Article(id=1320884049887998747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040233, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852898332, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852898332, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852898332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852898332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=272, endPage=279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884050118685468, articleId=1320884049887998747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Multi-strain Cooperative Fermentation Processand Quality Analysis of Shrimp Paste, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the co-fermentation of shrimp shells/heads and soybean substrates using a Mucor, Rhizopus oryzae, and Aspergillus oryzae mixed culture system. The microbial ratio was optimized through orthogonal experiments, with amino nitrogen content and sensory attributes serving as key assessment criteria. The optimal fermentation conditions were further validated by volatile flavor analysis. Additionally, the quality of laboratory-produced shrimp paste was compared with commercial products based on color parameters, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, and free amino acid composition. The result showed that an optimal inoculum ratio of 3:1:3 (Mucor:Rhizopus oryzae:Aspergillus oryzae) yielded shrimp paste with 1.19 g/100 g amino nitrogen and a 92.53-point sensory score. Key aromatic compounds, including pentanal (monomer/dimer), hexanal, 3-pentanone, 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, and ethyl acetate, demonstrated superior relative odor activity values. Compared with them to commercial counterparts, our formulation exhibited enhanced color parameters (a*=12.26, b*=19.91), lower total volatile basic nitrogen (117.98 mg/100 g), a higher proportion of umami amino acids (20.78% of total amino acids), and a lower proportion of bitter amino acids (42.77% of total amino acids). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed that the proteins in the shrimp byproducts were fully utilized during fermentation, with the remaining insoluble fractions exhibiting the characteristic functional groups, crystalline structure, and microscopic morphology of α-chitin. The findings of this study demonstrate that mixed-strain fermentation enhances flavor characteristics while reducing the accumulation of undesirable metabolites, providing both a theoretical foundation and technical support for the value-added utilization of shrimp by-products and industrial-scale production of premium shrimp paste.

, authors=Jiayan CAO1, Linfan SHI1, 2, Zhongyang REN1, 2, Wuyin WENG1, 2, *, Min XU3, Zhiyu LIU3, authorsList=Jiayan CAO, Linfan SHI, Zhongyang REN, Wuyin WENG, Min XU, Zhiyu LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wuyin WENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884051397948197, articleId=1320884049887998747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=多菌种协同发酵虾酱的工艺优化及其品质分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用毛霉、米根霉和米曲霉混合发酵对虾壳、虾头和大豆基质进行协同发酵,以氨基态氮含量、感官评分作为评价指标进行正交试验优化菌种配比,并以挥发性风味进行验证,利用色泽、挥发性盐基氮、pH和游离氨基酸含量对比分析自制虾酱与市售产品的品质差异。结果发现,最佳菌种配比为毛霉曲:米根霉曲:米曲霉曲为3:1:3,在此条件下制备的虾酱氨基态氮含量达1.19 g/100 g,感官评分92.53分;呈芳香气味的正戊醛单体、正戊醛二聚体、正己醛、3-戊酮单体、3,5,5-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮、乙酸乙酯的相对气味活度值高于其他条件下制备的发酵虾酱。与市售虾酱相比,自制产品具有更优的色泽参数(a*=12.26,b*=19.91)、更低的挥发性盐基氮含量(117.98 mg/100 g),且鲜味氨基酸占比(20.78%)高、苦味氨基酸占比(42.77%)低。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜表征,发现发酵残渣中虾副产物的蛋白质被完全降解,不溶性组分保留α-甲壳素的特征官能团、晶体结构和微观形貌。研究表明,多菌种协同发酵可改善虾酱风味特征并降低不良代谢物积累,为虾副产物的高值化利用和工业化生产高品质虾酱产品提供理论依据和技术支撑。

, authors=曹家艳1, 石林凡1, 2, 任中阳1, 2, 翁武银1, 2, *, 许旻3, 刘智禹3, authorsList=曹家艳, 石林凡, 任中阳, 翁武银, 许旻, 刘智禹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=翁武银, authorNote=

曹家艳(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
翁武银(1974−)(ORCID:0000−0003−2996−5423),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产加工副产物利用,E-mail:。
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 155: 1561−1568., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884051611857702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884051620246311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, companyId=1320884051611857702, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884051628634920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, companyId=1320884051611857702, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884051704132393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884051708326698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, companyId=1320884051704132393, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884051733492523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, companyId=1320884051704132393, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省海洋功能食品工程技术研究中心,福建厦门 361021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884051800601388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884051808989997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, companyId=1320884051800601388, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Fujian Fisheries Research Institute, Xiamen 361000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884051817378606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, companyId=1320884051800601388, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3福建省水产研究所,福建厦门 361000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884055118295904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=3D topographic map and 2D difference map of volatile compounds in shrimp paste, figureFileSmall=KxQkWyS2oaxOnyauhLpprg==, figureFileBig=6pVN2806u58fikAv0g95Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884055189599073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=CN, label=图1, caption=虾酱中挥发性化合物的三维地形图和二维差异图

