Article(id=1320883668470580194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040189, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852807394, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852807394, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852807394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852807394, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=88, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883668764181475, articleId=1320883668470580194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus subtilis SNBS-3 Antimicrobial Peptide W1-Loaded Liposomes, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of poor stability and degradation of antimicrobial peptides in food preservation and pharmaceutical applications, liposome encapsulation technology was employed to enhance the stability and bioavailability of antimicrobial peptide W1. The antimicrobial peptide W1 was extracted and purified from Bacillus subtilis SNBS-3 using ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex-G25 gel chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its molecular sequence was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, W1-loaded liposomes were prepared using the film dispersion method, and optimal preparation conditions were determined through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The physicochemical properties of the liposomes were evaluated through particle size, Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and microscopic structural analysis. The stability and antibacterial activity of the liposomes were tested under different temperature, pH, and enzyme treatment conditions. Additionally, cell experiments assessed the cytotoxicity of W1 liposomes on human liver cells (LO2). The results indicated that a highly active fraction was obtained by Sephadex-G25 purification, further purified by HPLC to obtain the core antibacterial peak, and the antimicrobial peptide W1 sequence was identified as IGLFGGAGVGK by LC-MS/MS. The optimal preparation conditions were determined to be a mass ratio of soybean phosphatidylethanolamine (SPE) to β-sitosterol of 5.94:1, a mass ratio of SPE to W1 of 5.18:1, and an ultrasonication time of 6.75 minutes. Under these conditions, W1-loaded liposomes were obtained with a particle size of 105.88±6.35 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 68.2%±1.5%. Good physicochemical stability was exhibited by the resulting liposomes. Antibacterial tests revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of W1 liposomes against Staphylococcus aureus was 32 mg/mL. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that W1 liposomes maintained LO2 cell viability above 90% at concentrations below 512 mg/mL (P>0.05), indicating favorable biocompatibility. These findings suggest that liposomal encapsulation significantly enhances the stability and antimicrobial efficacy of W1, providing a promising strategy for its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

, authors=Mengxue LOU1, Shuaiqi JI1, Rina WU1, Pengjie WANG2, Kexin LIU1, jia GUO1, Feiyu AN1, Xujin YANG3, *, Junrui WU1, *, authorsList=Mengxue LOU, Shuaiqi JI, Rina WU, Pengjie WANG, Kexin LIU, jia GUO, Feiyu AN, Xujin YANG, Junrui WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xujin YANG, Junrui WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883672857822204, articleId=1320883668470580194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=芽孢杆菌SNBS-3抗菌肽W1脂质体制备、表征及其抑菌活性, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决抗菌肽在食品保鲜和医药应用中面临的稳定性差、易降解等问题,通过脂质体包埋技术提高抗菌肽W1的稳定性和生物利用度。从枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3中提取纯化抗菌肽W1,采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex-G25凝胶层析和高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)进行纯化,通过液相色谱-质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术鉴定其分子序列。随后,采用薄膜分散法制备W1负载脂质体,并通过单因素实验与响应面试验确定最佳制备工艺。通过粒径、Zeta电位、包封率及微观结构分析评估脂质体的物理化学性质,并考察其在不同温度、pH及酶处理条件下的稳定性及抑菌活性。此外,细胞实验评估了W1脂质体对人肝细胞LO2的生物毒性。结果表明,经Sephadex-G25纯化获得高活性组分,HPLC进一步纯化得到核心抑菌峰,LC-MS/MS鉴定抗菌肽W1序列为IGLFGGAGVGK;脂质体最优制备条件为大豆脑磷脂(soybean phosphatidyl ethanolamine,SPE)与β-谷甾醇质量比为5.94:1、SPE与W1质量比为5.18:1和超声时间为6.75 min,在此条件下制得的W1脂质体的粒径为105.88±6.35 nm,包封率为68.2%±1.5%,表现出良好的物理化学稳定性。抗菌活性测试显示,W1脂质体对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为32 mg/mL。细胞毒性实验表明,W1脂质体在浓度低于512 mg/mL时对LO2细胞的存活率保持在90%以上(P>0.05),具有良好的生物相容性。综上,脂质体包埋技术显著提高了抗菌肽W1的稳定性和抗菌效果,为其在食品和医药领域的应用提供了新的解决方案。

, authors=娄梦雪1, 纪帅奇1, 乌日娜1, 王鹏杰2, 刘可新1, 郭佳1, 安飞宇1, 杨续金3, *, 武俊瑞1, *, authorsList=娄梦雪, 纪帅奇, 乌日娜, 王鹏杰, 刘可新, 郭佳, 安飞宇, 杨续金, 武俊瑞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨续金, 武俊瑞, authorNote=

娄梦雪(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨续金(1975−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学、农产品加工及贮藏方面的研究,E-mail:。
武俊瑞(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
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ArticleFig(id=1320883680357236807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SPC(a)、EPC(b)及SPE(c)脂质体原子力显微镜成像, figureFileSmall=MGmmZKJvCBKR7xBcQa22+A==, figureFileBig=hXvLUJZnrmXel3l8TFS5Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883680432734280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=ATR-FTIR spectra of the phospholipids and liposomes, figureFileSmall=MEJClI4mT/ge3g+7CsFDbg==, figureFileBig=N5IXsUKbw75N7lzIB+J2+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883680516620361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=图5, caption=脂质体及不同磷脂的ATR-FTIR吸收光谱, figureFileSmall=MEJClI4mT/ge3g+7CsFDbg==, figureFileBig=N5IXsUKbw75N7lzIB+J2+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883680587923530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Raman spectrum analysis, figureFileSmall=MxvL2ulCxvthAKuFBYbNIA==, figureFileBig=gaJLgkV5sF7Wp6Iv34zaTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883680663421003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=图6, caption=拉曼光谱分析

