Article(id=1320882849763414768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040180, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744646400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852612200, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852612200, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852612200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852612200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=311, endPage=321, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882849977324273, articleId=1320882849763414768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Characteristic Aroma Components of Guangnan Dixu Black Tea and Their Changes during Processing, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aroma was a key factor in evaluating tea quality. To investigate the dynamic evolution of aroma compounds during the processing of Guangnan Dixu black tea, this study utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), to systematically analyze changes in volatile compounds at five processing stages: Fresh leaves (XY), withering (WD), rolling (RN), fermentation (FJ), and dried tea (GC). Aroma-active values (OAV) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to identify key aroma compounds at each processing stage. A total of 96 volatile compounds were identified, including alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, alkanes, olefins, and others. The aroma components showed significant dynamic changes during processing. At the withering (WD) stage, the content of alcohols (such as linalool) decreased, while some aldehydes began to form. During the rolling (RN) stage, the total amount of volatile compounds increased the most. Aldehydes (such as (E)-2-hexenal), ketones (such as β-ionone), and some alkenes increased significantly. In the fermentation (FJ) stage, aldehydes (such as nonanal) and some esters (such as methyl salicylate) continued to increase in concentration. However, during the drying stage, the total amount of esters sharply decreased due to high-temperature volatilization. At the dried tea (GC) stage, certain alcohol oxides (such as (E)-linalool oxide (pyran)) and aldehydes (such as (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol) reached their peak concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that samples from the rolling stage were clearly separated from those of other stages, indicating that rolling was a critical process for aroma formation in Guangnan Dixu black tea. In the final dried tea samples, nine key aroma compounds with OAV greater than 10 were identified: 2-methylbutanal, heptanal, phenylacetaldehyde, trans-linalool oxide (furan type), nonanal, linalool, (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol, (E)-linalool oxide, and benzaldehyde. Among these, 2-methylbutanal, nonanal, linalool, (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol, and benzaldehyde (all with OAVs greater than 100) made particularly significant contributions. Together, they formed the characteristic aroma profile of Guangnan Dixu black tea, which featured intense floral, sweet, fruity, and fresh grassy notes.

, authors=Lei LI1, Xiuqiong ZHANG2, Lei ZHAO1, Zaihui LI3, Ping FU1, Chaoliang WANG1, *, Ying FENG1, *, authorsList=Lei LI, Xiuqiong ZHANG, Lei ZHAO, Zaihui LI, Ping FU, Chaoliang WANG, Ying FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chaoliang WANG, Ying FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882851436942080, articleId=1320882849763414768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=广南底圩红茶加工过程中香气成分的变化, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

香气是评价茶叶品质的关键因素。为探究广南底圩红茶加工过程中香气成分的动态演变规律,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),系统分析了鲜叶(XY)、萎凋(WD)、揉捻(RN)、发酵(FJ)和干茶(GC)五个阶段的挥发性物质变化。结合香气活度值(Aroma-active values,OAV)与主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),筛选了各加工环节的关键呈香物质。结果表明:共鉴定出醇、醛、酯、酮、烷烃、烯烃及其他类共96种挥发性物质。香气成分在加工过程中呈现显著动态变化:萎凋阶段,醇类(如芳樟醇)含量下降,部分醛类开始形成;揉捻阶段挥发性物质总量增幅最大,醛类(如(E)-2-己烯醛)、酮类(如β-紫罗兰酮)及部分烯烃含量显著增加;发酵阶段,醛类(如壬醛)和部分酯类(如水杨酸甲酯)含量持续升高,但酯类总量在干燥阶段因高温挥发而急剧减少;干燥阶段,部分醇类氧化物(如(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃))和醛类(如(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇)含量达到峰值。 主成分分析(PCA)显示揉捻阶段样品与其他阶段分离明显,表明揉捻是底圩红茶香气形成的关键工序。最终干茶样品中OAV>10的关键香气物质有9种,分别为2-甲基丁醛、庚醛、苯乙醛、反式芳樟醇氧化物(呋喃类)、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇、(E)-芳樟醇氧化物和苯甲醛。其中,2-甲基丁醛、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇和苯甲醛(OAV>100)贡献尤为突出,共同构成了广南底圩红茶兼具浓郁花香、甜香、果香与清新青草香气的典型特征。

, authors=李蕾1, 张秀琼2, 赵蕾1, 李在辉3, 付萍1, 王朝梁1, *, 冯颖1, *, authorsList=李蕾, 张秀琼, 赵蕾, 李在辉, 付萍, 王朝梁, 冯颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王朝梁, 冯颖, authorNote=

李蕾(1976−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王朝梁(1965−),男,本科,研究员,研究方向:中药材种植与产品开发,E-mail:。
冯颖(1999−),女,硕士研究生,实习研究员,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:。
