Article(id=1320886774633714614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040149, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853547962, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853547962, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853547962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853547962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=192, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886774835041207, articleId=1320886774633714614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity Analysis of Selenoexopolysaccharides from Weizmannia coagulans P-L1, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To develop a method for the preparation of selenium exopolysaccharide (Se-EPS) with high yield, the heat-resistant Weizmannia coagulans P-L1 was selected to produce Se-EPS through fermentation, with the addition of sodium selenite at a concentration of 20 mg/L, using anion exchange resins. In addition, Se-EPS was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of Se-EPS was investigated. The results showed that the initial bacterial concentration, the employment of anion exchange resins and the fermentation time all had a significant effect on the yield of Se-EPS. With an initial bacterial concentration of 1×106 CFU/mL, the yield of Se-EPS achieved up to 19.1 g/L after 8 days of fermentation, which was increased by 5.4-fold as compared to the yield of Se-EPS obtained with an initial bacterial concentration of 1×105 CFU/mL, and was increased by 19.5-fold as compared to the yield of exopolysaccharide (EPS) obtained by conventional fermentation (without using anion-exchange resin). The selenium content of the Se-EPS reached up to 213 μg/g. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that selenium was probably incorporated into the EPS via Se-O and Se=O bonds. Both EPS and Se-EPS derived from Weizmannia coagulans P-L1 exhibited good in vitro hypoglycemic activity, with Se-EPS showing significantly higher activity than EPS. At a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the inhibition of Se-EPS against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 28% and 16% higher than those of EPS, respectively. The study provides theoretical support and technical references for the development and application of Se-EPS products derived from Weizmannia coagulans.

, authors=Xinlong XIANG1, Qianhui GE1, Zhiyu ZHANG1, Bo WU1, Ying ZHANG1, 2, Haibin WANG1, 2, Lijuan PENG1, 2, *, authorsList=Xinlong XIANG, Qianhui GE, Zhiyu ZHANG, Bo WU, Ying ZHANG, Haibin WANG, Lijuan PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijuan PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886779637519301, articleId=1320886774633714614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1硒胞外多糖的制备及体外降血糖活性分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了开发一种硒胞外多糖(Selenium exopolysaccharide,Se-EPS)的高产量制备方法,本文选择耐高温的凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1在阴离子交换树脂的辅助下,以20 mg/L的比例添加亚硒酸钠进行发酵以制备Se-EPS。同时,使用红外光谱对其结构进行分析,并探究了其体外降血糖活性。结果显示:初始细菌浓度、阴离子交换树脂的使用及发酵时间均对Se-EPS的产量有显著影响。初始细菌浓度1×106 CFU/mL、发酵8 d时,Se-EPS的产量高达19.1 g/L,是初始细菌浓度1×105 CFU/mL下Se-EPS产量的5.4倍,是常规发酵(无阴离子交换树脂辅助)胞外多糖(Exopolysaccharide,EPS)产量的19.5倍。Se-EPS中的硒含量最高可达213 μg/g。红外光谱分析显示,硒元素可能以Se-O与Se=O键的形式结合在EPS上。凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 EPS和Se-EPS均具有较高的体外降血糖活性。而Se-EPS的体外降血糖活性显著高于EPS,在1 mg/mL时Se-EPS对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性的抑制率较EPS分别提高了28%和16%。本研究为凝结魏茨曼氏菌Se-EPS产品的开发和应用提供理论支持与技术参考。

, authors=向欣龙1, 葛乾慧1, 张志钰1, 吴波1, 张莹1, 2, 王海滨1, 2, 彭利娟1, 2, *, authorsList=向欣龙, 葛乾慧, 张志钰, 吴波, 张莹, 王海滨, 彭利娟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭利娟, authorNote=

向欣龙(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
彭利娟(1974−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of microwave-assisted fabricated selenylation Astragalus polysaccharides[J]. 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注:A图和B图中初始细菌浓度分别为1×105 CFU/mL和1×106 CFU/mL。

, figureFileSmall=CY1uZ/uRxzixS8jnuEvTzg==, figureFileBig=yDJUYG15Xf0KMjbI6we7hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786386154496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of anion exchange resin on EPS yield, figureFileSmall=M0wkk/JqfCj0uTIYDUFAnw==, figureFileBig=ZrdaDE6BtxdfXV/I6DxjMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786453262336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=CN, label=图2, caption=阴离子交换树脂的使用对EPS产量的影响, figureFileSmall=M0wkk/JqfCj0uTIYDUFAnw==, figureFileBig=ZrdaDE6BtxdfXV/I6DxjMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786528759809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of fermentation time on the selenium content of