注:不同大写、小写字母表示组间数据差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:不同大写、小写字母表示组间数据差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=0mmqHgBIhYwF31RPv24lWw==, figureFileBig=pIYYvzO6gsbVWwnumV80Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883681334509652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Changes of W1 liposomes stored at 4 ℃ for 28 days, figureFileSmall=FkIItdYK6vSlG3rPVMPDkg==, figureFileBig=lz861L8YI0H3iXf4uN6zOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883681410007125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=图11, caption=W1脂质体在4 ℃下贮藏28 d内的变化, figureFileSmall=FkIItdYK6vSlG3rPVMPDkg==, figureFileBig=lz861L8YI0H3iXf4uN6zOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883681472921686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Toxicological results of W1 liposomes, figureFileSmall=T3/kYhPS05MpN9j5h/EIuA==, figureFileBig=sqOd3+cjcFLM0L4xjjVYkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883681544224855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=图12, caption=W1脂质体毒理学结果

注:不同小写字母表示组间数据差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=T3/kYhPS05MpN9j5h/EIuA==, figureFileBig=sqOd3+cjcFLM0L4xjjVYkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883681607139416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradient elution condition of HPLC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A流动相B
01000
0.11000
10982
205545
300100
), ArticleFig(id=1320883681682636889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HPLC梯度洗脱条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A流动相B
01000
0.11000
10982
205545
300100
), ArticleFig(id=1320883681766522970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design of response surface optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A SPE:β-谷甾醇B SPE:W1C 超声时间(min)
15:14:15
26:15:17
37:16:19
), ArticleFig(id=1320883681842020443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验优化设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A SPE:β-谷甾醇B SPE:W1C 超声时间(min)
15:14:15
26:15:17
37:16:19
), ArticleFig(id=1320883681934295132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Elution peak of Sephadex-G25 and antibacterial activity of separated components by HPLC (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sephadex 1Sephadex 2Sephadex 3HPLC 1HPLC 2HPLC 3
13.32±0.25b15.25±0.21a12.63±0.49c14.82±0.03C15.24±0.11B17.35±0.19A
), ArticleFig(id=1320883681997209693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Sephadex-G25洗脱峰及HPLC分离组分的抗菌活性(mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sephadex 1Sephadex 2Sephadex 3HPLC 1HPLC 2HPLC 3
13.32±0.25b15.25±0.21a12.63±0.49c14.82±0.03C15.24±0.11B17.35±0.19A
), ArticleFig(id=1320883682072707166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of W1 bacteriostatic assay (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金黄色葡萄球菌J1单增李斯特菌DL-2蜡样假单胞菌DK-6沙门氏菌S2铜绿假单胞菌K2青霉菌Q1灰霉菌H3
17.30±0.21a16.56±0.10b11.65±0.05c4.57±0.68g3.40±0.05f7.73±0.20e8.60±0.36d
), ArticleFig(id=1320883682139816031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

W1抑菌谱测定结果(mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金黄色葡萄球菌J1单增李斯特菌DL-2蜡样假单胞菌DK-6沙门氏菌S2铜绿假单胞菌K2青霉菌Q1灰霉菌H3
17.30±0.21a16.56±0.10b11.65±0.05c4.57±0.68g3.40±0.05f7.73±0.20e8.60±0.36d
), ArticleFig(id=1320883682219507808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average vesicle size, PDI and Zeta potential of liposomes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同壁材的脂质体平均粒径(nm)PDIZeta电位(mV)
SPC135.2±12.5b0.263±0.1b−56.3±3.1b
EPC157.4±10.1a0.326±0.1a−49.2±2.5a
SPE109±15.2c0.256±0.1b−60.3±2.7c
), ArticleFig(id=1320883682299199585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

脂质体的平均粒径、PDI值及Zeta电位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同壁材的脂质体平均粒径(nm)PDIZeta电位(mV)
SPC135.2±12.5b0.263±0.1b−56.3±3.1b
EPC157.4±10.1a0.326±0.1a−49.2±2.5a
SPE109±15.2c0.256±0.1b−60.3±2.7c
), ArticleFig(id=1320883682391474274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Design and results of Box-Behnken experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:SPE:β-谷甾醇B:SPE:W1C:超声时间(min)包封率(%)
17:14:1753.39
25:15:1959.35
35:14:1755.48
46:14:1958.67
57:15:1557.87
66:16:1564.11
76:15:1768.45
86:14:1556.36
96:16:1956.63
107:15:1954.01
117:16:1756.09
126:15:1768.34
135:15:1555.98
146:15:1769.23
156:15:1767.69
165:16:1758.79
176:15:1767.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320883682454388835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计及其结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:SPE:β-谷甾醇B:SPE:W1C:超声时间(min)包封率(%)
17:14:1753.39
25:15:1959.35
35:14:1755.48
46:14:1958.67
57:15:1557.87
66:16:1564.11
76:15:1768.45
86:14:1556.36
96:16:1956.63
107:15:1954.01
117:16:1756.09
126:15:1768.34
135:15:1555.98
146:15:1769.23
156:15:1767.69
165:16:1758.79
176:15:1767.45
), ArticleFig(id=1320883682525692004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Variance analysis of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型513.34957.0480.92<0.0001++
A:SPE:β-谷甾醇8.4918.4912.040.0104+
B:SPE:W117.17117.1724.360.0017++
C:超声时间4.0014.005.680.0486+
AB0.0910.090.130.7271
AC13.07113.0718.540.0035++
BC23.96123.9633.990.0006++
A2219.321219.32311.16<0.0001++
B2108.541108.54153.99<0.0001++
C274.70174.70105.99<0.0001++
残差4.9370.70
失拟2.9730.992.020.2533
纯误差1.9640.49
合计518.2716
), ArticleFig(id=1320883684190830693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型513.34957.0480.92<0.0001++
A:SPE:β-谷甾醇8.4918.4912.040.0104+
B:SPE:W117.17117.1724.360.0017++
C:超声时间4.0014.005.680.0486+
AB0.0910.090.130.7271
AC13.07113.0718.540.0035++
BC23.96123.9633.990.0006++
A2219.321219.32311.16<0.0001++
B2108.541108.54153.99<0.0001++
C274.70174.70105.99<0.0001++
残差4.9370.70
失拟2.9730.992.020.2533
纯误差1.9640.49
合计518.2716
), ArticleFig(id=1320883684270522470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

