Article(id=1320884430747582626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040206, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852989136, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852989136, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852989136, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852989136, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=494, endPage=502, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884434262409379, articleId=1320884430747582626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Preparation and Application of Isomaltulose, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Isomaltulose is a multifunctional novel sweetener with promising applications in the food industry. Three production methodologies for isomaltulose, including microbial bioconversion, enzymatic transformation, and plant genetic engineering approaches is systematically examined in this review. Special emphasis is placed on its distinctive health-promoting properties, including low glycemic response, slow digestibility, prebiotic effects, reduced cariogenic potential, cognitive enhancement, antioxidative capacity through lipid peroxidation inhibition, and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, the current market landscape of isomaltulose is analyzed, and the major challenges currently faced, including excessively high production technology costs and limitations in industrial-scale development are discussed. A novel approach integrating big data technology with synthetic biology for the development of new isomaltulose production processes is proposed. The serves as a scientific reference for future research endeavors, applications, and commercial exploitation of isomaltulose is provided.

, authors=Bingzheng XU1, *, Zongxi XU1, Jian ZHANG1, Lingmei WANG1, Yusi LIANG2, authorsList=Bingzheng XU, Zongxi XU, Jian ZHANG, Lingmei WANG, Yusi LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bingzheng XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884435021578406, articleId=1320884430747582626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=异麦芽酮糖的制备及应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

异麦芽酮糖是一种多功能新型甜味剂,在食品工业中具有广阔的应用前景。本文系统综述了异麦芽酮糖的三种制备工艺,包括微生物转化法、酶转化法和植物转基因法,并重点阐述了其低血糖指数、缓慢水解特性、益生元活性、低致龋性、改善认知功能、抗脂质过氧化及抗炎作用等健康功能特性。此外,本文还分析了异麦芽酮糖的市场现状,探讨了当前面临的生产技术成本过高和产业化发展局限等主要挑战,提出大数据技术和合成生物学结合开发异麦芽酮糖新工艺思路,并对异麦芽酮糖的未来研究、应用及商业化发展提供参考。

, authors=徐炳政1, *, 徐宗喜1, 张健1, 王令梅1, 梁玉思2, authorsList=徐炳政, 徐宗喜, 张健, 王令梅, 梁玉思, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐炳政, authorNote=

徐炳政(1990−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

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徐炳政(1990−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:。
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Paris: EDP Sciences, 2022, 45: 01007., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884453174526258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=80, rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KUMARI A, KG R, SUDHAKARAN. V A, et al. Unveiling the health benefits of prebiotics: A comprehensive review[J]. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 2024, 64(2): 376−388., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884453262606643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=81, rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KORDOWSKI A, KÜNSTNER A, SCHWEITZER L, et al. PalatinoseTM (isomaltulose) and prebiotic inulin-type fructans have beneficial effects on glycemic response and gut microbiota composition in healthy volunteers-a real-life, retrospective study of a cohort that participated in a digital nutrition program[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9: 829933., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884453333909812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUSSAIN N, FAROOQ N, BILAL M. Valorization of biomass to palatinose. Valorization of biomass to bioproducts [M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2023: 139-162., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884453392630069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=83, rfOrder=93, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NANDINI ROY CHOUDHURY. Isomaltulose market: Isomaltulose market growth-size, trends & forecast 2025 to 2035[R]. Puna: Future market insights, 2025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884453468127542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=84, rfOrder=94, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DATA BRIDGE MARKET RESEARCH. Global isomaltulose market-industry trends and forecast to 2031. [R]. District of Columbia: Data Bridge Market Research, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884453539430711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=85, rfOrder=95, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TURCK D, BOHN T, CASTENMILLER J, et al. Safety of isomaltulose syrup (dried) as a novel food pursuant to regulation (EU) 2015/2283[J]. 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Expression of SIase coding genes in Escherichia coli

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SIase来源分子量