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李蕾(1976−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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differential volatile components in different processing stages of Guangnan Dixu black tea, figureFileSmall=Vs9P543QrSUDNEqckiLkNQ==, figureFileBig=N2wJs5KPDLYDpRstNSNFOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882855564137282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882849763414768, language=CN, label=图6, caption=广南底圩红茶各加工阶段关键差异性挥发性成分热图, figureFileSmall=Vs9P543QrSUDNEqckiLkNQ==, figureFileBig=N2wJs5KPDLYDpRstNSNFOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882855627051843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882849763414768, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Evaluation results of Guangnan Dixu black tea, figureFileSmall=QQb1R2R0uMsY1uj2B0C7+g==, figureFileBig=W+pK66RyTXKzv8nultsaYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882855685772100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882849763414768, language=CN, label=图7, caption=广南底圩红茶评审结果, figureFileSmall=QQb1R2R0uMsY1uj2B0C7+g==, figureFileBig=W+pK66RyTXKzv8nultsaYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882855757075269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882849763414768, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Volatile substances during the processing of Guangnan Dixu black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类挥发性物质CAS号保留时间(min)相似度分子式含量(μg/kg)
XYWDRNFJGC
醇类1-己醇111-27-33.2483C6H14O−−117.72±4.58a62.86±3.83b−
1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-46.9379C8H16O28.54±1.46−−−−
苯甲醇100-51-68.4993C7H8O−187.34±6.41c809.50±4.62a467.21±6.92b459.55±30.16b
芳樟醇78-70-611.7092C10H18O1438.69±16.42a948.73±13.33d1168.17±44.53b441.66±21.43e996.13±3.59c
苯乙醇2225812.4873C8H10O94.34±1.00c441.70±15.43b−537.94±32.16a528.13±11.71a
(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇10340-23-513.5583C9H18O−−−−60.59±1.30
α-萜品醇98-55-515.2781C10H18O15.06±0.71b28.62±1.45a−−−
橙花醇106-26-317.4884C10H16O42.48±2.00d107.26±2.72b257.64±10.65a96.26±2.09c112.16±3.67b
香叶醇106-24-118.1396C10H18O495.35±6.56−−−−
1-癸醇112-30-127.3378C10H22O−3.57±0.18−−−
橙花叔醇40716-66-330.8196C15H26O34.78±1.29ab32.41±1.60ab45.41±16.35a24.99±4.46b34.08±2.46ab
雪松醇77-53-232.1277C15H26O15.63±0.60c13.64±1.39c96.23±6.14a63.10±2.29b3.30±0.41d
叶绿醇1102608-53-742.1494C20H40O−24.35±0.22b46.44±2.85a8.19±0.54c−
1-十二醇112-53-848.4978C12H26O−2.15±0.15b−3.33±0.07a−
1-十六醇36653-82-448.5095C16H34O−−−−7.61±0.89
叶绿醇2150-86-749.3794C20H40O104.83±0.41b71.37±0.52c119.54±6.34a7.93±0.31e19.60±0.64d
顺式芳樟醇氧化物5989-33-310.3684C10H18O258.32±0.60b185.49±6.37a−−−
反式芳樟醇氧化物
(呋喃类)
34995-77-211.0089C10H18O271.17±1.95d−241.7425.63b176.62±2.10c347.42±4.55a
(E)-芳樟醇氧化物
(吡喃)
39028-58-514.5378C10H18O2−19.02±0.67c52.45±1.02b25.25±1.69c342.91±18.57a
醛类2-甲基丁醛96-17-30.8485C5H10O−−−227.42±10.45a109.89±3.21b
3-甲基丁醛590-86-31.4692C5H10O−334.79±2.13−−−
糠醛357962.5781C5H4O2−−13.73±0.52b13.83±0.54b15.07±0.64a
己醛66-25-12.7892C6H12O172.11±1.59d153.80±3.69e572.13±5.36a195.77±9.14c213.31±11.08b
(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-32.9888C6H10O−−−141.83±1.50b414.39±11.31a
(Z)-3-己烯醛6789-80-63.5286C6H10O−60.55±1.10−−−
庚醛111-71-73.7674C7H14O−−−−75.90±1.33
苯甲醛100-52-76.3293C7H6O110.55±1.57e228.15±2.31d340.83±14.54c401.60±6.31b571.12±6.48a
苯乙醛122-78-18.7297C8H8O135.00±2.45d159.32±2.67d244.72±10.26b586.86±8.61a206.40±3.67c
壬醛124-19-611.3781C9H18O−−−449.84±24.98a311.72±19.46b
(E)-2-壬烯醛18829-56-614.0983C9H16O−20.37±0.90c49.37±0.91a9.43±1.17d22.62±0.82b
癸醛112-31-215.9994C10H20O17.13±0.55d22.69±0.84c34.98±1.55a28.38±3.27b32.51±0.95a
β-环柠檬醛432-25-716.4983C10H16O24.36±0.86d46.69±1.39c261.27±2.01a62.71±0.87b64.69±4.97b
橙花醛106-26-317.4884C10H16O−14.90±0.47b41.50±27.59a22.62±0.99ab40.23±1.94a
香叶醛141-27-517.4970C10H16O2.27±0.11d144.39±9.38c361.07±51.77a159.63±8.40c233.20±15.77b
(E)-2-癸烯醛3913-81-318.3671C10H18O−3.34±0.43a−5.07±0.26a−
柠檬醛5392-40-518.8090C10H16O40.75±1.51−−−−
(E,E)-2,4-癸二醛25152-84-520.7275C10H16O11.64±0.99a15.25±1.04a10.07±8.73a−−
脱氢环柠檬醛116-26-724.074C10H14O−−−−0.80±0.23
十二醛112-54-924.6682C12H24O5.63±0.24b5.55±0.36b−9.41±0.91a−
酯类(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇甲酸酯33467-73-13.6776C7H12O2101.35±2.32−−−−
己酸甲酯106-70-75.5670C7H14O2−−4.22±0.16−−
(Z)-丁酸3-己烯酯16491-36-415.1073C10H18O2−−−−6.69±2.94
水杨酸甲酯119-36-815.4397C8H8O3231.00±5.51c651.44±2.77b−1384.83±78.41a−
δ-辛内酯698-76-019.3273C8H14O2−−−−2.33±0.44
(Z)-己酸3-己烯基酯31501-11-823.5372C12H22O2−−75.43±2.07a7.85±1.28c26.27±11.24b
己酸己酯6378-65-023.7574C12H24O2−−−−3.85±0.37
二氢猕猴桃内酯17092-92-129.2784C11H16O229.46±0.96bc31.40±1.60bc91.47±7.16a32.96±0.68bc32.96±0.68bc
(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇苯甲
酸酯
25152-85-631.0387C13H16O22.60±0.42d4.36±0.13cd32.54±2.06a6.02±0.39c11.23±1.16b
8-(2-呋喃基)辛酸甲酯38199-50-733.0970C13H20O30.64±0.10d3.04±0.37c55.63±0.84a17.68±0.51b
甲基茉莉酸酯1211-29-633.9573C13H20O3−−−2.52±0.42b3.09±0.19a
顺式-3-己烯基水杨酸酯65405-77-835.2182C13H16O3−−6.90±1.33a2.06±0.71b2.75±0.31b
苯甲酸苄酯120-51-438.0482C14H12O2−−1.48±0.33a0.58±0.05b−
十六烷酸甲酯112-39-043.6198C17H34O231.83±1.21e66.24±1.05c51.05±10.73d77.23±1.10b91.53±6.22a
(Z,Z)-9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯112-63-048.8192C19H34O2−−40.48±0.87a−10.80±0.51b
(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸甲酯301-00-849.0091C19H32O211.93±0.40d30.10±1.35b50.37±2.01a21.92±1.46c
酮类5-甲基2(3H)-呋喃酮591-12-83.2477C5H6O2−−−−−
3-戊酮96-22-022.7484C5H10O−35.35±0.68−−−
β-大马士酮23726-93-423.6491C13H18O−17.57±0.65d36.76±4.50b42.87±2.18a26.84±2.15c
顺式茉莉酮488-10-824.2693C11H16O−−48.12±2.01−−
α-紫罗兰酮127-41-325.3879C13H20O15.29±0.15c19.33±0.85bbc82.90±4.95a19.23±1.58bc20.76±1.48b
脱氢紫罗兰酮1203-08-325.6095C13H18O−−21.22±0.84−−
香叶基丙酮689-67-826.4697C13H22O16.31±0.74c24.62±0.61b−30.29±0.96a27.96±3.16a