MIC values of W1 and W1 liposomes against Staphylococcus aureus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指示菌MIC(mg/mL)
W1W1脂质体
金黄色葡萄球菌J13232
), ArticleFig(id=1320883684329242727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

W1和W1脂质体对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指示菌MIC(mg/mL)
W1W1脂质体
金黄色葡萄球菌J13232
), ArticleFig(id=1320883684396351592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Determination of bacteriostatic profile of W1 liposomes (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金黄色葡萄球菌J1单增李斯特菌DL-2蜡样假单胞菌DK-6沙门氏菌S2铜绿假单胞菌K2青霉菌Q1灰霉菌H3
17.21±0.24a16.33±0.23b11.76±0.42c4.06±0.72g3.98±0.24f7.01±0.32e8.16±0.33d
), ArticleFig(id=1320883684476043369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883668470580194, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

W1脂质体抑菌谱测定(mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金黄色葡萄球菌J1单增李斯特菌DL-2蜡样假单胞菌DK-6沙门氏菌S2铜绿假单胞菌K2青霉菌Q1灰霉菌H3
17.21±0.24a16.33±0.23b11.76±0.42c4.06±0.72g3.98±0.24f7.01±0.32e8.16±0.33d
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芽孢杆菌SNBS-3抗菌肽W1脂质体制备、表征及其抑菌活性
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娄梦雪 1 , 纪帅奇 1 , 乌日娜 1 , 王鹏杰 2 , 刘可新 1 , 郭佳 1 , 安飞宇 1 , 杨续金 3, * , 武俊瑞 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(8): 88-99
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (8) : 88 -99
芽孢杆菌SNBS-3抗菌肽W1脂质体制备、表征及其抑菌活性
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娄梦雪1 , 纪帅奇1, 乌日娜1, 王鹏杰2, 刘可新1, 郭佳1, 安飞宇1, 杨续金3, * , 武俊瑞1, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心,沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室,辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 2中国农业大学营养与健康研究院,北京 100091
  • 3内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古农业大学杨续金创新工作室,内蒙古呼和浩特 010010
通讯作者:
杨续金(1975−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学、农产品加工及贮藏方面的研究,E-mail:。
武俊瑞(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
作者简介:

娄梦雪(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus subtilis SNBS-3 Antimicrobial Peptide W1-Loaded Liposomes
Mengxue LOU1 , Shuaiqi JI1, Rina WU1, Pengjie WANG2, Kexin LIU1, jia GUO1, Feiyu AN1, Xujin YANG3, * , Junrui WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Food Fermentation Technology Engineering Research Center, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2Institute of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Yang Xujin Innovation Studio, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040189
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为解决抗菌肽在食品保鲜和医药应用中面临的稳定性差、易降解等问题,通过脂质体包埋技术提高抗菌肽W1的稳定性和生物利用度。从枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3中提取纯化抗菌肽W1,采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex-G25凝胶层析和高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)进行纯化,通过液相色谱-质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术鉴定其分子序列。随后,采用薄膜分散法制备W1负载脂质体,并通过单因素实验与响应面试验确定最佳制备工艺。通过粒径、Zeta电位、包封率及微观结构分析评估脂质体的物理化学性质,并考察其在不同温度、pH及酶处理条件下的稳定性及抑菌活性。此外,细胞实验评估了W1脂质体对人肝细胞LO2的生物毒性。结果表明,经Sephadex-G25纯化获得高活性组分,HPLC进一步纯化得到核心抑菌峰,LC-MS/MS鉴定抗菌肽W1序列为IGLFGGAGVGK;脂质体最优制备条件为大豆脑磷脂(soybean phosphatidyl ethanolamine,SPE)与β-谷甾醇质量比为5.94:1、SPE与W1质量比为5.18:1和超声时间为6.75 min,在此条件下制得的W1脂质体的粒径为105.88±6.35 nm,包封率为68.2%±1.5%,表现出良好的物理化学稳定性。抗菌活性测试显示,W1脂质体对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为32 mg/mL。细胞毒性实验表明,W1脂质体在浓度低于512 mg/mL时对LO2细胞的存活率保持在90%以上(P>0.05),具有良好的生物相容性。综上,脂质体包埋技术显著提高了抗菌肽W1的稳定性和抗菌效果,为其在食品和医药领域的应用提供了新的解决方案。

枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3  /  抗菌肽  /  脂质体  /  制备工艺优化  /  包封率  /  稳定性  /  生物毒性