Se-EPS, figureFileSmall=NtEvM5cItlFTRa06mIqwKA==, figureFileBig=FsLy890vaSVrYDz8e0dhrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786612645890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵时间对Se-EPS中硒含量的影响, figureFileSmall=NtEvM5cItlFTRa06mIqwKA==, figureFileBig=FsLy890vaSVrYDz8e0dhrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786675560451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=FT-IR spectra of EPS and Se-EPS, figureFileSmall=kTH2hEBl3vhOIwWmY+WAaQ==, figureFileBig=VA5Q6ym4sSKDovchH10D3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786742669316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=CN, label=图4, caption=EPS及Se-EPS的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=kTH2hEBl3vhOIwWmY+WAaQ==, figureFileBig=VA5Q6ym4sSKDovchH10D3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786818166789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inhibition rate of α-glucosidase activity of EPS and Se-EPS at different concentrations, figureFileSmall=A+qYqfK56qqM8mItDxwzUQ==, figureFileBig=6zmh7gdxhHrnxwtKDAQImw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886786897858566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886774633714614, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度下EPS和Se-EPS的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

注:图中不同大写字母代表组间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母代表组内差异显著(P<0.05),图6同。

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凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1硒胞外多糖的制备及体外降血糖活性分析
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向欣龙 1 , 葛乾慧 1 , 张志钰 1 , 吴波 1 , 张莹 1, 2 , 王海滨 1, 2 , 彭利娟 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(6): 192-199
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (6) : 192 -199
凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1硒胞外多糖的制备及体外降血糖活性分析
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向欣龙1 , 葛乾慧1, 张志钰1, 吴波1, 张莹1, 2, 王海滨1, 2, 彭利娟1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430023
  • 2武汉轻工大学肉类加工与安全研究所,湖北武汉 430023
通讯作者:
彭利娟(1974−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

向欣龙(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Preparation and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity Analysis of Selenoexopolysaccharides from Weizmannia coagulans P-L1
Xinlong XIANG1 , Qianhui GE1, Zhiyu ZHANG1, Bo WU1, Ying ZHANG1, 2, Haibin WANG1, 2, Lijuan PENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
  • 2Institute of Meat Processing and Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040149
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为了开发一种硒胞外多糖(Selenium exopolysaccharide,Se-EPS)的高产量制备方法,本文选择耐高温的凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1在阴离子交换树脂的辅助下,以20 mg/L的比例添加亚硒酸钠进行发酵以制备Se-EPS。同时,使用红外光谱对其结构进行分析,并探究了其体外降血糖活性。结果显示:初始细菌浓度、阴离子交换树脂的使用及发酵时间均对Se-EPS的产量有显著影响。初始细菌浓度1×106 CFU/mL、发酵8 d时,Se-EPS的产量高达19.1 g/L,是初始细菌浓度1×105 CFU/mL下Se-EPS产量的5.4倍,是常规发酵(无阴离子交换树脂辅助)胞外多糖(Exopolysaccharide,EPS)产量的19.5倍。Se-EPS中的硒含量最高可达213 μg/g。红外光谱分析显示,硒元素可能以Se-O与Se=O键的形式结合在EPS上。凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 EPS和Se-EPS均具有较高的体外降血糖活性。而Se-EPS的体外降血糖活性显著高于EPS,在1 mg/mL时Se-EPS对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性的抑制率较EPS分别提高了28%和16%。本研究为凝结魏茨曼氏菌Se-EPS产品的开发和应用提供理论支持与技术参考。

凝结魏茨曼氏菌  /  阴离子交换树脂  /  亚硒酸钠  /  硒胞外多糖  /  硒含量  /  降血糖活性

To develop a method for the preparation of selenium exopolysaccharide (Se-EPS) with high yield, the heat-resistant Weizmannia coagulans P-L1 was selected to produce Se-EPS through fermentation, with the addition of sodium selenite at a concentration of 20 mg/L, using anion exchange resins. In addition, Se-EPS was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of Se-EPS was investigated. The results showed that the initial bacterial concentration, the employment of anion exchange resins and the fermentation time all had a significant effect on the yield of Se-EPS. With an initial bacterial concentration of 1×106 CFU/mL, the yield of Se-EPS achieved up to 19.1 g/L after 8 days of fermentation, which was increased by 5.4-fold as compared to the yield of Se-EPS obtained with an initial bacterial concentration of 1×105 CFU/mL, and was increased by 19.5-fold as compared to the yield of exopolysaccharide (EPS) obtained by conventional fermentation (without using anion-exchange resin). The selenium content of the Se-EPS reached up to 213 μg/g. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that selenium was probably incorporated into the EPS via Se-O and Se=O bonds. Both EPS and Se-EPS derived from Weizmannia coagulans P-L1 exhibited good in vitro hypoglycemic activity, with Se-EPS showing significantly higher activity than EPS. At a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the inhibition of Se-EPS against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 28% and 16% higher than those of EPS, respectively. The study provides theoretical support and technical references for the development and application of Se-EPS products derived from Weizmannia coagulans.

