Article(id=1320886724943794548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853536114, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853536114, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853536114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853536114, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886725199647093, articleId=1320886724943794548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Digestive Property of Haimen Taro Starch and Wangqiao Fruit Taro Starch, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the starches from two distinctive plants, namely, the starch from Haimen taro (AAS) and the starch from Wangqiao fruit taro (CSS), were used as raw materials. With commercial sweet potato starch (SPS) as control, the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion characteristics were comparatively analyzed. Results showed that the purity of the three starches was relatively high. The amylose content of SPS (53.4%) was much higher than those of AAS (36.2%) and CSS (26.3%). Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the values of short-range structural order index (R1044/1022) of AAS and SPS were 0.91 and 0.92, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of CSS (0.79). X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that AAS was a typical A-type starch, while SPS and CSS were CA-type starches. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that AAS and CSS presented various shapes including spherical and irregular polyhedrons, with particle diameters of 6.1±1.9 μm and 3.1±1.2 μm respectively. Chain length distribution analysis revealed that the amylose molecular degree of polymerization of AAS was significantly lower than that of CSS and SPS. In the branched part, CSS had relatively more A chains and B1 chains, while SPS had the most B2 and B3 chains. In terms of physicochemical properties, the solubility, swelling power, and thermal stability of AAS and CSS starch gels were all lower than those of SPS. In vitro digestion characteristic analysis showed that before gelatinization, AAS contained approximately 22% rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and was the easiest to be digested. After gelatinization, SPS (containing approximately 30% RDS) was more resistant to the action of digestive enzymes, while the resistance to digestion of AAS and CSS was similar (both containing approximately 40% RDS). Therefore, AAS was an A-type starch with uniform particles at moderate particle size, and easy digestibility, while CSS was a CA-type starch with smaller particles, slightly lower structural order, opaque starch paste, but better resistance to digestion. The research results can provide a reference for the development and application of these two new resource starches.

, authors=Xiaodan SHI1, Jing ZHANG1, Yan WANG1, Tao YUAN1, Tong ZHANG2, Hongmei YIN1, *, authorsList=Xiaodan SHI, Jing ZHANG, Yan WANG, Tao YUAN, Tong ZHANG, Hongmei YIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongmei YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886726717985154, articleId=1320886724943794548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=海门香芋淀粉和王桥花果芋淀粉的理化性质与体外消化特性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以两种特色植物来源的淀粉即海门香芋淀粉(AAS)和王桥花果芋淀粉(CSS)为原料,以商业化红薯淀粉(SPS)为对照,对比分析三种淀粉的理化性质和体外消化特性。结果显示:三种淀粉纯度均比较高,SPS的直链淀粉含量(53.4%)远高于AAS(36.2%)和CSS(26.3%)。红外光谱分析表明,AAS和SPS的短程结构有序度指标R1044/1022值分别为0.91和0.92,明显高于CSS(0.79)。X射线扫描结果显示,AAS是典型的A型淀粉,而SPS和CSS是CA型淀粉。扫描电镜图显示,AAS和CSS呈现球形和不规则的多面体等多种形状,颗粒直径分别为6.1±1.9 μm和3.1±1.2 μm。链长分布分析发现,AAS的直链淀粉分子聚合度明显小于CSS和SPS。支链部分,CSS的A链和B1链相对更多,而SPS的B2和B3链最多。理化性质方面,AAS和CSS溶解度、润胀度和热稳定性均低于SPS。体外消化特性分析表明糊化前AAS约含22%快消化淀粉(RDS),最容易被消化。糊化后,SPS(约含30% RDS)更能抵抗消化酶的作用,AAS与CSS的抗消化能力接近(均含约40% RDS)。因此,AAS是一种颗粒均匀、直径大小适中且易消化的A型淀粉,而CSS是一种颗粒较小,结构有序程度稍低,淀粉糊不透明但更能抵抗消化的CA型淀粉。研究结果可为两种新资源淀粉的开发应用提供参考。

