Article(id=1320883886079455734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040188, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852859277, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852859277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852859277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852859277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=485, endPage=495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883886431777271, articleId=1320883886079455734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Sensors in the Detection of Mycotoxins in Grains, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mycotoxin contamination in cereal grains is a widespread problem, predominantly characterized by the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins. The sensing detection method based on surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been widely proposed in the research of mycotoxin detection. In this review, the recent advancements of solution-phase SERS sensors for both individual and multiplexed mycotoxin detection are systematically analyzed, and pointed out that the construction of nano-gap structures, magnetic probe enrichment, internal standard correction, and enzyme cycle amplification strategies are effective approaches to enhance the detection performance of SERS sensors. The research advance of SERS sensors based on lateral flow immunoassay for rapid on-site detection of mycotoxins is elaborated, and the advantages and latest developments of bimetallic nanoprobes, magnetic composite nanomaterials and three-dimensional membrane-like nanomaterials in multiple detection, anti-matrix interference and signal stability are respectively explained. Finally, it is pointed out that the preparation of SERS substrates with strong Raman signals, stable performance, good repeatability, and low cost, as well as the reduction of sample matrix interference, are the key technical issues to solve the practicality of SERS sensors. The development trends of SERS sensors towards standardization, intelligence, and multi-scenario integrated application are clarified, providing reference and guidance for the research and application of SERS sensors for mycotoxins.

, authors=Limei YIN1, Xiumei TIAN2, Lixin MA3, Zhiming GUO3, Xiaobo ZOU3, Yunyun GONG4, Jianrong CAI3, *, authorsList=Limei YIN, Xiumei TIAN, Lixin MA, Zhiming GUO, Xiaobo ZOU, Yunyun GONG, Jianrong CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianrong CAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883889766248962, articleId=1320883886079455734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=SERS传感器在粮食真菌毒素检测中应用的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

粮食中真菌毒素的污染普遍存在,且常表现为多种真菌毒素的混合污染。基于表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,SERS)技术的传感方法已被广泛应用于真菌毒素的检测研究。本文首先系统性地综述了基于溶液反应体系的SERS传感器在单一真菌毒素和多种真菌毒素检测中的研究和应用进展,指出纳米间隙构建、磁性探针富集、内标校正及酶循环放大策略是实现SERS传感器检测性能提升的有效途径。其次,详细阐述了基于免疫层析试纸的SERS传感器在真菌毒素快速检测研究中的进展,并分别阐释了双金属纳米材料、磁性复合纳米材料及三维膜状纳米材料在多重检测、抗基质干扰及信号稳定性方面的技术优势和最新进展。最后指出了制备拉曼信号强、性能稳定、重复性良好、成本低廉的SERS增强基底和降低样本基质干扰是解决SERS传感器实用性的技术关键,明确了SERS传感器标准化、智能化及多场景集成应用的发展趋势,为真菌毒素SERS传感器的研发和应用提供借鉴和参考。

, authors=尹丽梅1, 田秀梅2, 马立鑫3, 郭志明3, 邹小波3, Yunyun GONG4, 蔡健荣3, *, authorsList=尹丽梅, 田秀梅, 马立鑫, 郭志明, 邹小波, Yunyun GONG, 蔡健荣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蔡健荣, authorNote=

尹丽梅(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品安全快速检测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
蔡健荣(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品品质安全快速无损检测技术与装备,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zZb4MXIMRF58w26VaVPJpw==, magXml=aHyQMaEb37jAv9BrKDAPGw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=C8FC2tKML7nocLGclr0hPw==, pdfFileSize=4928492, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=S83XHMtg3YSOaxfX4hIHJA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aTA8ehdyJaF/pN0SXaNSpA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883890735133200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yinlimei@ujs.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883891146174994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, authorId=1320883890735133200, language=EN, stringName=Limei YIN, firstName=Limei, middleName=null, lastName=YIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883891200700947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, authorId=1320883890735133200, language=CN, stringName=尹丽梅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1江苏大学农业工程学院,江苏镇江 212013, bio={"content":"

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Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 448: 137760., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883890194067971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890202456580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890194067971, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890210845189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890194067971, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江苏大学农业工程学院,江苏镇江 212013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883890311508486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890315702791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890311508486, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Beijing Zhongsheng Shikang Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890324091400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890311508486, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京中盛世康科技有限公司,北京 102101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883890542195209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890546389514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890542195209, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890554778123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890542195209, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883890642858508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890651247117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890642858508, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883890659635726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, companyId=1320883890642858508, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4利兹大学食品科学与营养学院,英国利兹 LS2 9JT)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883895306924605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of SERS sensors for AFB1 detection, figureFileSmall=Pd+48jWPtspeiYD4enkh9A==, figureFileBig=S83XHMtg3YSOaxfX4hIHJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883895369839166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=CN, label=图1, caption=AFB1的SERS传感器检测原理示意图

注:(A)基于Ni@Au的SERS免疫传感器[26];(B)基于核-卫星组装体(AuNSs-AgNPs)的SERS适配体传感器[27];(C)基于CM-Fe3O4和金银核壳纳米棒的SERS适配体传感器[28];(D)基于Fe3O4@AuNFs和Au@Ag的SERS适配体传感器[30];(E)基于Fe3O4-20/3Au@Au和AgNPs的SERS适配体传感器[31]。