Weizmannia coagulans  /  anion exchange resin  /  sodium selenite  /  selenium exopolysaccharide  /  selenium content  /  hypoglycemic activity
向欣龙, 葛乾慧, 张志钰, 吴波, 张莹, 王海滨, 彭利娟. 凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1硒胞外多糖的制备及体外降血糖活性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 192 -199 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040149
Xinlong XIANG, Qianhui GE, Zhiyu ZHANG, Bo WU, Ying ZHANG, Haibin WANG, Lijuan PENG. Preparation and in Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity Analysis of Selenoexopolysaccharides from Weizmannia coagulans P-L1[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 192 -199 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040149
硒(Selenium,Se)是人体必需的微量元素,与人体的正常生理功能和多种疾病的发生密切相关。硒缺乏可能导致许多慢性退行性疾病,造成例如动脉粥样硬化、关节炎、癌症、免疫力低下等多方面的影响[1]。胞外多糖(Exopolysaccharide,EPS)是微生物代谢过程中产生的生物聚合物。许多微生物包括乳酸菌、真菌和一些藻类能够合成EPS并将它们排出细胞。这些EPS已被认为是一类重要的天然存在的生物活性化合物,并且由于其特殊的生物活性如抗氧化活性、免疫调节作用、抗肿瘤作用和抗病毒活性而被用于食品、生物化学和医学领域[2−4]。
硒多糖是一种硒元素与多糖通过共价键形式结合而成的有机硒化合物[5]。其兼具硒和多糖的低毒性和优异的生物活性,在保健品、生物医学、药物等领域具有广泛的应用前景。硒多糖可以从天然富硒植物和微生物中提取,也可以通过人工合成的方式获得。目前研究者们已经探索出多种方法成功获得天然硒多糖与化学合成硒多糖,包括黑木耳硒多糖[6]、霍山石斛硒多糖[7]、平菇硒多糖[8]和大蒜硒多糖[9]等。此外,还有利用微生物富集硒元素制备硒多糖,例如假单胞菌PT-8硒多糖[10]、阴沟肠杆菌Z0206硒多糖[11]、变色栓菌硒多糖[12]。天然硒多糖、化学合成硒多糖、微生物发酵硒多糖的硒含量各有不同。化学合成硒多糖的硒含量与硒转化率通常较高,例如霍山石斛硒多糖硒含量最高可达9223.51 μg/g[7],黑木耳硒多糖的硒转化率可达88.90%[6];而在微生物发酵硒多糖中,硒含量通常在5~500 μg/g[10−12]。硒转化率是制备硒多糖的重要指标之一,化学合成硒多糖往往具有更高的硒含量以及硒转化率,但同时也有多步纯化需求和一定的化学残留风险。相较于化学合成或酶法修饰法,微生物发酵法条件温和、环境友好,同时产物安全性高,微生物合成的Se-EPS中硒结合形式更接近天然结构,生物相容性好且游离硒残留低;发酵过程可直接利用廉价硒源,同时易于通过菌种选育和工艺优化实现规模化生产,兼具经济性与功能性[13]。
近年来,硒产业蓬勃发展,特别是利用富硒培养技术生产硒胞外多糖(Selenium exopolysaccharide,Se-EPS)。药理学研究的实验结果证实,与EPS相比,二者在结构、生物活性、制备方法及应用等方面存在一定差异。与EPS相比,Se-EPS显示出更高的神经保护活性,同时Se-EPS具有更高的自由基清除能力,能抑制2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼基自由基,并显示出通过促进过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性来抑制氧化应激的潜力[14]。糖尿病作为一种慢性全身性代谢紊乱疾病,其典型特征表现为持续性高血糖状态及脂蛋白与脂质代谢异常,常伴随高血压、高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化等多种严重并发症[15]。据国际糖尿病联合会统计数据显示,2017年全球20~79岁糖尿病患者已达4.25亿例,预计至2045年将激增至6.29亿例[16]。这一严峻形势使糖尿病防治成为全球公共卫生领域的重大挑战,目前临床治疗主要依赖胰岛素及口服降糖药物,包括二甲双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、磺脲类和格列本脲等一线用药[17]。然而,这些传统药物存在治疗成本高昂、可能诱发低血糖反应、具有肾毒性及易产生耐药性等局限性。Se-EPS因其独特的硒-多糖复合结构,在调节血糖代谢方面展现出独特潜力,研究Se-EPS的体外降血糖活性有助于开发兼具高效性、安全性和经济性的新型抗糖尿病药物或功能性食品。
