Article(id=1320166265122050322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681765108, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681765108, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681765108, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681765108, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=65, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166266950766867, articleId=1320166265122050322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Synergistic Hypoglycemic Activity of Small Yellow Ginger Extract and Its Complexes Based on in Vitro Chemical, Cellular, and Nematode Models, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To develop natural product complexes with synergistic hypoglycemic effects, small yellow ginger extract (GE) was used as the main material with dried tangerine peel (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) extracts (DTPE and CPE) as auxiliary materials. The α-glucosidase activity inhibition assay was integrated with the isobologram method and Chou-Talalay combination index method to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and combination indices of the individual and combined extracts of small yellow ginger, dried tangerine peel, and hawthorn. Subsequently, the complex combinations exhibiting synergistic hypoglycemic effects were further investigated for their hypoglycemic activities using an insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cell model and a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) hyperglycemic model. The results showed that GE-DTPE (1:2), GE-CPE (1:2) and GE-CPE (1:3) combinations exhibited synergistic hypoglycaemic effects (CI: 0.759, 0.837, and 0.861, respectively). In the IR-HepG2 cell experiments, when the sample concentration was 400 μg/mL, the GE, GE-DTPE (1:2), GE-CPE (1:2), GE-CPE (1:3), and acarbose increased IR-HepG2 cell glucose consumption by 16.86%, 18.09%, 22.51%, 18.97%, and 40.57%, and boosted glycogen synthesis by 13.18%, 14.90%, 17.10%, 15.67%, and 24.60%, respectively. In the high-glucose C. elegans model, GE-CPE (1:2) at a sample concentration of 200 μg/mL exhibited the strongest hypoglycemic potential compared to the high-glucose control group. It increased GSH and SOD levels by 69.89% and 46.99%, respectively, while reducing MDA, intracellular glucose, triglyceride, and lipid accumulation by 37.43%, 66.10%, 56.43%, and 47.35%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical reference for the study of synergistic hypoglycaemic activity of small yellow ginger extract series and the development of compound hypoglycaemic functional foods.

, authors=Qiubian YANG, Xiaoying ZHANG, Peihang CHEN, Jiaxin XU, Jianyin MIAO*, authorsList=Qiubian YANG, Xiaoying ZHANG, Peihang CHEN, Jiaxin XU, Jianyin MIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianyin MIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166268657848612, articleId=1320166265122050322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于体外化学、细胞和线虫模型评价小黄姜提取物及其复配物的协同降血糖活性, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为开发具有协同降血糖作用的天然产物复配物,本研究以小黄姜提取物为主体原料,陈皮和山楂提取物为辅料,采用α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制实验、等效线图解法与Chou-Talalay联合指数方法相结合,对小黄姜、陈皮和山楂提取物单独和复配的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力和联合指数进行分析评价,具有协同降血糖作用的复配组合通过IR-HepG2细胞模型和线虫高糖模型进行进一步的降血糖研究。结果显示,小黄姜-陈皮复配物(GE-DTPE1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(GE-CPE1:2)和小黄姜-山楂复配物(GE-CPE1:3)(CI=0.759、0.837和0.861)具有协同降血糖效果;在IR-HepG2细胞实验中,当样品浓度400 μg/mL时,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:3)和阿卡波糖组可使IR-HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量分别增加16.86%、18.09%、22.51%、18.97%和40.57%,糖原合成量分别增加13.18%、14.90%、17.10%、15.67%和24.60%;在线虫高糖模型中,相较于高糖模型组,当样品浓度200 μg/mL时,GE-CPE(1:2)显示出最佳降糖潜力,可使GSH和SOD分别提高69.89%和46.99%,而MDA、体内葡萄糖、甘油三酯和脂质积累量分别降低37.43%、66.10%、56.43%和47.35%。该研究为小黄姜提取物系列协同降血糖活性的研究以及开发复合降糖功能食品提供了理论参考。

, authors=杨秋变, 张笑莹, 陈沛航, 徐嘉欣, 苗建银*, authorsList=杨秋变, 张笑莹, 陈沛航, 徐嘉欣, 苗建银, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=苗建银, authorNote=

杨秋变(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品新原料与功能性食品,E-mail:

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苗建银(1981−)(ORCID:0000−0002−4785−3196),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2023, 44(15): 129−136., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166985149820984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166985166598201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, companyId=1320166985149820984, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangzhou 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166985183375418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, companyId=1320166985149820984, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南农业大学食品学院,广东省功能食品活性物重点实验室,广东广州 510642)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166991034429536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of small yellow ginger extract (GE), dried tangerine peel extract (DTPE), Crataegus pinnatifida extract (CPE) and Acarbose on α-glucosidase activity, figureFileSmall=78bFEKtr3vuYhWn4dmxrOg==, figureFileBig=i996qtTUazfNoTwUgroqPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166991302864993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小黄姜提取物、陈皮提取物、山楂提取物、阿卡波糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响

注:字母不同表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05),图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=78bFEKtr3vuYhWn4dmxrOg==, figureFileBig=i996qtTUazfNoTwUgroqPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166992884117602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different mass ratios of the combinations on α-glucosidase activity, figureFileSmall=MIp7zh8lnTd06fL0alNKTQ==, figureFileBig=Zz4ScQEh8MEW45h3LPeHIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166992963809379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同质量比复配物对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响

注:(a)陈皮提取物;(b)山楂提取物;(a)图中浓度为1 mg/mL;(b)图中浓度为0.5 mg/mL。

, figureFileSmall=MIp7zh8lnTd06fL0alNKTQ==, figureFileBig=Zz4ScQEh8MEW45h3LPeHIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993026723940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of small yellow ginger extract (GE) in combination with dried tangerine peel extract (DTPE) and Crataegus pinnatifida extract (CPE) on α-glucosidase activity, figureFileSmall=t5cNo9b/4EouyhH2zsMWJQ==, figureFileBig=9O8yXFeNiEgSr4JPx2FSPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993110610021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小黄姜提取物与陈皮、山楂提取物复配时对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响