注:图中1~9代表正交试验号1~9组的发酵虾酱,图2同。

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注:不同小写字母表示样品间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=yA9krvaJzGR1KILzGSzdpg==, figureFileBig=1vZbmZChSs7eriIuHcaJFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884055692915558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Characterization of shrimp shell meal and fermented shrimp shell meal, figureFileSmall=fOMICczwMNE0nuADeNye1A==, figureFileBig=irh4t79d0V6uHf1N5xA1Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884055768413031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=CN, label=图4, caption=虾壳粉和发酵虾壳粉的表征, figureFileSmall=fOMICczwMNE0nuADeNye1A==, figureFileBig=irh4t79d0V6uHf1N5xA1Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884055831327592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Orthogonal test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A(毛霉曲)B(米根霉曲)C(米曲霉曲)
1111
2222
3333
), ArticleFig(id=1320884055898436457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A(毛霉曲)B(米根霉曲)C(米曲霉曲)
1111
2222
3333
), ArticleFig(id=1320884055961351018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Shrimp paste sensory evaluation standard

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评分色泽(25%)气味(25%)滋味(25%)组织形态(25%)
81~100红棕色虾酱香味浓郁,无腥味虾味、甜味、鲜味
非常浓郁,无苦味
酱体呈半固态,光滑细腻且粘稠
61~80黄棕色虾香味浓郁,略有腥味虾味、甜味、鲜味
浓郁,无苦味
酱体呈半固态,粘稠略小
41~60浅棕色虾酱香味淡,有腥味有虾味、甜味、鲜味,略有苦味酱体稍有分层,粘稠度小
21~40深黄色无虾酱香味,腥味重略有虾味、甜味、鲜味,苦味浓烈酱体有分层,粘稠度小
0~20灰褐色无虾酱香味,腥臭味浓烈无虾味、甜味、鲜味,苦味非常浓烈酱体分层明显,不粘绸
), ArticleFig(id=1320884056032654187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

虾酱感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分色泽(25%)气味(25%)滋味(25%)组织形态(25%)
81~100红棕色虾酱香味浓郁,无腥味虾味、甜味、鲜味
非常浓郁,无苦味
酱体呈半固态,光滑细腻且粘稠
61~80黄棕色虾香味浓郁,略有腥味虾味、甜味、鲜味
浓郁,无苦味
酱体呈半固态,粘稠略小
41~60浅棕色虾酱香味淡,有腥味有虾味、甜味、鲜味,略有苦味酱体稍有分层,粘稠度小
21~40深黄色无虾酱香味,腥味重略有虾味、甜味、鲜味,苦味浓烈酱体有分层,粘稠度小
0~20灰褐色无虾酱香味,腥臭味浓烈无虾味、甜味、鲜味,苦味非常浓烈酱体分层明显,不粘绸
), ArticleFig(id=1320884056099763052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of orthogonal tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A
(毛霉曲)
B
(米根
霉曲)
C
(米曲
霉曲)
氨基态氮含量
(g/100 g)
感官
评分
总评分
11110.9772.6077.06
21220.9460.6069.80
31331.0073.6378.84
42120.8958.9366.86
52231.0277.3081.51
62310.9564.5072.17
73131.1992.5396.27
83210.9667.5374.11
93321.0883.9087.33
K1225.70240.19223.34
K2220.54225.42223.99
K3257.71238.34256.62
k175.2380.0674.45
k273.5175.1474.66
k385.9079.4585.54
R12.394.9211.09
最优组合A3B1C3
), ArticleFig(id=1320884056158483309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A
(毛霉曲)
B
(米根
霉曲)
C
(米曲
霉曲)
氨基态氮含量
(g/100 g)
感官
评分
总评分
11110.9772.6077.06
21220.9460.6069.80
31331.0073.6378.84
42120.8958.9366.86
52231.0277.3081.51
62310.9564.5072.17
73131.1992.5396.27
83210.9667.5374.11
93321.0883.9087.33
K1225.70240.19223.34
K2220.54225.42223.99
K3257.71238.34256.62
k175.2380.0674.45
k273.5175.1474.66
k385.9079.4585.54
R12.394.9211.09
最优组合A3B1C3
), ArticleFig(id=1320884056238175086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Key volatile compounds in shrimp paste

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号气味阈值(μg/kg)挥发性化合物风味描述ROAV
123456789
10.012正戊醛(D)杏仁香55.7058.4862.7262.7451.4472.23100.3065.5753.12
20.012正戊醛(M)杏仁香3.964.064.134.273.533.945.293.543.57
30.005正己醛脂肪香气28.3723.4625.8635.4433.8537.5842.7236.9420.76
40.043-戊酮(M)醚香0.921.311.401.922.962.625.182.680.74
50.33,5,5-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮果香0.640.610.770.670.410.561.210.470.48
60.5乙酸乙酯烤坚果香1.491.521.551.681.651.692.261.731.87
70.022-乙酰基-2-噻唑啉爆米花香4.753.723.874.579.095.738.369.863.70
80.0085反式-2-己烯醛苹果果香2.272.412.792.953.572.161.773.013.16
90.0143-羟基-2-丁酮煮土豆香3.522.252.422.851.962.032.932.991.34
100.0032,6-二甲基吡啶肥皂香气23.4133.1638.9227.6825.2123.3832.8329.0431.72
), ArticleFig(id=1320884056326255471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