凝结魏茨曼氏菌(Weizmannia coagulans)是一种耐高温、耐酸的兼性厌氧至微好氧的革兰氏阳性菌,能够产生乳酸和芽孢。在工业方面曾被用来生产乳酸,在特定的条件下可以用来制备EPS[18]。前期的研究中,弱碱性阴离子交换树脂首次用于凝结魏茨曼氏菌EPS的生物制备,通过对发酵过程中的总离子交换容量、pH、树脂类型、发酵时间和总糖含量等参数的优化,获得了最佳的EPS制备条件。该条件下EPS的产量高达19.8 g/L,是常规发酵EPS产量的近20倍[19]。发酵过程中基于弱碱性阴离子交换树脂所构建的缓冲体系,有利于树脂上的氨基基团通过与菌体表面的荚膜多糖形成氢键,提高荚膜多糖糖链的附加刚性和多糖糖链的合成空间,可以有效提高发酵液中EPS的浓度水平。
本研究的目标是通过使用耐高温凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1,建立和优化基于弱碱性阴离子交换树脂构建的缓冲体系制备Se-EPS的工艺,并研究凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 Se-EPS的体外降血糖活性。为凝结魏茨曼氏菌Se-EPS的开发和应用提供理论基础和新的思路。
凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 CGMCC1.65129酸乳中分离;大米 购自湖北武汉当地市场;紫叶李叶片 于武汉采集,在50 ℃下干燥10 h后粉碎,制得紫叶李干粉;大豆蛋白粉、玉米蛋白粉 食品级,郑州万博化工产品有限公司;水解乳蛋白、酵母膏 生化试剂,北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司;碱性蛋白酶(240000 IU/mL)、α-淀粉酶(200000 IU/g)、β-淀粉酶(200000 IU/g) 生化试剂,南宁东恒华道生物技术有限公司;核黄素、3,5-二硝基水杨酸 分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;葡萄糖、碳酸钙 分析纯,天津市凯通化学试剂有限公司;阴离子交换树脂D301 心悦华美环保科技有限公司;盐酸、硝酸 优级纯,上海沪试有限公司;阿卡波糖、氧化钙 分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。
THX-Q恒温摇床 常州诺基仪器有限公司;LG-3冷冻干燥机 宁波市生化仪器厂;14-0113数控超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;TDL-50D离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;BSA124S-CW电子天平 德国赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司;UV-5100紫外-可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;HH-2数显恒温水浴锅 国华仪器制造有限公司;Agilent-8900电感耦合等离子体质谱仪 美国Agilent公司;Multiwave PRO微波消解仪 奥地利Anton Paar公司。
Se-EPS的制备参照前期EPS的制备方法[19],并进行一定调整。
使用灭菌后的锥形瓶制备活化培养基,培养基原料为100 mL蒸馏水、0.3%酵母膏、6%葡萄糖、1%水解乳蛋白、0.3%碳酸钙、1%橙皮粉、1%紫叶李粉。封口膜封口后在高压蒸汽锅中灭菌(120 ℃,20 min),冷却至50 ℃。取1 mL(液体培养基的1%)冷藏的凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1菌液转移到活化培养基中,混匀。将含有细菌的活化培养瓶置于恒温摇床中,培养条件为52 ℃,24 h。
以10%(w/v)的大米为原料,经糊化、液化、糖化,添加0.1%(w/v)水解乳蛋白、0.1%(w/v)核黄素和1%(w/v)紫叶李树叶干粉,灭菌处理后,取10 mL活化24 h后的菌液(初始细菌浓度:1×105 CFU/mL及1×106 CFU/mL)进行接种(发酵体积1 L),探究不同初始细菌浓度对EPS和Se-EPS产量的影响。混合液在52 ℃下进行发酵,15 h时添加11%(w/v)蔗糖和4%蛋白质水解物(w/v)。参照文献[10−11],在24 h时,按20 mg/L的比例添加亚硒酸钠,同时以不添加亚硒酸钠作为对照组。36 h时根据总离子交换容量1.1 mol/L添加D301阴离子交换树脂,同时以不添加D301树脂作为对照,探究阴离子交换树脂对Se-EPS产量的影响。48 h时用氧化钙调节pH至6~7,并开始发酵计时,发酵10 d,每24 h使用氧化钙进行pH维持,研究发酵时间对多糖产量的影响。