注:(a)陈皮提取物;(b)山楂提取物。

, figureFileSmall=t5cNo9b/4EouyhH2zsMWJQ==, figureFileBig=9O8yXFeNiEgSr4JPx2FSPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993186107494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=IC50 isobologram of small yellow ginger extract combined with dried tangerine peel extract and Crataegus pinnatifida extract in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, figureFileSmall=7Sxjelj3VFKwhTtTo6HNeg==, figureFileBig=1rK0wiPOEaUjFNz2iwf4Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993249022055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小黄姜与陈皮、山楂提取物复配抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的IC50等效线图

注:A点为GE:DTPE=1:1,B点为GE:DTPE=1:2,C点为GE:DTPE=1:3,D点为GE:CPE=1:2,E点为GE:CPE=1:3。

, figureFileSmall=7Sxjelj3VFKwhTtTo6HNeg==, figureFileBig=1rK0wiPOEaUjFNz2iwf4Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993316130920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of small yellow ginger extract (GE) and its combinations on metabolic function in HepG2 and IR-HepG2 cells, figureFileSmall=Jiv6YcrDBM+0thFz6KxTGw==, figureFileBig=gM0R05nX4JW0ScNIsO9Dvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993404211305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小黄姜提取物及其复配物对HepG2及IR-HepG2细胞代谢功能的影响

注:(a)细胞活性(HepG2);(b)葡萄糖消耗量(IR-HepG2);(c)糖原合成量(IR-HepG2)(处理组:小黄姜提取物、小黄姜-陈皮复配物(1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:3)、阿卡波糖);与正常对照组相比,#表示差异显著,P<0.05,##表示差异极显著,P<0.01,###表示差异极显著,P<0.001;与模型组相比,*表示差异显著,P<0.05,**表示差异极显著,P<0.01,***表示差异极显著,P<0.001;图6、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=Jiv6YcrDBM+0thFz6KxTGw==, figureFileBig=gM0R05nX4JW0ScNIsO9Dvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993479708778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Regulation of oxidative stress markers in N2 nematodes by small yellow ginger extract (GE) and its combinations under high-glucose conditions, figureFileSmall=iUTonZn+YPr2rjMhjqs7MA==, figureFileBig=Zq4GJ+fRTry2Y7U3y2HV1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993559400555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图6, caption=高糖环境下小黄姜提取物及其复配物对N2型线虫氧化应激指标的调控

注:(a)GSH含量;(b)SOD活性;(c)MDA含量(处理组:小黄姜提取物、小黄姜-陈皮复配物(1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:3))。

, figureFileSmall=iUTonZn+YPr2rjMhjqs7MA==, figureFileBig=Zq4GJ+fRTry2Y7U3y2HV1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993626509420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of small yellow ginger extract (GE) and its combinations on glucose and lipid content in N2 nematodes under high-glucose conditions, figureFileSmall=12SWj9xqPwoXvNbx1byOcQ==, figureFileBig=fbvBH3QKyjmKYoAYVd4Fcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993685229677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图7, caption=高糖环境下小黄姜提取物及其复配物对N2型线虫葡萄糖和脂肪含量的影响

注:(a)葡萄糖含量;(b)甘油三酯含量;(c)脂质积累量(处理组:小黄姜提取物、小黄姜-陈皮复配物(1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:3))。

, figureFileSmall=12SWj9xqPwoXvNbx1byOcQ==, figureFileBig=fbvBH3QKyjmKYoAYVd4Fcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993760727150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Oil red O staining, figureFileSmall=pT3TTUCk70jZn8Jmkw9dvQ==, figureFileBig=mRTxOoNX1djLJfEBEP4FQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993836224623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=图8, caption=油红O染色

注:(a~b)高糖处理组、正常对照组;(c~e)小黄姜提取物处理组(50~200 μg/mL);(f~h)小黄姜-陈皮复配物(1:2)处理组(50~200 μg/mL);(i~k)小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:2)处理组(50~200 μg/mL);(l~n)小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:3)处理组(50~200 μg/mL);图从左到右。

, figureFileSmall=pT3TTUCk70jZn8Jmkw9dvQ==, figureFileBig=mRTxOoNX1djLJfEBEP4FQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166993894944880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

IC50 and CI values of different combinations with small yellow ginger extract

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称单用IC50
(mg/mL)
复配比例
(A:B)
复配IC50
(mg/mL)
联合指数
小黄姜提取物0.438−−−
陈皮提取物0.1221:10.1850.969
1:20.1220.759
1:30.1601.070
山楂提取物0.1561:20.1660.837
1:30.1600.861
), ArticleFig(id=1320166993957859441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166265122050322, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同复配成分与小黄姜提取物作用时的IC50与CI值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称单用IC50
(mg/mL)
复配比例
(A:B)
复配IC50
(mg/mL)
联合指数
小黄姜提取物0.438−−−
陈皮提取物0.1221:10.1850.969
1:20.1220.759
1:30.1601.070
山楂提取物0.1561:20.1660.837
1:30.1600.861
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基于体外化学、细胞和线虫模型评价小黄姜提取物及其复配物的协同降血糖活性
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杨秋变 , 张笑莹 , 陈沛航 , 徐嘉欣 , 苗建银 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(11): 65-76
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (11) : 65 -76
基于体外化学、细胞和线虫模型评价小黄姜提取物及其复配物的协同降血糖活性
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杨秋变 , 张笑莹, 陈沛航, 徐嘉欣, 苗建银*
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学食品学院,广东省功能食品活性物重点实验室,广东广州 510642
通讯作者:
苗建银(1981−)(ORCID:0000−0002−4785−3196),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨秋变(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品新原料与功能性食品,E-mail:

Evaluation of Synergistic Hypoglycemic Activity of Small Yellow Ginger Extract and Its Complexes Based on in Vitro Chemical, Cellular, and Nematode Models
Qiubian YANG , Xiaoying ZHANG, Peihang CHEN, Jiaxin XU, Jianyin MIAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangzhou 510642, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040217
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为开发具有协同降血糖作用的天然产物复配物,本研究以小黄姜提取物为主体原料,陈皮和山楂提取物为辅料,采用α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制实验、等效线图解法与Chou-Talalay联合指数方法相结合,对小黄姜、陈皮和山楂提取物单独和复配的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力和联合指数进行分析评价,具有协同降血糖作用的复配组合通过IR-HepG2细胞模型和线虫高糖模型进行进一步的降血糖研究。结果显示,小黄姜-陈皮复配物(GE-DTPE1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(GE-CPE1:2)和小黄姜-山楂复配物(GE-CPE1:3)(CI=0.759、0.837和0.861)具有协同降血糖效果;在IR-HepG2细胞实验中,当样品浓度400 μg/mL时,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:3)和阿卡波糖组可使IR-HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量分别增加16.86%、18.09%、22.51%、18.97%和40.57%,糖原合成量分别增加13.18%、14.90%、17.10%、15.67%和24.60%;在线虫高糖模型中,相较于高糖模型组,当样品浓度200 μg/mL时,GE-CPE(1:2)显示出最佳降糖潜力,可使GSH和SOD分别提高69.89%和46.99%,而MDA、体内葡萄糖、甘油三酯和脂质积累量分别降低37.43%、66.10%、56.43%和47.35%。该研究为小黄姜提取物系列协同降血糖活性的研究以及开发复合降糖功能食品提供了理论参考。

小黄姜提取物  /  α-葡萄糖苷酶  /  等效线图解法  /  Chou-Talalay  /  联合指数  /  协同降血糖

To develop natural product complexes with synergistic hypoglycemic effects, small yellow ginger extract (GE) was used as the main material with dried tangerine peel (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) extracts (DTPE and CPE) as auxiliary materials. The α-glucosidase activity inhibition assay was integrated with the isobologram method and Chou-Talalay combination index method to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and combination indices of the individual and combined extracts of small yellow ginger, dried tangerine peel, and hawthorn. Subsequently, the complex combinations exhibiting synergistic hypoglycemic effects were further investigated for their hypoglycemic activities using an insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cell model and a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) hyperglycemic model. The results showed that GE-DTPE (1:2), GE-CPE (1:2) and GE-CPE (1:3) combinations exhibited synergistic hypoglycaemic effects (CI: 0.759, 0.837, and 0.861, respectively). In the IR-HepG2 cell experiments, when the sample concentration was 400 μg/mL, the GE, GE-DTPE (1:2), GE-CPE (1:2), GE-CPE (1:3), and acarbose increased IR-HepG2 cell glucose consumption by 16.86%, 18.09%, 22.51%, 18.97%, and 40.57%, and boosted glycogen synthesis by 13.18%, 14.90%, 17.10%, 15.67%, and 24.60%, respectively. In the high-glucose C. elegans model, GE-CPE (1:2) at a sample concentration of 200 μg/mL exhibited the strongest hypoglycemic potential compared to the high-glucose control group. It increased GSH and SOD levels by 69.89% and 46.99%, respectively, while reducing MDA, intracellular glucose, triglyceride, and lipid accumulation by 37.43%, 66.10%, 56.43%, and 47.35%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical reference for the study of synergistic hypoglycaemic activity of small yellow ginger extract series and the development of compound hypoglycaemic functional foods.