, authors=施晓丹1, 张晶1, 王妍1, 袁涛1, 张童2, 尹红梅1, *, authorsList=施晓丹, 张晶, 王妍, 袁涛, 张童, 尹红梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尹红梅, authorNote=

施晓丹(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
尹红梅(1988−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
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施晓丹(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:

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注:放大倍数为10000倍,标尺10 μm。

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注:(a)黏度曲线;(b)模量随角频率变化曲线。

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注:RDS,快速消化淀粉;SDS,慢消化淀粉;RS,抗性淀粉。

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Percentage of the number of four types of starch chains relative to the total number of starch chains

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样品名称fA(%)fB1(%)f B2(%)f B3(%)
AAS14.4±0.2a25.8±0.3b11.5±0.4b20.6±0.2a
CSS15.0±0.2b29.7±0.4c12.3±0.4b20.3±0.2a
SPS15.8±0.1c21.8±0.2a9.9±0.1a22.3±0.1b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886730861957568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886724943794548, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种类型的淀粉链数量占淀粉链总数量的百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称fA(%)fB1(%)f B2(%)f B3(%)
AAS14.4±0.2a25.8±0.3b11.5±0.4b20.6±0.2a
CSS15.0±0.2b29.7±0.4c12.3±0.4b20.3±0.2a
SPS15.8±0.1c21.8±0.2a9.9±0.1a22.3±0.1b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886730941649345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886724943794548, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Solubility, swelling power, transparency and gelatinization parameters of three starches

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样品溶解度(%)润胀度(g/g)透明度(%)ADSC分析B
To(℃)TP(℃)TC(℃)ΔH(J/g)
AAS4.9±0.9a11.7±1.3a24.1±3.7bc56.7±0.4a73.1±0.9a84.5±0.3a9.7±0.6a
CSS4.6±0.9a13.5±1.4a3.6±0.3a77.0±0.3c83.3±0.1c91.7±0.8b14.8±0.1c
SPS13.7±0.5b22.1±0.5b28.1±0.2c62.9±0.3b76.0±0.1b84.2±0.2a13.2±0.4b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886731021341122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886724943794548, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三种淀粉的溶解度、润胀度、透明度和糊化参数

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样品溶解度(%)润胀度(g/g)透明度(%)ADSC分析B
To(℃)TP(℃)TC(℃)ΔH(J/g)
AAS4.9±0.9a11.7±1.3a24.1±3.7bc56.7±0.4a73.1±0.9a84.5±0.3a9.7±0.6a
CSS4.6±0.9a13.5±1.4a3.6±0.3a77.0±0.3c83.3±0.1c91.7±0.8b14.8±0.1c
SPS13.7±0.5b22.1±0.5b28.1±0.2c62.9±0.3b76.0±0.1b84.2±0.2a13.2±0.4b
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海门香芋淀粉和王桥花果芋淀粉的理化性质与体外消化特性研究
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施晓丹 1 , 张晶 1 , 王妍 1 , 袁涛 1 , 张童 2 , 尹红梅 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(6): 115-121
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (6) : 115 -121
海门香芋淀粉和王桥花果芋淀粉的理化性质与体外消化特性研究
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施晓丹1 , 张晶1, 王妍1, 袁涛1, 张童2, 尹红梅1, *
作者信息
  • 1江西师范大学药学院,天然与仿生药物研究江西省重点实验室,江西南昌 330022
  • 2分宜县源盛农业开发中心,江西新余 338000
通讯作者:
尹红梅(1988−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
作者简介:

施晓丹(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物化学,E-mail:

Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Digestive Property of Haimen Taro Starch and Wangqiao Fruit Taro Starch
Xiaodan SHI1 , Jing ZHANG1, Yan WANG1, Tao YUAN1, Tong ZHANG2, Hongmei YIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
  • 2Fenyi YuanSheng Agricultural Research Center, Xinyu 338000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040136
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本文以两种特色植物来源的淀粉即海门香芋淀粉(AAS)和王桥花果芋淀粉(CSS)为原料,以商业化红薯淀粉(SPS)为对照,对比分析三种淀粉的理化性质和体外消化特性。结果显示:三种淀粉纯度均比较高,SPS的直链淀粉含量(53.4%)远高于AAS(36.2%)和CSS(26.3%)。红外光谱分析表明,AAS和SPS的短程结构有序度指标R1044/1022值分别为0.91和0.92,明显高于CSS(0.79)。X射线扫描结果显示,AAS是典型的A型淀粉,而SPS和CSS是CA型淀粉。扫描电镜图显示,AAS和CSS呈现球形和不规则的多面体等多种形状,颗粒直径分别为6.1±1.9 μm和3.1±1.2 μm。链长分布分析发现,AAS的直链淀粉分子聚合度明显小于CSS和SPS。支链部分,CSS的A链和B1链相对更多,而SPS的B2和B3链最多。理化性质方面,AAS和CSS溶解度、润胀度和热稳定性均低于SPS。体外消化特性分析表明糊化前AAS约含22%快消化淀粉(RDS),最容易被消化。糊化后,SPS(约含30% RDS)更能抵抗消化酶的作用,AAS与CSS的抗消化能力接近(均含约40% RDS)。因此,AAS是一种颗粒均匀、直径大小适中且易消化的A型淀粉,而CSS是一种颗粒较小,结构有序程度稍低,淀粉糊不透明但更能抵抗消化的CA型淀粉。研究结果可为两种新资源淀粉的开发应用提供参考。

新资源食品  /  淀粉  /  分子结构  /  体外消化  /  糊化性质  /  流变性质

In this paper, the starches from two distinctive plants, namely, the starch from Haimen taro (AAS) and the starch from Wangqiao fruit taro (CSS), were used as raw materials. With commercial sweet potato starch (SPS) as control, the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion characteristics were comparatively analyzed. Results showed that the purity of the three starches was relatively high. The amylose content of SPS (53.4%) was much higher than those of AAS (36.2%) and CSS (26.3%). Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the values of short-range structural order index (R1044/1022) of AAS and SPS were 0.91 and 0.92, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of CSS (0.79). X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that AAS was a typical A-type starch, while SPS and CSS were CA-type starches. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that AAS and CSS presented various shapes including spherical and irregular polyhedrons, with particle diameters of 6.1±1.9 μm and 3.1±1.2 μm respectively. Chain length distribution analysis revealed that the amylose molecular degree of polymerization of AAS was significantly lower than that of CSS and SPS. In the branched part, CSS had relatively more A chains and B1 chains, while SPS had the most B2 and B3 chains. In terms of physicochemical properties, the solubility, swelling power, and thermal stability of AAS and CSS starch gels were all lower than those of SPS. In vitro digestion characteristic analysis showed that before gelatinization, AAS contained approximately 22% rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and was the easiest to be digested. After gelatinization, SPS (containing approximately 30% RDS) was more resistant to the action of digestive enzymes, while the resistance to digestion of AAS and CSS was similar (both containing approximately 40% RDS). Therefore, AAS was an A-type starch with uniform particles at moderate particle size, and easy digestibility, while CSS was a CA-type starch with smaller particles, slightly lower structural order, opaque starch paste, but better resistance to digestion. The research results can provide a reference for the development and application of these two new resource starches.

