Article(id=1320883587948335351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852788196, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852788196, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852788196, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852788196, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250, endPage=262, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883588149661944, articleId=1320883587948335351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Ultrasound-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and in Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Polysaccharides from Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. Shoots, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study established an optimized ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction method for polysaccharides from Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. shoots and systematically evaluated their structural characteristics and in vitro bioactivities. Using a choline chloride-lactic acid DES system (molar ratio 1:3) under optimized conditions (liquid-solid ratio 30:1 mL/g, ultrasound time 40 min, power 75 W, temperature 40 ℃), a polysaccharide yield of 12.73% was achieved. Structural characterization indicated the extracted polysaccharides had a weight-average molecular weight of 381.52 kDa, composed primarily of arabinose, galactose and glucose, with characteristic polysaccharide functional groups and an amorphous, honeycomb-like porous morphology. In vitro bioactivity assays demonstrated that the polysaccharides from bitter bamboo shoots possess excellent antioxidant capacity, with IC50 values of 0.51 mg/mL (DPPH radical scavenging capacity), 1.80 mg/mL (ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity), and 0.86 mg/mL (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The polysaccharides also exhibited potential for lowering blood lipids and blood glucose. At a concentration of 2 mg/mL, the α-amylase inhibition rate was 36.6%. And at 3 mg/mL, the binding rates of bitter bamboo shoot polysaccharides to sodium taurocholate and sodium glycocholate were 52.10% and 46.18%, respectively. Furthermore, the polysaccharides showed inhibitory effects against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zone diameters exceeding 10 mm. This study provides theoretical foundations for optimizing extraction and developing functional applications of Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. shoot polysaccharides.

, authors=Huanqi WU, Siyi ZHOU, Yangyang ZHOU, Mingrui CHEN, Yiqin ZHANG*, Wen QIN*, authorsList=Huanqi WU, Siyi ZHOU, Yangyang ZHOU, Mingrui CHEN, Yiqin ZHANG, Wen QIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yiqin ZHANG, Wen QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883591568019725, articleId=1320883587948335351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取苦竹笋多糖及其体外活性分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究建立了一种超声辅助低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent,DES)提取苦竹笋多糖的优化工艺,并对其结构特征和体外生物活性进行了系统评价。结果表明,以氯化胆碱-乳酸(摩尔比1:3)为DES体系,在液料比30:1 mL/g、超声时间40 min、超声功率75 W、温度40 ℃的水浴条件下,苦竹笋多糖得率为12.73%。结构表征结果显示,苦竹笋多糖的重均分子量为381.52 kDa,主要单糖组成有阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖等;其分子结构具有典型的多糖官能团,并呈现非晶态、蜂窝状多孔形貌。体外活性实验结果表明,苦竹笋多糖具有优异的抗氧化能力,其半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.51 mg/mL(DPPH自由基清除能力)、1.80 mg/mL(ABTS+自由基清除能力)以及0.86 mg/mL(铁离子还原能力)。苦竹笋多糖在一定程度上具有降血脂和降血糖的潜力,2 mg/mL浓度时对α-淀粉酶的抑制率为36.6%;3 mg/mL苦竹笋多糖与牛磺胆酸钠和甘氨胆酸钠的结合率分别为52.10%和46.18%。此外,苦竹笋多糖对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,抑菌圈直径超过10 mm。本研究为苦竹笋多糖的提取工艺优化及功能活性开发提供了理论依据。

, authors=吴欢琪, 周思怡, 周洋漾, 陈明睿, 张壹钦*, 秦文*, authorsList=吴欢琪, 周思怡, 周洋漾, 陈明睿, 张壹钦, 秦文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张壹钦, 秦文, authorNote=

吴欢琪(1998−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与天然产物研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张壹钦(1996−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:采后果蔬生理与衰老生物学机制,E-mail:。
秦文(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生理及贮藏保鲜技术,E-mail:。
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Journal of Functional Foods, 2017, 38: 273−279., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883591773540622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883591781929231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, companyId=1320883591773540622, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883591790317840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, companyId=1320883591773540622, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川农业大学食品学院,四川雅安 625014)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883599218430267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of DES type, molar ratio, liquid-to-soild ratio, and ultrasonication time on extraction yield, figureFileSmall=C0enQVtP8TVqVg7iODbBgQ==, figureFileBig=VijqipHgI01GHWrVX3OhBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883599491060028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图1, caption=低共熔溶剂种类、摩尔比、液料比和超声时间对多糖得率的影响