small yellow ginger extract  /  α-glucosidase  /  isobolographic method  /  Chou-Talalay  /  combination index  /  synergistic hypoglycaemia
杨秋变, 张笑莹, 陈沛航, 徐嘉欣, 苗建银. 基于体外化学、细胞和线虫模型评价小黄姜提取物及其复配物的协同降血糖活性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 65 -76 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040217
Qiubian YANG, Xiaoying ZHANG, Peihang CHEN, Jiaxin XU, Jianyin MIAO. Evaluation of Synergistic Hypoglycemic Activity of Small Yellow Ginger Extract and Its Complexes Based on in Vitro Chemical, Cellular, and Nematode Models[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 65 -76 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040217
小黄姜、陈皮与山楂皆是兼具药用与食用价值的特色食材,在传统医药及现代食品研究中占据重要地位。小黄姜是生姜(Zingiber officinale)的一个品种,广泛种植于全球热带、亚热带及部分温带地区,包括亚洲、非洲、美洲和欧洲的部分地区[1−3]。小黄姜中含有丰富的生物活性成分,如多酚类、黄酮类、蛋白质、生物碱类和多糖类等[4]。研究表明,这些成分具有多种药理活性,包括降血脂、抗糖尿病、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等[5−6]。陈皮为芸香科植物橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮[7]。研究表明,陈皮富含挥发油、黄酮类、多糖类和生物碱等多种活性成分,具有显著的抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌、降血脂和降血糖等生物活性[8−10]。山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)为蔷薇科苹果亚科山楂属植物。研究表明,山楂富含多酚、多糖、黄酮类、三萜类等化学成分,具有降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌等多种生物活性[11−13]。基于三者均具有的降血糖等多种功能活性,对其开展科学复配研究,在开发新型高价值营养保健产品方面具有重要意义。
中草药的联合应用通常以方剂配伍的形式广泛应用于功能食品中。研究表明,多种中草药联合使用时的活性作用往往优于单一活性成分,其优势主要体现在多靶点、多机制的作用特点上。联合复配不仅能增强功能活性、减少剂量,还能延缓耐药性发展、降低毒性,并节省资源和成本[14−15]。Wagner等[14]指出,中草药复配通过协同效应提升生物利用度、治疗效果并减少不良反应。在调节血糖方面,植物提取物复配已被证实能有效提升降血糖活性。Chen等[16]研究发现南瓜多糖与葛根素复配,能协同改善Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型的血糖稳态、胰岛素敏感性及血脂代谢,效果优于单一组分,还可上调核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)及磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)的表达水平,从而有效降低空腹血糖并减轻氧化应激损伤;Li等[17]研究证实蒲公英水提物与黄芪提取物联用可协同提升胰岛素抵抗细胞的葡萄糖消耗及糖原合成关键酶活性;Mao等[18]研究表明,黄芪多糖与小檗碱复配通过调控糖异生通路协同缓解胰岛素抵抗。这些结果为本研究筛选小黄姜协同复配物提供了理论依据。
小黄姜作为重要的药食同源资源,其提取物已被多项研究证实具有降血糖潜力,主要机制涉及抑制碳水化合物消化酶、改善胰岛素信号通路及抗氧化应激等[19−20]。陈皮和山楂亦是传统应用于消食化积、调理代谢的常用中药,现代研究分别表明其富含的黄酮类、有机酸等成分具有调节糖脂代谢和改善胰岛素抵抗的作用[21−22]。尽管上述三种植物提取物各自具有明确的降血糖活性,且植物复配策略在降糖领域已展现出显著优势,但目前关于小黄姜提取物分别与陈皮提取物、山楂提取物复配后,在降血糖活性上是否存在协同或拮抗效应,其相互作用功效如何,尚缺乏系统性的实验研究报道。特别是针对关键降血糖靶酶的抑制活性以及细胞和模式生物水平的整体降糖效果评价,仍有待深入探索。
因此,以小黄姜提取物为主体材料,首先通过体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性试验,筛选出具有最佳协同增效潜力的陈皮和山楂提取物作为复配对象。进而采用Chou-Talalay联合指数,定量评价小黄姜-陈皮及小黄姜-山楂复配物在体外的协同降血糖作用效果。此外,利用IR-HepG2细胞模型和高糖诱导的线虫模型,在细胞和整体动物水平进一步验证复配物的降血糖功效。本研究将为深入理解小黄姜及其复配物的降血糖作用提供关键数据,并为开发基于天然产物协同作用的新型降血糖功能食品或辅助制剂奠定理论基础。
小黄姜粉 由连山壮瑶缘农业发展有限公司提供;4-硝基苯-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(pNPG)、胆固醇、硫酸镁、无水硫酸镁 麦克林生化科技有限公司(上海,中国);α-葡萄糖苷酶(50 U/mg) 源叶生物科技有限公司(上海,中国);DMEM培养基、胎牛血清、磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)、青霉素-链霉素抗生素混合物 Gibco(上海,中国);葡萄糖胺(GluN) 碧云天生物技术有限公司(上海,中国);胰蛋白胨 奥博星生物技术有限责任公司(北京,中国);酵母提取粉 环凯微生物科技有限公司(广东,中国);琼脂粉 赛国生物科技有限公司(广东,中国);BCA(总蛋白含量)试剂盒、葡萄糖试剂盒、糖原含量检测试剂盒、TG(甘油三酯)试剂盒、MDA(丙二醛)试剂盒、GSH(谷胱甘肽)试剂盒、SOD(总超氧化物歧化酶)试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所(南京,中国);使用的所有其他化学品和溶剂均为分析级和市售。
KQ-250DE数控超声清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;HH-4恒温水浴锅 金坛市华城海龙实验仪器厂;AL104万分之一电子天平 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;RD-50DTZ低速离心机 上海卢湘仪离心机有限公司;Enspire2300多功能酶标仪 美国PerkinElmer公司;CCL-170B-8二氧化碳培养箱 新加坡艺思高科技有限公司;FD-1真空冷冻干燥机 海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;RE212旋转蒸发仪 重庆雅马拓科技有限公司;BDS 200倒置显微镜 重庆奥特光学仪器有限公司;Fresco 17冷冻离心机 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