, figureFileSmall=Pd+48jWPtspeiYD4enkh9A==, figureFileBig=S83XHMtg3YSOaxfX4hIHJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883895571165759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of SERS sensors for ZEN detection, figureFileSmall=X37kAOhOgmPWLWzFhwdSPw==, figureFileBig=9Kpo9oRxufaQKPG5Z+QY4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883895676023360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ZEN的SERS传感器检测原理示意图

注:A. 基于AuNPs的SERS免疫传感器[33];B. 基于Fe3O4@AuNFs和Au-DTNB@Ag的适配体传感器[34];C. 基于MSN-Rh6G-AuNPs的SERS适配体传感器[36];D. 基于AuNSs和AuMBA@AgMBANPs的SERS免疫传感器[37]。

, figureFileSmall=X37kAOhOgmPWLWzFhwdSPw==, figureFileBig=9Kpo9oRxufaQKPG5Z+QY4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883895738937921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of SERS sensors for OTA detection, figureFileSmall=ZGTyFobzfvp3Q4JzIdb/0g==, figureFileBig=jVHmpgnn088ozU1OpFvEEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883895818629698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=CN, label=图3, caption=OTA的SERS传感器检测原理示意图

注:A:基于Fe3O4和Au@Au-AgNNSs的SERS适配体传感器[39];B:以MXenes纳米片为内标的SERS适配体传感器[40];C:基于金纳米膜和内标分子4-NTP的SERS适配体传感器[41];D:基于核壳金纳米星和核酸外切酶III的SERS适配体传感器[42]。

, figureFileSmall=ZGTyFobzfvp3Q4JzIdb/0g==, figureFileBig=jVHmpgnn088ozU1OpFvEEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883895885738563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of SERS immunosensors for multiple mycotoxins detection, figureFileSmall=VhkoFWz+75KdK5sAQGvW8g==, figureFileBig=aJ7USnXq5BRPwpKmU3vJ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883896082870852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=CN, label=图4, caption=多种毒素同时检测的SERS传感器检测原理示意图

注:A:基于3D金纳米柱阵列的多毒素(OTA/FUMB/AFB1)SERS免疫传感器;B:基于金纳米膜微阵列的多毒素(AFB1/ZEN/OTA)SERS免疫传感器;C:基于SIPCM-Au和三种拉曼信号分子的多毒素(OTA/FB1/DON)SERS免疫传感器。

, figureFileSmall=VhkoFWz+75KdK5sAQGvW8g==, figureFileBig=aJ7USnXq5BRPwpKmU3vJ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883896166756933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Application of SERS-LFIA in the detection of mycotoxins, figureFileSmall=JidscGoaAJ89LwEs7soHgg==, figureFileBig=4N655UR1JyMMFiHyFHi7hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883896238060102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SERS-LFIA在真菌毒素检测中的应用

注:A. 基于Au@Ag-MBA/DTNB的多毒素检测试纸;B. 基于AuMBA@Ag的ZEN检测试纸;C. 基于AuMBA@SiO2和AuDNTB@SiO2的双毒素检测试纸;D. 基于Fe3O4@PEI/AuMBA@Ag的双毒素检测试纸;E. 基于GO@Au/Au的多毒素检测试纸。