从发酵第3 d开始,每天从搅拌均匀的发酵液中取样30~50 mL的离心管中,加入氧化钙调节pH至10~11。然后按800 U/mL的比例添加碱性蛋白酶,水解3 h。水解完成后在4000 r/min下离心30 min。用纱布过滤取上清液,并用10 mL蒸馏水冲洗沉淀物2~3次,过滤后与滤液合并。滤液使用截留分子量为3500 Da的透析袋透析3 d,样液与蒸馏水的比例为1:100,每天换水一次。再使用强阳离子交换色谱去除蛋白质残留,最后冻干,测定Se-EPS的产量,绘制生长曲线。同时以不添加阴离子交换树脂的发酵体系为对照组。多糖产量按公式(1)计算:
$ 多糖产量(\text{g}/\mathrm{L})=\frac{\text{m}}{\mathrm{V}} $
式中,m为冻干多糖总质量(g);V为多糖发酵液总体积(L)。
将Se-EPS样品重新溶解在去离子水中,制成0.5 mg/mL的溶液。通过紫外光谱仪在200~800 nm的波长范围内记录UV-Vis吸收光谱,以检测纯化后的样品中是否有核酸与蛋白质残留。
参考GB 5009.93-2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中硒的测定》中的电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)[20]检测Se-EPS中的硒含量。准确称取发酵时间3~8 d制备的Se-EPS冻干样品0.02 g,放入消化内管中,加入6 mL浓硝酸,微波消解2.5 h。微波消解条件:80 ℃保持3 min;以3 ℃/min上升至120 ℃,保持3 min;以3 ℃/min上升至150 ℃,保持3 min;以3 ℃/min上升至180 ℃,保持3 min,以3 ℃/min上升至200 ℃,保持30 min。消解完成后,180 °C赶酸至液体剩余1 mL。
消解后的样品使用2%的硝酸溶液定容至10 mL,过0.22 μm滤膜后4 ℃下冷藏备用。用2%硝酸按10、40、80、120、160、200 μg/L制备硒标准溶液,4 ℃下储存。使用ICP-MS检测样品中硒的含量。具体质谱条件:采用碰撞反应池分析模式,射频功率1500 W,等离子体气流量15 L/min,载气流量0.50 L/min,辅助气流量0.40 L/min,氦气流量5 mL/min,样品提升速率0.3 r/s。测定78Se信号响应值。
以硒标准溶液的浓度为横坐标,78Se信号值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,计算样液中硒元素的含量。并按公式(2)计算硒转化率:
$ 硒转化率(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}}{{\text{m}}_{2}\times \dfrac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}(\mathrm{Se})}{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{r}}(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_{2}\mathrm{Se}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}}\times 100 $
式中m1为胞外多糖硒含量(μg);m2为亚硝酸钠添加量(μg);Ar(Se)为Se的摩尔质量(g/mol);Mr(Na2SeO3)为Na2SeO3的摩尔质量(g/mol)。
取微量冻干EPS及Se-EPS样品,分别用溴化钾粉末研磨压片,在4000~400 cm−1的频率范围下对其进行红外光谱检测。
α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制实验参考刘楠楠[21]的方法,并稍作修改。准确称取EPS与Se-EPS样品,使用纯水配制浓度为0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、2.00 mg/mL的各样品溶液,阿卡波糖为阳性对照。将0.25 mL的对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷溶液(0.02 mmol/L)和0.25 mL不同浓度的多糖溶液充分混匀。在37 ℃下水浴10 min后,加入0.25 mL的α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液(1.0 U/mL),混合均匀后在37 ℃下水浴反应20 min。最后使用1 mL的碳酸钠溶液(1 mol/L)终止反应。取200 µL反应液于96孔板,使用酶标仪在405 nm处测量反应液的吸光度。按公式(3)计算对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制率:
$ \alpha \text{-}葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中A1为反应液的吸光度;A2为未加葡萄糖苷酶反应液的吸光度;A0为未加样品反应液的吸光度。