虾酱中的关键挥发性化合物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号气味阈值(μg/kg)挥发性化合物风味描述ROAV
123456789
10.012正戊醛(D)杏仁香55.7058.4862.7262.7451.4472.23100.3065.5753.12
20.012正戊醛(M)杏仁香3.964.064.134.273.533.945.293.543.57
30.005正己醛脂肪香气28.3723.4625.8635.4433.8537.5842.7236.9420.76
40.043-戊酮(M)醚香0.921.311.401.922.962.625.182.680.74
50.33,5,5-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮果香0.640.610.770.670.410.561.210.470.48
60.5乙酸乙酯烤坚果香1.491.521.551.681.651.692.261.731.87
70.022-乙酰基-2-噻唑啉爆米花香4.753.723.874.579.095.738.369.863.70
80.0085反式-2-己烯醛苹果果香2.272.412.792.953.572.161.773.013.16
90.0143-羟基-2-丁酮煮土豆香3.522.252.422.851.962.032.932.991.34
100.0032,6-二甲基吡啶肥皂香气23.4133.1638.9227.6825.2123.3832.8329.0431.72
), ArticleFig(id=1320884056401752944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Free amino acid content of homemade shrimp paste and commercially available shrimp paste

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸种类游离氨基酸含量(mg/100 g)
7号虾酱市售虾酱
天门冬氨酸(Asp)95.89±0.62b190.65±0.55a
谷氨酸(Glu)151.29±8.06b187.13±5.87a
丝氨酸(Ser)21.57±0.38b50.78±0.66a
组氨酸(His)35.00±2.79a24.58±0.64b
甘氨酸(Gly)42.38±1.81b144.64±5.32a
苏氨酸(Thr)50.54±0.97b72.40±0.79a
精氨酸(Arg)44.88±0.78b168.63±1.25a
丙氨酸(Ala)83.63±0.71b254.46±2.71a
酪氨酸(Tyr)47.44±0.20a26.97±0.38b
胱氨酸(Cys)45.32±1.58b56.65±9.20a
缬氨酸(Val)56.68±0.42b123.78±1.71a
蛋氨酸(Met)23.94±0.40b78.32±1.86a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)83.77±7.27b112.70±2.07a
异亮氨酸(Ile)62.35±0.68b134.11±1.67a
亮氨酸(Leu)91.45±0.34b199.84±2.17a
赖氨酸(Lys)63.32±7.78b186.01±23.01a
羟脯氨酸(Hyr)84.69±6.05a25.47±2.72b
脯氨酸(Pro)105.42±5.33a74.20±4.03b
游离氨基酸总量1189.56±0.90b2111.31±32.10a
鲜味氨基酸占比(%)20.7817.89
甜味氨基酸占比(%)25.5228.25
苦味氨基酸占比(%)42.7749.97
), ArticleFig(id=1320884056494027633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884049887998747, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

自制虾酱与市售虾酱的游离氨基酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸种类游离氨基酸含量(mg/100 g)
7号虾酱市售虾酱
天门冬氨酸(Asp)95.89±0.62b190.65±0.55a
谷氨酸(Glu)151.29±8.06b187.13±5.87a
丝氨酸(Ser)21.57±0.38b50.78±0.66a
组氨酸(His)35.00±2.79a24.58±0.64b
甘氨酸(Gly)42.38±1.81b144.64±5.32a
苏氨酸(Thr)50.54±0.97b72.40±0.79a
精氨酸(Arg)44.88±0.78b168.63±1.25a
丙氨酸(Ala)83.63±0.71b254.46±2.71a
酪氨酸(Tyr)47.44±0.20a26.97±0.38b
胱氨酸(Cys)45.32±1.58b56.65±9.20a
缬氨酸(Val)56.68±0.42b123.78±1.71a
蛋氨酸(Met)23.94±0.40b78.32±1.86a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)83.77±7.27b112.70±2.07a
异亮氨酸(Ile)62.35±0.68b134.11±1.67a
亮氨酸(Leu)91.45±0.34b199.84±2.17a
赖氨酸(Lys)63.32±7.78b186.01±23.01a
羟脯氨酸(Hyr)84.69±6.05a25.47±2.72b
脯氨酸(Pro)105.42±5.33a74.20±4.03b
游离氨基酸总量1189.56±0.90b2111.31±32.10a
鲜味氨基酸占比(%)20.7817.89
甜味氨基酸占比(%)25.5228.25
苦味氨基酸占比(%)42.7749.97
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多菌种协同发酵虾酱的工艺优化及其品质分析
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曹家艳 1 , 石林凡 1, 2 , 任中阳 1, 2 , 翁武银 1, 2, * , 许旻 3 , 刘智禹 3
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(7): 272-279
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (7) : 272 -279
多菌种协同发酵虾酱的工艺优化及其品质分析
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曹家艳1 , 石林凡1, 2, 任中阳1, 2, 翁武银1, 2, * , 许旻3, 刘智禹3
作者信息
  • 1集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021
  • 2福建省海洋功能食品工程技术研究中心,福建厦门 361021
  • 3福建省水产研究所,福建厦门 361000
通讯作者:
翁武银(1974−)(ORCID:0000−0003−2996−5423),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产加工副产物利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