, figureFileSmall=JidscGoaAJ89LwEs7soHgg==, figureFileBig=4N655UR1JyMMFiHyFHi7hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883896309363271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Application of SERS tagging detection in mycotoxins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素样本基质捕获探针SERS信号探针参考文献
AFB1玉米Ni@AuNPs-抗原AuNPs-4-MBA-抗体[26]
花生奶AuNSs-cDNAAgNPs-4-ATP-Apt[27]
花生油CS-Fe3O4-AptAu-DTNB@AgNTs-DTNB-Apt[28]
花生油CS-Fe3O4-AptAu-DTNB@AgNRs-cDNA[29]
花生油Fe3O4@AuNFs–cDNAAu–4-MBA@Ag–Apt[30]
薏苡仁Fe3O4-20/3Au@Au-aptAgNPs-DTNB/cDNA[31]
ZEN饲料凹面载玻片-抗原AuNPs-4,4′-dipyridyl-抗体[33]
啤酒、红酒Fe3O4@AuNFs–cDNAAu–DTNB@Ag–Apt[34]
玉米MSN-AptRh6G-AuNPs[36]
玉米AuNSs-mAbAuMBA@AgMBA-antigen[37]
OTA红酒Fe3O4–AptAu@Au-AgNNSs-4-MBA-cDNA[39]
红酒MXenes-cDNAAu-Ag Janus NPs -MBIA-Apt[40]
红酒PMPs-HpDNAAuNS@4-MBA@Au- Apt[41]
红酒Au-4-NTP-cDNAAu@Ag NPs-4-ATP-Apt[42]
OTA,FBs,AFB1水Au纳米柱-抗原1/2/3AuNPs-MGITC-二抗[43]
OTA,FB1,DON玉米,小麦,大米Glass-AuNPs-抗原1/2/3AuNPs-DSNB-抗体1/2/3[44]
AFB1,OTA,ZEN玉米,小麦,大米SICPM-抗原1/2/3AuNPs-NBA-抗体1
AuNPS-CV-抗体2
AuNPS-MB-抗体3
[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883896397443656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883886079455734, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标记检测在真菌毒素SERS传感器中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素样本基质捕获探针SERS信号探针参考文献
AFB1玉米Ni@AuNPs-抗原AuNPs-4-MBA-抗体[26]
花生奶AuNSs-cDNAAgNPs-4-ATP-Apt[27]
花生油CS-Fe3O4-AptAu-DTNB@AgNTs-DTNB-Apt[28]
花生油CS-Fe3O4-AptAu-DTNB@AgNRs-cDNA[29]
花生油Fe3O4@AuNFs–cDNAAu–4-MBA@Ag–Apt[30]
薏苡仁Fe3O4-20/3Au@Au-aptAgNPs-DTNB/cDNA[31]
ZEN饲料凹面载玻片-抗原AuNPs-4,4′-dipyridyl-抗体[33]
啤酒、红酒Fe3O4@AuNFs–cDNAAu–DTNB@Ag–Apt[34]
玉米MSN-AptRh6G-AuNPs[36]
玉米AuNSs-mAbAuMBA@AgMBA-antigen[37]
OTA红酒Fe3O4–AptAu@Au-AgNNSs-4-MBA-cDNA[39]
红酒MXenes-cDNAAu-Ag Janus NPs -MBIA-Apt[40]
红酒PMPs-HpDNAAuNS@4-MBA@Au- Apt[41]
红酒Au-4-NTP-cDNAAu@Ag NPs-4-ATP-Apt[42]
OTA,FBs,AFB1水Au纳米柱-抗原1/2/3AuNPs-MGITC-二抗[43]
OTA,FB1,DON玉米,小麦,大米Glass-AuNPs-抗原1/2/3AuNPs-DSNB-抗体1/2/3[44]
AFB1,OTA,ZEN玉米,小麦,大米SICPM-抗原1/2/3AuNPs-NBA-抗体1
AuNPS-CV-抗体2
AuNPS-MB-抗体3
[45]
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SERS传感器在粮食真菌毒素检测中应用的研究进展
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尹丽梅 1 , 田秀梅 2 , 马立鑫 3 , 郭志明 3 , 邹小波 3 , Yunyun GONG 4 , 蔡健荣 3, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(6): 485-495
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (6) : 485 -495
SERS传感器在粮食真菌毒素检测中应用的研究进展
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尹丽梅1 , 田秀梅2, 马立鑫3, 郭志明3, 邹小波3, Yunyun GONG4, 蔡健荣3, *
作者信息
  • 1江苏大学农业工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
  • 2北京中盛世康科技有限公司,北京 102101
  • 3江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
  • 4利兹大学食品科学与营养学院,英国利兹 LS2 9JT
通讯作者:
蔡健荣(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品品质安全快速无损检测技术与装备,E-mail:。
作者简介:

尹丽梅(1984−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:农产品安全快速检测,E-mail:

Research Progress of Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Sensors in the Detection of Mycotoxins in Grains
Limei YIN1 , Xiumei TIAN2, Lixin MA3, Zhiming GUO3, Xiaobo ZOU3, Yunyun GONG4, Jianrong CAI3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2Beijing Zhongsheng Shikang Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102101, China
  • 3School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 4School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040188
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粮食中真菌毒素的污染普遍存在,且常表现为多种真菌毒素的混合污染。基于表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,SERS)技术的传感方法已被广泛应用于真菌毒素的检测研究。本文首先系统性地综述了基于溶液反应体系的SERS传感器在单一真菌毒素和多种真菌毒素检测中的研究和应用进展,指出纳米间隙构建、磁性探针富集、内标校正及酶循环放大策略是实现SERS传感器检测性能提升的有效途径。其次,详细阐述了基于免疫层析试纸的SERS传感器在真菌毒素快速检测研究中的进展,并分别阐释了双金属纳米材料、磁性复合纳米材料及三维膜状纳米材料在多重检测、抗基质干扰及信号稳定性方面的技术优势和最新进展。最后指出了制备拉曼信号强、性能稳定、重复性良好、成本低廉的SERS增强基底和降低样本基质干扰是解决SERS传感器实用性的技术关键,明确了SERS传感器标准化、智能化及多场景集成应用的发展趋势,为真菌毒素SERS传感器的研发和应用提供借鉴和参考。

真菌毒素  /  表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)  /  免疫传感器  /  适配体传感器  /  侧向流免疫分析

Mycotoxin contamination in cereal grains is a widespread problem, predominantly characterized by the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins. The sensing detection method based on surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been widely proposed in the research of mycotoxin detection. In this review, the recent advancements of solution-phase SERS sensors for both individual and multiplexed mycotoxin detection are systematically analyzed, and pointed out that the construction of nano-gap structures, magnetic probe enrichment, internal standard correction, and enzyme cycle amplification strategies are effective approaches to enhance the detection performance of SERS sensors. The research advance of SERS sensors based on lateral flow immunoassay for rapid on-site detection of mycotoxins is elaborated, and the advantages and latest developments of bimetallic nanoprobes, magnetic composite nanomaterials and three-dimensional membrane-like nanomaterials in multiple detection, anti-matrix interference and signal stability are respectively explained. Finally, it is pointed out that the preparation of SERS substrates with strong Raman signals, stable performance, good repeatability, and low cost, as well as the reduction of sample matrix interference, are the key technical issues to solve the practicality of SERS sensors. The development trends of SERS sensors towards standardization, intelligence, and multi-scenario integrated application are clarified, providing reference and guidance for the research and application of SERS sensors for mycotoxins.