小黄姜粉过80目筛,放入60 ℃的烘箱中干燥直至重量恒定;陈皮和山楂放入60 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,然后用粉碎机粉碎,过80目筛,最后放入4 ℃冷藏备用。称取一定量的小黄姜粉末样品,按照一定固液比(1:19,m/v)加入71%乙醇溶液,在50 ℃下在100 W超声功率下处理32 min,抽滤,滤液以4000×g离心处理10 min,上清液在50 ℃真空条件下通过旋转蒸发器浓缩,冷冻干燥后放−20 ℃备用。
称取一定质量的陈皮和山楂样品粉末按1:10(g/mL)的料液比与一级水混合,90 ℃热水浸提2 h,抽滤,4500 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,残渣再按照上述的方法提取一次。60 ℃下真空浓缩,最后冷冻干燥分别得到陈皮、山楂提取物[23−24]。其中,GE 代表小黄姜乙醇提取物,DTPE 代表陈皮提取物,CPE 代表山楂提取物。
参考Xie等[25]的方法并稍作修改,取小黄姜提取物、陈皮提取物、山楂提取物冻干粉和阳性对照阿卡波糖,分别用一级水复溶,制备成系列浓度水溶液(0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1 mg/mL)。在96孔板中依次加50 μL不同浓度的小黄姜提取物、陈皮提取物、山楂提取物和阿卡波糖水溶液和50 μL α-葡萄糖苷酶工作液,37 ℃孵育15 min,然后加入50 μL pNPG工作液,再37 ℃继续孵育15 min,最后加入100 μL 0.2 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液终止反应,在405 nm处测定反应液的吸光值A1;以50 μL PBS缓冲液分别替代α-葡萄糖苷酶工作液和样品溶液作为样品对照组和空白组;以100 μL PBS替代样品溶液及α-葡萄糖苷酶工作液作为空白对照组。样品溶液α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制率计算见公式:
$\rm \alpha{\text-}葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率({\text{%}})= \left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{3}-{\mathrm{A}}_{4}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,A1为样品溶液、α-葡萄糖苷酶和pNPG吸光值;A2为样品溶液、PBS和pNPG吸光值;A3为α-葡萄糖苷酶、PBS和pNPG吸光值;A4为PBS和pNPG吸光值。
本研究基于Chou-Talalay中效原理[26−28],评价小黄姜提取物、陈皮提取物、山楂提取物及其复配组合对α-葡萄糖苷酶的剂量-效应关系。当样品浓度与其对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制率呈现剂量-效应关联时,符合该原理,可用于定量测算样品单独作用及复配协同作用时抑制率达50%时的浓度,即半抑制浓度(IC50,对应原理中抑制率50%所需剂量)。
中效原理公式定义为:
$ \rm log \left(\frac{{\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{a}}}{1-{\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{a}}}\right) = mlogD-mlogD_{m } $
式中,D为剂量;Dm为抑制率50%所需要的剂量;fa为剂量D所对应的效应;m为剂量效应曲线系数。
将小黄姜提取物分别与陈皮提取物和山楂提取物按质量比3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:3进行复配,并参照1.2.2.1中的方法对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率进行测定,测定时小黄姜提取物与陈皮提取物复配组测定浓度为1 mg/mL,小黄姜提取物与山楂提取物复配组测定浓度为0.5 mg/mL。
按1.2.2.3中最佳质量比配制梯度浓度溶液,并计算小黄姜提取物分别与陈皮和山楂提取物复配时各自的IC50,代入联合指数计算公式中计算,得到小黄姜提取物与两种提取物复配的联合指数(CI),并根据CI值判断出小黄姜提取物与两种提取物是否具有协同作用。
等效线图解法通过对比两种活性成分联合使用时的剂量与单独使用时达到相同效果所需的剂量,来评估活性成分间的相互作用。在实验中,首先确定活性成分A和活性成分B单独产生半最大效应(A50和B50)的剂量,并绘制连接这两点的相加等效线。当联合的剂量比例点位于等效线上时,表明活性成分间为相加效应;若位于等效线下方,则表现为协同效应;若位于等效线上方,则为拮抗效应。对于接近等效线的点,需通过统计学方法(如置信区间分析)进一步评估其作用性质[29]。
组合药物相互作用评价中,联合指数(CI)的计算与分析依据以下公式进行:
$ \rm CI= \frac{{\mathrm{D}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{x}1}}+\frac{{\mathrm{D}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{x}2}} $
式中,D1、D2为复配物中两成分达到50%抑制率的浓度,Dx1、Dx2为单一成分的半数抑制浓度(IC50)。根据实验误差调整的判定标准:CI<0.9、CI=0.9~1.1和CI>1.1分别表示复配物具有协同、相加和拮抗作用[30−31]。
使用MTT法对小黄姜提取物及复配物进行细胞毒性实验测定[32]。HepG2细胞置于含有10%FBS,1%青链霉素的DMEM培养基中,在37 ℃、5%CO2的细胞培养箱中培养。HepG2细胞悬液以每孔100 μL(细胞密度1×104 cell/well)接种于96孔板,37 ℃培养24 h,每孔加入100 µL含不同浓度样品(0、12.5、25、50、100、200、400、800 μg/mL)的培养基,继续培养24 h。然后每孔加入100 μL新鲜培养基配制的0.5 mg/mL MTT培养4 h。最后加入100 μL的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶解蓝紫晶体,振荡10 min,在490 nm处测定吸光值来计算细胞存活率。
实验分为正常对照组(不加入诱导剂GluN)、模型组(加入诱导剂GluN)和实验组[a.诱导剂GluN+小黄姜提取物;b.诱导剂GluN+GE-DTPE(1:2);c.诱导剂GluN+GE-CPE(1:2);d.诱导剂GluN+GE-CPE(1:3);e.诱导剂GluN+阿卡波糖(阳性对照)](25、50、100、200、400 μg/mL)。HepG2细胞以每孔100 μL(细胞密度1×104 cell/well)接种于96孔板,培养24 h后吸出上清,用PBS缓冲液清洗细胞2次。正常对照组分别加入不含GluN的完全培养基,模型组和实验组加入含18 mmol/L GluN的完全培养基,培养24 h。使用PBS洗涤细胞两次。正常对照组和模型组加入100 μL的DMEM完全培养基,实验组加入100 μL含样品的DMEM完全培养基。培养24 h后收集上清液,用葡萄糖氧化酶试剂盒测量上清液中的葡萄糖浓度[33−34]。