new resource food  /  starch  /  molecular structure  /  in vitro digestion  /  gelatinizing property  /  rheological property
施晓丹, 张晶, 王妍, 袁涛, 张童, 尹红梅. 海门香芋淀粉和王桥花果芋淀粉的理化性质与体外消化特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 115 -121 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040136
Xiaodan SHI, Jing ZHANG, Yan WANG, Tao YUAN, Tong ZHANG, Hongmei YIN. Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Digestive Property of Haimen Taro Starch and Wangqiao Fruit Taro Starch[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 115 -121 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040136
天然淀粉主要分布在植物的根、茎、果实和种子中,是一类重要能量营养素,也是食品、化学、采矿和制药等工业中重要原辅料。然而,传统植物来源的淀粉结构相对固定,各方面性能存在局限,往往不能完全满足实际应用需求。此外,目前已开发的淀粉种类有限,产量增长困难,难以满足人口增长的需要[1−2]。因此,迫切需要开发新资源淀粉。例如,近年来我国研究人员对香蕉淀粉的结构、物理改性和功能特性进行了研究[3−4],还制备了香蕉淀粉纳米颗粒并发现其破坏肠道屏障完整性的分子机制[5]。猕猴桃[6]、菠萝蜜[7]、莲子[8]等其他新型来源的淀粉也受到关注。
海门香芋(Apios americana Medikus)是豆科土圞儿属多年生植物,产于江苏南通一带海门、启东等地,为稀有蔬菜[9]。王桥花果芋(Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)是天南星科芋属植物,为江西省抚州市东乡区特产[10]。两者均为全国农产品地理标志产品,属于富含淀粉但尚未被充分开发利用的新淀粉资源。
结构是天然淀粉发挥各种功能的基础,也是理性设计与人工合成新型淀粉的重要依据。根据尺度的大小,淀粉的微观结构依次分为颗粒结构(>1000 nm)、生长环结构(100~500 nm)、晶体结构(10~100 nm)、糖链构象(3~10 nm)和糖链结构(0.1~1 nm)[11]。课题组前期从海门香芋和王桥花果芋两种植物块茎中分离获得了淀粉样品(分别命名为AAS和CSS),但其结构信息和理化性质还不清楚。为掌握其加工适应性,本文主要以商业红薯淀粉(Sweet potato starch,SPS)为对照,初步分析两种淀粉的结构、理化性质和体外消化特性。研究结果可为两者的营养品质、工业应用、结构改性以及天然淀粉构效关系的阐释提供更多基础数据。
海门香芋 江苏南通;王桥花果芋 江西抚州;红薯淀粉(SPS) 福建八闽食品有限公司;葡聚糖分子量标准品(纯度≥95%)[DXT350(342 Da)、DXT3K(3650 Da)、DXT21K(2000 Da)、DXT130K(131400 Da)、DXT600K(606200 Da)、DXT820K(821700 Da)、DXT3800K(3800000 Da)] 美国聚合物标准公司;猪胰腺α-淀粉酶(50 U/mg)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(70 U/mg)、异淀粉酶(1400 U)、溴化锂(LiBr)、无水醋酸钠 西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;马铃薯直链淀粉标准品 上海麦克林生化技术有限公司;总淀粉测定试剂盒 Solarbio生命科学公司;其他试剂为国产分析纯。