β-紫罗兰酮79-77-627.7473C13H20O94.82±2.24c109.52±0.80b226.12±12.04a118.90±6.42b134.21±9.87c
3-十三酮1534-26-527.9781C13H26O−6.46±0.60c−12.66±0.91a7.51±0.64b
植酮502-69-240.9371C18H36O13.45±0.19b13.94±0.32b33.69±2.43a9.30±0.53c13.88±0.47b
烷烃类十二烷112-40-319.7782C12H26−−−−5.92±0.26
十五烷629-62-920.2386C15H3219.53±0.60c32.38±1.26b40.53±0.98a40.59±0.77a17.62±0.54d
茶螺烷36431-72-820.6171C13H22O−4.91±0.25a−5.12±0.35a5.26±0.32a
十四烷629-59-424.3282C14H3021.28±0.98c30.13±6.06b104.44±2.77a22.08±1.18c23.99±2.42c
十六烷544-76-328.5686C16H346.13±0.23d6.10±0.24d50.52±1.04a38.18±2.88b16.79±0.61c
十八烷593-45-337.8071C18H3833.10±3.25a29.91±0.48b14.03±1.29d9.74±0.32e24.50±0.48c
十七烷629-78-739.7178C17H3612.65±0.37c15.41±1.03bc22.09±1.25a17.67±0.88b14.74±3.05bc
烯烃类α-罗勒烯502-99-89.0678C10H16−−−−166.29±4.32
别罗勒烯3016-19-112.6384C10H16−99.56±1.51c209.49±2.63a74.61±2.84d196.26±3.51b
顺式-β-法呢烯28973-97-926.6493C15H246.53±0.27c8.60±0.62c51.12±2.82a9.20±1.00c12.45±1.10b
β-月桂烯123-35-328.6775C10H16273.18±3.35c347.92±4.87a−317.24±24.22b−
葎草烯环氧化物II19888-34-730.2970C15H24O−1.56±0.27c−4.09±0.22a3.07±0.45b
蛇麻烯环氧物 I19888-33-630.3280C15H24O−−14.93±0.61−−
其他类2-乙基-呋喃3208-16-04.7972C6H801.08±0.04b3.27±0.28a−−−
二甲基三硫化物3658-80-85.8780C2H6S3−−69.47±1.38a5.16±0.41b4.77±0.43b
对甲酚106-44-58.8481C7H8O27.21±1.77b−−198.87±3.38a−
辛酸124-07-214.7870C8H16O229.33±0.80a−15.86±4.83b−19.03±1.73b
2-戊基-呋喃3777-69-316.3175C9H14O2.72±0.37b−182.34±6.42a5.32±0.49b−
吲哚120-72-919.6583C8H7N2.12±0.14c7.16±0.25a2.51±0.15b−−
百里酚89-83-819.6976C10H14O−1.00±0.20b−1.58±0.39a−
壬酸89-83-819.6976C10H14O−82.67±1.59a64.97±0.63b66.35±0.96b58.22±2.71c
丁香酚97-35-022.5280C10H12O2−−16.44±1.08a−1.92±0.30b
正癸酸334-48-523.1176C10H20O233.76±0.34b25.05±0.82c41.34±2.71a13.51±0.70e21.49±0.56d
5-三甲基-1,2-二氢萘1000357-25-824.6275C13H16−3.26±0.13b27.80±2.48a1.60±0.66bc2.32±0.93bc
2-乙酰基呋喃1192-62-725.1471C6H6O2−−67.75±9.01−−
十一酸112-37-826.9773C11H22O26.19±0.31b−50.23±0.95a−4.17±0.43c
十二烷酸143-07-731.2188C12H24O2142.51±0.60a36.53±0.64d143.91±25.60a59.090±1.75c99.35±0.94b
τ-卡地诺147479033.6778C15H26O−6.10±0.28b24.26±0.69a−3.41±0.49c
α-卡地诺481-34-534.1580C15H26O5.07±0.16e11.73±0.62c44.41±1.04a9.32±0.89d16.01±1.33b
十四酸544-63-838.0987C14H28O22.63±0.37c3.83±0.33c39.63±2.19a2.76±0.54c9.82±0.25b
正十六烷酸2109644.7291C16H32O218.10±0.22d10.56±0.70d70.87±5.50a25.62±0.67c59.41±1.07b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882855840961350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882849763414768, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

广南底圩红茶加工过程中的挥发性物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类挥发性物质CAS号保留时间(min)相似度分子式含量(μg/kg)
XYWDRNFJGC
醇类1-己醇111-27-33.2483C6H14O−−117.72±4.58a62.86±3.83b−
1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-46.9379C8H16O28.54±1.46−−−−
苯甲醇100-51-68.4993C7H8O−187.34±6.41c809.50±4.62a467.21±6.92b459.55±30.16b
芳樟醇78-70-611.7092C10H18O1438.69±16.42a948.73±13.33d1168.17±44.53b441.66±21.43e996.13±3.59c
苯乙醇2225812.4873C8H10O94.34±1.00c441.70±15.43b−537.94±32.16a528.13±11.71a
(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇10340-23-513.5583C9H18O−−−−60.59±1.30
α-萜品醇98-55-515.2781C10H18O15.06±0.71b28.62±1.45a−−−
橙花醇106-26-317.4884C10H16O42.48±2.00d107.26±2.72b257.64±10.65a96.26±2.09c112.16±3.67b
香叶醇106-24-118.1396C10H18O495.35±6.56−−−−
1-癸醇112-30-127.3378C10H22O−3.57±0.18−−−
橙花叔醇40716-66-330.8196C15H26O34.78±1.29ab32.41±1.60ab45.41±16.35a24.99±4.46b34.08±2.46ab
雪松醇77-53-232.1277C15H26O15.63±0.60c13.64±1.39c96.23±6.14a63.10±2.29b3.30±0.41d
叶绿醇1102608-53-742.1494C20H40O−24.35±0.22b46.44±2.85a8.19±0.54c−
1-十二醇112-53-848.4978C12H26O−2.15±0.15b−3.33±0.07a−
1-十六醇36653-82-448.5095C16H34O−−−−7.61±0.89
叶绿醇2150-86-749.3794C20H40O104.83±0.41b71.37±0.52c119.54±6.34a7.93±0.31e19.60±0.64d
顺式芳樟醇氧化物5989-33-310.3684C10H18O258.32±0.60b185.49±6.37a−−−
反式芳樟醇氧化物
(呋喃类)
34995-77-211.0089C10H18O271.17±1.95d−241.7425.63b176.62±2.10c347.42±4.55a
(E)-芳樟醇氧化物
(吡喃)
39028-58-514.5378C10H18O2−19.02±0.67c52.45±1.02b25.25±1.69c342.91±18.57a
醛类2-甲基丁醛96-17-30.8485C5H10O−−−227.42±10.45a109.89±3.21b
3-甲基丁醛590-86-31.4692C5H10O−334.79±2.13−−−
糠醛357962.5781C5H4O2−−13.73±0.52b13.83±0.54b15.07±0.64a
己醛66-25-12.7892C6H12O172.11±1.59d153.80±3.69e572.13±5.36a195.77±9.14c213.31±11.08b
(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-32.9888C6H10O−−−141.83±1.50b414.39±11.31a
(Z)-3-己烯醛6789-80-63.5286C6H10O−60.55±1.10−−−
庚醛111-71-73.7674C7H14O−−−−75.90±1.33
苯甲醛100-52-76.3293C7H6O110.55±1.57e228.15±2.31d340.83±14.54c401.60±6.31b571.12±6.48a
苯乙醛122-78-18.7297C8H8O135.00±2.45d159.32±2.67d244.72±10.26b586.86±8.61a206.40±3.67c
壬醛124-19-611.3781C9H18O−−−449.84±24.98a311.72±19.46b
(E)-2-壬烯醛18829-56-614.0983C9H16O−20.37±0.90c49.37±0.91a9.43±1.17d22.62±0.82b
癸醛112-31-215.9994C10H20O17.13±0.55d22.69±0.84c34.98±1.55a28.38±3.27b32.51±0.95a
β-环柠檬醛432-25-716.4983C10H16O24.36±0.86d46.69±1.39c261.27±2.01a62.71±0.87b64.69±4.97b
橙花醛106-26-317.4884C10H16O−14.90±0.47b41.50±27.59a22.62±0.99ab40.23±1.94a
香叶醛141-27-517.4970C10H16O2.27±0.11d144.39±9.38c361.07±51.77a159.63±8.40c233.20±15.77b
(E)-2-癸烯醛3913-81-318.3671C10H18O−3.34±0.43a−5.07±0.26a−
柠檬醛5392-40-518.8090C10H16O40.75±1.51−−−−
(E,E)-2,4-癸二醛25152-84-520.7275C10H16O11.64±0.99a15.25±1.04a10.07±8.73a−−
脱氢环柠檬醛116-26-724.074C10H14O−−−−0.80±0.23
十二醛112-54-924.6682C12H24O5.63±0.24b5.55±0.36b−9.41±0.91a−
酯类(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇甲酸酯33467-73-13.6776C7H12O2101.35±2.32−−−−
己酸甲酯106-70-75.5670C7H14O2−−4.22±0.16−−
(Z)-丁酸3-己烯酯16491-36-415.1073C10H18O2−−−−6.69±2.94