细胞培养方法同上,样品作用浓度为100、200、400 μg/mL。细胞以4×105个/mL接种于24孔板中,每孔接种量为500 μL,培养24 h后将各孔培养液丢弃,各加入200 μL胰酶消化3 min,再加入2倍体积的完全培养基使其终止消化。15000 r/min离心10 min,收集细胞沉淀物,使用糖原试剂盒测定糖原含量。
NGM培养基:含1.5 g NaCl、8 g Agar、1.25 g蛋白胨、0.1 g Streptomycin、487.5 mL一级水,121 ℃灭菌30 min,80 ℃恒温15 min。加入滤膜除菌的0.5 mL 5 mg/mL胆固醇(无水乙醇溶解),0.5 mL 1 mmol/L CaCl2、0.5 mL 1 mmol/L MgSO4、12.5 mL pH6.0 PBS缓冲液。LB液体培养基:含2.1 g LB培养基、100 mL一级水,灭菌同NGM培养基。
1 mmol/L pH6.0磷酸钾缓冲液:含54.195 g KH2PO4、17.8465 g K2HPO4、500 mL一级水。M9缓冲液:含3 g Na2HPO4、1.5 g KH2PO4、2.5 g NaCl、0.125 g MgSO4·7H2O、500 mL一级水,121 ℃灭菌15 min。
线虫的培养:将100 μL E.coli OP50菌液接种于100 mL LB液体培养基中,37 ℃ 170 r/min培养12 h,取出4 ℃冰箱保存备用。吸取200 μL E.coli OP50菌液于NGM平板上,常温放置2 d后4 ℃冷藏备用。将含有大量线虫的琼脂培养基切块接种于平板上,于20 ℃恒温培养。
线虫同期化:成年的线虫用M9缓冲液从NGM培养基转移到2 mL离心管中,3000 r/min离心2 min,弃上清后,加入1 mL M9缓冲液和1 mL次氯酸钠裂解液,迅速涡旋振荡多次,直至虫体充分裂解,3000 r/min离心2 min,弃上清后用M9缓冲液清洗沉淀3~5次,直至无氯味,再用少量M9将沉淀悬起,然后置于20 ℃培养箱中培养12 h后可得到L1期幼虫。
将葡萄糖溶液和E.coli OP50菌液按1:9进行混合配制50 mmol/L葡萄糖溶液,均匀涂布于NGM培养基上。将同步好的L1期线虫转移到培养基中,60 h后测定其葡萄糖含量,根据葡萄糖含量判定线虫高糖模型是否成功[35]。
实验分为正常对照组、模型组和样品组(50、100和200 μg/mL)。样品溶液用葡萄糖溶液配制,将样品与大肠杆菌OP50菌液以1:9比例混合,涂布于NGM培养基上,室温(22~25 ℃)风干4 h至液膜消失,置于4 ℃保存,正常对照组和模型组均用灭菌一级水代替样品即可。同步化后的L1期幼虫转入有食物的NGM平板上,培养60 h后,即可根据实验要求对各组线虫进行相应处理。
线虫按照1.2.4.3的方法处理后,使用M9缓冲液收集线虫至2 mL离心管,用M9缓冲液清洗3次。加入新的M9缓冲液和研磨珠,充分研磨。在4 ℃条件下,12000 r/min离心10 min,将上清液转移至新的离心管中。根据商业试剂盒的说明书测定上清液的蛋白质浓度、葡萄糖、甘油三酯、丙二醛、总谷胱甘肽含量和总超氧化物歧化酶活性。将结果标准化为蛋白质水平。
给药处理结束的线虫收集至2 mL离心管,用M9缓冲液清洗3次,待清洗干净后,向其中加入适量的多聚甲醛,室温下固定30 min,用M9缓冲液清洗3次后加入适量油红O染色液,室温避光染色1 h,染色完成后,再用M9缓冲液清洗若干次后,留少量液体,向其中加入适量0.01% Triton-X100,于显微镜下观察线虫并拍照记录,显微镜倍数40×。采用Image J软件对线虫的染色结果进行分析统计。
各组实验数据经SPSS26.0软件处理,各实验均进行3次平行实验,检测结果用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,组间显著性采用单因素方差分析(One-AVOVA中的Duncan’s test)。P<0.05表示存在显著性差异。使用Excel 2021与Origin 2021对数据进行统计分析与绘制图表。
如图1所示,小黄姜、陈皮和山楂提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性均表现出明显的浓度依赖性抑制作用。随着三种提取物浓度的增加,其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率均呈现显著上升趋势,表明三者均具有典型的剂量-效应关系。在1 mg/mL时,小黄姜、陈皮和山楂提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率分别为63.41%、89.98%和98.70%。阳性对照阿卡波糖在各测试浓度下均呈现近完全抑制(>99%),证实实验体系可靠。通过计算,小黄姜、陈皮、山楂提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50分别为0.438、0.122、0.156 mg/mL。李姣等[36]采用甲醇提取法制备高良姜醇提物,测得该提取物抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值为1.32 mg/mL;谭乾开等[37]研究发现,新会陈皮石油醚层提取物(PEE)对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性最显著,测得5年及10年陈皮PEE抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值均为0.20 mg/mL;Miao等[38]研究发现,山楂80%丙酮提取物抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值为3.37 mg/mL,去离子水提取物为7.84 mg/mL,80%甲醇提取物为8.79 mg/mL,80%乙醇提取物为11.86 mg/mL。对比现有研究,本实验中小黄姜、陈皮、山楂提取物抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值整体更低,呈现明显差异。结合实验提取溶剂、样品产地及贮藏,推测品种遗传背景、生长气候条件、贮藏环境,以及提取方法和测定方法的差异,可能是造成IC50值显著不同的主要原因。
小黄姜提取物与陈皮、山楂提取物单用及按照不同质量比进行复配时,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率如图2所示。小黄姜提取物与陈皮提取物单独及复配时,其按抑制率大小排序的质量比顺序为:1:2>1:3>DTPE>1:1>3:1>2:1>GE,其中复配质量比为1:2和1:3时,抑制率均显著高于小黄姜提取物单一样品的抑制水平(P<0.05),质量比为1:1时与陈皮提取物单独作用的效果无显著差异(P>0.05)。与山楂提取物单独及复配时,其按抑制率大小排序的质量比顺序为:1:3>CPE>1:2>1:1>2:1>3:1>GE,其中复配质量比为1:2和1:3时抑制率显著高于小黄姜提取物单一样品的抑制水平(P<0.05),与山楂提取物单独作用的效果无显著差异。为进一步探究协同降血糖效果,将小黄姜提取物与陈皮提取物(1:1、1:2、1:3)及山楂提取物(1:2、1:3)按选定质量比例复配,并以此为实验组进行IC50协同效应测定。