(kDa)
最佳温度
(℃)
最佳pH最佳转化率
(%)
酶活性
(U/mg)
催化常数(Kcat)值
(1/s)
米氏常数(Km)值
(mol/L)
催化率
(mol/L/s)
Erwinia sp. Ejp617[21]−405.080.3118.87−69.28−
Klebsiella planticola
UQ14 S[16]
−356.066351−76.00.62
Pantoea dispersa UQ68 J[16]6630~355.091562−401.79
Klebsiella pneumoniae NK33[22]67306.076.82362−42.7−
Enterobacter sp. FMB-1[23]70305.0~6.078−−−−
Erwinia rhapontici NX-5[24]66305.087−−257−
Serratia plymuthica AS9[25]65306.076957.5992.830.133.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320884442990756051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蔗糖异构酶编码基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SIase来源分子量
(kDa)
最佳温度
(℃)
最佳pH最佳转化率
(%)
酶活性
(U/mg)
催化常数(Kcat)值
(1/s)
米氏常数(Km)值
(mol/L)
催化率
(mol/L/s)
Erwinia sp. Ejp617[21]−405.080.3118.87−69.28−
Klebsiella planticola
UQ14 S[16]
−356.066351−76.00.62
Pantoea dispersa UQ68 J[16]6630~355.091562−401.79
Klebsiella pneumoniae NK33[22]67306.076.82362−42.7−
Enterobacter sp. FMB-1[23]70305.0~6.078−−−−
Erwinia rhapontici NX-5[24]66305.087−−257−
Serratia plymuthica AS9[25]65306.076957.5992.830.133.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320884443053670612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Research on cell immobilization for the production of isomaltulose

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菌株方法异麦芽酮糖
转化率(%)
可循环次数
Serratia plymuthica ATCC 15928[30]用33.5%的细胞悬浮液按1:2(体积比)缓慢加入海藻酸钠(1.7%)、明胶(0.5%)、转谷氨酰胺酶(3.5%)溶液中均质,将混合液逐滴挤入无菌CaCl2溶液(0.25 mol/L)中,形成直径3 mm固定化珠71.04−
Penicillium CBS 574.77[31]2%海藻酸钠添加到细胞悬浊液中,将混合物液逐滴挤入含有20%(w/v)蔗糖的20 g/L CaCl2溶液中,形成固定化珠,并在2%(w/v)聚乙烯亚胺中浸泡90 min8024
Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)[32]将2.5~6.0 g湿重细胞与10 mL 2.0%(w/v)海藻酸钠混合,将混合液逐滴挤入无菌CaCl2溶液中
(0.2 g/mol),形成固定化珠,并在0.9%(w/v)壳聚糖溶液(pH6.0)中搅拌30 min以形成膜
8526
Serratia plymuthica ATCC 15928[33]将含有40%(w/v)的湿细胞悬浮液与腰果胶(2.0%,w/v)、海藻酸钠(2.0%,w/v)聚合物溶液以1:2(v/v)的比例混合,将混合液逐滴挤入2%(w/v)无菌CaCl2溶液中,形成直径3 mm固定化珠85.17~87.03−
), ArticleFig(id=1320884443137556693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884430747582626, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

细胞固定化生产异麦芽酮糖的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株方法异麦芽酮糖
转化率(%)
可循环次数
Serratia plymuthica ATCC 15928[30]用33.5%的细胞悬浮液按1:2(体积比)缓慢加入海藻酸钠(1.7%)、明胶(0.5%)、转谷氨酰胺酶(3.5%)溶液中均质,将混合液逐滴挤入无菌CaCl2溶液(0.25 mol/L)中,形成直径3 mm固定化珠71.04−
Penicillium CBS 574.77[31]2%海藻酸钠添加到细胞悬浊液中,将混合物液逐滴挤入含有20%(w/v)蔗糖的20 g/L CaCl2溶液中,形成固定化珠,并在2%(w/v)聚乙烯亚胺中浸泡90 min8024
Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)[32]将2.5~6.0 g湿重细胞与10 mL 2.0%(w/v)海藻酸钠混合,将混合液逐滴挤入无菌CaCl2溶液中
(0.2 g/mol),形成固定化珠,并在0.9%(w/v)壳聚糖溶液(pH6.0)中搅拌30 min以形成膜
8526
Serratia plymuthica ATCC 15928[33]将含有40%(w/v)的湿细胞悬浮液与腰果胶(2.0%,w/v)、海藻酸钠(2.0%,w/v)聚合物溶液以1:2(v/v)的比例混合,将混合液逐滴挤入2%(w/v)无菌CaCl2溶液中,形成直径3 mm固定化珠85.17~87.03−
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异麦芽酮糖的制备及应用研究进展
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徐炳政 1, * , 徐宗喜 1 , 张健 1 , 王令梅 1 , 梁玉思 2
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(8): 494-502
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (8) : 494 -502
异麦芽酮糖的制备及应用研究进展
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徐炳政1, * , 徐宗喜1, 张健1, 王令梅1, 梁玉思2
作者信息
  • 1青岛琅琊台集团股份有限公司,山东青岛 266400
  • 2青岛滨海学院酒店管理学院,山东青岛 266555
通讯作者:
徐炳政(1990−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

徐炳政(1990−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

Research Progress on Preparation and Application of Isomaltulose
Bingzheng XU1, * , Zongxi XU1, Jian ZHANG1, Lingmei WANG1, Yusi LIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Qingdao Langyatai Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266400, China
  • 2Hotel Management Institute, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao 266555, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040206
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异麦芽酮糖是一种多功能新型甜味剂,在食品工业中具有广阔的应用前景。本文系统综述了异麦芽酮糖的三种制备工艺,包括微生物转化法、酶转化法和植物转基因法,并重点阐述了其低血糖指数、缓慢水解特性、益生元活性、低致龋性、改善认知功能、抗脂质过氧化及抗炎作用等健康功能特性。此外,本文还分析了异麦芽酮糖的市场现状,探讨了当前面临的生产技术成本过高和产业化发展局限等主要挑战,提出大数据技术和合成生物学结合开发异麦芽酮糖新工艺思路,并对异麦芽酮糖的未来研究、应用及商业化发展提供参考。

异麦芽酮糖  /  制备工艺  /  健康功能  /  市场  /  挑战

Isomaltulose is a multifunctional novel sweetener with promising applications in the food industry. Three production methodologies for isomaltulose, including microbial bioconversion, enzymatic transformation, and plant genetic engineering approaches is systematically examined in this review. Special emphasis is placed on its distinctive health-promoting properties, including low glycemic response, slow digestibility, prebiotic effects, reduced cariogenic potential, cognitive enhancement, antioxidative capacity through lipid peroxidation inhibition, and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, the current market landscape of isomaltulose is analyzed, and the major challenges currently faced, including excessively high production technology costs and limitations in industrial-scale development are discussed. A novel approach integrating big data technology with synthetic biology for the development of new isomaltulose production processes is proposed. The serves as a scientific reference for future research endeavors, applications, and commercial exploitation of isomaltulose is provided.