水杨酸甲酯119-36-815.4397C8H8O3231.00±5.51c651.44±2.77b−1384.83±78.41a−
δ-辛内酯698-76-019.3273C8H14O2−−−−2.33±0.44
(Z)-己酸3-己烯基酯31501-11-823.5372C12H22O2−−75.43±2.07a7.85±1.28c26.27±11.24b
己酸己酯6378-65-023.7574C12H24O2−−−−3.85±0.37
二氢猕猴桃内酯17092-92-129.2784C11H16O229.46±0.96bc31.40±1.60bc91.47±7.16a32.96±0.68bc32.96±0.68bc
(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇苯甲
酸酯
25152-85-631.0387C13H16O22.60±0.42d4.36±0.13cd32.54±2.06a6.02±0.39c11.23±1.16b
8-(2-呋喃基)辛酸甲酯38199-50-733.0970C13H20O30.64±0.10d3.04±0.37c55.63±0.84a17.68±0.51b
甲基茉莉酸酯1211-29-633.9573C13H20O3−−−2.52±0.42b3.09±0.19a
顺式-3-己烯基水杨酸酯65405-77-835.2182C13H16O3−−6.90±1.33a2.06±0.71b2.75±0.31b
苯甲酸苄酯120-51-438.0482C14H12O2−−1.48±0.33a0.58±0.05b−
十六烷酸甲酯112-39-043.6198C17H34O231.83±1.21e66.24±1.05c51.05±10.73d77.23±1.10b91.53±6.22a
(Z,Z)-9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯112-63-048.8192C19H34O2−−40.48±0.87a−10.80±0.51b
(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸甲酯301-00-849.0091C19H32O211.93±0.40d30.10±1.35b50.37±2.01a21.92±1.46c
酮类5-甲基2(3H)-呋喃酮591-12-83.2477C5H6O2−−−−−
3-戊酮96-22-022.7484C5H10O−35.35±0.68−−−
β-大马士酮23726-93-423.6491C13H18O−17.57±0.65d36.76±4.50b42.87±2.18a26.84±2.15c
顺式茉莉酮488-10-824.2693C11H16O−−48.12±2.01−−
α-紫罗兰酮127-41-325.3879C13H20O15.29±0.15c19.33±0.85bbc82.90±4.95a19.23±1.58bc20.76±1.48b
脱氢紫罗兰酮1203-08-325.6095C13H18O−−21.22±0.84−−
香叶基丙酮689-67-826.4697C13H22O16.31±0.74c24.62±0.61b−30.29±0.96a27.96±3.16a
β-紫罗兰酮79-77-627.7473C13H20O94.82±2.24c109.52±0.80b226.12±12.04a118.90±6.42b134.21±9.87c
3-十三酮1534-26-527.9781C13H26O−6.46±0.60c−12.66±0.91a7.51±0.64b
植酮502-69-240.9371C18H36O13.45±0.19b13.94±0.32b33.69±2.43a9.30±0.53c13.88±0.47b
烷烃类十二烷112-40-319.7782C12H26−−−−5.92±0.26
十五烷629-62-920.2386C15H3219.53±0.60c32.38±1.26b40.53±0.98a40.59±0.77a17.62±0.54d
茶螺烷36431-72-820.6171C13H22O−4.91±0.25a−5.12±0.35a5.26±0.32a
十四烷629-59-424.3282C14H3021.28±0.98c30.13±6.06b104.44±2.77a22.08±1.18c23.99±2.42c
十六烷544-76-328.5686C16H346.13±0.23d6.10±0.24d50.52±1.04a38.18±2.88b16.79±0.61c
十八烷593-45-337.8071C18H3833.10±3.25a29.91±0.48b14.03±1.29d9.74±0.32e24.50±0.48c
十七烷629-78-739.7178C17H3612.65±0.37c15.41±1.03bc22.09±1.25a17.67±0.88b14.74±3.05bc
烯烃类α-罗勒烯502-99-89.0678C10H16−−−−166.29±4.32
别罗勒烯3016-19-112.6384C10H16−99.56±1.51c209.49±2.63a74.61±2.84d196.26±3.51b
顺式-β-法呢烯28973-97-926.6493C15H246.53±0.27c8.60±0.62c51.12±2.82a9.20±1.00c12.45±1.10b
β-月桂烯123-35-328.6775C10H16273.18±3.35c347.92±4.87a−317.24±24.22b−
葎草烯环氧化物II19888-34-730.2970C15H24O−1.56±0.27c−4.09±0.22a3.07±0.45b
蛇麻烯环氧物 I19888-33-630.3280C15H24O−−14.93±0.61−−
其他类2-乙基-呋喃3208-16-04.7972C6H801.08±0.04b3.27±0.28a−−−
二甲基三硫化物3658-80-85.8780C2H6S3−−69.47±1.38a5.16±0.41b4.77±0.43b
对甲酚106-44-58.8481C7H8O27.21±1.77b−−198.87±3.38a−
辛酸124-07-214.7870C8H16O229.33±0.80a−15.86±4.83b−19.03±1.73b
2-戊基-呋喃3777-69-316.3175C9H14O2.72±0.37b−182.34±6.42a5.32±0.49b−
吲哚120-72-919.6583C8H7N2.12±0.14c7.16±0.25a2.51±0.15b−−
百里酚89-83-819.6976C10H14O−1.00±0.20b−1.58±0.39a−
壬酸89-83-819.6976C10H14O−82.67±1.59a64.97±0.63b66.35±0.96b58.22±2.71c
丁香酚97-35-022.5280C10H12O2−−16.44±1.08a−1.92±0.30b
正癸酸334-48-523.1176C10H20O233.76±0.34b25.05±0.82c41.34±2.71a13.51±0.70e21.49±0.56d
5-三甲基-1,2-二氢萘1000357-25-824.6275C13H16−3.26±0.13b27.80±2.48a1.60±0.66bc2.32±0.93bc
2-乙酰基呋喃1192-62-725.1471C6H6O2−−67.75±9.01−−
十一酸112-37-826.9773C11H22O26.19±0.31b−50.23±0.95a−4.17±0.43c
十二烷酸143-07-731.2188C12H24O2142.51±0.60a36.53±0.64d143.91±25.60a59.090±1.75c99.35±0.94b
τ-卡地诺147479033.6778C15H26O−6.10±0.28b24.26±0.69a−3.41±0.49c
α-卡地诺481-34-534.1580C15H26O5.07±0.16e11.73±0.62c44.41±1.04a9.32±0.89d16.01±1.33b
十四酸544-63-838.0987C14H28O22.63±0.37c3.83±0.33c39.63±2.19a2.76±0.54c9.82±0.25b
正十六烷酸2109644.7291C16H32O218.10±0.22d10.56±0.70d70.87±5.50a25.62±0.67c59.41±1.07b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882855954207559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882849763414768, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of differential aroma active values (OAV) in different processing stages of Guangnan Dixu black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性物质香气类型阈值(μg/kg)[32−38]OAV
XYWDRNFJGC
2-甲基丁醛青草香[32]1−−−227.42109.89
3-甲基丁醛青草香1−334.79−−−
(E)-2-己烯醛清新190−−−0.752.18
(Z)-3-己烯醛清新[33]190−0.32−−−
(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇甲酸酯果香、花香[34]12.18.53−−−−
庚醛杏仁香[35]3−−−−25.30
1-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇香128.54−−−−
苯乙醛清香、玫瑰、花香、巧克力433.7539.8361.18146.7151.60
对甲酚药味550.49−−3.62−
顺式芳樟醇氧化物木香、花香[36]1000.581.85−−−
反式芳樟醇氧化物(呋喃类)桉叶油素、樟脑611.86−40.2929.4457.90
壬醛花香、脂香、绿植香、柠檬样香[37]1.1−−−408.95283.38
芳樟醇花香、甜香、木质香6239.78158.12194.7073.61166.02
(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇绿叶香、草香0.209−−−−289.91
(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃)花香、木香6−3.178.744.2157.15
水杨酸甲酯薄荷,冬青405.7716.29−34.62−
香叶醇玫瑰香、甜香、蜜香[38]7.566.05−−−−
(E)-2-癸烯醛绿植香、脂香0.4−8.35−12.68−
柠檬醛柠檬香301.36−−−−
吲哚麝香1400.020.050.02−−
己酸己酯豆香1−−−−3.85
十二醛脂香1.15.125.05−8.55−
苯甲醛杏仁香336.8576.05113.61133.87190.37
雪松醇温和的雪松木香气0.531.2627.28192.46126.216.60
), ArticleFig(id=1320882856038093640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882849763414768, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

广南底圩红茶各加工阶段差异性挥发物质OAV分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性物质香气类型阈值(μg/kg)[32−38]OAV
XYWDRNFJGC
2-甲基丁醛青草香[32]1−−−227.42109.89
3-甲基丁醛青草香1−334.79−−−
(E)-2-己烯醛清新190−−−0.752.18
(Z)-3-己烯醛清新[33]190−0.32−−−