注:不同字母代表具有组间显著性差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=C0enQVtP8TVqVg7iODbBgQ==, figureFileBig=VijqipHgI01GHWrVX3OhBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883599696580925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface plot of the interaction of three factors on the extraction rate of bamboo shoot extracts, figureFileSmall=dm6Q1bEUOtEZ2oPS91ZBdQ==, figureFileBig=Axe6wJVKzms85v2R6ZxP5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883599910490430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三因素交互作用对多糖得率的响应面分析, figureFileSmall=dm6Q1bEUOtEZ2oPS91ZBdQ==, figureFileBig=Axe6wJVKzms85v2R6ZxP5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883599985987903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=UV-vis spectrum (A) and molecular weight distribution (B) of bamboo shoot polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=Nuq9Tw4REmuEP4M5ybvyjA==, figureFileBig=KsIHui5OZz43v66srSBYcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883600082456896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图3, caption=苦竹笋多糖的UV-vis光谱(A)和分子量分布(B), figureFileSmall=Nuq9Tw4REmuEP4M5ybvyjA==, figureFileBig=KsIHui5OZz43v66srSBYcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883600157954369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ion chromatogram of monosaccharide standards (A), monosaccharide composition in bamboo shoot polysaccharides (B), figureFileSmall=a69pwKJXxQ846CnLpk4GhA==, figureFileBig=i9d2vsxngvoNdNjlBjzRow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883600329920834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图4, caption=单糖标准品(A)、苦竹笋多糖中单糖组成(B)离子色谱图, figureFileSmall=a69pwKJXxQ846CnLpk4GhA==, figureFileBig=i9d2vsxngvoNdNjlBjzRow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883600749351235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=SEM image of bamboo shoot polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=+ei3x7es/hktJnCrziVayw==, figureFileBig=ejFLQ4cEQNAuVhE65WnEBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883600824848708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图5, caption=苦竹笋多糖的扫描电镜图

注:A~D放大倍数分别为1000×、2000×、4000×以及20000×。

, figureFileSmall=+ei3x7es/hktJnCrziVayw==, figureFileBig=ejFLQ4cEQNAuVhE65WnEBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601177170245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=FTIR (A) and XRD (B) spectra of bamboo shoot polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=1gfoc34wc6jcrvMEABZ35Q==, figureFileBig=fdUDtOJdZ91kjK+a0ic8rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601244279110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图6, caption=苦竹笋多糖的(A)红外光谱图与(B)XRD衍射图, figureFileSmall=1gfoc34wc6jcrvMEABZ35Q==, figureFileBig=fdUDtOJdZ91kjK+a0ic8rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601311387975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=In vitro antioxidant capacity of bamboo shoot polysaccharide, figureFileSmall=isyY5NGrZSfwv/81UapMXw==, figureFileBig=4s95VgtLxlETCeXIsnyF9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601391079752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图7, caption=苦竹笋多糖的体外抗氧化活性

注:A. DPPH自由基清除能力;B. ABTS+自由基清除能力;C. 铁离子还原能力。

, figureFileSmall=isyY5NGrZSfwv/81UapMXw==, figureFileBig=4s95VgtLxlETCeXIsnyF9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601453994313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Bile acid binding capacity of bamboo shoot polysaccharide, figureFileSmall=V4SNmtspvL4Ml+PowFdpSQ==, figureFileBig=6TKf7uwYUtKHcN1QLE5g+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601533686090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图8, caption=苦竹笋多糖的胆酸盐结合能力, figureFileSmall=V4SNmtspvL4Ml+PowFdpSQ==, figureFileBig=6TKf7uwYUtKHcN1QLE5g+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601609183563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=In vitro hypoglycemic activity of bamboo shoot polysaccharide, figureFileSmall=zTD/kwgfOeL3J+Gzu3yQ1Q==, figureFileBig=V50arPJfcxBStA634eZqxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601680486732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图9, caption=苦竹笋多糖的体外降血糖活性