To address the issues of poor stability and degradation of antimicrobial peptides in food preservation and pharmaceutical applications, liposome encapsulation technology was employed to enhance the stability and bioavailability of antimicrobial peptide W1. The antimicrobial peptide W1 was extracted and purified from Bacillus subtilis SNBS-3 using ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex-G25 gel chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its molecular sequence was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, W1-loaded liposomes were prepared using the film dispersion method, and optimal preparation conditions were determined through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The physicochemical properties of the liposomes were evaluated through particle size, Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and microscopic structural analysis. The stability and antibacterial activity of the liposomes were tested under different temperature, pH, and enzyme treatment conditions. Additionally, cell experiments assessed the cytotoxicity of W1 liposomes on human liver cells (LO2). The results indicated that a highly active fraction was obtained by Sephadex-G25 purification, further purified by HPLC to obtain the core antibacterial peak, and the antimicrobial peptide W1 sequence was identified as IGLFGGAGVGK by LC-MS/MS. The optimal preparation conditions were determined to be a mass ratio of soybean phosphatidylethanolamine (SPE) to β-sitosterol of 5.94:1, a mass ratio of SPE to W1 of 5.18:1, and an ultrasonication time of 6.75 minutes. Under these conditions, W1-loaded liposomes were obtained with a particle size of 105.88±6.35 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 68.2%±1.5%. Good physicochemical stability was exhibited by the resulting liposomes. Antibacterial tests revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of W1 liposomes against Staphylococcus aureus was 32 mg/mL. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that W1 liposomes maintained LO2 cell viability above 90% at concentrations below 512 mg/mL (P>0.05), indicating favorable biocompatibility. These findings suggest that liposomal encapsulation significantly enhances the stability and antimicrobial efficacy of W1, providing a promising strategy for its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Bacillus subtilis SNBS-3  /  antimicrobial peptide  /  liposome  /  preparation process optimization  /  encapsulation efficiency  /  stability  /  biotoxicity
娄梦雪, 纪帅奇, 乌日娜, 王鹏杰, 刘可新, 郭佳, 安飞宇, 杨续金, 武俊瑞. 芽孢杆菌SNBS-3抗菌肽W1脂质体制备、表征及其抑菌活性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 88 -99 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040189
Mengxue LOU, Shuaiqi JI, Rina WU, Pengjie WANG, Kexin LIU, jia GUO, Feiyu AN, Xujin YANG, Junrui WU. Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus subtilis SNBS-3 Antimicrobial Peptide W1-Loaded Liposomes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 88 -99 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040189
抗菌肽是一类广泛存在于生物体内的天然活性分子,具有广谱抗菌、抗病毒和抗真菌等多种生物活性[1]。由于其独特的抗菌机制,抗菌肽不易引发微生物耐药性,因此在食品保鲜、医药和农业领域展现出巨大的应用潜力[2]。然而,抗菌肽在实际应用中面临稳定性差、易被蛋白酶降解以及在复杂环境中活性降低等问题,限制了其广泛应用[3]。近年来,研究人员通过化学修饰、纳米载体包埋等手段提高抗菌肽的稳定性和生物利用度[4],其中脂质体作为一种生物相容性良好的纳米载体,成为抗菌肽递送系统的研究热点。