(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇甲酸酯果香、花香[34]12.18.53−−−−
庚醛杏仁香[35]3−−−−25.30
1-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇香128.54−−−−
苯乙醛清香、玫瑰、花香、巧克力433.7539.8361.18146.7151.60
对甲酚药味550.49−−3.62−
顺式芳樟醇氧化物木香、花香[36]1000.581.85−−−
反式芳樟醇氧化物(呋喃类)桉叶油素、樟脑611.86−40.2929.4457.90
壬醛花香、脂香、绿植香、柠檬样香[37]1.1−−−408.95283.38
芳樟醇花香、甜香、木质香6239.78158.12194.7073.61166.02
(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇绿叶香、草香0.209−−−−289.91
(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃)花香、木香6−3.178.744.2157.15
水杨酸甲酯薄荷,冬青405.7716.29−34.62−
香叶醇玫瑰香、甜香、蜜香[38]7.566.05−−−−
(E)-2-癸烯醛绿植香、脂香0.4−8.35−12.68−
柠檬醛柠檬香301.36−−−−
吲哚麝香1400.020.050.02−−
己酸己酯豆香1−−−−3.85
十二醛脂香1.15.125.05−8.55−
苯甲醛杏仁香336.8576.05113.61133.87190.37
雪松醇温和的雪松木香气0.531.2627.28192.46126.216.60
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广南底圩红茶加工过程中香气成分的变化
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李蕾 1 , 张秀琼 2 , 赵蕾 1 , 李在辉 3 , 付萍 1 , 王朝梁 1, * , 冯颖 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(10): 311-321
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (10) : 311 -321
广南底圩红茶加工过程中香气成分的变化
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李蕾1 , 张秀琼2, 赵蕾1, 李在辉3, 付萍1, 王朝梁1, * , 冯颖1, *
作者信息
  • 1文山学院三七医药学院,云南文山 663099
  • 2云南师范大学,云南昆明 650000
  • 3文山州土壤肥料工作站,云南文山 663099
通讯作者:
王朝梁(1965−),男,本科,研究员,研究方向:中药材种植与产品开发,E-mail:。
冯颖(1999−),女,硕士研究生,实习研究员,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李蕾(1976−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Characteristic Aroma Components of Guangnan Dixu Black Tea and Their Changes during Processing
Lei LI1 , Xiuqiong ZHANG2, Lei ZHAO1, Zaihui LI3, Ping FU1, Chaoliang WANG1, * , Ying FENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Sanqi Medical, Wenshan College, Wenshan 663099, China
  • 2Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650000, China
  • 3Wenshan Prefecture Soil and Fertilizer Workstation, Wenshan 663099, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040180
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香气是评价茶叶品质的关键因素。为探究广南底圩红茶加工过程中香气成分的动态演变规律,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),系统分析了鲜叶(XY)、萎凋(WD)、揉捻(RN)、发酵(FJ)和干茶(GC)五个阶段的挥发性物质变化。结合香气活度值(Aroma-active values,OAV)与主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),筛选了各加工环节的关键呈香物质。结果表明:共鉴定出醇、醛、酯、酮、烷烃、烯烃及其他类共96种挥发性物质。香气成分在加工过程中呈现显著动态变化:萎凋阶段,醇类(如芳樟醇)含量下降,部分醛类开始形成;揉捻阶段挥发性物质总量增幅最大,醛类(如(E)-2-己烯醛)、酮类(如β-紫罗兰酮)及部分烯烃含量显著增加;发酵阶段,醛类(如壬醛)和部分酯类(如水杨酸甲酯)含量持续升高,但酯类总量在干燥阶段因高温挥发而急剧减少;干燥阶段,部分醇类氧化物(如(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃))和醛类(如(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇)含量达到峰值。 主成分分析(PCA)显示揉捻阶段样品与其他阶段分离明显,表明揉捻是底圩红茶香气形成的关键工序。最终干茶样品中OAV>10的关键香气物质有9种,分别为2-甲基丁醛、庚醛、苯乙醛、反式芳樟醇氧化物(呋喃类)、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇、(E)-芳樟醇氧化物和苯甲醛。其中,2-甲基丁醛、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇和苯甲醛(OAV>100)贡献尤为突出,共同构成了广南底圩红茶兼具浓郁花香、甜香、果香与清新青草香气的典型特征。

HS-SPME-GC-MS  /  广南底圩红茶  /  香气成分  /  香气活度值  /  动态变化

Aroma was a key factor in evaluating tea quality. To investigate the dynamic evolution of aroma compounds during the processing of Guangnan Dixu black tea, this study utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), to systematically analyze changes in volatile compounds at five processing stages: Fresh leaves (XY), withering (WD), rolling (RN), fermentation (FJ), and dried tea (GC). Aroma-active values (OAV) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to identify key aroma compounds at each processing stage. A total of 96 volatile compounds were identified, including alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, alkanes, olefins, and others. The aroma components showed significant dynamic changes during processing. At the withering (WD) stage, the content of alcohols (such as linalool) decreased, while some aldehydes began to form. During the rolling (RN) stage, the total amount of volatile compounds increased the most. Aldehydes (such as (E)-2-hexenal), ketones (such as β-ionone), and some alkenes increased significantly. In the fermentation (FJ) stage, aldehydes (such as nonanal) and some esters (such as methyl salicylate) continued to increase in concentration. However, during the drying stage, the total amount of esters sharply decreased due to high-temperature volatilization. At the dried tea (GC) stage, certain alcohol oxides (such as (E)-linalool oxide (pyran)) and aldehydes (such as (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol) reached their peak concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that samples from the rolling stage were clearly separated from those of other stages, indicating that rolling was a critical process for aroma formation in Guangnan Dixu black tea. In the final dried tea samples, nine key aroma compounds with OAV greater than 10 were identified: 2-methylbutanal, heptanal, phenylacetaldehyde, trans-linalool oxide (furan type), nonanal, linalool, (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol, (E)-linalool oxide, and benzaldehyde. Among these, 2-methylbutanal, nonanal, linalool, (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol, and benzaldehyde (all with OAVs greater than 100) made particularly significant contributions. Together, they formed the characteristic aroma profile of Guangnan Dixu black tea, which featured intense floral, sweet, fruity, and fresh grassy notes.