AVANCE Ⅲ 500全数字化核磁共振波谱仪 瑞士Bruker公司;Nova NanoSEM 230场发射扫描电子显微镜 捷克FEI CZECH REPUBLIC S.R.O.公司;Xpert3 X-射线多晶衍射仪 美国CEM公司;Nicolet is50傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、高效液相色谱系统U3000 美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;Invia Reflex激光显微拉曼光谱仪 英国雷尼绍公司;DSC214差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰仪器制造有限公司;MCR302旋转流变仪 奥地利安东帕有限公司。
在前期预实验优化的基础上制备两种淀粉。具体操作如下:新鲜的海门香芋和王桥花果芋块根洗净去皮,切成小块后立即用清水漂洗。称取适量原料(300~500 g)装入打浆机,按料液比1.0 g/mL加入蒸馏水,按果蔬汁模式打成浆液,用200目筛过滤。所得滤液在4 ℃静置24 h,弃去上清,收集下层白色浆状物。用无水乙醇洗涤2次,除去醇溶性成分,然后用蒸馏水反复洗涤,直至静置后的上清液澄清,转速为2800 r/min条件下离心10 min,得白色沉淀。40 ℃烘干即得海门香芋淀粉(AAS)和王桥花果芋淀粉(CSS),收集备用。
按照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准-食品中水分的测定》的方法测定;总淀粉含量严格按照总淀粉试剂盒中操作规程进行测定。
采用碘比色法测定淀粉中直链淀粉含量[12]。称取10 mg淀粉样品装入2 mL离心管中,加入1 mL 95%乙醇溶液,混匀后置于80 ℃加热30 min,取出冷却至室温,离心5 min,除去醇溶性杂质。向离心的沉淀物中加入1 mL石油醚,振荡混匀,按相同条件离心除去脂溶性杂质,向离心所得沉淀中加入1.0 mL 0.2 mol/L NaOH溶液提取直链淀粉后置于90 ℃加热10 min。提取液稀释一定倍数后用乙酸和碘试剂显色,测定吸光度(OD620 nm)。以0.2 mol/L NaOH溶液替代样品进行测定作为样品空白。
称取一定量淀粉样品,用压片法制样。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪扫描并以纯溴化钾压片进行背景校准。利用OMNIC 32软件对数据进行反褶积处理,并计算3种淀粉的有序度(degree of order,DO)和双螺旋程度(degree of double helix,DD)[7]。
采用X射线衍射仪测定淀粉结晶类型,衍射角的扫描范围为3°~50°,步长为0.01°,扫描速率为2°/min。根据出峰特点分析淀粉晶型并使用MDI Jade 6软件计算相对结晶度(relative crystallinity,RC)[13]。
采用扫描电子显微镜在5.00 kV下对淀粉颗粒结构进行观察,放大倍数为10000倍。使用Nano Measurer软件(version 1.2)计算淀粉颗粒的直径。
称取已纯化淀粉5 mg,重悬于0.9 mL水中,沸水浴15 min,间断涡旋混匀;加入0.1 mL醋酸钠(0.1 mol/L,pH3.5),NaN3(5 mL,40 mg/mL)和10 μL异淀粉酶(1400 U),37 ℃水浴3 h。加入5 mL无水乙醇,4000 r/min离心10 min。加入1 mL DMSO/LiBr溶液,在混匀仪中,350 r/min,80 ℃溶解2 h。
色谱系统采用凝胶排阻色谱柱(Ohpak SB-805 HQ(300×8 mm)和 Ohpak SB-803 HQ(300×8 mm);柱温60 ℃;进样量 100 μL;流动相A(0.5% LiBr,DMSO);流速0.3 mL/min;洗脱梯度:等度;洗脱时间:120 min。
称量0.2 g淀粉样品装入50 mL离心管中,加入10 mL蒸馏水,混匀,95 ℃水浴中加热60 min,然后离心10 min(转速3000 r/min)。上清液在105 ℃下干燥至恒重,沉淀直接称重,溶解度和润胀度的计算按照文献[7]进行。
淀粉糊透明度测定方法为:首先配制1%(w/w)的淀粉悬浮液,在95 ℃水浴中加热糊化。测试前向装样试管中重新加水,以补充由于蒸发而损失的水分。然后在60 min时将淀粉糊转移到一次性分光光度比色皿中,设置波长为600 nm,以蒸馏水为对照,使用紫外分光光度计测量透光率[9]。