小黄姜提取物及其复配物对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制效果的剂量-效应曲线如图3所示,小黄姜提取物及其不同质量比复配物对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果均随样品浓度的增大而逐渐增加。根据计算,GE-DTPE(1:1、1:2和1:3)对α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50为0.185、0.122和0.160 mg/mL;GE-CPE(1:2和1:3)对α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50为0.166和0.160 mg/mL。
表1和图4是小黄姜提取物与陈皮、山楂提取物复配对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制的IC50值和等效线图。如图4所示,复配物GE:DTPE=1:2、GE:CPE=1:2和GE:CPE=1:3的剂量比例点都位于等效线的下方,说明小黄姜与陈皮和山楂提取物之间对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制表现为协同效应;复配物GE:DTPE=1:1的剂量比例点位于95%置信区间,表现为相加效应;复配物GE:DTPE=1:3的剂量比例点位于等效线的上方,表现为拮抗效应。如表1所示,小黄姜提取物与陈皮提取物复配时,仅1:2配比达到协同作用(CI=0.759),其余比例(1:1,CI=0.969;1:3,CI=1.07)因CI值介于0.9~1.1,仅表现为相加作用;小黄姜与山楂提取物复配时在1:2和1:3配比下均显示显著协同效应(CI<0.9),所得结果与等效图解法结果相一致。
GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2和1:3)对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制具有协同效应(CI<0.9),这种协同增效的可能机制之一在于不同来源植物提取物中活性成分的多靶点作用或互补性。α-葡萄糖苷酶具有复杂的催化位点和变构调节位点。小黄姜提取物中的活性成分可能主要作用于酶的特定催化域[39−40],而陈皮提取物富含的黄酮类化合物以及山楂提取物中的多酚则可能靶向不同的结合口袋或变构位点[38,41−42]。这种多组分对酶不同位点的同时作用,可能产生空间位阻效应或变构效应,使得底物更难接近催化中心或改变酶构象使其催化效率降低,从而产生超越单一组分简单加和的抑制效果。此外,不同提取物中的活性成分可能在溶液中发生相互作用(如氢键、疏水作用),形成更稳定的复合物,增强其与酶的结合能力和特异性。基于协同效应验证结果,最终选定GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2和1:3)这些优化配比进行深入研究。
如图5a所示,与正常对照组相比,在12.5~800 μg/mL浓度范围内,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)和GE-CPE(1:3)对HepG2细胞的活性无显著性影响,这表明在12.5~800 μg/mL浓度范围内小黄姜提取物及其复配物对细胞无毒性。因此,后续在该浓度范围内选择小黄姜提取物及其复配物开展活性评价实验。
葡萄糖消耗水平是评估细胞代谢活性和葡萄糖利用能力的重要指标。基于细胞毒性试验结果,选取25、50、100、200、400 μg/mL 5个浓度,探究样品对IR-HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗量的调控作用。如图5b所示,在葡萄糖胺诱导的IR-HepG2细胞模型组,葡萄糖消耗量极显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001),表明造模成功。对于IR-HepG2细胞,在小黄姜提取物组、各复配物组以及阳性对照阿卡波糖组分别培养后,均能提升细胞的葡萄糖消耗水平,且该效应呈浓度依赖性。与小黄姜提取物单独培养相比,GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:3)和阳性对照阿卡波糖组的葡萄糖消耗量显著增加。这表明这些复配物可能发挥协同作用,增强IR-HepG2细胞对葡萄糖的摄取和代谢能力。其中,与模型组相比,在400 μg/mL时,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:3)和阳性对照阿卡波糖组可使IR-HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量分别增加16.86%、18.09%、22.51%、18.97%和40.57%。
糖原合成是调节血糖稳态的核心过程。在正常肝细胞中,胰岛素通过PI3K/Akt通路抑制糖原合成酶激酶(GSK-3β),解除其对糖原合酶(GS)的抑制作用(Ser641去磷酸化),从而促进糖原储存[43]。然而,IR-HepG2细胞因胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的丝氨酸磷酸化异常,导致Akt激活受阻,GS活性持续抑制[7]。为进一步验证样品对细胞糖代谢的作用,结合葡萄糖消耗量试验结果,选取100、200、400 μg/mL 3个浓度,分析样品对IR-HepG2细胞糖原合成量的影响。如图5c所示,IR-HepG2细胞模型组的糖原合成量极显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001)。而小黄姜提取物及其复配物和阿卡波糖可改善IR-HepG2细胞的糖原合成情况。其中,当样品浓度400 μg/mL时,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:3)和阿卡波糖组的糖原合成量分别增加13.18%、14.90%、17.10%、15.67%和24.60%,高于小黄姜提取物单独作用的水平,与葡萄糖消耗量结果一致。实验结果表明,小黄姜提取物及其复配物和阿卡波糖可能通过修复IRS-1/Akt信号传导或直接调控GS磷酸化状态改善糖原合成能力,进而缓解胰岛素抵抗相关的代谢紊乱。
在IR-HepG2细胞模型中,GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)和GE-CPE(1:3)在促进葡萄糖消耗和糖原合成方面展现出优于单一小黄姜提取物的效果,其协同机制可能与调控多条糖代谢通路及改善胰岛素敏感性有关。生姜中的活性成分已被证明能激活AMPK信号通路,从而促进葡萄糖转运体的转位和增加葡萄糖摄取,并可能调节GSK-3β的活性以促进糖原合成[44−45]。陈皮提取物中的黄酮类化合物和山楂提取物中的多酚类物质则被广泛报道具有显著的抗氧化和抗炎作用,并能改善胰岛素信号通路[46−48]。当进行复配时,可能同时或协同作用于AMPK和PI3K/Akt这两条关键的糖代谢调控通路:一方面通过AMPK增加基础葡萄糖摄取和利用,另一方面通过增强Akt磷酸化激活GS并抑制GSK-3β,从而更有效地促进糖原合成。这种对胰岛素依赖和非依赖途径的双重激活,以及对胰岛素信号通路的潜在协同增强作用,可能是复配物在IR细胞模型中表现更优的关键。