曹家艳(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:

Optimization of Multi-strain Cooperative Fermentation Processand Quality Analysis of Shrimp Paste
Jiayan CAO1 , Linfan SHI1, 2, Zhongyang REN1, 2, Wuyin WENG1, 2, * , Min XU3, Zhiyu LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 2Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 3Fujian Fisheries Research Institute, Xiamen 361000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040233
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本研究采用毛霉、米根霉和米曲霉混合发酵对虾壳、虾头和大豆基质进行协同发酵,以氨基态氮含量、感官评分作为评价指标进行正交试验优化菌种配比,并以挥发性风味进行验证,利用色泽、挥发性盐基氮、pH和游离氨基酸含量对比分析自制虾酱与市售产品的品质差异。结果发现,最佳菌种配比为毛霉曲:米根霉曲:米曲霉曲为3:1:3,在此条件下制备的虾酱氨基态氮含量达1.19 g/100 g,感官评分92.53分;呈芳香气味的正戊醛单体、正戊醛二聚体、正己醛、3-戊酮单体、3,5,5-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮、乙酸乙酯的相对气味活度值高于其他条件下制备的发酵虾酱。与市售虾酱相比,自制产品具有更优的色泽参数(a*=12.26,b*=19.91)、更低的挥发性盐基氮含量(117.98 mg/100 g),且鲜味氨基酸占比(20.78%)高、苦味氨基酸占比(42.77%)低。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜表征,发现发酵残渣中虾副产物的蛋白质被完全降解,不溶性组分保留α-甲壳素的特征官能团、晶体结构和微观形貌。研究表明,多菌种协同发酵可改善虾酱风味特征并降低不良代谢物积累,为虾副产物的高值化利用和工业化生产高品质虾酱产品提供理论依据和技术支撑。

虾酱  /  多菌种发酵  /  工艺优化  /  毛霉  /  米根霉  /  米曲霉  /  理化性质  /  风味物质

This study investigated the co-fermentation of shrimp shells/heads and soybean substrates using a Mucor, Rhizopus oryzae, and Aspergillus oryzae mixed culture system. The microbial ratio was optimized through orthogonal experiments, with amino nitrogen content and sensory attributes serving as key assessment criteria. The optimal fermentation conditions were further validated by volatile flavor analysis. Additionally, the quality of laboratory-produced shrimp paste was compared with commercial products based on color parameters, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, and free amino acid composition. The result showed that an optimal inoculum ratio of 3:1:3 (Mucor:Rhizopus oryzae:Aspergillus oryzae) yielded shrimp paste with 1.19 g/100 g amino nitrogen and a 92.53-point sensory score. Key aromatic compounds, including pentanal (monomer/dimer), hexanal, 3-pentanone, 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, and ethyl acetate, demonstrated superior relative odor activity values. Compared with them to commercial counterparts, our formulation exhibited enhanced color parameters (a*=12.26, b*=19.91), lower total volatile basic nitrogen (117.98 mg/100 g), a higher proportion of umami amino acids (20.78% of total amino acids), and a lower proportion of bitter amino acids (42.77% of total amino acids). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed that the proteins in the shrimp byproducts were fully utilized during fermentation, with the remaining insoluble fractions exhibiting the characteristic functional groups, crystalline structure, and microscopic morphology of α-chitin. The findings of this study demonstrate that mixed-strain fermentation enhances flavor characteristics while reducing the accumulation of undesirable metabolites, providing both a theoretical foundation and technical support for the value-added utilization of shrimp by-products and industrial-scale production of premium shrimp paste.