isomaltulose  /  production processes  /  health-promoting functions  /  market  /  challenges
徐炳政, 徐宗喜, 张健, 王令梅, 梁玉思. 异麦芽酮糖的制备及应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 494 -502 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040206
Bingzheng XU, Zongxi XU, Jian ZHANG, Lingmei WANG, Yusi LIANG. Research Progress on Preparation and Application of Isomaltulose[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 494 -502 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040206
异麦芽酮糖(Isomaltulose),别名异构蔗糖、帕拉金糖(Palatinose),分子式为C12H22O11·H2O,分子量为360.32,是白色结晶物质,无异味,其熔点为123~124 ℃,还原活性是葡萄糖的52%,会发生美拉德反应。异麦芽酮糖在相对湿度80%下几乎不吸湿,酸催化水解比蔗糖水解慢,pH 2.0时,20%的异麦芽酮糖溶液沸腾1 h基本不发生水解反应,因此,在酸性食品中比蔗糖更稳定。其在酸性环境下的高稳定性和具有一定的渗透压,这使得其在等渗饮料中应用成为可能,低吸湿性是速溶粉应用的重要特性。与10%(w/w)的蔗糖溶液相比,异麦芽酮糖的甜度强度为48%。浓度超过30%(w/w)时,其甜度增加到25%(w/w)以上,超过蔗糖甜度的50%,甜度强度与温度无关。异麦芽酮糖的口味与蔗糖相似,热量值与蔗糖同为4 kcal/g,GI为32,其血糖反应较低,能量的持续时间明显更长[1]。异麦芽酮糖分子结构式见图1[2]。
异麦芽酮糖于1952年首次被Stodola等三名学者发现,他们在研究利用肠膜明串珠菌合成葡聚糖时产生了两种新的二糖副产物,并将其命名为异麦芽酮糖[3]。1957年,原联邦德国南德制糖公司首次采用葡萄糖基转移酶异构化蔗糖实现工业化生产,因其所在地Palatine,将其命名为帕拉金糖[4]。异麦芽酮糖发现以来,主要作为一种替代糖而被研究应用。异麦芽酮糖是一种天然甜味剂,被认为是“一种缓慢但完全可消化的碳水化合物,具有低血糖指数(GI)”[5]。
近年来,随着合成生物技术的发展,越来越多的新型异麦芽酮糖生物制备技术被开发,同时,异麦芽酮糖低血糖指数和缓慢水解、益生元活性和抗龋齿性等特性被发现,在食品工业中具有广泛的应用场景,市场应用量不断提升。本文重点阐述了异麦芽酮糖制备工艺、健康功能及应用领域,并对异麦芽酮糖的市场现状进行了分析,同时探讨了当前生产技术和产业化发展面临的主要挑战,为异麦芽酮糖的未来研究、应用及商业化发展提供参考。异麦芽酮糖的进一步研究与应用提供参考,并对未来市场前景进行展望。
异麦芽酮糖是一种天然糖,以微量存在于蜂蜜、甘蔗等产品中。其含量低且提取困难,难以满足市场需求。因此,为了满足市场需求,必须提高异麦芽酮糖的生产效率。目前,制备异麦芽酮糖的方法包括微生物转化、酶转化和植物转基因方法[6]。
在20世纪50年代发现参与异麦芽酮糖生产的异构酶后,通过对蔗糖(甜菜糖)进行酶异构化大规模合成异麦芽酮糖成为可能。目前,已纯化和鉴定的产生异麦芽酮糖的异构酶包括以下菌种:欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)[7]、普城沙雷氏菌属(Serratia plymuthica)[8]、红色精朊杆菌属(protaminobacter rubrum)[9]、分散泛菌属(Pantoea dispersa)[3]、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)[10]、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)[6]、放射农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)[11]、嗜酸红假单胞菌属(Rhodoblastus acidophilus)[12]和土生克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella terrigena)[12]。编码蔗糖异构酶(α-葡糖基转移酶,Sucrose isomerase,简称SIase,EC 5.4.99.11)的基因已被指定为PAL-1,PAL-2,SmuA,SIM和MutB[13]。