采用差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimeter,DSC)测定淀粉的糊化性质。记录淀粉的起始温度(To)、峰值温度(Tp)、终止温度(Tc)和糊化焓(ΔH)。
采用流变仪测定两种淀粉的流变学性质,夹具选择直径50 mm的平行板,温度为25 ℃。对于稳态剪切试验,将淀粉分散体在沸水浴中加热30 min,制备6%(g/mL)的淀粉糊,测试前将样品平衡约60 s,剪切速率范围为0.01~1000 s−1。在动态振荡模式下,以10 rad/s的恒定频率在0.01%~100%进行应变扫描测量,以确定线性黏弹性区域。在线性黏弹区,应变2%,角频率0.1~100 rad/s的条件下进行频率扫描测试,测定损耗模量(G")、储能模量(G')和损耗系数(tanδ)。
参考文献[13−14]的经典方法,测定原淀粉和糊化淀粉中快速消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch,RDS)、缓慢消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch,SDS)和抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)的含量。具体操作为:称取0.2 g三种未糊化淀粉,加入3颗玻璃磁珠和15 mL 0.2 mol/L的醋酸钠缓冲液(pH5.2),混合均匀后加入5 mL含有α-淀粉酶(300 U/mL)和淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(20 U/mL)的预活化混合酶溶液。将样品置于37 ℃,200 r/min的摇床中,分别在0、20和120 min移取0.5 mL水解液,立即加入0.5 mL无水乙醇结束酶解,以3000 r/min离心10 min。取上清,用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定样品的葡萄糖含量,然后计算RDS、SDS和RS含量。
糊化后样品制备方法为:称取0.2 g三种淀粉,加入20 mL蒸馏水制备成1.0%(w/v)的淀粉悬浮液。室温下磁力搅拌均匀后于沸水浴加热糊化30 min,取出冷却至室温后进行体外消化实验。
本文数据通过Excel软件对实验数据整理归纳,以“平均值±标准偏差”形式呈现;采用SPSS Statistics 25.0 软件中单因素方差分析(邓肯检验)比较显著性差异,P<0.05表示存在显著性差异;使用Origin Pro 8.5和GraphPad 8.0软件绘图。
AAS、CSS和SPS三种淀粉的总淀粉含量(g/100 g)分别为98.5±3.8、95.3±5.3和90.3±4.5。水分含量(g/100 g)依次为10.9±0.2、11.6±0.2和11.6±0.7,说明三种淀粉均是高纯度淀粉。本研究结果与几种主要根茎类作物淀粉的报道结果接近(总淀粉78%~96%)[15]。直链淀粉含量是淀粉分子的一个重要参数,对淀粉双螺旋结构和晶体结构的形成和理化性质产生一定影响[16−17]。SPS的直链淀粉含量(53.4%±0.0%)高于AAS(36.2%±3.3%)和CSS(26.3%±1.0%),均高于文献[15]报道的根茎类作物淀粉的直链淀粉含量(17%~22%)。
图1为三种淀粉的红外光谱图和去卷积图。由图1可以看出,3405、2928、1150和700~900、1000~1100和1644 cm−1存在主要吸收峰,分别对应糖残基中-OH、C-H、C-O-C和C-O的伸缩振动。图1(b)是将图1(a)中1200~800 cm−1的原始数据进行傅里叶去卷积处理获得的图谱[18−19]。根据1047 cm−1和1022 cm−1、995 cm−1和1022 cm−1的吸收峰比值(R1047/1022和R995/1022)可以比较淀粉分子的短程有序性和双螺旋结构情况。经计算,AAS和SPS的R1047/1022值分别为0.91和0.92,明显高于CSS的R1047/1022值(0.79),表明SPS和AAS分子中的短程有序性相对更好。AAS、CSS和SPS的R995/1022值依次为1.31、0.74和1.26,提示CSS分子中的双螺旋结构所占比例相对更低。AAS和SPS在一定区域内更高的短程有序性指标可能与其更高含量的直链淀粉有关。