shrimp paste  /  multi-strain fermentation  /  process optimization  /  Mucor  /  Rhizopus oryzae  /  Aspergillus oryzae  /  physicochemical property  /  flavor substance
曹家艳, 石林凡, 任中阳, 翁武银, 许旻, 刘智禹. 多菌种协同发酵虾酱的工艺优化及其品质分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040233
Jiayan CAO, Linfan SHI, Zhongyang REN, Wuyin WENG, Min XU, Zhiyu LIU. Optimization of Multi-strain Cooperative Fermentation Processand Quality Analysis of Shrimp Paste[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040233
虾酱是一种传统的发酵食品,在东亚和东南亚等沿海地区广泛用作调味品和烹饪原料[1],其原料通常有蚱蜢虾、银虾和毛虾等低值小型虾[2]。传统虾酱是将虾原料捣碎并加入盐,经数月自发发酵而成[3]。在发酵过程中,酱醅中的蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪被分解成小分子肽、氨基酸和挥发性化合物,赋予虾酱独特风味[4]。然而,传统虾酱存在发酵周期长、成本高、品质和风味不稳定等问题。
除了低值小型虾,虾加工副产物也可用于虾酱的制备[5]。有研究采用中华虾虾肉和虾头为原料制成虾酱[6];利用小龙虾虾肉和虾壳粉制成虾酱[7];采用南美白对虾虾头添加米曲霉种曲和深微小杆菌FELA1发酵制成虾酱[8]。另有研究以南美白对虾虾头和米曲霉种曲为原料制成虾头酱[9]。前期研究发现,单一菌种(米曲霉、米根霉或毛霉)发酵的虾酱虽色泽和滋味良好,但风味仍较为单一[10]。研究表明,多菌种混合发酵可通过协同作用提高原料利用率并改善产品风味[11]。Yu等[12]利用枝芽胞杆菌 sp. SK37、枝芽孢杆菌 sp. ZV10-1、尼泊尔葡萄球菌 JS11共发酵制备虾酱,发现游离氨基酸和风味物质的协同增加改善了产品的感官品质。采用木糖葡萄球菌、戊糖片球菌及鲁氏酵母菌复合菌种协同发酵虾头酱,产品的风味和口感均得到提升[13]。类似的,曲霉、毛霉和米根霉混合发酵能加速大豆发酵食品的熟成,并丰富挥发性化合物的种类,显著改善风味[14]。这些研究结果表明,多菌种混合发酵可能影响虾酱的品质和风味,但米曲霉、米根霉和毛霉混合发酵对虾酱理化性质和风味物质的影响尚未见报道。
为实现虾副产物的高值化利用和提高虾酱品质并优化风味,本研究基于前期研究工作,采用正交试验设计优化米曲霉、米根霉和毛霉的混合比例,建立多菌种协同发酵工艺。通过对比优化工艺制备的虾酱与市售虾酱产品的色泽、挥发性盐基氮、游离氨基酸等关键指标,确定多菌种混合发酵制备虾酱的最佳工艺。
黑虎虾虾头和虾壳 福建省盛匠食品科技有限公司;大豆 福建省厦门市方味食品科技有限责任公司;米曲霉 山东沂水锦润生物科技有限公司;米根霉、毛霉 山东和众康源生物科技有限公司;食盐 中国盐业股份有限公司;市售广味幼滑虾酱(配料:银虾和食用盐)  李锦记(新会)食品有限公司;邻苯二甲醛、氯甲酸-9-芴甲基酯 色谱纯,美国Agilent公司;其他试剂均属于分析纯。
YS3010分光测色仪 深圳市三恩时科技有限公司;1200型高效液相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;PE20K型pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;5K1-100039型气相色谱-离子迁移谱 山东海能科学仪器有限公司;877型电位滴定仪 瑞士万通公司;FSJ-A05N6型粉碎机 小熊电器股份有限公司;Nicolet iS50型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;K-Alpha型X射线衍射仪、Phenom ProX G6型扫描电镜 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司。
称取2 kg大豆置于水中浸泡12 h后沥干,再与1 kg虾头和1 kg虾壳蒸30 min,并通过绞肉机破碎后获得大豆-虾头-虾壳的混合物。将获得的混合物分别接种1.25 g毛霉、米根霉和米曲霉,然后于恒温恒湿箱中进行制曲后得到毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲。其中制曲温度为28 ℃、湿度为90%、制曲时间为48 h。
虾酱的制备是在前期实验的基础上进行的,按照混合曲:盐水的质量比1:2向虾酱混合曲中加入含10%氯化钠的盐水,混匀后转入发酵坛中,在50 ℃恒温箱中发酵28 d。发酵结束后的虾酱在90 ℃下水浴灭酶杀菌30 min,再利用粗筛过滤将粗虾壳和虾头混合物分离出来以获得虾酱样品,并在−18 ℃下保存以供后续实验使用。
将虾酱中分离出来的虾壳和虾头混合物用纯水漂洗干净,置于烘箱60 ℃下烘干后,采用粉碎机进行粉碎获得发酵虾壳粉。对照组虾壳粉是将新鲜虾壳和虾头用纯水漂洗干净后采用相同的方式烘干和粉碎获得。