微生物发酵蔗糖生成异麦芽酮糖的方法实质是利用微生物体内表达的SIase催化蔗糖,需发酵转化和浓缩结晶两步工序。基于菌株性质的不同,可将其分为原始菌株发酵、诱变菌株发酵及重组菌株发酵3种[14−15]。
自异麦芽酮糖发现以来,发酵原始菌株均从自然界中筛选而来。Wu等[16]筛选获得UQ68J菌株表达蔗糖异构酶活性可达90~100 U/mg,异麦芽酮糖转化率为78%~80%,副产物海藻糖的含量为4%,是天然微生物发酵转化异麦芽酮糖报道最低值。根据16S rDNA分析,UQ68J与产酸克雷伯氏菌最接近,但在定义特征上与克雷伯氏菌不同,在表型上与分散泛菌最为相似。Cho等[17]从韩国传统食品豆酱和豆曲中分离出一株肠杆菌FMB-1500,发酵48 h内实现蔗糖转化率90%,副产物海藻糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量较低。Kawaguti等[18]使用天然筛选的普城沙雷氏菌ATCC 15928直接与蔗糖溶液发酵,将蔗糖转化为异麦芽酮糖和海藻酮糖还原糖,异麦芽酮糖转化率超过70%,但存在7%~8%的海藻酮糖,以及少量葡萄糖和果糖副产物。
通过上述的研究发现,采用游离野生菌株发酵转化异麦芽酮糖,受微生物类型、菌株活力以及底物浓度等多方面因素影响极大,SIase酶活力普遍较低,难以满足工业化生产的需求[12]。通过菌株改造提高异麦芽酮糖发酵菌株效率,并降低产物黏度成为业内研究热点。其中诱变是得到性状优良菌株的一种普遍方法。诱变法虽烦琐耗时,但易操作、成本低且效益高。合适的筛选方法对获得目的菌株至关重要。目前一般采用自动化、微型化、高灵敏度的高通量筛选系统[19],有利于提高筛选效率,增加寻找理想突变体的可能性。虽然诱变处理能够一定程度地提高菌株蔗糖转化率,但这种菌体发酵转化蔗糖的方法一般存在生产周期长、发酵液中存在部分复杂的副产物、发酵液黏度过高导致分离纯化难等缺点[13],导致工业化生产成本过高,业内应用较少。
近年来,得益于合成生物学的快速发展,已将多种来源(如植物根瘤菌、分散假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、肠杆菌属、根瘤菌属和普利姆氏菌属)的蔗糖异构酶在大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌等工程菌株中实现了异源表达[20]。其中,在大肠杆菌中表达研究最多(表1)。
然而,由于大肠杆菌在表达过程中存在一定的致热源(通常为内毒素),限制了其在商业化生产异麦芽酮糖中的应用。因此,近十年来,在安全食品级宿主(如乳酸乳球菌)[26]、解脂酵母[27]、枯草芽孢杆菌[28]和酿酒酵母[29]中异源表达SIase成为研究热点。Park等[26]利用P170表达系统将FMB-1重组在乳酸乳球菌MG1363中,在蔗糖浓度50 g/L、pH 6.0条件下,异麦芽酮糖最终转化率为72%,其中重组酶胞内含量为60%,40%为胞外酶,其又对胞外酶提取后进行转化率对比,结果表明异麦芽酮糖菌株在发酵过程中,胞内外蔗糖酶异构酶可同时发挥作用。但是,从目前实际应用来看,由于菌体发酵过程中蔗糖既是细胞的底物,又是细胞的碳源,因此增加了蔗糖的额外消耗,同时部分存在细胞代谢引起的细胞自溶、产品浓度低、副产物含量高等缺点。
固定化是指将微生物限制在支持物或基质内,以保持或改善其特定性质。固定化微生物可重复利用的同时,能够提高稳定的生产能力,多种固定化细胞系统已成功应用于工业生产。与游离细胞生产异麦芽酮糖相比,细胞固定化显示出几个潜在的优势,包括下游处理简单、细胞可重复使用以及操作稳定性提高等。在异麦芽酮糖的生产中,细胞固定化主要有两种方法:海藻酸盐包埋和其与壳聚糖、转谷氨酰胺酶、戊二醛、天然胶等交联,部分应用见表2。
酶转化法生产异麦芽酮糖与微生物转化法的生物学途径本质一致,即利用蔗糖异构酶对蔗糖进行异构化。与微生物转化法相比较,酶转化法能够有效降低化学反应所需的活化能,同时降低发酵产物对底盘细胞的影响,提高转化效率,并提高转化专一性,降低海藻酮糖等副产物的产生,是目前工业制备异麦芽酮糖最为常见的工艺。酶转化法根据工艺不同可细分为游离酶转化、固定化酶转化两类。