mycotoxin  /  surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS)  /  immunosensor  /  aptasensor  /  lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA)
尹丽梅, 田秀梅, 马立鑫, 郭志明, 邹小波, Yunyun GONG, 蔡健荣. SERS传感器在粮食真菌毒素检测中应用的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 485 -495 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040188
Limei YIN, Xiumei TIAN, Lixin MA, Zhiming GUO, Xiaobo ZOU, Yunyun GONG, Jianrong CAI. Research Progress of Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Sensors in the Detection of Mycotoxins in Grains[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 485 -495 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040188
真菌毒素污染作为全球性食品安全问题,其污染途径贯穿粮食及其加工制品的全产业链。研究表明,粮食从生产、收获仓储、物流运输到加工流通各环节均存在真菌毒素污染的风险[1]。联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)的监测数据显示,全球约25%的粮食会不同程度地受到真菌毒素污染[2]。目前,粮食中主要的真菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)、伏马毒素(Fumonisins,FBs)、赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)和T2毒素(T2 Toxin,T2)[3]。这些真菌毒素化学性质稳定,在食品加工过程中不易降解,而且具有多器官毒性效应和致癌风险,对动物和人体健康构成重大威胁[4]。我国于2017年颁布了现行有效的食品安全国家标准GB 2761-2017《食品中真菌毒素限量》,并于2018年开始实施强制性标准GB 13078-2017《饲料卫生标准》,旨在从食品和饲料源头上降低和控制真菌毒素污染[5]。为保障真菌毒素限量标准科学有效地实施,研究高精度、高通量的真菌毒素检测技术具有重要意义。
表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,SERS)是一种利用金属纳米结构基底增强目标分子拉曼信号的检测技术,具有灵敏度高、检测速度快、所需样品量少、抗光漂白等优点[6]。目前SERS技术在生物大分子、环境污染物和食品危害物[7]的痕量分析中实现了突破性的研究和应用。特别是,以SERS探针作为示踪标记物的标记检测技术,因具有高灵敏和特异性的优势,已在真菌毒素等小分子危害物的痕量检测中取得显著进展[8]。本文首先介绍了SERS传感器的技术原理和SERS探针的构成要素,然后详细阐述了基于溶液反应体系的SERS传感器和基于免疫层析试纸的SERS传感器在粮食真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,最后对SERS传感器目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势进行了总结和展望,以期能为真菌毒素SERS传感器的研究和应用提供借鉴和参考。
SERS传感器是指利用SERS技术的增强效应来实现痕量物质分析的检测系统,其技术原理是利用金属纳米结构(如金、银等)的表面等离子体共振(Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance,LSPR)效应,来增强吸附或靠近纳米结构表面的分子拉曼信号(可放大106~1014倍),从而实现微量物质的超灵敏检测[9−10]。该技术突破了传统拉曼光谱灵敏度低的技术瓶颈,达到了单分子水平的检测能力[11]。因此,SERS技术是拉曼光谱技术与纳米科学技术相结合的一门科学,是拉曼光谱技术的发展和延伸。
SERS传感器最主要的特征是其特异性和灵敏性,而影响这两个主要特征的关键组成部件是SERS探针,因此SERS传感器研究的关键在于构建高性能的SERS探针。典型的SERS探针包括增强基底、拉曼信号分子和识别元件三个部分[12−13]。其中,增强基底用于增强信号分子的SERS信号,是SERS探针的核心组件,不同形貌的金(Au)、银(Ag)等贵金属纳米溶胶(纳米球、纳米棒、纳米三角、纳米立方体、纳米星等)基底是最常采用的SERS增强基底,此外贵金属核-壳型复合基底(Au@Ag、Ag@Au、Au@Ag-Au等)[14−17]及磁性贵金属复合基底(Fe3O4@Au、Fe3O4@Ag、Fe3O4@SiO2@Ag等)[18−22]也是当前研究的热点;拉曼信号分子用于产生强烈的SERS信号,常用的拉曼信号分子有4-巯基苯甲酸(4-MBA)、4-氨基苯硫酚(4-ATP)和5,5’-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB),这些有机分子同时含有巯基(-SH)和羧基(-COOH)或氨基(-NH2),-SH末端可以与贵金属相连,-COOH或-NH2末端可以与抗体或适配体等识别元件相连;识别元件用于特异性识别目标分子(如毒素、生物标志物等),抗体和核酸适配体是应用最广泛的生物识别元件,其灵敏度和特异性将直接影响传感器的灵敏度和特异性。