在前期实验的基础上,选择虾酱混合曲中毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲添加的质量配比为影响因素进行L9(34)正交试验,以总评分为评定指标,对多菌种混合发酵的配比进行优化。其中总评分是采用加权评分法以评估虾酱的品质,氨基态氮含量、感官评分的权重分别为50%、50%。总评分=0.5×(氨基态氮含量/氨基态氮含量最大值)×100+0.5×感官评分。正交试验因素与水平见表1。
参考曹家艳等[10]报道的方法,精确称取5.0 g虾酱,溶于100 mL蒸馏水中并采用0.45 μm滤纸过滤,取滤液20 mL与60 mL蒸馏水混合后,使用电位滴定仪通过甲醛滴定法测定虾酱的氨基态氮含量。
参考赵陆恺等[15]报道的方法,邀请12名经过统一培训的感官评定人员(男女比例为1:1,平均年龄在22~25岁)对发酵结束后的虾酱进行感官评价,具体评分标准见表2。其中,感官评分=色泽评分×25%+气味评分×25%+滋味评分×25%+组织形态评分×25%。
根据Huang等[16]报道的方法,使用配有HP-5色谱柱的气相色谱-离子迁移谱(Gas chromatography-ion migration spectrometry,GC-IMS)对虾酱中挥发性化合物进行测定。精确称取5.0 g虾酱置于20 mL顶空瓶中,在80 ℃下孵育30 min后经顶空进样分析。IMS具体程序是以40 ℃为初始温度并保持5 min,然后以10 ℃/min升温至120 ℃,接着以20 ℃/min升温至210 ℃,最终以2 ℃/min将温度升至230 ℃。其中,色谱分析时间为30 min,电离源为氚源,迁移管温度为45 ℃,漂移气体为高纯氮气(纯度≥99.999%)。采用GC-IMS配套的Vocal软件内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库对虾酱中的挥发性化合物进行定性分析,并利用软件内置的Reporter插件和Gallery Plot插件绘制虾酱中挥发性化合物的三维地形图、二维差异图谱和指纹图谱。
虾酱中的关键挥发性化合物的ROAV是根据Huang等[16]报道的方法计算的,将对样品整体风味贡献最大的挥发性化合物定义为ROAVstan=100,其他挥发性化合物的ROAV根据以下公式进行计算。
$ \mathrm{ROAV}=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{stan}}}\times \frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{stan}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{i}}} $
式中:Ci为待测化合物相对百分比;Ti为待测化合物感觉阈值(μg/kg);Cstan为对整体风味贡献最大的化合物相对百分比;Tstan为对整体风味贡献最大的化合物感觉阈值(μg/kg)。
利用分光测色仪对虾酱样品的亮度值(L*)、红度值(a*)、黄度值(b*)进行测定。
根据黄莉等[17]报道的方法对虾酱的挥发性盐基氮进行测定。精确称取5.0 g虾酱,加入50 mL蒸馏水并搅拌30 min,再用0.45 μm滤纸进行过滤,得到的滤液采用微量扩散法测定虾酱的挥发性盐基氮含量。
参考班雨函等[18]的方法,精确称取5.0 g虾酱,加入50 mL蒸馏水混匀并浸渍30 min,使用pH计测定虾酱溶液pH。
游离氨基酸的测定参考孙梦莹等[19]的方法,精确称取1.0 g虾酱充分溶解于超纯水中后离心(10000 r/min,10 min,25 ℃),取上清液加入等体积的100 g/L磺基-水杨酸溶液避光反应2 h,再离心(10000 r/min,10 min,25 ℃),取上清液在55 ℃下旋蒸浓缩至干,采用0.02 mol/L盐酸溶液溶解,经0.22 μm水系膜过滤。滤液采用邻苯二甲醛和9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯溶液进行柱前衍生后,使用高效液相色谱仪进行分析。其中,高效液相色谱仪的紫外检测波长为338.10 nm和262.16 nm;色谱柱为Agilent Zorbox Eclipse AAA 柱(4.6 mm×150 mm);流动相A为40 mmol/L的磷酸二氢钠溶液(pH7.8),流动相B为有机相溶液(乙腈:甲醇:超纯水= 45:45:10,v/v);流速为2 mL/min,梯度洗脱。梯度洗脱程序:0~18.10 min 100%流动相B,18.10~23.20 min 100%流动相A,23.20~26.00 min 43%流动相A+57%流动相B,26 min 100%流动相A。
根据Hao等[20]报道的方法,使用红外光谱仪在4000~500 cm−1的波数范围内测定虾壳粉和发酵虾壳粉的FTIR图谱,分辨率和扫描次数分别为4 cm−1和32次。
参考Hao等[20]等报道的方法,使用配备Cu-Kα辐射的XRD测定虾壳粉和发酵虾壳粉的XRD图谱,其中扫描角度(2θ)为5°~50°,扫描速度为5°/min。
通过SEM观察虾壳粉和发酵虾壳粉的微观结构。使用双面导电胶将干燥后的虾壳粉和发酵虾壳粉均匀固定在铝制样品盘上,经喷金后,利用SEM在10000的放大倍率下进行观察。其中,电子束的加速电压为5 kV。
所有实验至少重复3次,实验结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。数据采用Origin 2021软件作图,采用SPSS 26软件进行Duncan检验对数据进行显著性分析,其中显著性水平设为0.05。