脂质体是由磷脂双分子层构成的纳米级囊泡,具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性和低毒性[5−6]。脂质体能够包埋亲水性和疏水性物质,广泛应用于药物传递、功能性食品和化妆品领域[7]。其作为一种有效的载体系统,被用于包埋抗菌肽以提高其稳定性和长效抑菌能力[8]。通过脂质体包埋,抗菌肽可以免受外界环境(如温度、pH和酶降解)的影响,同时实现目标物质的精确释放[9−10]。例如Li等[11]以白藜芦醇与蛋黄卵磷脂为原料,构建了载细菌素CAMT6纳米脂质体,包封率达97.32%,在牛奶等复杂食品体系中保持抑制李斯特菌活性。
前期研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3可产生多种抑菌物质[12]。本研究以该菌株为来源,提取并纯化抗菌肽W1,采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex-G25凝胶层析及高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)获得高纯度W1,并利用液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术鉴定其分子序列。为提高W1的稳定性和应用潜力,采用薄膜分散法制备W1负载脂质体,并通过单因素实验与响应面试验确定最佳制备工艺。通过粒径、Zeta电位、包封率及微观结构分析评估脂质体的物理化学性质,同时考察其在不同温度、pH及酶处理条件下的稳定性及对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性。细胞实验还评估了W1脂质体对人肝细胞LO2的生物毒性,为其在食品和医药领域的安全应用提供依据。
大豆脑磷脂 浙江森瑞生物科技有限公司;大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂、β-谷甾醇 上海生工有限公司;二氯甲烷 广东百偲化学试剂有限公司;枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3、金黄色葡萄球菌J1、单增李斯特菌DL-2、蜡样假单胞菌DK-6、沙门氏菌S2、铜绿假单胞菌K2、青霉菌Q1、灰霉菌H3 辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心菌库;麦克林葡聚糖凝胶G25、LB培养基 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;BCA试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;PDA培养基 广东环凯生物科技有限公司;硫酸铵 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;木瓜蛋白酶 100 U/mg,天津市华盛化学试剂有限公司;蛋白酶K 40 U/mg,伊势久生物有限公司;次氯酸钠 广东博锐化工有限公司;所有化学试剂均为分析纯。
DYY-6C电泳仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司;UVP GDS-8000凝胶成像系统 美国通用电气公司;RE-52CS旋转蒸发仪 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;FJ200-SH均质机 上海沪析实业有限公司;SN-QX-20超声仪 上海尚善仪器设备有限公司;HL-2B数显恒流泵 上海驰唐电子有限公司;Centrifuge 5804R离心机 德国艾本德股份有限公司;Eon酶标仪 美国Biotek公司;Dionex P680半制备反相高效液相色谱仪 美国Dionex公司;ZS90纳米粒度、Zeta电位分析仪 北京瑟奇科技有限公司;LX-B50L高压灭菌锅 合肥华泰医疗设备有限公司。
从辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心菌库中获取枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3,并接种于LB液体培养基中,在37 ℃、160 r/min条件下培养24 h。根据郭丽丹等[13]的方法,采用硫酸铵盐析法进行粗提取。具体步骤为:将硫酸铵粉末在冰水浴条件下缓慢加入发酵液中,调节至80%饱和度,4 ℃静置2 h后离心(10000 r/min,30 min),收集上清液。上清液用10 mmol/L PBS缓冲液(pH6.2)溶解,经过3.5 kDa透析袋进行过夜流动透析以去除盐分。
使用葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex-G25进行初步纯化[14]。粗提物透析除盐后,制备为20 mg/mL溶液,并通过0.22 µm过滤器过滤。将凝胶柱填充至距柱顶10 cm,使用缓冲液平衡后,以0.5 mL/min流速洗脱,每10 min收集一次样品,并在280 nm处检测吸光度。收集具有抗菌活性的组分,并进一步通过反向高效液相色谱纯化。使用C18色谱柱,流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为水(含1‰三氟乙酸),梯度洗脱条件见表1。检测波长为280 nm,进样量为20 μL,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为25 ℃。
参照周健平等[15]使用LC-MS/MS进行检测与分析,借助Thermo Xcalibur 4.0软件,根据样品的质量/电荷比(m/z)来确定目标化合物的分子量,进而通过对比分析初步识别出菌株产生的脂肽种类。使用LC-MS/MS分析菌株产生的脂肽种类。HPLC采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,粒径1.7 μm),色谱柱温度设定为30 ℃,样品管理器温度为10 ℃。流动相A为含0.1%甲酸的水,流动相B为纯甲醇。洗脱梯度如下:0~2 min,95%A;2~13 min,A由95%降至5%;13~16 min,A维持在5%;16~16.1 min,A迅速回升至95%;16.1~18 min,保持95% A。流速为0.3 mL/min,注入量为2 μL。质谱检测采用热电喷雾电离源,喷雾电压为3 kV,毛细管温度320 ℃,喷雾气体压力30 psi,辅助气压力10 psi。质谱扫描范围为200~2000 m/z,使用全扫描和动态数据依赖二级质谱模式,一级分辨率为70000,二级分辨率为17500,碰撞气体为氮气。
采用BCA法测定,使用全自动酶标仪在562 nm处读取吸光度,利用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件建立标准曲线(R2=0.9973):y=0.0008x+0.0593,x为抗菌肽W1质量浓度,μg/mL;y为样品562 nm处的吸光值。
抗菌活性通过琼脂打孔法评估[16]。将金黄色葡萄球菌J1、单增李斯特菌DL-2、蜡样假单胞菌DK-6、沙门氏菌S2、铜绿假单胞菌K2菌悬液(105 CFU/mL)分别接种于LB固体培养基上,将青霉菌Q1、灰霉菌H3菌悬液(105 CFU/mL)分别接种于PDA固体培养基上,打孔后加入100 μL待测样品(W1粗提物、纯化W1溶液、W1脂质体悬液或相应空白对照),37 ℃孵育24 h,测量抑菌圈直径。