HS-SPME-GC-MS  /  Guangnan Dixu black tea  /  aroma components  /  odor activity values  /  dynamic changes
李蕾, 张秀琼, 赵蕾, 李在辉, 付萍, 王朝梁, 冯颖. 广南底圩红茶加工过程中香气成分的变化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 311 -321 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040180
Lei LI, Xiuqiong ZHANG, Lei ZHAO, Zaihui LI, Ping FU, Chaoliang WANG, Ying FENG. Characteristic Aroma Components of Guangnan Dixu Black Tea and Their Changes during Processing[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 311 -321 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040180
香气是评价茶叶品质的核心感官指标之一,直接影响产品的风味特征、市场接受度和经济价值[1]。茶叶中的挥发性香气物质种类繁多,目前已鉴定出超过600种,包括醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、烃类等,虽然仅占干物质质量的0.03%~0.05%,却对茶叶的独特香型起着决定性作用[2]。茶叶的香气特征主要受茶树品种(原料)和加工工艺两大因素影响[3]。红茶加工过程中的关键工序(萎凋、揉捻、发酵、干燥)涉及复杂的物理变化、酶促反应(如氧化、水解)和非酶促反应(如热解、酯化、Strecker降解),这些反应共同驱动着香气前体物质的转化、释放和挥发,最终塑造了红茶特有的香气品质。
底圩茶是云南省广南县底圩乡特有的珍贵茶树种质资源,拥有三百余年的栽培历史,已被认定为国家农产品地理标志产品[4]。其富含茶多酚、咖啡碱、多糖等多种生物活性物质,具有显著的降血糖、抗氧化、抗肿瘤及调节免疫力等健康功效[5−6],在功能食品开发中具有广阔前景。底圩茶可加工成红茶、白茶、绿茶和竹筒茶等,其中底圩红茶以其独特的风味深受消费者喜爱。然而,目前关于底圩红茶的研究多集中于其生化成分和保健功能[5−6],对其加工过程中香气成分动态变化规律及关键呈香物质形成机制的系统研究尚属空白。近年来顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)结合香气活度值(Aroma active values, OAV)与多元统计分析(如主成分分析PCA、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析OPLS-DA)已被成功应用于浮梁红茶[7]、信阳红茶[8]、黄山红茶[9]等不同品类红茶的关键香气物质鉴定与差异分析。
因此,为深入理解底圩红茶特征香气形成的化学基础及工艺影响,本研究采用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术,系统追踪底圩红茶加工全流程中挥发性香气成分的动态变化。结合香气活度值(OAV)、主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)等多元统计方法,旨在阐明不同加工阶段香气物质的种类、含量及组成变化规律;筛选各工序环节及最终干茶中的关键差异挥发性物质及核心呈香化合物;初步探讨关键特征香气物质的可能代谢途径。本研究将为解析底圩红茶香气品质的形成机制提供科学依据,并为优化其加工工艺、定向调控和提升香气品质提供理论参考。
茶鲜叶 于 2024年4月采于云南省广南县底圩乡;癸酸乙酯标准品(99%) 购自阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司(上海)。
DVB/CAR/PDMS型固相微萃取头(50/30 μm) 美国默克公司;PDMS/ DVB 萃取针 美国 Supelco 公司;7890B 气相色谱仪、DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) 美国安捷伦科技公司;DHG-9023A烘箱 上海楚度仪器设备有限公司。
茶鲜叶为白毛茶一芽二叶鲜叶,按文山底圩姑娘茶厂的加工流程制备茶样:槽式萎凋(热风35~38 ℃)4~6 h,揉捻50 min,发酵(温度24~28 ℃)8 h,初烘(毛火温度110~120 ℃)15 min,文火(80~90 ℃)烘至最终含水率≤6%。在鲜叶、萎凋、揉捻、发酵、干燥阶段分别取样,编号为 XY、WD、RN、FJ和GC,锡箔纸包裹后立即置于液氮中固定,冻干后置于−80 ℃冰箱中待测,每个阶段样品重复三次。
HS-SPME萃取条件[10]:称取粉碎过60目筛的毛茶样品0.5 g置于20 mL顶空瓶中,吸取10 mg/L内标(癸酸乙酯)20 μL于顶空瓶中,再吸取5 mL沸水加入顶空瓶中。盖上顶空瓶盖,摇晃混匀,置于80 ℃烘箱中平衡10 min后,插入预先老化好的SPME手柄,伸出萃取头,于80 ℃烘箱中恒温萃取50~60 min。待萃取饱和后,从烘箱中取出顶空瓶和SPME手柄,收回萃取头,拔出手柄,以最快速度手动进样,进行GC-MS分析。
色谱条件:使用高纯氦气作为载气,流速设置为1 mL/min。进样口温度设为250 ℃,采用不分流方式进样,并设定溶剂延迟为5 min。升温程序:首先在60 ℃下保持2 min,然后以3 ℃/min的速率升温至220 ℃,并在此温度范围内保持10~20 min,最后将温度进一步升高至280 ℃[10]。
质谱条件:电子轰击离子源(EI),离子源温度230 ℃,质谱接口温度280 ℃,电子能量70 eV,采取全扫描模式,质量扫描范围:m/z 40~400[11]。
使用Qualitative Analysis Workflows B.08.00 软件分析,检测完成后下载原始数据,通过总离子流图进行定性分析。使用 Mass Hunter 定量分析软件 B.06.00 访问样本数据并下载质谱文件。根据 NIST 在线数据库 (https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry,于2024年4月18日访问) 的参考值,通过保留指数 (Retention Index)、CAS 号等进行匹配以完成定性分析。挥发性成分的相对定量采用Su等[10]建立的方法,其相对含量 (µg/kg) 的计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{A_x=[(S_1/S_2)\times C\times20]/0.5}\times1000 $
式中:AX为目标化合物在茶叶中的相对含量(µg/kg);S1为目标化合物的峰面积;S2为内标物的峰面积;C为内标物在20 mL顶空瓶中的浓度(mg/L)。
OAV为各挥发性成分相对含量与气味阈值(Overflow Threshold,OT)的比值,其中OT值来源于参考文献中各挥发性化合物在水中的气味阈值[12]。OAV≥1的化合物被认定为样品中的关键香气活性物质[13],对样品的特征香气有显著贡献作用。OAV计算公式如下:
$ \mathrm{OAV=C/T} $
式中:C为香气成分相对含量(μg/kg);T为在水溶环境下该物质的感觉阈值(μg/kg)。
组织5名具有高级评茶员及以上资格的评茶员按照GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》中红茶审评方法进行感官审评。
通过Microsoft Excel 2010 对 GC-MS 数据进行预处理,采用 SPSS 20 进行单因素方差分析;输入 SIMCA14.1中进行主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares- discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA);使用迈维云平台(https://www.chiplot.online)绘制聚类分析热图,使用 Graphpad Prism 9.0 软件绘图,所有数据均为3次重复的平均值±标准差。