注:A. α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率;B. α-淀粉酶抑制率。

, figureFileSmall=zTD/kwgfOeL3J+Gzu3yQ1Q==, figureFileBig=V50arPJfcxBStA634eZqxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601747595597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Antibacterial effect of bamboo shoot polysaccharides, figureFileSmall=H9eJnsipiJiNJT3/EYTtZA==, figureFileBig=HO2LBPDj3CnjP7QpANeu8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883601814704462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=图10, caption=苦竹笋多糖的抑菌效果

注:A. 枯草芽孢杆菌;B. 白色念珠菌;C. 大 肠杆菌;D. 金黄色葡萄球菌。

, figureFileSmall=H9eJnsipiJiNJT3/EYTtZA==, figureFileBig=HO2LBPDj3CnjP7QpANeu8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883603697946960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Proportions and types of deep eutectic solvents

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序号简称氢键受体氢键供体摩尔比DES含水量(%)
1DES-1氯化胆碱乙二醇1:230
2DES-2氯化胆碱甘油1:230
3DES-3氯化胆碱乳酸1:230
), ArticleFig(id=1320883603781833041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低共熔溶剂的配比与种类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号简称氢键受体氢键供体摩尔比DES含水量(%)
1DES-1氯化胆碱乙二醇1:230
2DES-2氯化胆碱甘油1:230
3DES-3氯化胆碱乳酸1:230
), ArticleFig(id=1320883604188680530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design of response surface parameters and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平影响因素
A:摩尔比B:液料比(mL/g)C:超声时间(min)
−11:220:130
01:330:140
11:440:150
), ArticleFig(id=1320883604570362195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面法因素水平

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水平影响因素
A:摩尔比B:液料比(mL/g)C:超声时间(min)
−11:220:130
01:330:140
11:440:150
), ArticleFig(id=1320883604645859668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design of response surface parameters and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
洗脱时间
(min)
流动相比例(v/v,%)
流动相A流动相B流动相C
09550
2685510
4285510
42.160040
5260400
52.19550
609550
), ArticleFig(id=1320883604947849557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

流动相洗脱梯度

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洗脱时间
(min)
流动相比例(v/v,%)
流动相A流动相B流动相C
09550
2685510
4285510
42.160040
5260400
52.19550
609550
), ArticleFig(id=1320883605019152726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Response surface Box-Behnken design and results

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实验号A摩尔比B液料比(mL/g)C超声时间(min)多糖得率(%)
11:220:1406.34
21:420:1406.52
31:240:1406.94
41:440:1407.01
51:230:1307.39
61:430:1307.58
71:230:1507.75
81:430:1506.32
91:320:1307.46
101:340:1307.58
111:320:1507.91
121:340:1509.66
131:330:14011.07
141:330:14010.89
151:330:14012.04
161:330:14012.21
171:330:14011.38
), ArticleFig(id=1320883605073678679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面试验设计及其结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A摩尔比B液料比(mL/g)C超声时间(min)多糖得率(%)
11:220:1406.34
21:420:1406.52
31:240:1406.94
41:440:1407.01
51:230:1307.39
61:430:1307.58
71:230:1507.75
81:430:1506.32
91:320:1307.46
101:340:1307.58
111:320:1507.91
121:340:1509.66
131:330:14011.07
141:330:14010.89
151:330:14012.04
161:330:14012.21
171:330:14011.38
), ArticleFig(id=1320883605149176152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of variance results (ANOVA)