游离酶转化主要是采用野生菌株或者工程菌株发酵提取蔗糖异构酶后,与蔗糖等底物进行酶转化,再经离子交换树脂分离、浓缩和结晶等步骤得到。由于野生菌株普遍存在周期长、发酵液成分复杂、分离纯化复杂等缺点,无法实现工业化生产。因此,利用工程菌异源表达蔗糖异构酶,转化蔗糖生产异麦芽酮糖是异麦芽酮糖工业生产的主流[34]。目前应用较多的表达系统为酵母表达系统、芽孢杆菌表达系统、乳酸乳球菌表达系统等。游离酶生产转化工艺已经很成熟,为业内最普遍生产工艺,其生产关键控制点为培养基的组成和发酵条件,蔗糖转化率均能达到80%以上[35−38]。有学者将不同的蔗糖异构酶引入到细长聚球藻PCC 7942中,在6 d的培养过程中,工程化的聚球藻细胞工厂生产了777 mg/L的异麦芽酮糖。这项研究展示了一种利用二氧化碳作为底物进行异麦芽酮糖生物合成的新途径,对新时期工厂实施“双碳”战略提供了新思路[39]。
游离细胞/酶经常与产品混合,使得回收困难并导致生产成本显著增加,随着固定化酶技术的成熟,为进一步降低生产成本,固定化蔗糖异构酶生产异麦芽酮糖成为研究热点之一[6]。传统的酶固定化方法可分为物理法和化学法两大类,物理法主要包括吸附法和包埋法两大类,化学法也主要包括共价结合法和交联法两大类。
吸附法是一种简便的酶固定化方法,利用载体与酶之间的物理相互作用,包括范德华力、离子相互作用、氢键等,使酶吸附在载体表面。最常见的载体有硅藻土、壳聚糖、纤维素、海藻酸盐等,近年来陆续出现氧化石墨烯等新材料。Zhang等[40]以氧化石墨烯(GO)作为载体,实现了蔗糖异构酶的固定化,酶的比活力为727.04 U/mg蛋白,以600 g/L蔗糖为底物,蔗糖转化为异麦芽酮糖的转化率可达95.3%。包埋法是将酶包埋在载体网格中,使底物和产物能够通过,减少酶的浸出,提高稳定性,如有机聚合物或溶胶-凝胶等可以保护酶不与外界环境直接接触。其中溶胶-凝胶法最为常见。该方法操作简单、机械稳定性好,但也存在一些缺点,如容易泄漏和酶失活。王兵兵等[41]同时对比了采用海藻酸钠包埋法和戊二醛交联法两种固定化方法对蔗糖异构酶的稳定性和可重复利用性影响,结果表明,海藻酸钠固定化酶保存20 d,酶活力保持在60%左右,戊二醛交联酶活性在95%以上,而游离酶活性仅为30%左右,海藻酸钠包埋酶使用4次,酶活性降到20%左右,戊二醛交联酶的使用次数高达12次,其残余酶活仍为80%,戊二醛交联酶的循环利用次数和储存稳定性明显优于海藻酸钠包埋酶。
氨基酸的侧链可以通过共价键与其他分子发生共价结合‌,从而影响酶的结构或功能,如赖氨酸、半胱氨酸或天冬氨酸与谷氨酸残基发生化学反应,与载体材料形成共价键。共价键稳定,可防止酶从载体基质中泄漏,从而提高固定化酶的稳定性,并表现出良好的效率。Wu等[42]将蔗糖异构酶成功固定化在ε-聚赖氨酸与明胶合成的海绵上,抑菌圈证明该海绵具有显著的抑菌作用,能有效防止固定化酶支架的坍塌,固定化酶活高达71.58 U/g,酶的负载量为153.43 mg/g,酶回收率为84.50%,固定化异麦芽酮糖酶经过13次连续循环后,蔗糖转化率仍超过90%。然而,由于酶分子与载体之间的化学反应,酶活性中心可能变得不活跃,导致催化剂活性降低,需要额外的预处理步骤,这些步骤更为复杂[6]。
交联是基于分子间反应,利用双功能或多功能试剂将酶交联到载体基质上。酶与多功能试剂之间形成的共价键形成三维交联网状结构。通过共价键合,酶被稳定地固定化,从而提高了酶的重复使用性和稳定性。但由于交联反应的无序性,交联也可能发生在酶的活性中心,导致酶活性降低或失活。目前,最常用的交联剂是戊二醛。Chen等[43]开发了一种高效的蔗糖异构酶交联酶聚集体,该聚集体以戊二醛为交联剂,牛血清白蛋白为保护剂,重复使用10次后仍保留了61%以上的初始活性,回收率达91.7%,将蔗糖转化为异麦芽酮糖的转化率达到88.4%,具有较大的工业应用前景。尽管固定化工艺具有诸多优势,但确定最佳固定化条件仍具有较大挑战,需要考虑材料类型、所用技术、底物浓度、pH和温度等诸多因素,从而提高固定化材料的稳定性和目标产品的产量。
异麦芽酮糖普遍存在于甘蔗等天然植物中,但含量很低。采用植物转基因法制备异麦芽酮糖的本质在于以植物为底盘,通过蔗糖异构酶的表达转化植物本身的蔗糖成分,目前尚处于研究阶段。Börnke等[44]将来自Erwinia rhapontici的嵌合蔗糖异构酶基因在块茎特异性启动子的控制下引入马铃薯植物。转基因块茎质外体中PAL-1基因的表达导致蔗糖几乎定量转化为帕拉金糖,但表达PAL-1的转基因马铃薯植物的生长与野生型植物没有区别。Basnayake等[45]在澳大利亚伯德金地区典型商业甘蔗种植条件下,对七种受体基因型(优良品种)中表达蔗糖异构酶的转基因甘蔗进行了为期3年的评估。异麦芽酮糖浓度通常随着节间成熟而增加,在整根甘蔗汁中最高可达217 mmol/L(占总糖的33%)。蔗糖浓度通常有相应的下降,但总糖总体上没有下降,这些转基因品系中的蔗糖异构酶活性较低。结果表明,如果能够以适当的生长模式设计出更高的活性,那么开发甘蔗进行商业规模异麦芽酮糖生产具有很大的潜力。