采用GC-MS分析底圩红茶加工各阶段(鲜叶、萎凋、揉捻、发酵、干燥)的挥发性物质,共鉴定出96种挥发性物质(表1)。涵盖醇类(19.79%)、醛类(20.83%)、酯类(16.67%)、酮类(10.42%)、烷烃(7.29%)、烯烃(6.25%)及其他成分(18.75%)(图1)。挥发性成分在加工过程中呈动态变化,萎凋和揉捻过程中变化尤为突出。萎凋过程中叶片失水、细胞膜透性增加以及酶活性的启动(如糖苷酶),促进了香气前体物质的释放与转化[14]。揉捻破坏了茶叶细胞,使香气前体沉淀到细胞中,随后经受酶促氧化,从而产生大量挥发性物质[15−17]。发酵阶段酶促反应持续进行,但部分挥发性物质可能因参与进一步反应(如氧化、聚合)或挥发而总量略有下降。干燥阶段的高温处理导致部分热敏性或不稳定物质挥发或转化,是总量下降的主要原因[18]。
醇类物质在底圩茶加工中占比波动较大(图2a),相对含量无明显变化规律(图2b)。芳樟醇及其氧化物、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、香叶醇和橙花醇是主要的醇类化合物。芳樟醇作为重要的花香成分,其含量在加工过程中波动显著,鲜叶中含量最高,萎凋下降可能源于挥发或转化,揉捻上升可能与细胞破坏后糖苷水解加速有关[19−20],发酵下降可能因PPO介导的偶联氧化作用消耗或转化为其他氧化物[21],干燥上升可能源于部分结合态前体的热解释放或某些氧化产物的形成。
具有甜香、花香的苯甲醇、苯乙醇和橙花醇在加工后期含量显著增加。这与杨霁虹等[9 ]在祁门红茶中观察到的苯乙醇、苯甲醇是特征成分的结果相符。其含量增加可能源于持续的水解反应释放结合态苷元和类胡萝卜素(如β-胡萝卜素)在加工后期的氧化降解产物[22−23]。
醇类的整体波动反映了其来源的多样性(糖苷水解、类胡萝卜素降解等)及其在后续加工中的不稳定性(挥发、氧化、转化)。新九曲红梅茶研究也显示香叶醇、芳樟醇、苯乙醇是主要醇类,其含量变化受工艺和等级影响显著[24]。
醛类物质是广南底圩红茶加工中变化最显著的类别(图2b)。其占比持续大幅上升,相对含量也急剧增加,尤其在揉捻、发酵阶段增幅最大。
苯甲醛 (木质、苦杏仁香)含量不规则上升,干燥达峰值。其形成主要与苯丙氨酸的Strecker降解或氧化有关[25],干燥高温可能加速此过程。如表1所示, (E)-2-己烯醛 (青草香)从无到有,显著增加(干燥阶段414.39 μg/kg)。这主要源于不饱和脂肪酸(特别是亚麻酸C18:3)在LOX/HPL/ADH途径下的酶促氧化降解[26],揉捻破坏细胞结构是该途径激活的关键。郭丽等[24]在九曲红梅中也发现反-2-己烯醛是关键香气物质。
壬醛(花香、脂香、柠檬香)和香叶醛(柑橘、柠檬香)含量显著增加。壬醛可来自油酸(C18:1)降解[25]或类胡萝卜素次级产物。香叶醛(柠檬醛异构体之一)是类胡萝卜素(如β-胡萝卜素)的重要热降解或光降解产物[22]。其含量增加与揉捻发酵阶段的酶促-氧化作用及干燥阶段的热效应密切相关。
醛类的显著增长是红茶加工(尤其揉捻发酵)的典型特征。这与张娅楠等[27]指出的脂肪酸氧化降解(产生青草气醛如己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛)和Strecker降解-氨基酸转化(产生芳香醛如苯甲醛、苯乙醛)是红茶香气形成核心途径的结论高度一致。祁门红茶研究也表明己醛、庚醛、壬醛是区分‘祁门香’与其他品种的关键差异醛类[9]。底圩茶醛类持续积累的趋势,特别是(E)-2-己烯醛和壬醛的显著增加,与通氧发酵的新九曲红梅茶中醛类含量较高的结果有相似性,暗示发酵阶段通氧条件可能促进了脂肪酸氧化路径[24]。
如图2a所示,酯类物质占比在发酵阶段达到峰值(21.76%),但干燥后急剧下降(3.57%)。相对含量呈波动变化,发酵阶段出现最高值,干燥后降至最低。发酵阶段酯类含量的显著升高,可能源于发酵过程中酸醇之间的非酶促酯化反应增强。然而,干燥阶段的高温处理导致大量酯类(尤其低沸点酯)挥发损失,是造成其含量锐减的主要原因[18]。这种现象在红茶加工中普遍存在,如潘科等[28]研究通氧发酵红茶也观察到发酵后酯类含量高,干燥后显著降低的趋势。
酮类物质通常具有花果香和甜香的特征,其占比和相对含量在加工过程中呈现先升后降的动态(图2a),揉捻阶段其绝对含量达到较高水平。β-紫罗兰酮、香叶基丙酮、α-紫罗兰酮和β-大马士酮是主要的酮类化合物。β-紫罗兰酮(花香)揉捻达峰值,发酵下降,干燥微升,其波动反映了类胡萝卜素降解的复杂性:揉捻细胞破坏促进酶促降解(CCDs)[23,29],发酵阶段的氧化环境可能促进进一步转化或降解,干燥高温可能引发新的热降解[22]。香叶基丙酮 (花香)和α-紫罗兰酮(花香)相对含量分别在发酵和揉捻出现高点。β-大马士酮 (果香)在加工中生成,是重要的高香物质(阈值极低),常由β-胡萝卜素降解或糖苷水解产生[30]。
酮类(尤其紫罗兰酮类)是红茶特征花香的重要贡献者。杨霁虹等[9 ]发现(E)-β-紫罗兰酮是区分‘祁门香’红茶的关键VIP化合物。底圩茶β-紫罗兰酮相对含量在揉捻达到峰值,与揉捻破坏细胞释放类胡萝卜素并激活降解酶的过程吻合。β-大马士酮在干燥阶段的检出,可能与热降解或干燥过程中结合态前体的释放有关。
烷烃物质占比先升后降,可能源于脂肪酸脱羧或作为其他反应的副产物生成,后期可能因挥发或参与反应减少。
烯烃占比波动。α-罗勒烯、别罗勒烯在后期(干燥)含量显著,具有花香、草本香,是萜烯类物质(如芳樟醇)的衍生物或直接来自萜烯合成路径,其后期增加可能与热转化或特定前体释放有关。
其他物质占比揉捻阶段最高(12.12%),表明此阶段产生了种类复杂的其他类型挥发性化合物。
通过对底圩茶红茶在不同加工阶段的样本进行主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(HCA)以及正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)等多元统计方法揭示广南底圩红茶各加工阶段中挥发性物质的差异。如图3a所示,对检测到的 96 种挥发性物质进行了无监督的 PCA 分析,前两个主成分对总方差的解释率达到62.7%,Q2=0.984,说明该PCA模型预测能力较好。在PCA得分图中(图3a),各工序茶样得到良好的分离,揉捻样品分布距离其它样品较远,XY和WD样品分布距离较近,FJ和GC样品分布距离较近,说明两个工序之间挥发性物质较为相似,发生变化相对较小。由图3b聚类分析可知,揉捻被聚类到类群Ⅰ,XY、RN、FJ和GC聚类到类群Ⅱ,该结果与PCA一致。
为揭示广南底圩茶红茶各加工阶段的差异挥发性物质,使用有监督的OPLS-DA方法对连续两个加工阶段,即 XY vs WD、WD vs RN、RN vs FJ以及 FJ vs GC的挥发性物质进行比较分析。由图4 可知,在四对 OPLS-DA 分析中,各样品达到良好的分离,R2X,R2Y以及Q2都大于0.9,且 200 次置换检验Q2与Y轴的截距都小于0,说明模型可靠,不存在过拟合现象。
变量投影重要性(Variable Important for the Projection,VIP)表示各香气物质的表达模式对各组样本分类判别的影响强度和解释能力,可以辅助标志性代谢物的筛选[31],VIP能够量化各个变量对分类的贡献度,从而筛选出重要的特征物质,一般认为 VIP>1 表示该变量具有重要作用,且 VIP 值越大,说明该变量在不同加工阶段广南底圩红茶样本间的差异越显著[32]。根据 VIP>1 与 P<0.05 的原则筛选广南底圩红茶各加工阶段的差异挥发性物质(图5)可知,在所检测到的96种挥发性物质中共筛选出VIP>1的挥发性成分共有47种,涵盖了醛类、烷类、醇类、酯类等,包括2-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛、3-戊酮、1-癸醇、芳樟醇、顺式芳樟醇氧化物、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇甲酸酯、柠檬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、十二烷酸、α-萜品醇、十二烷等,可作为区分广南底圩红茶在不同加工阶段的标志物。
进一步用聚类分析热图直观地反映广南底圩红茶各加工阶段的变化(图6),47种挥发性化合物存在显著差异,其中蓝色表示含量低,红色表示含量高。XY中的某些成分含量显著富集,例如香叶醇、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇甲酸酯、芳樟醇、十二烷酸,这些成分在后续加工阶段的浓度较低。在WD阶段,3-甲基丁醛、3-戊酮、(Z)-3-己烯醛、壬酸、α-萜品醇等化合物的浓度较其他阶段更高。RN阶段的某些成分含量明显升高,如柠檬醛、(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸甲酯、别罗勒烯等。FJ过程中,某些成分如壬醛、水杨酸甲酯、苯乙醛、对甲酚的含量明显升高。在GC阶段,(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇、(Z)-丁酸3-己烯酯、庚醛、α-罗勒烯、(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃)、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛、反式芳樟醇氧化物(呋喃类)的含量较其他阶段更高。