α-淀粉酶活性抑制实验参考HE等[22]的方法,并在此基础上稍作修改。使用0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲溶液(pH6.9)配制浓度为0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、2.00 mg/mL的EPS、Se-EPS和阿卡波糖(阳性对照)溶液、1 U/mL α-淀粉酶溶液和1%(w/v)的可溶性淀粉溶液。将500 μL样品溶液与500 μL α-淀粉酶溶液混合,37 ℃下反应10 min后,加入500 μL可溶性淀粉溶液,继续反应10 min。反应完成后,加1 mL 3,5-二硝基水杨酸试剂终止反应,然后将反应液在100 ℃下处理5 min。最后,取200 µL反应液于96孔板,使用酶标仪在540 nm处测量反应液的吸光度。样品对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制率按公式(4)进行计算:
$ \alpha \text{-}淀粉酶活性抑制率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
其中,A0为缓冲液代替样品溶液的反应液的吸光度;A1为反应液的吸光度;A2为缓冲液替代α-淀粉酶溶液的反应液的吸光度。
所有实验均重复三次。实验数据分别采用Microsoft Excel 2021、SPSS 19.0以及Origin 2022进行处理、显著性分析以及图形绘制。其中,显著性分析采用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance,ANOVA)的Duncan’s Multiple Range Test模型,P<0.05为差异显著。
为了研究初始细菌浓度对EPS及Se-EPS生长的影响,在阴离子树脂辅助下使用1×105 CFU/mL和1×106 CFU/mL两个初始细菌浓度进行EPS及Se-EPS的制备,结果如图1所示。当初始细菌浓度为1×105 CFU/mL时(图1A),EPS及Se-EPS的最大产量分别为3.2 g/L和3.5 g/L;而当初始细菌浓度提高到1×106 CFU/mL时(图1B),EPS及Se-EPS的产量有4~5倍的提升。其中,Se-EPS的最大产量达到了19.1 g/L。与Fomes fomentarius MG835861硒多糖、假单胞菌PT-8硒多糖、变色栓菌硒多糖等同样利用微生物富集硒元素的研究相比,有着2.6~25.3倍的产量优势。例如使用Fomes fomentarius MG835861发酵制备的Se-EPS产量为5.4 g/L[2];在20 mg/L硒添加量的条件下使用假单胞菌PT-8制备的Se-EPS的产量为7.18 g/L[10];而变色栓菌的粗Se-EPS产量仅有0.75 g/L[12]。
同时从图1A和图1B上可以看出,亚硒酸钠的添加对凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 Se-EPS的产出有着一定程度的促进作用。这可能是因为亚硒酸钠在低浓度时未对凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1的生长有抑制作用,还在一定程度上促进了凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1的生长[23];也可能是因为低浓度的亚硒酸钠刺激了细菌启动防御机制,增加EPS的合成以保护细胞[24],起到了温和的应激因子的作用。
已有研究表明,将EPS基因簇克隆到高拷贝质粒中,以提高质粒的复制,促进基因簇相关基因的表达水平,从而提高EPS产量[25]。然而,该技术在EPS生产中的应用受到缺乏合适的宿主细菌以及大多数菌株的稳定性较差的限制[26],难以构建细菌生长的稳定环境并增强糖基转移酶的活性以增加EPS的生物合成。信号分子AI-2可以穿过细菌体细胞生物膜,传递到细胞中并启动用于EPS合成的基因簇的表达,随着AI-2分子进入细胞的数量增加,EPS基因簇的表达量增加,EPS的形成也可能增加[27]。因此,在发酵过程中减少EPS在菌体外的聚集,保持AI-2分子进入菌体的途径尽可能地畅通,可能有助于提高EPS的产量。
而在发酵过程中添加阴离子交换树脂,由氨基基团树脂构成缓冲体系,不仅为菌体的生长提供一个相对稳定的环境,而且使糖基转移酶的活性达到最佳,提高发酵液中EPS的浓度水平。在这个人工构建的缓冲体系里,随着发酵的进行,菌体荚膜糖链所挂的羟基与该体系中的-NH2+形成分子间氢键,可为细胞膜表面荚膜糖链的生长提供更大的空间,更有利于糖链的生物合成。同时,氢键的形成或发酵中添加的氧化钙导致pH微小波动都可以引起荚膜多糖与细胞表层蛋白之间产生位移,使信号分子AI-2更容易传递到细胞内,启动基因簇进行相关EPS合成的表达,外来的碱可通过-NH2+中氢质子的释放而得以中和,稳定菌体生长pH环境[19]。