总体来看,植物转基因法生产异麦芽酮糖目前仍局限于研究,相关报道较少,未实际应用于产业化。与微生物转化法和酶转化法比较,如何获得将蔗糖异构酶基因高效导入高蔗糖含量植物,并设计高通量转化路线尚属关键技术难题。同时,与目前工业化生产成本比较,高成本也极大地限制了植物转基因法在异麦芽酮糖商业化中的应用。但是,由于甘蔗在制糖过程中有大量杂糖存在,因此未来可以通过引入蔗糖异构酶与杂糖转化路线切断相结合的方式,降低杂糖含量,提高异麦芽酮糖含量,在方便糖分离的同时提高附加值。
血糖指数是衡量富含碳水化合物的食物升高血糖潜力的指标。一些碳水化合物(如蔗糖)具有较高的GI(61~65),导致餐后血糖升高。相反,异麦芽酮糖具有较低的GI(32),在维持餐后血糖方面发挥着重要作用。在人类饮食中食用低GI食物,可以调节葡萄糖代谢并改善胰岛素反应,降低患糖尿病、肥胖症和心血管疾病的风险,此外还能促进肝脏脂肪氧化,并有助于体重管理[46]。
研究证实,在大鼠和小鼠模型中,与等量的蔗糖相比,急性摄入异麦芽酮糖可导致餐后血糖和胰岛素浓度相似或更低。在长期使用含有异麦芽酮糖或蔗糖的饮食进行饮食干预后,异麦芽酮糖大鼠的血糖和胰岛素最大值达到时间始终比蔗糖喂养的大鼠稍晚,表明异麦芽酮糖的吸收速度比蔗糖慢[47]。McCarthy等[48]研究了1型糖尿病成人患者在持续运动期间对异麦芽酮糖摄入的代谢、胰腺和肠道激素反应,结果表明,摄入异麦芽酮糖可产生更好的血糖保护作用。Kobayashi等[49]对中老年人群测试了服用异麦芽酮糖12周对血管内皮细胞产生的内皮素-1水平的影响,结果提示,在健康的中老年人中,与蔗糖比较,摄入具有更低GI的异麦芽酮糖,可以更有效地防止餐后高血糖引起的全身动脉僵硬程度增加。近年来,受益于低血糖指数和缓慢水解特性,异麦芽酮糖已被广泛应用于运动代餐、减肥、饼干、饮料等领域[50]。
根据国际益生菌和益生元科学协会(ISAPP)的定义,益生元是“被宿主微生物选择性利用并带来健康益处的底物”[51]。异麦芽酮糖能促进多种益生菌生长,包括干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、动物双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌。这说明异麦芽酮糖具有益生元功效。此外,异麦芽酮糖能影响益生菌产生短链脂肪酸,尤其是提高丙酸的含量和降低乙酸的浓度并提高胆酸浓度,降低石胆酸、脱氧胆酸、脱氢胆酸和猪去氧胆酸的水平[52]。研究表明,将异麦芽酮糖添加到牛饲料中,不仅能够支持能量平衡,而且还显著降低了患酮症的风险,可促进瘤胃中有益细菌的生长。主要是由于其改善了菌群的微生物组成并提高了饲料消化效率,进而有助于发酵过程中短链脂肪酸的产生。短链脂肪酸能够维持瘤胃中稳定的pH,从而显著降低代谢紊乱的风险[53]。
目前,异麦芽酮糖已广泛应用于减脂食品、调节肠道菌群产品等领域。娃哈哈集团以荷叶、桑叶、普洱茶为原料,特别添加减肥因子左旋肉碱和能量缓释因子异麦芽酮糖,研制出有助于减少体内脂肪的保健饮料[54]。陈琳等[55]以脱脂奶粉为主要原料,异麦芽酮糖以及复合益生菌为辅料,开发出具有调理老年人肠道健康功效的保健饮料。
龋齿是一种由口腔细菌(如变形链球菌)活动引起的慢性疾病,这些细菌会随着时间的推移从碳水化合物底物的发酵中产生酸,导致脱矿并最终形成空洞[56]。Ooshima等[57]采用在体外和体内实验探讨了异麦芽酮糖对大鼠实验性龋齿的非致龋性,结果表明,血清型a、d和g的变形链球菌株在体外不发酵异麦芽酮糖,同时显著抑制了变形链球菌从蔗糖合成不溶性葡聚糖。与蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖或葡萄糖-果糖混合物比较,饮食异麦芽酮糖的大鼠未出现明显的龋齿。另外,与饲喂蔗糖饮食的大鼠相比,用异麦芽酮糖替代一半蔗糖可延缓龋齿发展。
异麦芽酮糖致龋能力较低,并于2007年通过联邦登记(FR 52789)获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准列入非致龋物质名单[53]。2011年,欧盟EFSA营养产品、营养和过敏症专家组(FDA)针对异麦芽酮糖发表健康声明,异麦芽酮糖能够通过减少牙齿脱矿质和降低餐后血糖反应来维持牙齿矿化[58]。这一特性使异麦芽酮糖广泛应用于糖果、泡泡糖、巧克力和软饮料等领域[59−62]。