将蛋黄卵磷脂(egg yolk phosphatidylcholine,EPC)、大豆卵磷脂(soybean phosphatidylcholine,SPC)和大豆脑磷脂(soybean phosphatidyl ethanolamine,SPE)三者分别与β-谷甾醇按一定比例称量,置于50 mL棕色锥形瓶中,加入20 mL二氯甲烷,超声至完全溶解。在冰水浴条件下,以10000 r/min的转速均质,缓慢加入5 mL超纯水或一定浓度的W1溶液,继续均质5 min。将混合液转移至棕色圆底烧瓶中,通过旋转蒸发(30 ℃,0.1 MPa)去除二氯甲烷,直至瓶底形成高黏性凝胶。向烧瓶中加入25 mL超纯水,水浴超声至凝胶完全分散,随后水化20 min。使用探针超声仪(37 kHz,2 s开/3 s关)进一步处理,最后通过0.22 μm水系膜过滤10次,得到纳米脂质体[17]。
使用Zetasizer Nano ZS90纳米粒度分析仪测定脂质体的粒径、Zeta电位和多分散指数(polydispersity index,PDI)。测量条件为:温度25 ℃,水作为分散介质,散射角90°,平衡时间120 s。测量前,将脂质体样品用超纯水稀释10倍,并在测量前静置120 s以确保平衡[18]。
将脂质体样品用超纯水按1:1000稀释,滴加至新剥离的云母片上,室温静置30 min至完全干燥。采用轻敲模式进行微观形貌表征,扫描频率为1 Hz,图像分辨率为512×512[19]。
将5 mg脂质体冻干样品置于晶体表面,以空气为背景,在常温下进行光谱测量。光谱采集范围为500~4000 cm−1,扫描次数为32次。
将30 μL脂质体样品滴加至载有铝箔片的载玻片上,使用50倍物镜聚焦激光进行观察。采用配备He-Ne激光器的拉曼光谱仪,激发波长为633 nm,扫描范围为600~3000 cm−1。记录718、1440、2850和2890 cm−1处的光谱线强度,通过I718/I1440和I2890/I2850比值分别表征脂质体极性头部的胆碱基团构型及脂质链的横向堆积序列[20]。
采用高速离心机,以4 ℃、10000 r/min的条件离心15 min,分离脂质体与未包埋的W1。利用改良BCA法(参照1.2.1.4节)测定上清液中未包埋W1的含量,并根据标准曲线计算其浓度,从而得出SPE脂质体的包封率。
$\rm 包封率(\text{%}) =\frac{{\text{M}}_{总肽}-{\text{M}}_{未包埋肽}}{{\text{M}}_{总肽}}\times 100$
式中:M总肽为W1的总量;M未包埋肽为上清液中未包埋W1的含量。
按照1.2.3节方法,分别设置SPE与β-谷甾醇的质量比为3:1、4:1、5:1、6:1和7:1,SPE与W1的质量比为3:1、4:1、5:1、6:1和7:1,探针超声时间为3、5、7、9和11 min。考察其中一个因素时,其余两个因素均固定在中间水平:SPE:β-谷甾醇质量比固定为5:1;SPE:W1质量比固定为5:1;探针超声时间固定为7 min。均质过程中加入5 mL W1溶液,40 ℃水化20 min。随后,按照1.2.4.1节方法测定脂质体的粒径、Zeta电位和PDI值。
本试验采用三因素三水平的响应面试验进行选择见表2,通过响应面优化试验来确定脂质体制备的最佳配方。
将10 µL W1脂质体样品滴加至200目碳覆铜网上,静置5 min使其自然铺展。吸除多余样品后,用2%(w/v)磷钨酸负染色5 min。去除过量染色液,室温风干后,使用透射电镜观察脂质体的微观结构[21]。
根据李建勋等[22]的方法,略作调整,采用改良肉汤稀释法测定金黄色葡萄球菌J1对W1及W1脂质体的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)值。将金黄色葡萄球菌J1培养至对数生长期后,稀释至适宜浓度,加入W1或W1脂质体溶液,使用96孔板进行测试。每孔加入100 μL LB培养基,第1孔加入W1或W1脂质体溶液100 μL,按梯度稀释法依次转移100 μL至后续孔,第9孔后弃去100 μL,最终得到溶液浓度梯度为1024、512、256、128、64、32、16、8 mg/mL。第10孔为阳性对照,第11孔为阴性对照。每个浓度组设置3个平行孔,37 ℃孵育18 h。测量各孔在600 nm处的吸光度(Optical Density,OD),若测试孔与空白对照孔的OD600无显著差异,则认为该浓度下无菌生长,确定此时W1或W1脂质体的MIC值。抑菌谱测定方法同1.2.2,采用W1脂质体替代W1进行测试。
耐热稳定性:将W1和W1脂质体分别置于20、40、60和80 ℃水浴中,静置1 h。然后按照1.2.2方法测定不同温度处理后,W1和W1脂质体对金黄色葡萄球菌J1的抑菌圈直径变化。
耐酸碱稳定性:将W1和W1脂质体溶解于pH为1、3、7、9和11的磷酸盐缓冲液中,室温静置1 h。随后根据1.2.2方法,测定不同pH条件下W1和W1脂质体对金黄色葡萄球菌J1的抑菌圈直径变化,评估酸碱稳定性。
耐木瓜蛋白酶稳定性:将木瓜蛋白酶与W1及W1脂质体在37 ℃孵育1 h,随后在65 ℃水浴中灭活30 min。使用无菌PBS缓冲液制备不同浓度的木瓜蛋白酶溶液,混合后孵育,最后根据1.2.2方法测定W1和W1脂质体对金黄色葡萄球菌J1的抑菌圈直径变化,以评估W1脂质体的水解稳定性[23]。
耐蛋白酶K稳定性:按与耐木瓜蛋白酶稳定性相同的方法进行蛋白酶K稳定性测试。
贮藏稳定性:将制备好的W1脂质体分装至2 mL棕色避光玻璃瓶中密封,置于4 ℃冰箱避光贮藏。分别在贮藏的第0(制备当天)、7、14、21和28 d取样进行粒径、电位、PDI值及包封率的变化。
LO2细胞在含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素-两性霉素B混合溶液的DMEM培养基中,37 ℃、5% CO2、95%湿度条件下培养至对数生长期。细胞用PBS润洗后,使用1 mL 0.25%胰酶溶液消化,计数后以2×105个细胞/孔接种于96孔板。待细胞贴壁后,弃去培养液,加入不同浓度(8、16、32、64、128、256、512、1024、2048 mg/mL)的纳米脂质体培养基,继续培养24 h。接着,每孔加入20 μL(5 mg/mL)MTT溶液,继续培养4 h。吸弃MTT溶液后,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,震荡5 min,使用酶标仪在570 nm处测定吸光度。每个处理组设五个平行孔,未处理的细胞为空白对照组[24]。
所有试验和测量均重复三次,数据以平均值±标准偏差(Mean±SD)表示。数据整理使用Excel 2019完成,统计分析采用SPSS 26.0进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)及Duncan多重比较,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。差异具有统计学意义时,在图中以相应符号标注。图表绘制采用GraphPad Prism 9.5和Origin 2022软件完成。
采用硫酸铵沉淀法对枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3进行提取,粗提物表现出明显的抑制金黄色葡萄球菌J1效果,抑菌圈直径为16.22±2.34 mm。而硫酸铵对照组未表现出抑菌活性,表明枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3能够产生具有抗菌活性的成分,这与纪帅奇等[12]的研究结果一致。根据BCA法测定,粗提取物中的蛋白质浓度为0.22 mg/mL,表明硫酸铵沉淀法能够有效提取出具有抗菌活性的蛋白质成分。