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源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型67.8397.5416.540.0006
A-摩尔比0.122510.12250.26890.6201
B-液料比1.1011.102.400.1650
C-超声时间0.332110.33210.72890.4215
AB0.003010.00300.00660.9373
AC0.656110.65611.440.2692
BC0.664210.66421.460.2665
A234.30134.3075.27<0.0001
B216.20116.2035.550.0006
C28.3018.3018.210.0037
残差3.1970.4557
失拟项1.8230.60811.780.2898
纯误差1.3740.3414
总误差71.0216
), ArticleFig(id=1320883605409223001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差分析及其结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型67.8397.5416.540.0006
A-摩尔比0.122510.12250.26890.6201
B-液料比1.1011.102.400.1650
C-超声时间0.332110.33210.72890.4215
AB0.003010.00300.00660.9373
AC0.656110.65611.440.2692
BC0.664210.66421.460.2665
A234.30134.3075.27<0.0001
B216.20116.2035.550.0006
C28.3018.3018.210.0037
残差3.1970.4557
失拟项1.8230.60811.780.2898
纯误差1.3740.3414
总误差71.0216
), ArticleFig(id=1320883605547635034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Monosaccharide composition of bamboo shoot polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称英文名称质量含量
(μg/mg)
百分比
(%)
摩尔质量比
(%)
阿拉伯糖Arabinose,Ara59.404424.4027.38
半乳糖Galactose,Gal56.586723.2421.73
葡萄糖Glucose,Glc52.465521.5520.15
木糖Xylose,Xyl33.25213.6615.33
半乳糖醛酸Galacturonic Acid,Gal-UA25.328610.409.03
鼠李糖Rhamnose,Rha6.29632.592.65
葡萄糖醛酸Glucuronic Acid,Glc-UA5.80682.392.07
甘露糖Mannose,Man4.30741.771.65
岩藻糖Fucose,Fuc00.00.0
果糖Fructose,Fru00.00.0
核糖Ribose,Fib00.00.0
古罗糖醛酸Guluronic Acid,Gul-UA00.00.0
甘露糖醛酸Mannuronic Acid,Man-UA00.00.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320883605862207835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883587948335351, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

苦竹笋多糖的单糖组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称英文名称质量含量
(μg/mg)
百分比
(%)
摩尔质量比
(%)
阿拉伯糖Arabinose,Ara59.404424.4027.38
半乳糖Galactose,Gal56.586723.2421.73
葡萄糖Glucose,Glc52.465521.5520.15
木糖Xylose,Xyl33.25213.6615.33
半乳糖醛酸Galacturonic Acid,Gal-UA25.328610.409.03
鼠李糖Rhamnose,Rha6.29632.592.65
葡萄糖醛酸Glucuronic Acid,Glc-UA5.80682.392.07
甘露糖Mannose,Man4.30741.771.65
岩藻糖Fucose,Fuc00.00.0
果糖Fructose,Fru00.00.0
核糖Ribose,Fib00.00.0
古罗糖醛酸Guluronic Acid,Gul-UA00.00.0
甘露糖醛酸Mannuronic Acid,Man-UA00.00.0
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超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取苦竹笋多糖及其体外活性分析
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吴欢琪 , 周思怡 , 周洋漾 , 陈明睿 , 张壹钦 * , 秦文 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(8): 250-262
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (8) : 250 -262
超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取苦竹笋多糖及其体外活性分析
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吴欢琪 , 周思怡, 周洋漾, 陈明睿, 张壹钦* , 秦文*
作者信息
  • 四川农业大学食品学院,四川雅安 625014
通讯作者:
张壹钦(1996−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:采后果蔬生理与衰老生物学机制,E-mail:。
秦文(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生理及贮藏保鲜技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴欢琪(1998−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后生物学与天然产物研究,E-mail:

Ultrasound-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and in Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Polysaccharides from Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. Shoots
Huanqi WU , Siyi ZHOU, Yangyang ZHOU, Mingrui CHEN, Yiqin ZHANG* , Wen QIN*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040022
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本研究建立了一种超声辅助低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent,DES)提取苦竹笋多糖的优化工艺,并对其结构特征和体外生物活性进行了系统评价。结果表明,以氯化胆碱-乳酸(摩尔比1:3)为DES体系,在液料比30:1 mL/g、超声时间40 min、超声功率75 W、温度40 ℃的水浴条件下,苦竹笋多糖得率为12.73%。结构表征结果显示,苦竹笋多糖的重均分子量为381.52 kDa,主要单糖组成有阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖等;其分子结构具有典型的多糖官能团,并呈现非晶态、蜂窝状多孔形貌。体外活性实验结果表明,苦竹笋多糖具有优异的抗氧化能力,其半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.51 mg/mL(DPPH自由基清除能力)、1.80 mg/mL(ABTS+自由基清除能力)以及0.86 mg/mL(铁离子还原能力)。苦竹笋多糖在一定程度上具有降血脂和降血糖的潜力,2 mg/mL浓度时对α-淀粉酶的抑制率为36.6%;3 mg/mL苦竹笋多糖与牛磺胆酸钠和甘氨胆酸钠的结合率分别为52.10%和46.18%。此外,苦竹笋多糖对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,抑菌圈直径超过10 mm。本研究为苦竹笋多糖的提取工艺优化及功能活性开发提供了理论依据。