膳食碳水化合物是大脑代谢功能的主要葡萄糖来源,可以提高成人和儿童的注意力、反应时间、解决问题、学习能力、推理能力、记忆力和情绪。复合碳水化合物消化得更慢,这可能导致葡萄糖缓慢释放到血液中,从而使血液和大脑中的葡萄糖水平更加稳定。从这个方面来看,缓释碳水化合物可以提供恒定的血糖水平,进而影响认知能力。
Taib等[63]研究了异麦芽酮糖与高浓度乳糖结合对5~6岁儿童认知表现的影响,结果表明,食用异麦芽酮糖与高浓度乳糖后儿童的注意力更好。Young等[64]发现,75名来自社会贫困家庭的5~11岁儿童在食用含异麦芽酮糖早餐后,记忆力和情绪有所改善。同时在测试的第2 d继续食用后,他们能够更快地处理信息,并且在上午拥有更好的空间记忆。
最新研究发现,与含葡萄糖的饮料相比,睡前15 min饮用含异麦芽酮糖的饮料具有更高的睡眠百分比,并推测其可能是能够影响下丘脑中的葡萄糖感应神经元,还可能对睡眠障碍和认知能力下降等问题产生有益影响[65]。日本三井公司的研究认为异麦芽酮糖对认知的改善可能主要源于能够对注意力和前额叶皮层脑血流量有良好的影响,这有望使异麦芽酮糖在儿童营养领域有更深的应用[66]。
肥胖与长期过量能量摄入有关,这是因为人体新陈代谢无法抵消能量失衡。全球范围内,含糖饮料和的消费量显著增加,长期饮用含糖饮料显著增加了2型糖尿病、肥胖症和心血管疾病人群数量[67]。内皮功能在心血管健康中起着关键作用,高血糖能够通过氧化应激损伤内皮功能。
Hwang等[68]研究表明,与蔗糖相比,异麦芽酮糖能够改善氧化应激,降低赖性血管扩张,从而保护内皮功能。研究认为,异麦芽酮糖可降低小鼠体内促炎细胞因子、肿瘤坏死因子的基因表达水平,降低氧化应激。Suraphad等[69]研究了异麦芽酮糖和绿茶联合使用对健康受试者餐后血糖和胰岛素浓度以及抗氧化能力的影响,结果表明,与蔗糖比较,虽然饮用绿茶和蔗糖可以抑制餐后血糖浓度的上升,但也会导致血浆抗氧化能力降低,而绿茶与异麦芽酮糖一起食用时,可以维持血浆抗氧化能力,同时抑制餐后血糖。Liao等[70]研究表明,与摄入等量的葡萄糖相比,添加一定量的异麦芽酮糖能够降低小鼠餐后血糖峰值,延长了小鼠的能量供应时间,提高小鼠的肝糖原含量和总抗氧化能力。
目前关于异麦芽酮糖抗脂质过氧化的研究较少,明确机制尚不清晰,但是,结合其较好的食品加工稳定性[66],异麦芽酮糖最近被广泛应用于即饮产品中,如运动饮料、速溶饮料和乳饮料。Kim等[71]研究了异麦芽酮糖作为蔗糖替代品在梅汁生产中的应用,结果表明,用异麦芽酮糖浸泡提取的梅汁自由基清除能力显著高于用蔗糖提取的梅汁。Sadowska等[72]开发了含有电解质、异麦芽酮糖和益生元的水果运动饮料,能够有效改善水和电解质平衡,并满足剧烈体力活动后所需的热量,保留了果粉中多酚和抗氧化特性。Shirkhan 等[73]开发了含异麦芽酮糖发酵乳饮料,与普通发酵乳饮料比较,添加异麦芽酮糖后,发酵乳在整个储藏期间具有持续的抗氧化和降血糖活性,并对α-淀粉酶具有显著的抑制作用。
炎症是指免疫反应障碍,摄入过多糖分会导致血糖水平明显升高,机体必须分泌大量胰岛素以便将血糖吸收,由此引发抗炎症的免疫反应减弱,从而导致炎症加重,尤其是对于患有糖尿病、高血压、肥胖等慢性病的病人,更易受糖的影响而出现炎症加重现象。研究表明,食用糖的不良反应主要源于激素反应,即由血糖诱导肽分泌增加引起,并引发脂肪肝和脂肪组织的炎症[74]。作为功能性甜味剂,异麦芽酮糖同时具有良好的益生元性能及低胰岛素反应等功能。异麦芽酮糖对炎症特别是胃肠道炎症具有一定的抑制作用,异麦芽酮糖在肠道中可以降低胃肠道刺激肽的分泌,增加肠促胰素的分泌,同时保持一定量的胰岛素分泌。
周子涵[75]研究发现,异麦芽酮糖能够抑制初始T细胞向辅助性T细胞17分化,增加调节性T细胞数量,可以通过维持肠道免疫稳态和重塑肠道菌群,促进肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达,提高肠道黏膜上皮屏障完整性来预防和辅助治疗溃疡性结肠炎。Kawakami等[76]探究了三种不同类型的碳水化合物(果糖、蔗糖和异麦芽酮糖)对外周白细胞尿酸代谢和基因表达谱的影响,结果表明,与其他糖类比较,摄入异麦芽酮糖能够抑制尿酸产生,体内炎症诱导因子(NF-κB)表达更低。由于高尿酸血症与炎症反应有关,因此推测具有抗炎作用的异麦芽酮糖可能对预防高尿酸血症有效。
异麦芽酮糖因其对人体健康的诸多有益功效而被广泛研究。特别是在食品工业中,它还展现出多种优势,例如能够保持食品的理化性质、改善感官品质等,消费者认可度不断提升。