为剖析广南底圩红茶不同加工阶段关键香气的变化规律,分别对XY、WD、RN、FJ和GC茶样的挥发性成分进行OAV分析。通过文献资料[33−39],查询 47种差异挥发性物质的阈值与香气描述,共有23种挥发性物质OAV>1,如表2所示,这些挥发性物质则为广南底圩红茶加工过程中的关键差异挥发性物质,对广南底圩红茶香气品质的形成起关键作用。
OAV值越大,说明该挥发性物质对样品香气的影响就越大。当OAV>10时,该化合物被认为对红茶的整体香气有重要贡献。以OAV>10为筛选条件进行筛选,在GC的样品中分析得出符合条件的挥发性物质有2-甲基丁醛、庚醛、苯乙醛、反式芳樟醇氧化物(呋喃类)、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇、(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃)、苯甲醛9种,可以认为这9种关键差异挥发性物质是广南底圩茶红茶的关键呈香物质。其中,2-甲基丁醛、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇、苯甲醛OAV>100,说明对广南底圩红茶的花香、甜香、果香的形成具有重要作用。
云南红茶(如滇红)通常以其浓强鲜爽、花果香(尤其是蜜香)显著而著称。其关键香气物质常包括高含量的芳樟醇及其氧化物(提供花香)、香叶醇(玫瑰香、蜜香)、苯甲醇、苯乙醇(甜香、花香),以及一些具有焦糖香、甜香的吡嗪类、呋喃类物质[40]。郭丽等[24]在研究云南紫娟红茶时发现雪松醇(OAV高)是其特征香气成分之一,赋予木质香,这与本研究在RN和FJ阶段检测到高OAV的雪松醇有相似之处。然而,本研究发现广南底圩红茶干茶中香叶醇(OAV仅XY阶段高)贡献度较低,而壬醛(OAV高达283.38)、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇(OAV高达289.91)、2-甲基丁醛(OAV 109.89)的含量及其OAV贡献尤为突出。特别是(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇(强烈的绿叶香、草香)在GC中极高的OAV(289.91),以及壬醛(花香、脂香、柠檬香)和(E)-2-己烯醛(清新青草香,OAV在GC阶段为2.18)的存在,共同赋予了底圩红茶一种清新、鲜活的青草气息与浓郁花香、脂香交织的独特香韵,这与典型滇红更偏向醇厚花果蜜香的风格存在差异。这种差异可能源于底圩乡独特的半野生茶树种质资源[1]、特定的加工工艺参数(如发酵时间、温度控制)以及地域环境因素的综合影响。
茶叶加工过程中香气特性的变化受到多种因素的影响。本研究鉴定的9个关键特征香气成分可分为醛类和醇类,主要由脂肪酸氧化途径,萜类代谢途径和氨基酸代谢途径共同作用生成。酯类挥发性成分主要具有花果香、木香、蜡香和乳香等风味[40]。对广南底圩红茶香气有着较为重要的贡献,其关键香气中有5种物质都是醛类。这些物质主要通过脂肪氧化酶作用后合成,如(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇代谢途径:由亚麻酸通过脂氧合酶(LOX)途径生成氢过氧化物,随后还原生成(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇[41];庚醛代谢途径:通常由长链脂肪酸(如亚油酸或亚麻酸)通过β-氧化途径生成[42];壬醛代谢途径:通常由长链脂肪酸(如油酸或亚麻酸)通过脂氧合酶(LOX)途径生成[43]。苯乙醛代谢途径:苯丙氨酸通过脱氨生成苯丙酮酸,随后脱羧生成苯乙醛;2-甲基丁醛代谢途径:亮氨酸通过转氨作用生成α-酮异己酸,随后脱羧生成2-甲基丁醛;苯甲醛代谢途径:苯丙氨酸通过脱氨生成苯丙酮酸,随后氧化生成苯甲醛。醇类化合物具有特殊的花香、果香和木香[1],在关键的香气成分中有4种醇类物质,其中以反式芳樟醇氧化物和(E)-芳樟醇氧化物具有愉悦的果香、花香、脂香、芳香的植物醇[44]。其中反式芳樟醇氧化物由萜类化合物氧化后在酶(如细胞色素P450)的作用下氧化生成芳樟醇氧化物[45];而芳樟醇是由萜类通过甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径或甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸(MEP)途径生成香叶基二磷酸(GPP),随后环化生成芳樟醇[46];芳樟醇在酶的作用下又会氧化生成(E)-芳樟醇氧化物[47];通过这些不同香气成分的变化,茶叶的风味特征发生了显著的转变,这一变化受到了微生物代谢、酶促氧化和湿热等多重因素的共同影响。未来的研究将进一步探讨这些关键香气成分在加工过程中的具体作用机制以及它们对茶叶质量和风味发展的影响。
广南底圩红茶干茶(图7a)条索紧结匀整,色泽乌润显金毫,锋苗秀丽。其形态特征表明揉捻工艺得当,细胞破碎率适中,利于后续发酵中酶促氧化反应的充分进行。冲泡后汤色橙红明亮(图7b),清澈透亮无沉淀。香气类型丰富且层次分明:以甜花香(芳樟醇、苯乙醛贡献)、清新青草香((Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇主导)为核心;伴随果香(壬醛、反式芳樟醇氧化物)及微弱木质香(雪松醇残留);鲜爽度高,无闷酵杂气,印证发酵工艺控温控湿得当。入口醇厚鲜爽,收敛性适中,回甘持久。其鲜爽感与醛类物质(如2-甲基丁醛、庚醛)的高OAV值密切相关,甜感则源于苯甲醛的杏仁甜香及糖苷降解产物。叶底嫩匀柔软,呈铜红色(图7c),触手有弹性,表明发酵程度均匀,无红梗红叶现象。
香气是评价广南底圩红茶品质的核心指标,本研究系统揭示了广南底圩红茶加工过程中挥发性成分的动态演变规律及其关键呈香物质。利用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术,研究覆盖广南底圩红茶加工全程(鲜叶→萎凋→揉捻→发酵→干燥),共鉴定出96种挥发性物质。多元统计分析表明,挥发性成分的种类和含量在揉捻阶段发生了最显著变化,这与细胞结构破坏、酶促氧化及香气前体释放密切相关。结合香气活度值(OAV)分析,确定干茶中OAV>10的9种关键香气化合物分别为:2-甲基丁醛、庚醛、苯乙醛、反式-呋喃型芳樟醇氧化物、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇、(E)-吡喃型芳樟醇氧化物和苯甲醛。其中,2-甲基丁醛、壬醛、芳樟醇、(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇和苯甲醛(OAV>100)对广南底圩红茶特征性的花香、甜香、果香及青草香形成贡献尤为突出。广南底圩红茶关键香气物质主要来源于以下三条代谢途径的协同作用:脂肪酸氧化途径:如(Z)-3-壬烯-1-醇、庚醛、壬醛。萜类代谢途径:如芳樟醇及其氧化物。氨基酸Strecker降解途径:如2-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛、苯甲醛。同时,筛选出的9种关键香气化合物可作为广南底圩红茶香气品质的客观化学评价指标。本研究揭示了底圩红茶香气的化学成分及其变化,尚存在初烘阶段未分析等不足,今后研究应加强揉捻、发酵、干燥等关键环节设计多因素实验,优化工艺参数(如温湿度、时间),以进一步提升底圩红茶的感官品质。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040180
  • 接收时间:2025-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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    1文山学院三七医药学院,云南文山 663099
    2云南师范大学,云南昆明 650000
    3文山州土壤肥料工作站,云南文山 663099

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王朝梁(1965−),男,本科,研究员,研究方向:中药材种植与产品开发,E-mail:。
冯颖(1999−),女,硕士研究生,实习研究员,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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