价值和功能性质[31-33]。
近年来,一些研究强调了乳酸菌发酵果蔬中代谢途径的变化。如Meng等[34]报道了LP与LA发酵枇杷汁的代谢途径,富集的前3条途径分别是氨基酸代谢、氨基酸的生物合成、谷胱甘肽的代谢,发酵过程中的差异代谢物主要集中在有机酸及其衍生物、氨基酸、多肽和类似物,结果表明在发酵过程中不同乳酸菌对其风味的重建和功能的改善起着至关重要的作用。Tang等[35]研究发现在嗜热链球菌和酿酒酵母发酵苹果哈密瓜饮料中,主要代谢途径包括精氨酸代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢、次生代谢产物的合成以及氨基酸的合成,发酵前后果汁的差异调节代谢产物主要是有机酸及其衍生物、氨基酸,并且对氨基酸的影响最为显著。
代谢组学数据表明,乳酸菌发酵可显著提高梨汁中功能性物质的含量,从而提高梨汁的营养品质、功能特性和生物利用度。
本研究通过对植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌混合发酵砀山酥梨汁的动态代谢组学分析,揭示了发酵过程中代谢物的变化及其与梨汁品质的关系。研究结果表明植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌混合发酵实现了关键代谢途径的调控,从而引起了发酵过程中不同时间段的代谢物组成改变及发酵产物中80种差异代谢物的含量变化。PCA表明,不同发酵时间的梨汁在代谢物组成上存在显著差异。发酵初期主要积累有机酸类物质,标志着乳酸菌的活跃代谢;而随着发酵时间的延长,氨基酸及其衍生物如精氨酸、脯氨酸等逐渐增多,增强了梨汁的风味和营养价值。通过KEGG代谢途径分析,发现氨基酸代谢、TCA循环、糖代谢等关键代谢途径在发酵过程中得到显著调控,进一步促进了梨汁的功能性提升和营养成分的增加。因此,植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌混合发酵可以通过代谢途径的调控提升其营养价值。该研究为梨汁的工业化生产提供了理论基础和技术支持,推动了酥梨发酵产品的多样化和高附加值的实现。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040252
  • 接收时间:2025-04-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-20
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    1桐城市科技创新服务中心,桐城企业服务中心,桐城创新研究院,安徽桐城 231400
    2合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院,安徽省发酵食品工程研究中心,安徽合肥 230601

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吴学凤(1981−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品发酵工程及农产品副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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