异麦芽酮糖的胃肠道耐受性与蔗糖相当,临床试验证明也不会对大鼠胎儿产生胚胎毒性或致畸作用[77],具有高安全性。异麦芽酮糖自1985年以来,在日本一直被用作食品工业替代糖[78],2005年,欧盟批准其作为新型食品原料[79],FDA将其认证为公认安全(GRAS)级食品添加剂(可溶性膳食纤维)[80],异麦芽酮糖在GB 2760-2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》中认定为食品添加剂,可以按需添加。异麦芽酮糖作为一种比传统甜味剂更健康的替代品,在食品工业中日益受到欢迎。随着消费者健康意识的提升,以及监管机构越来越多地批准其在食品配方中使用,预计将成为推动市场持续增长的重要因素之一。
目前,异麦芽酮糖市场主要包括糖果、烘焙产品、早餐谷物和能量棒、冷冻甜点、乳制品、饮料、氟化盐、药品等[38],市场遍及北美、亚太、欧洲、南美以及中东和非洲。随着异麦芽酮糖知名度以及市场认可度的不断提升,应用范围和使用量也在不断扩大,尤其是随着疫情的结束,全社会对健康的重视提升,因此减肥代餐、运动饮料、低脂减糖等食品的火爆,为异麦芽酮糖的未来发展,打下了坚实的基础[81−82]。预计2025年异麦芽酮糖市场规模约为12.94亿美元,到2035年,该市场规模将达到21.89亿美元,复合年增长率为5.4%。北美是最大的市场,占有大约32%的市场份额,其次是欧洲,占有大约24%的份额。从产品类型而言,食品级是最大的细分,占有97%的份额[83]。就产品应用而言,目前糖果是最主要的需求来源,占据大约23.5%的份额,紧随第二大应用为饮料领域。全球异麦芽酮糖主要厂商包括日本三井公司、德国Beneo、美国嘉吉公司、青岛琅琊台集团旗下的青岛哈尼康生物科技有限公司、山东绿健生物等[84]。
最近,应欧盟委员会的要求,欧洲食品安全局营养、新型食品和食品过敏原小组对异麦芽酮糖糖浆(干燥)作为新型食品也进行了讨论,专家组认为异麦芽酮糖糖浆(干燥)与蔗糖一样安全[85]。这表明,未来异麦芽酮糖的应用有望可以直接采用异麦芽酮糖糖浆(干燥),从而降低成本,扩大应用范围。
异麦芽酮糖因其特性和对消费者的健康益处,是一种很有前景的蔗糖替代品,这可能会改变高糖食品市场。但是,异麦芽酮糖对食品工业的最大挑战之一在于其生产。尽管多项研究表明使用固定化微生物/酶或重组微生物生产异麦芽酮糖具有优势且工艺有效,但产品转化率普遍较低,仍多处于研究阶段,工业生产采用最多的仍为微生物生产酶后对蔗糖进行酶法异构化。由于蔗糖成本以及原料供应链的不稳定,与部分功能糖醇相比较,异麦芽酮糖目前成本仍然较高,限制了其在下游产品中的应用。因此,异麦芽酮糖未来重点技术突破方向一方面在于新型固定化酶工艺,突破酶转化率、回收率和重复使用率,另一方面,结合大数据技术和工业发酵体系构建基于目标产品的高产细胞合成平台,并实现固定化,有望实现异麦芽酮糖工业酶法制备向发酵制备的转换,减少生产工序,提高产品质量。在此基础上,利用合成生物学技术突破海藻酮糖等杂糖向异麦芽酮糖的同步转化技术空白,并针对废弃母液开发新型饲料、食品应用技术,全面提高蔗糖转化率,降低生产成本,增加废弃物附加值。
食品饮料中对低血糖和功能性甜味剂的需求不断增长,以及异麦芽酮糖在膳食补充剂中的应用日益增多,为异麦芽酮糖开辟了新的发展机遇。但是,异麦芽酮糖商品名为Palatinose,在全球范围高度认可,该名称为德国Beneo公司持有商标,其他异麦芽酮糖生产商禁止使用,极大地限制了其推广应用,成为产业发展的另一大挑战。同时,从全球来看,异麦芽酮糖主要生产地区均将异麦芽酮糖列为安全食品,但我国异麦芽酮糖目前为食品添加剂,对公众认知和异麦芽酮糖的产业发展具有一定局限性。因此仍然需要加强法规监管与消费认知引导,推动其成为新资源食品,并进一步加快其在饮料、速溶产品、运动、临床营养、牙齿友好型糖果等领域应用配方技术开发,以及改善认知、抑制炎症等功能临床验证。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040206
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
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    1青岛琅琊台集团股份有限公司,山东青岛 266400
    2青岛滨海学院酒店管理学院,山东青岛 266555

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徐炳政(1990−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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