苦竹笋多糖  /  超声辅助提取  /  低共熔溶剂  /  抗氧化  /  降血脂  /  抑菌

This study established an optimized ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction method for polysaccharides from Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. shoots and systematically evaluated their structural characteristics and in vitro bioactivities. Using a choline chloride-lactic acid DES system (molar ratio 1:3) under optimized conditions (liquid-solid ratio 30:1 mL/g, ultrasound time 40 min, power 75 W, temperature 40 ℃), a polysaccharide yield of 12.73% was achieved. Structural characterization indicated the extracted polysaccharides had a weight-average molecular weight of 381.52 kDa, composed primarily of arabinose, galactose and glucose, with characteristic polysaccharide functional groups and an amorphous, honeycomb-like porous morphology. In vitro bioactivity assays demonstrated that the polysaccharides from bitter bamboo shoots possess excellent antioxidant capacity, with IC50 values of 0.51 mg/mL (DPPH radical scavenging capacity), 1.80 mg/mL (ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity), and 0.86 mg/mL (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The polysaccharides also exhibited potential for lowering blood lipids and blood glucose. At a concentration of 2 mg/mL, the α-amylase inhibition rate was 36.6%. And at 3 mg/mL, the binding rates of bitter bamboo shoot polysaccharides to sodium taurocholate and sodium glycocholate were 52.10% and 46.18%, respectively. Furthermore, the polysaccharides showed inhibitory effects against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zone diameters exceeding 10 mm. This study provides theoretical foundations for optimizing extraction and developing functional applications of Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. shoot polysaccharides.