基于溶液反应体系的SERS传感器是检测真菌毒素等小分子危害物最常采用的检测系统。粮食等样本在预处理过程中,经粉碎、充分混匀、有机溶剂提取等前处理环节得到样本提取液,样品提取液再经过适当比例稀释制成待测液。对于待测液的SERS检测,一般会采用在一定体积的待测液中加入一定量的信号探针和捕获探针并进行孵育反应,然后通过离心或磁性分离的方式得到反应复合物,最后用拉曼光谱仪对复合物进行检测。由于真菌毒素属于小分子化合物(<1 kDa),分子结构中只有一个结合位点,一般采用竞争反应的模式。在竞争反应中,待测物和SERS信号探针共同竞争捕获探针,因此待测物含量越高,与捕获探针结合的信号探针就越少,最终形成的复合物的SERS信号强度与待测物的含量成反比。免疫传感器[23](单克隆抗体识别)和适配体传感器[24](核酸适配体识别)是溶液反应体系模式下检测真菌毒素最常见的两类SERS传感器。表1按照单一毒素检测和多种毒素同步检测两个层面,系统性地梳理了近十年(2015~2025年)来溶液反应体系SERS传感器的典型研究案例。
AFB1是黄曲霉毒素这一类结构类似的化合物中毒性最大的一种,已被国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)定义为Ⅰ类致癌物,可引发人体急性中毒,导致急性肝炎、出血性坏死和生长障碍[25],因此其高灵敏检测技术的开发具有重大的公共卫生意义。在真菌毒素的SERS检测方法研究中,对AFB1的研究较早,研究论文的数量也最多。SERS免疫传感器因具有良好的生物特异性和信号放大优势,已成为AFB1痕量检测的主流研究方向。Fang团队[26]构建了磁性Ni@Au核壳纳米探针体系,如图1A所示,以Ni@Au纳米颗粒为载体固定AFB1抗原作为捕获探针,同时采用55 nm的金纳米颗粒(AuNPs)共修饰拉曼报告分子4-MBA及抗体构建信号探针,通过抗原-抗体竞争反应后磁性分离复合物的拉曼信号检测进行定量分析。但受限于球形Ni@Au各向同性的特性,其电磁场增强因子较低,需长达3 h的免疫反应才能达到ng/mL级检测限。
针对各向同性纳米结构增强效应不足的瓶颈,Li等[27]创新性地引入了具有尖端增强效应的金纳米星(AuNSs)作为SERS基底,如图1B所示。该体系通过AuNSs表面修饰的DNA互补链(DNA1)与AgNPs标记的适配体(DNA2)/4-ATP信号探针形成核-卫星组装体,利用AFB1竞争性解离适配体引发的组装体解聚效应,实现SERS信号强度与毒素浓度的负相关检测。由于AuNSs尖端可产生丰富的“热点”增强效应,该方法的灵敏度较传统球形纳米结构提升了两个数量级,但生物分子的自组装过程仍需2 h孵育时间,因此也制约了检测的时效性。
磁性Fe3O4具有超顺磁性和可功能化表面的优势[28−29],在SERS检测体系中展现出双重作用,一方面是通过磁场定向富集显著提升目标物的捕获效率,另一方面是通过表面化学修饰构建多功能界面。Yang团队[28]构建了CS-Fe3O4/ADANRs双探针体系,如图1C所示,以壳聚糖包覆的磁性颗粒(CM-Fe3O4)为载体,固定氨基化AFB1适配体(NH2-DNA1)作为捕获探针,同时采用金银核壳纳米棒(ADANRs)内嵌DTNB拉曼信号分子并修饰巯基化互补链(SH-DNA2)作为信号探针。当AFB1存在时,其与适配体的特异性结合会破坏DNA杂交结构,导致核-卫星组装体解离,最终通过磁分离后组装体的SERS信号强度实现AFB1的定量检测。研究者们继续优化了磁性SERS探针的结构设计,He等[30]开发了Fe3O4@AuNFs核壳结构,如图1D所示,其捕获探针中金纳米花表面产生的尖端增强效应与信号探针中Ag壳层的等离激元耦合效应,结合4-MBA报告分子的强拉曼信号共同实现了AFB1的fg/mL级检测。Han等[31]构建PEI介导的Fe3O4-20/3Au@Au异质结构,如图1E所示,通过20 nm AuNPs和3 nm AuNPs形成的表面缺口电磁场协同增强区域,将DTNB的SERS信号强度提升了8倍。
通过将拉曼信号分子(如DTNB、4-MBA)嵌入核壳间隙中,利用金属间纳米腔的增强局域电磁场,提高拉曼信号的强度;引入磁性贵金属复合增强基底,利用Fe3O4的快速磁响应特性(分离时间<5 min),实现复杂基质中目标物的高效纯化;构建核-卫星组装体时引入异质金属界面(如Au/Ag、Au/Au),利用等离子体耦合效应产生高密度“热点”等策略来提高SERS传感器的检测性能。