图2为三种淀粉的X射线衍射图。与SPS类似,AAS和CSS在15°、17°和23°均有明显的衍射峰,而SPS与CSS在18°还有较弱的信号,表明AAS是典型A型结晶淀粉,而SPS和CSS是CA型结晶淀粉。此外,CSS在20°有微弱信号,表明可能存在直链淀粉-脂质复合物[20]。经计算,AAS、CSS和SPS的相对结晶度依次为24.7%±0.1%、21.5%±0.3%和35.8%±0.2%,三者具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。其中SPS和AAS较高的相对结晶度可能是因为其较高直链淀粉含量,对其溶解性和糊化性质等具有一定的影响[21]。
Hoover等[22]报道,大部分块茎和块根淀粉颗粒具有椭圆形、圆形、球形、多边形和不规则形状。三种淀粉扫描电子显微镜扫描结果如图3所示。AAS和CSS呈现球形、不规则的多面体等多种形状,颗粒大小不一。AAS淀粉颗粒表面光滑,与红薯淀粉类似,但CSS颗粒表面则比较粗糙。经计算,AAS和CSS颗粒大小分别为6.1±1.9 μm和3.1±1.2 μm,均明显小于SPS(10.8±4.4 μm)。前期研究表明植物块茎来源的淀粉颗粒大小因原料而异,颗粒大小一般在1~110 μm[22],AAS和CSS的粒径均在此范围。
三种淀粉经过脱支酶处理后获得脱支链淀粉,经尺寸排阻色谱检测获得分子量分布图。以信号最高的色谱峰为归一化标准,对数据进行标准化处理获得链长分布图(图4)。聚合度(DP)小于100的淀粉分子链被认为是来源于支链淀粉(Ap)的分支,DP大于100的链则主要来源于直链淀粉(Am)[23]。如图4所示,三种淀粉的链长分布图可被粗略地划分为三个区域并标记为Ap1、Ap2和Am区。Ap1区主要为链长较短的支链(DP<40),Ap2区由较长的糖链组成,DP值为40~120,Am区的糖链DP值在200~100000。三种淀粉AAS、CSS和SPS的Am区相对峰面积分别占26.2%、21.5%和31.6%,与直链淀粉含量的大小排序趋势一致。CSS和SPS的DPAm值(1~2×105)远高于AAS(~1×104),表明它们的直链淀粉链相对更长。
支链淀粉的长短链比值(hAp2/hAp1)定义为Ap2峰的最大值与Ap1峰最大值的高度比[24]。经计算CSS的hAp2/hAp1值(0.50)低于SPS(0.65)和AAS(0.58),表明CSS具有相对更多的短链组分。DPAp1和DPAp2分别代表Ap1和Ap2区最大峰值对应的聚合度。SPS的DPAp1值(15.8)略小于AAS(17.5)和CSS(17.5),而其DPAp2值(62.9)略大于两者(57.8)。三者DPAp1和DPAp2值均大于文献报道的玉米淀粉(DPAp1:8.88;DPAp2:22.16)[25],但接近马铃薯淀粉[26]。
根据分支情况,淀粉的支链通常可分为四种类型,即A链(DP 6~12)、B1链(DP 13~24)、B2链(DP 25~36)和B3链(DP≥37)[27],分别对应最外层的无支链部分、只有一个分支的支链、具有两个分支的支链和具有三个或更多分支的支链。在本研究中,三种淀粉fA、fB1、fB2和fB3的范围分别在14%~16%、21%~30%、9%~13%和20%~23%(表1)。木薯淀粉是一种增稠剂、持水剂与黏合剂,能使鱼糜制品和面制品的凝胶特性得到改善,持水性和弹性得以提升[28−29]。天然木薯淀粉中A、B1、B2和B3链相对比例分别为33.8%、46.9%、12.8%和6.5%[27]。本研究中三种淀粉的B3链占比远高于木薯淀粉,具有更高的支化度。
润胀度和溶解度可以反映淀粉的水化能力。在此过程中,淀粉颗粒的膨胀更有利于消化酶对淀粉内部结构的攻击,从而导致淀粉水解速率的增加。由表2可知,AAS和CSS溶解度相对更低(<5%),可能是由于AAS和CSS相对更高比例的B1和 B2型支链,使得淀粉颗粒更难溶解和膨胀[1];AAS和CSS的润胀度显著低于SPS(P<0.05),这可能是因为SPS具有更高的直链淀粉含量。
透明度是表征淀粉糊的一个重要指标,取决于颗粒大小、膨胀能力、直链淀粉含量和直链淀粉/支链淀粉的比例[30]。在1%质量浓度下CSS淀粉糊比较浑浊,而AAS和SPS的透明度很高。因此,AAS可应用于果冻、果糕等透明度较高的食品加工,而CSS则适合于对透明度要求不高的食品加工。文献报道的马铃薯淀粉糊透明度为28%,与本文AAS和SPS结果接近[31]。