多菌种混合发酵制备虾酱的正交优化试验结果如表3所示。经极差R分析发现,毛霉曲、米曲霉曲和米根霉曲对虾酱氨基态氮和感官评价的影响依次减弱。多菌种混合发酵制备虾酱的最优组合为A3B1C3,即毛霉曲:米根霉曲:米曲霉曲为3:1:3(共350 g)。在该组合下发酵制备的虾酱氨基态氮含量达1.19 g/100 g,感官评分92.53分。结果表明,采用毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲三菌种协同发酵可有效促进酱醅中蛋白质等大分子物质的降解,从而提升虾酱的氨基态氮含量和感官品质。
利用GC-IMS检测的虾酱挥发性化合物三维地形图如图1(a)所示,其中X、Y和Z轴分别对应离子迁移时间、保留时间和信号峰强度。图中各信号点代表不同挥发性化合物,红色和蓝色分别表示高、低浓度[21]。图1(a)显示7号虾酱的挥发性化合物种类与其他样品相似。为更直观比较浓度的差异,将三维地形图归一化处理后以7号虾酱为参比,得到二维差异图(图1 b)。其中,蓝色、白色和红色斑点分别表示低于、相同和高于参比样品的挥发性化合物浓度[22]。由图1(b)可知,9组虾酱样品的挥发性化合物主要分布在1.0~2.0 ms离子迁移时间和200~1800 s保留时间范围内。7号虾酱中大部分挥发性化合物的浓度高于其他虾酱。Liu等[23]利用雅致放射毛霉、少根根霉、总状毛霉和中华根霉等多菌种发酵豆腐乳时,发现多菌种混合发酵能增强风味特征,且风味的差异主要源于挥发性化合物浓度和比例的变化。
虾酱挥发性化合物的指纹图谱分析结果如图2所示。挥发性化合物的浓度不同可能会产生单体或二聚体,分别以(M)和(D)表示[24]。斑点颜色深浅与挥发性化合物浓度呈正相关[21]。由图2可知,在1~9号虾酱中共检测出88种挥发性化合物。在A区域,7号虾酱中甲基吡嗪、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇和甲基环戊烯醇酮(M)等28种挥发性化合物浓度高于其他虾酱。B区域中8号虾酱的正辛醇、萜品油烯和2-甲基吡嗪等10种挥发性化合物浓度高于其他虾酱。C区域则以9号虾酱的(Z)-2-戊烯醇、3-羟基-2-甲基-4-吡喃酮和2,3-二甲基吡嗪等16种挥发性化合物浓度高于其他虾酱。研究结果表明,菌种配比的差异明显影响了虾酱中挥发性化合物的组成特征,这可能是由于不同比例菌种在发酵过程中形成了特异性的优势菌群结构和具有不同的酶活性[16]。
为明确虾酱风味的主要贡献成分,利用相对气味活度值法确定了ROAV≥1的关键挥发性化合物(表4)。结果显示,9组虾酱样品中共获得10种ROAV≥1特征香气物质。其中,7号虾酱中6种关键挥发性化合物ROAV均高于其他虾酱,包括具有杏仁香的正戊醛单体和正戊醛二聚体、脂肪香气的正己醛、醚香的3-戊酮(M)、果香的3,5,5-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮、烤坚果香的乙酸乙酯。有研究发现,虾酱发酵过程中脂肪酸氧化和美拉德反应生成的正戊醛(单体及二聚体)和正己醛对南极磷虾酱的风味具有重要贡献[24]。微生物酶解脂质或氨基酸产生的3-戊酮和3,5,5-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮,以及蛋白质降解和脂肪氧化产生的乙酸乙酯,均可改善虾酱的整体风味品质[8]。研究表明,正戊醛单体等6种特征香气物质可能对7号虾酱的独特风味起到重要的贡献。
有研究发现,虾酱中的蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物等大分子物质可作为挥发性化合物形成的前体,在微生物及其分泌酶的作用下通过氨基酸代谢和脂质代谢等途径转化为特征挥发性物质[16]。不同微生物的酶系特性存在差异:毛霉能分泌丰富的不耐高温蛋白酶,而根霉则能产生耐高温蛋白酶及丰富的多糖苷酶和脂肪酶,这种互补特性使毛霉-根霉混合发酵能有效促进腐乳原料降解并改善风味[25]。类似地,利用米曲霉曲与黑曲霉曲(3:1)混合发酵可改善鱼露风味品质[26]。Yang等[27]发现红曲霉、毛霉和枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1:1)协同发酵能促进大豆蛋白中1-辛醛、糠硫醇和4-甲基-5-乙基噻唑等芳香物质的形成。因此,本研究利用毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲混合发酵体系,通过多菌种酶系协同作用,可高效降解酱醅中的大分子物质,并促进虾酱特征性挥发性化合物的生成,进而提升虾酱产品整体风味。
本研究以市售广味幼滑虾酱为对照,系统评价了多菌种混合发酵优化制备虾酱的理化性质。图3显示了本研究自制虾酱在色泽、挥发性盐基氮和pH等关键指标的优势。在色泽方面,自制虾酱呈现独特的红棕色,与市售产品土褐棕色形成鲜明对比(图3a)。色差分析显示,自制虾酱具有较低的L*值和较高的a*值、b*值,表明毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲混合发酵能赋予产品良好的色泽特征。这一现象可能与发酵制备虾酱的原料特性、发酵过程中的美拉德反应以及菌种协同作用有关,与多菌种混合发酵大豆食品的色泽变化规律类似[13]。
图3(c)显示,本研究自制虾酱的挥发性盐基氮含量为117.98 mg/100 g,明显低于市售虾酱,甚至远低于自然发酵28 d的蚱蜢虾酱(225 mg/100 g)[28]。这可能是由于毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲混合发酵能有效抑制腐败物质的产生。类似的现象也出现在利用植物乳杆菌、沙克乳酸杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌和松鼠葡萄球菌混合发酵制备的香肠中,多菌种混合发酵可以抑制腐败微生物的生长以降低生物胺等碱性物质的产生[29]。虾酱发酵中的腐败微生物代谢活动产生的氨、生物胺等碱性物质的积累会导致产品pH的上升[30]。因此,本研究采用毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲的协同发酵制备的虾酱pH(6.06)明显低于市售虾酱产品,进一步表明三菌协同发酵体系能提升产品品质。