ZEN是一种具有雌激素活性的非甾体类真菌毒素,可通过模拟17β-雌二醇作用机制干扰动物机体的内分泌系统,导致生殖功能障碍和胚胎发育异常,已被IARC列为III类致癌物[32]。在ZEN的SERS检测技术研究中,研究者首先将SERS与免疫学技术相结合。如图2A所示,Liu等[33]以金纳米颗粒(AuNPs,30 nm)为载体共价偶联4,4'-联吡啶和ZEN单克隆抗体形成SERS信号探针,在凹面载玻片的表面固定ZEN抗原作为捕获基底,通过抗原-抗体的竞争反应建立了ZEN定量分析的SERS检测方法。如图2B所示,Chen等[34]以适配体代替抗体,构建Au-DTNB@Ag核壳结构,利用Au-Ag双金属界面产生的电磁耦合效应和磁性贵金属复合纳米材料Fe3O4@AuNFs的富集增强功能,实现了ZEN的特异性、高灵敏检测,该液相反应体系通过磁分离技术将孵育时间压缩至1.5 h。
介孔二氧化硅纳米材料(MSNs)具有独特的孔径分布(2~10 nm)、超高比表面积(>1000 m2/g)和表面硅羟基可修饰性[35]。在SERS检测体系中可以通过介孔限域效应强化目标物吸附、量子尺寸效应诱导局域电磁场重构和与贵金属纳米结构形成等离子体共振能量转移界面三个方面发挥其增效作用。如图2C所示,Guo等[36]通过氨基化介孔二氧化硅微球(MSN)吸附罗丹明6G(Rh6G,特征峰:613/1361 cm−1),并原位生长金纳米颗粒(AuNPs,粒径15±3 nm)构建三维增强基底,以ZEN适配体为识别元件,建立了ZEN的SERS检测体系。随后,如图2D所示,Yin等[37]利用核-卫星组装体的构建,以金纳米星(AuNSs,粒径80 nm)为载体固定ZEN抗体构建捕获探针,采用Au@Ag核壳纳米颗粒(AuMBA@AgMBANPs,壳层厚度5 nm)双层标记4-MBA分子作为信号探针。当ZEN存在时,其与抗体的竞争性结合导致核-卫星组装体形成率下降,通过测定组装体的SERS信号实现ZEN的定量检测。这两项研究通过多孔纳米材料的辅助和拉曼信号分子的双层标记提高了SERS探针的信号强度和稳定性。
OTA广泛存在于玉米、小麦等谷物以及啤酒、白酒和醋等谷物酿造制品中,被列为2B类致癌物(IARC认证),可通过诱导机体的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡和线粒体功能障碍引发肝肾损伤[38]。针对谷物及其加工制品中OTA的超灵敏检测,研究者开发了多种SERS传感器。如图3A所示,Shao等[39]构建了基于双金属核壳结构的磁分离检测平台,以内嵌拉曼报告分子4-MBA并具有超小纳米间隙的双金属纳米材料为信号标签,并偶联OTA适配体互补链形成Au-4-MBA@Au-AgNNSs-cDNA作为信号探针,以Fe3O4偶联配体形成Fe3O4-Apt作为捕获探针,建立了OTA的SERS检测体系,该方法采用磁分离上清的检测模式,避免了传统磁沉淀法因颗粒聚集而导致的信号失真问题。
为了克服基质的干扰,研究者开发了双通道信号校正策略来提高检测准确性。如图3B所示,Zheng等[40]以具有2D结构的MXenes纳米片作为内标来校正仪器或实验所产生的误差,提高SERS定量分析的准确性。在此检测体系中,AuNPs上修饰的MBIA既可以作为拉曼信号分子,又可以诱导银纳米颗粒在金核上生长,形成具有强拉曼信号的Au-Ag JanusNPs-MBIA,接着进一步偶联Apt形成Au-Ag JanusNPs-MBIA-Apt作为SERS探针。SERS探针通过氢键和螯合作用固定在MXenes纳米片上,当存在OTA时,Au-Ag JanusNPs-MBIA-Apt与OTA结合而被MXenes纳米片释放,洗涤之后MXenes纳米片上MBIA的SERS信号减弱,MXenes纳米片稳定的拉曼信号实现了仪器漂移的校正。此外,如图3C所示,Jing等[41]设计了比率型适配体传感器,将4-ATP和4-NTP分别作为拉曼信号分子和内标分子,嵌入4-ATP的AuATP@Ag修饰上适配体作为信号探针,在硅片的AuNP膜上修饰4-NTP和cDNA作为捕获探针,两者通过DNA杂交结合,通过测定洗涤后金膜上拉曼信号分子4-ATP和内标分子4-NTP的SERS信号比值(I1078/I1335)来实现OTA的定量分析。
此外,如图3D所示,Huang等[42]还将核酸外切酶III引入到SERS检测体系中,构建了一种超灵敏检测OTA的新型“turn on”模式SERS适配体传感器,其中AuNS@4-MBA@Au核壳纳米结构优越的SERS增强能力和核酸外切酶III辅助的靶标周期扩增使所研制的适配体传感器具有超高的灵敏度,检出限为0.25 fg/mL。综上所述,构建纳米内隙、引入内标或者核酸外切酶等为提高SERS检测方法的灵敏度和稳定性提供了新的解决方案,但是这些新型纳米材料和固相基底材料的制备需要专业的设备、复杂的工艺才能实现,而且需要比较繁琐的生物识别元件修饰过程,检测过程中的孵育时间较长(通常大于2 h),因此这些新型传感器在实用性方面仍有待提高。
为了满足真菌毒素混合污染同步检测的需求,研究者将SERS技术与免疫分析技术相结合,通过界面工程与信号编码策略构建了多种毒素同步检测的体系。如图4A所示,Wang等[43]以3D金纳米柱阵列作为SERS增强基底,在其表面上分别修饰三种抗原(OTA-BSA/FUMB-BSA/AFB1-BSA)作为捕获探针,在AuNPs颗粒表面同时标记拉曼信号分子MGITC和二抗作为SERS信号探针,利用类似酶联免疫吸附测定(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)方法的步骤实现OTA、FBs和AFB1的同时检测,最后利用纳米柱上的SERS信号强度和SERS扫描成像热力图与目标物含量成反比的关系实现三种毒素的定量分析。如图4B所示,Li等[44]以镀金膜的玻璃载玻片为固相基底,在其表面上分别修饰三种抗原(AFB1-BSA/ZEN-BSA/OTA-BSA)作为捕获探针,AuNPs颗粒表面上标记拉曼信号分子DSNB和三种单克隆抗体作为SERS信号探针,借助24孔板作为反应容器,利用类似ELISA反应的步骤实现了AFB1、ZEN和OTA的同时检测。如图4C所示,Jiao等[45]以负载了AuNPs的反蛋白石光子晶体微球(SIPCM-Au)作为增强基底,并在其表面分别修饰三种抗原作为捕获微球,在AuNPs颗粒表面分别标记三种拉曼信号分子(NBA/CV/MB)和三种单克隆抗体作为SERS信号探针,利用类似ELISA的反应步骤实现了OTA、FB1、DON的同时检测。