通过Sephadex-G25凝胶过滤层析,粗提物被分离为三个主要洗脱峰(Sephadex 1,Sephadex 2,Sephadex 3),结果见图1。其中,第二个洗脱峰(Sephadex 2)显示出较高的峰值。琼脂打孔法测定各洗脱峰对金黄色葡萄球菌J1的抑菌活性显示(表3),Sephadex 2峰的抑菌圈直径显著大于Sephadex 1峰和Sephadex 3峰(P<0.05),表明Sephadex 2组分含有主要的抗菌活性物质。进一步通过HPLC分离Sephadex 2峰,得到三个主要峰(HPLC 1,HPLC 2,HPLC 3),结果见图2,其中第三个峰HPLC 3(洗脱时间约为7.935 min)显示出最高的峰值。抗菌活性测试(表3)证实HPLC 3峰具有最强的抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径:17.35±0.19 mm),显著高于HPLC 1和HPLC 2峰(P<0.05),表明该组分具有潜在的抗菌肽活性。
通过LC-MS/MS技术分析,鉴定出一个多肽序列IGLFGGAGVGK。该序列的质谱评分(Score值293.67)、序列覆盖率(5.3%)和分子量(0.975 kDa)均支持其可信度。质谱图(图3)进一步验证了该序列的正确性,并通过Antimicrobial Peptide Scanner分析确认其具有抗菌活性。
W1对革兰氏阳性菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌J1和单增李斯特菌DL-2)表现出较强的抑制效果,抑菌圈直径分别为17.30±0.21 mm和16.56±0.10 mm,实验结果如表4。对革兰氏阴性菌的抑制效果较弱,而对真菌(如青霉菌Q1和灰霉菌H3)则显示出一定的抑制效果。
表5展示了使用不同磷脂(EPC、SPC和SPE)制备的脂质体的粒径、PDI和Zeta电位。结果表明,SPC、EPC和SPE脂质体的平均粒径分别为135.2±12.5 nm、157.4±10.1 nm和109±15.2 nm。其中,SPE脂质体的粒径最小,表明其具有较低的聚集倾向和更好的稳定性[25]。PDI值用于评估脂质体的粒径分布均匀性,EPC脂质体的PDI值为0.326,略高于SPC和SPE脂质体,表明其粒径分布均匀性稍差。Zeta电位是衡量脂质体稳定性的关键指标,绝对值大于30 mV表明系统稳定性较高[26]。实验结果显示,三种磷脂制备的脂质体Zeta电位绝对值均大于30 mV,表明其具有强静电排斥力,能够有效减少颗粒聚集。
图4展示了由不同磷脂(SPC、EPC、SPE)制备的空脂质体的表面形貌。通过原子力显微镜(AFM)图像可观察到,SPC与EPC脂质体普遍存在粒径较大的聚集体,且颗粒轮廓较为模糊,尤其是EPC脂质体,其粒子间黏连现象更为显著。这种结构模糊性表明其脂质体间可能存在较强的吸附或融合行为。相应地,在2.2.1节中EPC脂质体的平均粒径为157.4±10.1 nm,PDI值为0.326±0.1,明显高于SPE脂质体,说明其粒径分布较宽、聚集倾向更强。相较之下,SPE脂质体在形貌上表现出较高的规则性和分散性,AFM图像显示其脂质体粒子形貌清晰,大多数呈规则球形,粒径分布集中,几乎未观察到明显的聚集现象,这与前人研究成功制备的脂质体表征相似[27−29],并且与2.2.1节所测得SPE的最低平均粒径(109±15.2 nm)、最低PDI值(0.256±0.1)及较高Zeta电位绝对值(−60.3±2.7 mV)高度一致,表明SPE脂质体具有良好的结构稳定性和分散性。
衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱(attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,ATR-FTIR)技术可通过分析分子键的振动模式,表征脂质体的化学组成、分子构象及相互作用机制。由图5可知,SPC和EPC在形成脂质体过程中,CH2和PO2−的对称及不对称伸缩振动峰未发生显著变化,表明脂质分子间相互作用力较弱。然而,SPE脂质体中CH2的对称伸缩振动峰从2856 cm−1移至2847 cm−1,不对称伸缩振动峰从2923 cm−1移至2915 cm−1,这可能是由于SPE中高饱和脂肪酸含量增强了分子间作用力,限制了CH2的振动。此外,SPE脂质体中N(CH3)3+和C=O的特征吸收峰分别从966 cm−1和1730 cm−1偏移至969 cm−1和1736 cm−1,表明胆碱基团和羰基构象发生了部分变化。同时,PO2−的对称和非对称伸缩振动峰分别从1095 cm−1和1255 cm−1移至1090 cm−1和1236 cm−1,表明PO2−基团与β-谷甾醇的羟基之间形成了氢键。这些结果表明,SPE脂质体中脂质分子间存在较强的疏水相互作用、范德华力和氢键作用,验证了脑磷脂脂质体的成功制备。
通过拉曼光谱分析,研究了脂质体在不同波段的构象变化及其分子排列有序性。由图6可知,在600至800 cm−1和1300至1600 cm−1波段,脂质体的拉曼光谱显示,头部胆碱基团的C-N对称伸缩振动在718 cm−1处呈现扭曲构象,而外源性分子干扰可使其振动频率移至770 cm−1并转变为反式构象。1440 cm−1处的峰主要源于CH2的变角振动,对头部极性构象变化的敏感性较低。通过I718/I1440比值可监测胆碱基团构象的变化[20],而I2890/I2850比值(分别对应CH2的对称和反对称伸缩振动)则用于评估脂质分子横向排列的有序性[30]。结果表明,含β-谷甾醇的SPC、EPC和SPE脂质体的I2890/I2850比值相近,表明β-谷甾醇显著增强了不同脂质体分子间的稳定性和紧密程度,这与Song等[31]发现甾醇提高了膜的刚性并降低了膜的变形性一致。相比之下,SPE-β-谷甾醇的I718/I1440比值较低,表明其头部区域构象变化更为显著,可能形成了更有序、更紧密的结构,从而增强了脂质相互作用和膜稳定性,揭示了SPE-β-谷甾醇在药物传递和脂质体基础研究中的潜在优势。
实验研究了SPE与β-谷甾醇比例、SPE与W1质量比以及超声时间对脂质体性能的影响。图7结果表明,当SPE与β-谷甾醇比例为6:1时,脂质体粒径最小且PDI值低于0.3,包封率达到最高,表明该条件下脂质体分散性和稳定性最佳,这可能是由于β-谷甾醇含量对膜流动性的调节作用[32]。此外,SPE与W1质量比的优化实验显示,当比例为5:1时,包埋率最高,粒径较小且PDI值低于0.3,电位绝对值大于30 mV,表明体系具有较好的均一性和稳定性[25−26];而过高或过低的SPE与W1比例会导致体系不稳定和包埋率下降。超声时间的影响研究表明,随着超声时间增加,脂质体粒径逐渐减小,但超过7 min后,PDI值增大且包埋率下降,表明过长的超声时间可能导致脂质体膜氧化破裂,从而影响分散性和包埋效率。
前期试验表明,SPE与β-谷甾醇质量之比、SPE与W1质量之比和超声时间这三个因素对脂质体包埋率有明显影响,因此在试验的基础上,分别对SPE:β-谷甾醇(A)、SPE:W1(B)与超声时间(C)三个因素选取三个水平,以包封率作为指标,进行Box-Benhnken响应面设计优化试验,以包封率为响应值的二次回归方程为:
Y=68.23−1.03×A+1.47×B−0.71×C−0.15×AB−1.81×AC−2.45×BC−7.22×A2−5.08×B2−4.21×C2。试验结果如表6所示。