氧化应激通过促进胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能障碍,在糖尿病发生发展中起关键作用;同时,糖尿病相关的高血糖和脂代谢紊乱可进一步加剧活性氧(ROS)累积,形成自我延续的恶性循环[49−50]。谷胱甘肽(GSH)是细胞自身合成的含巯基(-SH)三肽,通过直接中和脂质过氧化物(如MDA)及再生维生素E[51],成为抗氧化防御系统的核心分子。此外,GSH依赖的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)通路可调控NF-κB等免疫信号,维持细胞氧化还原稳态[52]。ROS过量通过脂质过氧化反应诱导丙二醛(MDA)积累,后者可促进肿瘤发生、代谢失调及膜流动性降低[53]。MDA作为脂质过氧化终产物,其浓度与氧化应激损伤呈正相关,是评估氧化损伤水平的可靠标志物[54]。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是调控机体氧化还原稳态的核心酶,通过催化超氧阴离子(O2-)转化为过氧化氢(H2O2)和氧气(O2),特异性清除自由基[55]。其活性与细胞抗氧化防御网络(如谷胱甘肽系统)协同,可显著降低氧化应激诱导的DNA和脂质损伤[56]。如图6所示,经高糖处理后线虫体内的GSH含量和SOD活性极显著降低(P<0.001),MDA含量极显著增加(P<0.001)。小黄姜提取物及其复配物在不同程度上增加了经高糖处理线虫的GSH水平和SOD活性,降低MDA含量。相较于高糖处理组,在200 μg/mL浓度时,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)和GE-CPE(1:3)可使GSH的水平分别提升17.05%、57.68%、69.89%和64.27%,可使MDA的含量分别降低13.87%、23.04%、37.43%和29.29%,可使SOD的活性分别升高21.66%、35.07%、46.99%和32.52%。实验结果表明,小黄姜提取物及其复配物清除ROS的作用具有双重机制:其一是活性成分的直接抗氧化效应;其二是可能通过激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路,上调SOD活性及GSH含量,并抑制MDA等脂质过氧化产物的生成[57]。这种协同效应与Nrf2通路调控内源性抗氧化防御系统的经典模式一致[58],提示样品可通过多靶点干预缓解氧化损伤。
在高糖条件下,线虫体内的葡萄糖水平较正常对照组高出了0.82倍(图7a),说明葡萄糖可通过体表渗透或摄食途径进入线虫体内,驱动代谢活动,而小黄姜提取物及其复配物的加入降低了线虫体内的葡萄糖蓄积,有效缓解高糖诱导的代谢失衡。相较于高糖处理组,在200 μg/mL浓度时,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)和GE-CPE(1:3)可使线虫体内葡萄糖的水平分别降低36.39%、54.71%、66.10%和56.21%。
糖脂代谢紊乱存在双向调控关系,急性能量超载可触发脂肪生成关键转录因子(SREBP-1c)异常活化,并通过PI3K/Akt通路障碍诱导代谢失衡[59−60]。秀丽隐杆线虫因其透明体壁特性,可经脂溶性染料油红O渗透染色实现脂质可视化检测。通过显微镜观察染色强度及分布特征,可定量评估生物体的营养状态和脂质代谢动态[61],是研究脂质代谢的经典模型。如图8和图7b、图7c所示,高糖处理组线虫的红色明显深于正常对照组线虫,脂肪含量增加,同时高糖处理组线虫体内的甘油三酯含量极显著增加(P<0.001)。当高糖处理的线虫摄入不同含量的小黄姜提取物及其复配物后,线虫体内的脂质含量发生了不同程度的降低,线虫红色区域的颜色变浅且覆盖的面积明显减小,体内的甘油三酯水平也逐渐下降。相较于高糖处理组,在200 μg/mL浓度时,小黄姜乙醇提取物、小黄姜-陈皮复配物(1:2)、小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:2)和小黄姜-山楂复配物(1:3)可使线虫体内甘油三酯的水平分别降低32.12%、43.76%、56.43%和48.78%,脂质积累量分别降低30.11%、42.55%、47.35%和39.02%,这表明小黄姜乙醇提取物及其复配物对于脂代谢也有积极的调控作用。
在线虫高糖模型中,GE、GE-DTPE(1:2)、GE-CPE(1:2)和GE-CPE(1:3)在缓解高糖引起的氧化应激、促进外周组织葡萄糖利用和抑制脂质异常蓄积方面均优于单一小黄姜提取物,其协同机制可能涉及活性成分在抗氧化、糖脂代谢调节以及应激响应通路激活上的互补与增效。在抗氧化方面,陈皮和山楂中的活性成分是强效的抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂,能直接淬灭ROS[62−63],而生姜提取物则可能通过激活内源性抗氧化防御系统来增强机体抗氧化能力[64]。两者的协同可更全面地缓解高糖诱导的氧化损伤。在抑制脂质蓄积方面,生姜提取物可能通过抑制脂肪酸合成酶或激活脂肪分解[65],陈皮和山楂中的多酚类物质则可能通过调节脂代谢相关基因的表达、抑制脂肪生成或促进脂肪酸β-氧化[66−67]。复配物可能同时靶向脂肪合成、分解和氧化的多个环节,有效地改善高糖引起的脂代谢紊乱。
本研究证实,小黄姜提取物与陈皮或山楂提取物在特定质量下复配,经等效线图解法和联合指数法评估,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制呈现显著协同效应,优于单一组分及部分其他配比。在胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞模型和线虫高糖模型中,协同复配物(GE-DTPE1:2,GE-CPE1:2和1:3)相较单一小黄姜提取物,更能有效促进葡萄糖消耗、增加糖原合成,缓解高血糖诱导的氧化应激,并抑制甘油三酯合成与脂质积累。这表明该复配策略不仅直接抑制关键糖代谢酶,同时能在细胞和整体动物水平协同改善糖脂代谢紊乱及氧化应激状态,提示其作用涉及多靶点调控。本研究首次系统筛选并证实了小黄姜-陈皮/山楂的协同降血糖组合,为理解植物复配物的相互作用规律提供了新证据,也为开发基于该协同配方的天然降血糖复配制剂或功能性食品奠定了关键实验基础。后续需深入探究协同效应分子机制、关键靶点,剖析复配物中主要活性成分相互作用及生物利用度,在哺乳动物糖尿病模型中明确其体内降糖效果、安全性及量效关系。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040217
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
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    华南农业大学食品学院,广东省功能食品活性物重点实验室,广东广州 510642

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苗建银(1981−)(ORCID:0000−0002−4785−3196),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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