以上结果表明,毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲的协同发酵能够制备出色泽优良、挥发性盐基氮含量低的高品质虾酱,展现出明显的优势。
本研究自制虾酱与市售虾酱产品的游离氨基酸组成如表5所示。结果显示,自制虾酱中谷氨酸含量最高,其次是脯氨酸、天门冬氨酸和亮氨酸。这与市售虾酱富含谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸和亮氨酸等呈味氨基酸的结果一致。并且,自制虾酱的鲜味氨基酸占比(20.78%)高于市售虾酱产品,而苦味氨基酸占比(42.77%)则明显低于市售虾酱产品。通常,谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天门冬氨酸和亮氨酸等呈味氨基酸的量和呈味占比会直接影响虾酱的滋味特征[4]。本研究中毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲协同发酵可能通过促进鲜味氨基酸的生成并抑制苦味氨基酸产生,从而改善虾酱的滋味品质。这一发现与Virgibacillus sp.等三菌种混合发酵制备虾酱研究结果相符[12],进一步证实多菌种的协同作用对提升虾酱风味具有明显的优势。
有研究报道,在 FTIR 图谱中 2929 cm–1 和877 cm–1 处的吸收峰是蛋白质和碳酸盐的特征峰[31−32];位于 3440 cm−1 和 3266 cm−1 附近的吸收峰可以用于鉴定α-甲壳素,分别对应 O-H 和 N-H 的伸缩振动[33];在波数 1660、1626、1171 和 952 cm−1处出现的吸收峰是α-甲壳素的特征峰[34−35]。FTIR分析显示(图4a),发酵后虾壳粉在2929 cm–1和877 cm–1处代表蛋白质和碳酸盐的特征吸收峰消失,且在 3443 cm−1 和 3268 cm−1 处观察到 O-H 和 N-H的伸缩振动,以及在 1660、1626、1171 和 952 cm−1处观察到α-甲壳素的特征峰,表明虾副产物经过发酵后蛋白质和碳酸盐均被脱除,呈现出α-甲壳素的特征。
XRD图谱中2θ为30°附近通常会出现碳酸钙特征衍射峰[31];在2θ为9.20°、19.20°和26.26°附近会出现α-甲壳素的特征衍射峰[35]。利用XRD对虾壳粉和发酵虾壳粉的晶体结构进行分析,结果如图4(b)所示。XRD图谱进一步证实,发酵后碳酸钙的衍射峰消失,并出现α-甲壳素的特征衍射峰,表明经过发酵后虾副产物中的碳酸钙被脱除,且发酵虾壳粉的晶体结构具有α-甲壳素的特征。
利用SEM观察虾壳粉和发酵虾壳粉的微观结构,结果见图4(c)。虾壳粉的表面呈现出光滑的块状结构,而发酵虾壳粉呈现出纤维状结构。有研究报道,虾壳中的蛋白质和矿物质被脱除后会呈现出α-甲壳素纤维状的特征形貌结构[33]。因此,SEM结果再次表明虾副产物经过发酵后可以得到甲壳素。
通常,虾壳的三层结构中,甲壳素主要存在于内层(被蛋白质包裹)和中间层(与矿物质结合),外层则由碳酸钙和蛋白质构成[36]。本研究结果表明,在发酵过程中,虾副产物中的蛋白质被微生物降解成多肽和氨基酸,碳酸钙则被脱除溶解到虾酱中,残留下甲壳素等不溶性物质。因此,今后可通过研发新的技术,使甲壳素在发酵过程中转化成可溶性壳寡糖,从而提高虾酱的营养价值和功能特性。
本研究采用毛霉、米根霉和米曲霉协同发酵工艺,以虾头、虾壳和大豆为原料制备出高品质虾酱。当毛霉曲、米根霉曲和米曲霉曲以3:1:3的配比混合发酵时,所制备的虾酱感官品质最优,同时该配比条件显著促进了氨基态氮的积累和特征风味物质的形成,其中关键风味物质(正戊醛、正己醛等)的ROAV明显提升。与市售产品相比,本研究制备的虾酱具有独特的红棕色,突出的鲜味特征、较低的挥发性盐基氮含量。而且,发酵过程不仅有效降解了虾副产物中的蛋白质成分,同时保留了具有α-甲壳素特征的不溶性物质。这些发现表明,本研究建立的多菌种协同发酵工艺能够有效促进鲜味氨基酸和特征风味物质的形成,为虾副产物的高值化利用和高品质功能性虾酱产品的工业化生产提供了重要的技术支撑。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040233
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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    1集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021
    2福建省海洋功能食品工程技术研究中心,福建厦门 361021
    3福建省水产研究所,福建厦门 361000

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翁武银(1974−)(ORCID:0000−0003−2996−5423),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产加工副产物利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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