如表7所示,方差分析表明,所采用的模型在极显著水平上有效(P<0.01),而失拟项的P值为0.2533(>0.05),表明差异不显著,从而验证了模型与实际观测值之间拥有良好的拟合度,确保了试验设计的结果的可靠性。模型的相关系数R2为0.9905,显示出极强的相关性;而修正的决定系数R2Adj为0.9782,意味着有97.8%的数据变异可以通过该回归模型来解释;CV值等于1.39%,表示试验的可信度和精确度良好。SPE:β-谷甾醇、SPE:W1与超声时间,这三个因素中两两相互作用对包封率大小的影响结果如图8所示,SPE:β-谷甾醇和超声时间、SPE:W1和超声时间交互作用对响应值的影响明显。
根据上述分析及Box-Behnken软件预测,获得负载W1的纳米脂质体最佳制备工艺的条件为:SPE与β-谷甾醇质量比为5.94:1、SPE与W1质量比为5.18:1和超声时间为6.75 min。在此条件下进行的三组重复性试验结果显示,此时预测的最大包封率为68.433%,后在此最佳的配比模型下进行3次验证性试验,结果得到包封率为68.4%±1.5%,与先前的理论预测结果较为相近,说明模型的拟合程度较好,回归方程对脂质体最佳制备工艺的分析和预测有效。在此条件下,制备的脂质体平均粒径为105.88±6.35 nm,包封率达68.2%±1.5%,电位值为−54.1±4.3 mV。
采用透射电子显微镜对通过响应面优化方法制备的W1脂质体进行表征,结果如图9所示。可以观察到,W1脂质体呈球形结构,表面光滑,具有明显的双层磷脂膜包裹,这是脂质体的典型结构特征[33]。此外,粒子之间尺寸均一,未见明显聚集现象,表明该制备方法具有良好的重复性与分散性。双层膜结构完整的脂质体在体内具有更好的稳定性,可延缓药物释放、提高递送效率[34]。在本研究中,W1脂质体表现出良好的膜结构清晰度,暗示其具备较强的结构稳定性,这与2.2节中空脑磷脂脂质体Zeta电位和粒径分布结果相一致。已有研究指出,粒径小且分布均一的脂质体在体内的分布行为更具可控性,更易穿透生物屏障并实现靶向递送[35−36]。W1脂质体的形貌特征表明其具有潜在的应用优势,尤其在需要高封装效率和稳定性的药物递送系统中具有较高价值。
本试验通过测定MIC来评价W1对金黄色葡萄球菌J1的抑制效果。试验得到的MIC值如表8所示,W1和W1脂质体对金黄色葡萄球菌J1的MIC都为32 mg/mL。W1在包封前后的MIC值相同,表明其抗菌活性并未受到影响,这与Changsan等[37]的研究结果一致。
由表9可知,W1脂质体对革兰氏阳性菌有较强的抑制效果,对金黄色葡萄球菌J1、单增李斯特菌DL-2表现出良好的抑制效果。而对革兰氏阴性菌的抑制效果较弱,例如沙门氏菌S2和铜绿假单胞菌K2几乎无抑制效果。真菌方面,对曲青霉菌Q1和灰霉菌H3则显示出一定的抑制效果。这与2.1.4中W1的抑菌谱结果相似。
图10实验结果表明,W1和W1脂质体的抑菌活性在不同温度、pH和酶处理条件下表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。温度处理方面,随着温度升高,两者的抑菌活性均有所下降,这可能是由于高温导致W1活性成分的结构变性或降解。然而,W1脂质体在60和80 ℃时仍能维持较高的抑菌活性,说明脂质体包埋能减缓温度对其活性的破坏。这种保护效应可能来源于磷脂双层对活性成分的热屏障作用,抑制其与外界高温环境的直接接触。pH处理方面,W1脂质体在pH1和pH11等极端条件下的抑菌效果仍优于未包埋的W1。这一现象可能与脂质体包裹结构对酸碱条件的缓冲作用有关,能有效延缓内容物暴露于极端pH环境,从而保持其生物活性。此外,在木瓜蛋白酶和蛋白酶K处理下,W1的活性显著下降,而W1脂质体则维持较高水平的抑菌效果。说明脂质体不仅对物理条件具有保护作用,在酶降解方面也具有一定的屏障效果。这些结果表明,脂质体通过其独特的包裹结构,显著提升了W1在多种胁迫环境下的稳定性和抑菌能力。相比于游离态的W1,其更适合作为食品添加剂应用于复杂加工与储藏条件下,如高温杀菌、pH波动和酶活性存在的肉制品加工过程中。
由图11(a)可知,存储初期W1脂质体的粒径保持较稳定状态,14 d贮存期间粒径变化不明显。然而,随着时间延长至28 d,包封率逐渐下降且脂质体粒径有所增大,这可能因为贮存期间脂质体内部结构逐渐聚集,部分脂质体形态发生破裂,进而影响包埋效果。由图11(b)可知,随着贮藏时间的增加,W1脂质体的PDI值逐渐增大,而Zeta电位的绝对值逐渐减小。PDI值的增大表明脂质体的粒径分布逐渐变宽,即粒径的均匀性有所下降,这与粒径变化的结果相一致,进一步证实了脂质体在长期贮藏过程中出现了一定程度的聚集现象。Zeta电位绝对值的减小则表明脂质体表面的电荷密度降低,静电排斥力减弱,这可能是导致脂质体聚集倾向增加的原因之一。
研究表明,环境中的不可降解纳米颗粒可能通过食物链积累并在人体内富集,对人类健康构成潜在风险[38]。为探究脂质体包埋抗菌肽W1对正常人类肝细胞LO2的生物毒性,本研究评估了不同浓度W1脂质体对细胞活性的影响。图12结果表明,当W1脂质体浓度低于512 mg/mL时,细胞存活率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),均保持在90%以上,表明该浓度范围内具有较高的生物安全性;然而,当浓度增至2048 mg/mL时,细胞存活率显著(P<0.05)下降至30%以下,超出安全阈值。因此,初步研究表明,W1脂质体在食品应用中的安全浓度应控制在512 mg/mL以下。
本研究从枯草芽孢杆菌SNBS-3中提取并鉴定出抗菌肽W1,经硫酸铵沉淀、Sephadex G-25纯化和LC-MS分析确定其结构。采用薄膜分散法制备的SPE脂质体粒径为105.88±6.35 nm,包封率达68.2%±1.5%,表现出良好的热稳定性、碱稳定性及抗蛋白酶能力,显著提升了W1的稳定性和抗菌效果。与既有研究相比,本研究不仅获得来源安全的天然抗菌肽,还通过脂质体包埋技术增强了其在中性及微碱环境下对金黄色葡萄球菌等病原菌的抑制能力,拓展了其在食品保鲜等领域的应用潜力,具有一定的理论创新与实用价值。但本研究仍存在一些限制,如W1脂质体的作用机制尚不明确,其在复杂食品体系中的行为及长期稳定性需进一步研究。未来应聚焦于机制解析及实际应用评估。综上,SPE脂质体包埋的W1抗菌肽为天然、安全的食品保鲜新策略提供了有力支撑,具备广阔的应用前景。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040189
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
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    1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心,沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室,辽宁沈阳 110866
    2中国农业大学营养与健康研究院,北京 100091
    3内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古农业大学杨续金创新工作室,内蒙古呼和浩特 010010

通讯作者:

杨续金(1975−),男,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品科学、农产品加工及贮藏方面的研究,E-mail:。
武俊瑞(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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