如图2所示,在不使用阴离子交换树脂的情况下进行常规发酵,凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 EPS的产量最高可达到0.98 g/L,并在发酵第8 d产量达到平台期。该产量与其他文献中EPS的产量接近,例如MALINOWSKA等[28]的EPS产量约为0.91 g/L;LAKRA等[29]的EPS的产量为2.87 g/L。而使用阴离子交换树脂辅助发酵后,EPS的产量有大幅度的提升,最大产量达到17.5 g/L,是常规发酵EPS产量的17.8倍。而阴离子交换树脂的使用仅在原材料成本方面增加了约20%。这为EPS及Se-EPS的高效制备提供了可行的发酵方案。
在Se-EPS的制备过程中,所使用的各种营养素及细菌通过代谢活动产生的众多代谢物质对Se-EPS的分离纯化有着显著影响。Se-EPS的纯度通过紫外可见光谱分析进行验证。结果发现,凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1的Se-EPS在260 nm及280 nm处没有明显的紫外吸收峰,说明分离纯化后样品中没有蛋白质及核酸等杂质的存在[30]。
以硒标准溶液的浓度为横坐标,78Se信号值为纵坐标,绘制的标准曲线在10~200 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为Y=1.0011x−0.16,线性回归系数R2=0.9989。
凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 Se-EPS的硒含量如图3所示,随着发酵时间的增加,Se-EPS中的硒含量也随之上升,最高可以达到213 μg/g。经过换算后,凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1对亚硒酸钠的转化率最高达到32.7%。这说明无机形态的硒(亚硒酸钠)在发酵过程可以结合到凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1的EPS上形成有机形态的Se-EPS。利用微生物富集硒元素的研究中,假单胞菌PT-8在20 mg/L的硒添加量条件下,发酵所得Se-EPS的硒含量为256.7 μg/g,硒转化率为20.18%[10];阴沟肠杆菌Z0206在20 mg/L的硒添加量条件下,发酵所得Se-EPS的硒含量为12.96 μg/g[11]。与这些研究相比,凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 Se-EPS的硒含量和亚硒酸钠的转化率较为理想。由于凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 Se-EPS的生长在发酵8 d后达到平台期(图2),基于产量及发酵效率的考量,没有进一步对发酵8 d后Se-EPS的硒含量进行测量。
EPS和Se-EPS的FT-IR光谱图如图4所示。在3417 cm−1处观察到强峰,将其归因于O-H伸缩振动,在2932 cm−1处的峰归属于C-H伸缩振动[31]。1733 cm−1处的吸收归因于羧基[32],1654 cm−1处的吸收归因于β-糖苷键及与微量水形成的氢键[33],而1398 cm−1处的峰对应C-H的可变角振动[34]。出现在1063 cm−1处的峰归因于吡喃糖环的伸缩振动[35]。
与EPS的红外光谱图相比,Se-EPS的主要特征峰与EPS保持一致,说明硒元素的引入保留了EPS的基本构型,并未对EPS的结构造成较大影响。而在779 cm−1与816 cm−1处有两个明显的吸收峰。其中,在779 cm−1处的吸收峰对应于Se=O的伸缩振动,这与ZHAO等[36]的研究结果相似;816 cm−1处的吸收峰是Se-O的伸缩振动,这与REN等[37]的研究结果一致。因此,推测Se-EPS中的硒元素可能以Se-O和Se=O键的形式结合在EPS的支链上生成稳定的凝结维茨曼氏菌Se-EPS。
凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1的EPS、Se-EPS和阿卡波糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制作用如图5所示。结果表明,EPS和Se-EPS均对α-葡萄糖苷酶有抑制作用。0.01~2.00 mg/mL浓度范围内,随着多糖溶液浓度的上升,EPS和Se-EPS对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制也在不断加强,差异显著(P<0.05)。相同浓度下,Se-EPS对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用高于EPS。1.00 mg/mL时,EPS和Se-EPS对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率分别达到了35.2%±1.2%和45.2%±0.2%,Se-EPS的α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率比EPS提高了28%。结果表明硒的引入显著增强了Se-EPS的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。