以上三种同时检测多种真菌毒素的SERS免疫传感器,均采用了类似ELISA反应的原理和步骤,利用不同抗体的特异性来识别不同目标物实现了多种真菌毒素的同时分析,但检测过程仍需1~2 h的孵育时间,检测时间较长。此外,SERS基底、信号探针和捕获探针的制备工艺也比较复杂。如图4A和图4B所示,如果反应过程中不同待测目标物被放置在不同的微孔或微小区域中,则只需制备一种信号探针,只采用一种拉曼信号分子(MGITC或DSNB)就可以实现。如果待测的三种目标物是在同一个离心管中进行(图4C),则需要制备三种不同信号分子(NBA/CV/MB)标记的信号探针,在这种设计中选择特征峰完全分离又具有很强拉曼信号的信号分子具有一定难度,因为三种拉曼信号分子很容易产生信号交叉,彼此之间相互影响。
基于侧向免疫层析试纸的SERS传感器(SERS-LFIA)是指以侧向流层析试纸条为反应载体的SERS检测系统。该检测系统将高灵敏的SERS标记技术与简便、快速的免疫层析技术相结合,与基于溶液反应体系的SERS传感器相比,实现了灵敏度与便携性的突破性平衡[46],近年来已成为SERS检测领域研究的热点。特别是利用在硝酸纤维素膜(Nitrocellulose,NC)上设计多条检测线来实现多种真菌毒素的同时检测[47]。研究信号强、稳定性好的SERS探针是SERS-LFIA传感器实现高灵敏检测的关键,纳米增强基底作为SERS探针的核心组件则成为研究的重点,目前关于真菌毒素的SERS-LFIA传感器集中于研究和开发具有多维度、高密度SERS“热点”、性能稳定的纳米增强基底。
Au@Ag双金属纳米结构具有等离子体共振耦合特性,其增强因子可达108~1010,在真菌毒素的SERS-LFIA传感器研究中被广泛应用。如图5A所示,Zhang等[48]利用信号分子的双重编码和试纸条的多路复用技术实现了六种真菌毒素的同时检测。该SERS-LFIA传感器以Au@Ag为纳米增强基底,并在外层的银壳上分别标记拉曼信号分子4-MBA和DTNB形成两种SERS信号标签,然后修饰不同抗体形成六种SERS信号探针,最后通过在试纸条上设置三条检测线,每条检测线上固定两种真菌毒素抗原,建立了六种真菌毒素同时检测的SERS-LFIA传感器。如图5B所示,Yin等[49]以内嵌拉曼信号分子4-MBA的较大粒径的双金属纳米结构AuMBA@AgNPs作为SERS信号标签,并在其表面上标记ZEN单克隆抗体形成SERS探针,利用待测溶液与SERS信号探针预混合反应后再插入试纸条的反应模式,开发了检测ZEN的SERS-LFIA传感器。该传感器对玉米样本中ZEN的检出限为3.60 μg/kg,对玉米样本中ZEN的检测范围为10~1000 μg/kg。如图5C所示,Chen等[50]分别在金纳米颗粒上标记4-巯基苯甲酸(4-MBA)和5,5-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)两种信号分子,并包覆一层二氧化硅形成SERS信号标签AuMBA@SiO2和AuDNTB@SiO2,外部包裹的无机二氧化硅层可提高SERS信号标签的稳定性和生物相容性。该SERS-LFIA传感器对AFB1和OTA同时检测的最低检出限分别为2.0和3.0 μg/kg。
为了实现多种毒素的同时检测,有研究采用了4-MBA和DTNB两种拉曼信号分子的双重编码。但是,由于4-MBA的拉曼信号比DTNB的拉曼信号高2~3个数量级,为协调两种拉曼信号分子的信号强度在相近水平上,研究中一方面采用了较大粒径的Au@Ag(91 nm)用于DTNB的标记以产生更强的增强效果,采用中等粒径的Au@Ag(52 nm)用于4-MBA的标记,另一方面通过提高DTNB的标记浓度(是4-MBA的3倍)使两者的拉曼信号强度相当。将拉曼信号分子嵌入到核壳之间的内部纳米间隙中,可以获得更加显著的信号增强效应。因此双金属核壳结构中金属核的种类、粒径大小、外壳的厚度、拉曼信号分子的种类及其标记浓度都是影响SERS信号标签信号强度的关键因素。
磁性贵金属复合纳米材料因具有优异的稳定性和富集能力而被引入到SERS-LFIA传感器中,其中最为常见的Fe3O4@Au或Fe3O4@Ag已被用于癌症生物标志物、病毒和血清蛋白的SERS-LFIA检测中[51−52]。此外,通过PEI介导还可以在磁性Fe3O4核心周围有序地自组装大量贵金属纳米微球[53−55],组装过程中有序的聚集可以产生大量SERS“热点”,因此形成的磁性纳米微球组装体比单颗粒的磁性贵金属复合纳米颗粒具有更强的SERS增强效应,而且重现性和稳定性更加优良。如图5D所示,Yin等[56]以具有较大粒径的Fe3O4(~170 nm)为核心,然后在其表面包覆一层PEI使其带正电荷,通过PEI可吸附大量带负电荷的双金属纳米微球AuMBA@Ag,形成Fe3O4@PEI/AuMBA@Ag磁性纳米组装体,接着在其表面标记第二层4-MBA,然后分别偶联AFB1和ZEN抗体,最终形成两种磁性SERS探针。本研究还将兔IgG标记在AuNPs上作为指示性探针Au-IgG。这种双探针的设计节省了SERS纳米标签的用量,从而降低了SERS-LFIA试纸条的制造成本。利用磁性SERS信号探针的富集功能所建立的SERS-LFIA方法显著提高了检测的灵敏度,对玉米样本中AFB1和ZEN的最低检出限分别为0.0952 μg/kg和1.897 μg/kg,完全能够满足婴儿谷物食品中对两种毒素的最大残留限量(0.1和20 μg/kg)要求。