三种淀粉起始温度(To)、峰值温度(Tp)、终止温度(Tc)和焓变值(ΔH)如表2所示。在加热过程中,当温度升高到To时,无定形区淀粉分子开始迁移,引发不可逆的分子转变,导致主要位于结晶区域的双螺旋结构发生解离[32]。CSS的To、Tp和Tc值最高,表现出较高的热稳定性,其次是SPS,AAS最易糊化,稳定性最差。对于热转变温度(ΔT,TC~To),SPS、AAS和CSS的ΔT值依次为21.3、27.8和14.7 ℃[33],以AAS的热转变范围最大,说明其糊化过程更为缓慢,而CSS的糊化虽起始温度较低,但是淀粉颗粒和分子中有序结构的转变很快。两者可应用于不同的热加工食品。ΔH值取决于糊化过程中解开和熔化的双螺旋数量,AAS的ΔH值显著低于SPS和CSS(P<0.05),表明其淀粉分子间作用力更弱,双螺旋结构受热更容易被解开,淀粉易被糊化,与其最低的起始糊化温度结果一致。
图5(a)展示了三种淀粉在质量浓度为6%(m/v)时,淀粉糊的表观黏度随剪切速率的变化特点。所有样品表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而降低,表现出典型的非牛顿流体性质。图5(b)为三种糊化淀粉的储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G")和tanδ在0.1~100 rad/s的变化情况。结果表明,3种淀粉具有一定的频率依赖性,这可能是由于淀粉糊化中逐渐形成了淀粉分子相互缠结的三维网络结构所致。对于所有糊化淀粉,G'值始终高于G"值,表现出类似固体的性质,导致典型的弱凝胶行为。tanδ(G"与G'比值)可以反映样品的类液体或类固体行为。一般地,tanδ值越低,表示样品更偏向于呈现固体性质[34]。如图5(b)所示tanδ均小于1.0,表现出较强的类固体行为。AAS的tanδ值最低,胶凝性能最强。
淀粉消化是一个复杂的过程,受到淀粉颗粒的形态和大小、片层的厚度、晶体模式和结晶度、链长分布、直链淀粉含量和分支程度等结构因子的影响[1]。在糊化过程中,水和淀粉分子的分子内和分子间氢键重新排列,淀粉颗粒的晶体结构会被破坏,导致淀粉化学和物理性质的变化[35]。糊化前后淀粉的体外消化特性如图6所示。糊化前,AAS的RDS含量最高(21.58%),更容易消化。CSS和SPS的抗性淀粉(RS)含量相对更高(~90%)。糊化后淀粉的RDS均明显高于未糊化前,且糊化后AAS和CSS的RDS(~40%)明显高于SPS(~30%),相比SPS更容易消化。这可能与SPS更大的淀粉颗粒、更高的相对结晶度和相对更多的长链淀粉分子有关。
本文以江苏稀有蔬菜海门香芋和江西特色地理标志农产品王桥花果芋为原料,采用水洗静置沉淀法提取了两种淀粉(AAS和CSS),并分析了其结构信息、理化性质和体外消化特性。与商业化红薯淀粉(SPS)相比,AAS和CSS的淀粉颗粒直径更小,具有相对不规则的颗粒形态。晶型方面,AAS为A型淀粉,CSS和SPS为CA型淀粉。AAS和SPS的短程有序性比CSS更高。分子层面上,两种淀粉的直链淀粉含量低于SPS,经脱支酶处理和SEC检测发现AAS和CSS的支链链长分布模式更为接近,两者中等长度支链(AP2链)与短支链(AP1链)的比值高于SPS。不同类型的几种支链所占比例的结果说明AAS和CSS的支化度略低于SPS。两种淀粉的溶解度、润胀度、热稳定性均低于SPS。在体外模拟体系中,AAS和CSS抵抗消化酶的能力也相对更弱。以上结果表明结构上的差异如淀粉分子的粒径大小、相对结晶度和直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉链长分布等对淀粉的理化性质和消化特性相关,但具体的构效关系需要进一步研究。本研究可为两种新淀粉的加工应用提供指导,也可促进人们对淀粉构效关系的理解。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040136
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    1江西师范大学药学院,天然与仿生药物研究江西省重点实验室,江西南昌 330022
    2分宜县源盛农业开发中心,江西新余 338000

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尹红梅(1988−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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