有研究表明,多糖中的金属离子和游离羧基可以选择性地靶向α-葡萄糖苷酶,从而抑制酶活性[25]。因此,凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1的EPS具有一定的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性应该是因为羧酸和羟基的存在;而凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 Se-EPS中的硒对α-葡萄糖苷酶可能有一定的靶向性,从而增强了Se-EPS对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性。
大量有关糖尿病的研究表明,抑制α-淀粉酶是治疗糖尿病最有效的途径之一[38]。血糖的主要来源是α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶水解膳食中的碳水化合物,胰腺和唾液腺分泌的α-淀粉酶可以消化淀粉,将其分解成更小的低聚糖,进而进一步水解为可吸收的单糖,导致餐后血糖升高。因此,抑制α-淀粉酶的活性可以有效延缓餐后血糖浓度的升高。通过使用α-淀粉酶抑制剂,可以抑制唾液和胰淀粉酶的活性,减少碳水化合物的消化与吸收,从而降低血糖水平。
结果如图6所示,凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1 EPS和Se-EPS均对α-淀粉酶的活性有一定的抑制作用。0.01~2.00 mg/mL浓度范围内,多糖随着浓度的上升,对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制作用也在不断提高,差异显著(P<0.05)。EPS、Se-EPS和阿卡波糖均对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用呈剂量依赖性。相同浓度下,Se-EPS对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用高于EPS。在1.00 mg/mL浓度下,EPS和Se-EPS对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制率分别为31.8%±0.5%和36.9%±1.3%,Se-EPS对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制相较EPS提高了16%,表明硒的掺入增强了Se-EPS的α-淀粉酶抑制活性。Se-EPS的α-淀粉酶抑制活性提高可能与其结构有关,硒的引入导致Se-EPS结构更松散,疏松多孔的表面暴露了更多的活性基团,这些活性基团竞争性占据α-淀粉酶的底物结合位点,抑制α-淀粉酶的活性,延缓碳水化合物的消化,潜在降低餐后血糖峰值[39]。
本研究使用耐高温的凝结魏茨曼氏菌P-L1成功制备了Se-EPS。无机形态的硒在发酵过程以Se=O与Se-O的方式结合在EPS上形成有机形态的Se-EPS。Se-EPS的最高硒含量可以达到213 μg/g,亚硒酸钠的转化率达到了32.7%。通过阴离子交换树脂构建的缓冲体系极大地促进了Se-EPS的生长,为利用微生物发酵高产量制备Se-EPS提供了新的思路。初始细菌浓度及发酵时间对Se-EPS的产量也有较大的影响。通过发酵条件优化,在初始细菌浓度1×106 CFU/mL、阴离子交换树脂辅助下52 ℃发酵8 d,Se-EPS的产量高达19.1 g/L,与同类的研究相比,有着2.6~25.3倍的产量优势。体外降血糖研究显示,凝结维茨曼氏菌P-L1 EPS和Se-EPS均具有良好的α-葡萄糖苷酶与α-淀粉酶抑制活性。硒的引入进一步增强了Se-EPS的降糖活性。高活性的凝结维茨曼氏菌P-L1 Se-EPS具有开发兼具高效性、安全性和经济性的新型抗糖尿病药物或功能性食品的潜力。后续将通过动物实验,评估Se-EPS的潜在毒性和体内降血糖活性。未来还将进一步优化相关工艺条件,深入解析Se-EPS的结构,为凝结维茨曼氏菌Se-EPS相关产品的开发和应用提供理论支持。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040149
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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    1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430023
    2武汉轻工大学肉类加工与安全研究所,湖北武汉 430023

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彭利娟(1974−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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