氧化石墨烯(GO)纳米片是一种二维(2D)蜂窝状碳片,具有巨大的表面积、良好的导电性、优异的稳定性和分散性,其表面丰富的基团(如羧基、环氧基、羟基)有利于生物分子偶联[55,57]。将GO与贵金属纳米颗粒组装可以制备具有更多SERS“热点”的柔性膜状复合纳米材料。如图5E所示,Zheng等[58]以GO为基础衬底,在其表面生长一层粗糙的金壳得到GO@Au,然后继续修饰一层PEI使其带正电荷,在静电相互作用下吸附大量AuNPs得到3D的GO@Au/Au从而将2D纳米膜转化为3D纳米结构,产生更多SERS“热点”。PEI中间层厚度可精确控制在0.5 nm,内部GO@Au薄膜和外部组装的AuNP卫星之间形成稳定的内置纳米间隙。接着标记拉曼信号分子DTNB后形成通用SERS信号标签,并分别标记三种抗体形成对应的SERS探针。最后,利用NC膜上设置3条T线实现了复杂样品中三种真菌毒素FB1、AB1和ZEN的高灵敏检测。GO和贵金属纳米颗粒形成的3D膜状SERS纳米标签具有丰富的SERS“热点”,可以产生更强的SERS信号,进而提高SERS检测的灵敏度。但是常规孔径(6~15 μm)的NC膜并不能满足较大粒径纳米标签复合物的有效传输,因此在使用3D膜状SERS纳米标签时,优化、筛选合适孔径的NC膜也是关键技术难点,此外3D膜状SERS纳米标签的均一性和分散性也会影响T线上能否获得稳定的SERS信号。
本文系统梳理了SERS传感器在真菌毒素检测中的研究进展。首先介绍了SERS传感器的技术原理和SERS探针的构成要素,指出了SERS增强基底是SERS探针的核心组件,也是SERS传感器构建的关键。其次,通过综述近十年基于溶液反应体系的SERS传感器在AFB1、ZEN、OTA等单一真菌毒素和多种真菌毒素同时检测中的研究,得出了纳米间隙构建、磁性探针富集、内标校正及酶循环放大策略是实现SERS传感器检测性能提升的有效途径。接着,综述了基于免疫层析试纸的SERS-LFIA传感器在真菌毒素快速检测中的研究进展,从不同纳米材料应用的角度阐释了双金属纳米探针、磁性复合纳米材料及三维膜状纳米材料在多重检测、抗基质干扰及信号稳定性方面的技术优势。最后指出,SERS技术正从实验室研究向产业化应用转化,制备拉曼信号强、性能稳定、重复性良好、成本低廉的SERS增强基底和降低样本基质干扰是SERS传感器研究中需要攻克的技术难题。
未来SERS传感器将朝着标准化、智能化及多场景集成应用的趋势发展。在新型增强基底研发方面,可以将贵金属与半导体材料结合,利用半导体的光催化活性实现SERS基底的重复使用,以降低其制备成本;将石墨烯或MOF等多孔材料覆盖在贵金属纳米结构表面,利用这些材料的保护作用和SERS增强作用,进一步提高SERS基底的灵敏度和稳定性。在新型生物识别元件的开发方面,可以采用纳米抗体(尺寸<4 nm)以缩短探针间距至亚纳米级,或者构建DNA支架来精确定位目标分子至等离子体热点区域。在拉曼信号分子方面,可开发含炔基或者氰基的拉曼静默区探针,并结合多变量曲线分辨算法来实现多种真菌毒素同步检测。在现场快速检测系统开发方面,推动手持式拉曼光谱仪产业化,研制微型化拉曼光谱检测模块与AI辅助判读的APP,拓宽SERS-LFIA传感器的应用。期待未来随着等离子体光子学、分子工程与人工智能的深度融合发展,SERS技术能够在粮食全产业链真菌毒素监控中实现从痕量检测到智能预警的跨越式发展。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040188
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
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    1江苏大学农业工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
    2北京中盛世康科技有限公司,北京 102101
    3江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
    4利兹大学食品科学与营养学院,英国利兹 LS2 9JT

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蔡健荣(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品品质安全快速无损检测技术与装备,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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