bamboo shoot polysaccharides  /  ultrasound-assisted extraction  /  deep eutectic solvents  /  antioxidant activity  /  hypolipidemic activity  /  antimicrobial activity
吴欢琪, 周思怡, 周洋漾, 陈明睿, 张壹钦, 秦文. 超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取苦竹笋多糖及其体外活性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 250 -262 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040022
Huanqi WU, Siyi ZHOU, Yangyang ZHOU, Mingrui CHEN, Yiqin ZHANG, Wen QIN. Ultrasound-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and in Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Polysaccharides from Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f. Shoots[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 250 -262 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040022
苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Keng f.)嫩芽即竹笋,是一种可食的天然林业蔬菜,主要生长在我国长江以南地区,富含膳食纤维、蛋白质、氨基酸等多种营养素,深受广大消费者的喜爱[1]。苦竹笋富含多种生物活性成分,如多糖[2]、酚类[3]、黄酮类化合物[4]和生物碱等[5],具有抑菌、抗炎、抗氧化、降血糖和疾病预防等作用,适量食用苦竹笋可提供人体所需的各类营养成分,有益健康[6]。其中,多糖类大分子物质在苦竹笋中占据十分重要的位置,具有显著的生物活性功能[7]。研究表明,多糖可以清除活性氧自由基,平衡肠道有益微生物菌群,调控脂质代谢和干预炎症信号等[8−9]。同时,多糖在调节血糖水平方面也显示出与二甲双胍相当的效果,有助于糖尿病症状控制[10]。此外,多种植物源多糖对常见致病菌(如大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌等)均表现出显著的抗菌活性[11−13]。总体而言,多糖在多个领域展现出卓越的生物活性,有望成为天然抗氧化剂、抗菌剂和营养补剂的重要来源。
近年来,低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents,DESs)在植物源多糖提取上被广泛研究和应用,如海带、木耳、葛根、中草药中多糖的提取[14]。DES作为一类新型绿色溶剂,具有价格低、可生物降解、蒸气压低、无毒且易于合成等优点[15]。与其他方法相比,DES提取多糖能显著提升多糖的产量、纯度和生物活性,表现出显著优势[16]。例如,从油茶果壳[17]和枇杷叶[18]中提取多糖时,DES在提高多糖得率的同时,也相应增强其抗氧化活性与多糖纯度,这表明DES在多糖提取中的高效性和功能性,具有广阔的应用前景。DES通常由氢键供体(hydrogen bond donor,HBD)和氢键受体(hydrogen bond acceptor,HBA)相互作用形成一种共熔混合物,其熔点低于各单独组分[19]。此外,DES允许精确调整HBD和HBA比例,以满足特定的提取要求[20]。另一方面,超声提取法利用高频率的声波产生空化和扰动效应,以此提高物质传递的效率,也因其操作简单、周期短、成本低及稳定性好而被广泛应用于提取植物多糖[21]。
目前,对提取苦竹笋中活性成分及其应用的研究相对较少。本研究选取苦竹笋为研究对象,采用超声辅助低共熔溶剂法提取苦竹笋中多糖成分,并对提取产物进行结构表征,分析其体外抗氧化、降血脂、降血糖以及抗菌活性,旨在为苦竹笋的高附加值应用和开发功能食品提供科学依据。
苦竹笋 采集自四川省雅安市;氯化胆碱、甘油 分析纯,北京酷来搏科技有限公司;乙二醇 分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;乳酸 分析纯,成都金山化学试剂有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH) 分析纯,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;2,2′-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS) 分析纯,北京博奥拓达科技有限公司;牛磺胆酸钠、甘氨胆酸钠、α-淀粉酶(50 U/mg)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(50 U/mg)、对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG) 色谱纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
DHG-9245A电热鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科技有限公司;PL-S80T超声波清洗机 东莞康士洁超声波科技有限公司;TGL16M离心机 长沙湘智离心机仪器有限公司;Varioskan Flash多功能酶标仪、Nicolet iS20傅立叶红外光谱仪、超高效液相色谱Thermo ICS 5000+离子色谱系统配备Dionex™ CarboPac™ PA20(150×3.0 mm,10 μm)色谱柱、凝胶色谱-示差-多角度激光光散射系统、U3000液相系统 美国赛默飞公司;Gemini SEM 300扫描电子显微镜 德国卡尔蔡司股份公司;Ultima IV-X射线衍射仪 日本Rigaku公司;UV-3600i Plus紫外可见近红外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;Optilab T-rEX示差检测器、DAWN HELEOS Ⅱ激光光散射检测器 美国怀雅特技术公司。
苦竹笋去壳洗净,切片后置于50 ℃烘箱中24 h,烘干后使用高速粉碎机将其粉碎,过60目筛后保存备用。
参考韩益等[22]方法配制不同HBD的DES体系(表1),在磁力搅拌器80 ℃恒温条件下搅拌,直至形成均匀稳定、透明、无气泡的DES体系[20]。在DES体系中加入超纯水使其含水量为30%,冷却至室温后转移至密封试剂瓶中,在(4±1) ℃条件下冷藏备用。
采用苯酚-硫酸法[23]测定多糖含量。准确称取25 mg葡萄糖标准品定容至25 mL刻度线,即得1 mg/mL的葡萄糖水溶液,配制0.05~0.60 mg/mL葡萄糖梯度溶液。分别取不同浓度葡萄糖溶液100 μL至2 mL离心管中,依次加入6%苯酚溶液100 μL和浓硫酸500 μL。混匀后室温条件下反应30 min,490 nm处测定吸光度。以葡萄糖质量浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度(A)为纵坐标,拟合标准曲线方程为y=5.5745x±0.2114 (R2=0.990)。
取2 g苦竹笋粉末,按照HBA:HBD摩尔比1:2、液料比20:1 mL/g的比例加入不同HBD的DES体系(乙二醇、甘油、乳酸),充分混匀后在75 W、40 ℃水浴条件下超声40 min,以8000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液。边搅拌边在上清液中缓慢加入4倍体积的无水乙醇,充分混合均匀,(4±1)℃醇沉过夜后以8000 r/min离心10 min,收集沉淀物,无水乙醇洗涤沉淀物两次,收集沉淀物溶解后加入氯仿:正丁醇=4:1(v/v)除蛋白,透析48 h后浓缩、烘干样品,获得苦竹笋粗多糖。加水溶解粗多糖并定容至50 mL刻度线,苯酚-硫酸法处理后于490 nm处测定吸光度,计算所得多糖浓度与得率。
取2 g苦竹笋粉末,分别加入氯化胆碱与乳酸摩尔比为1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4的DES体系,参照1.2.4.1中提取步骤,计算多糖得率。
取2 g苦竹笋粉末,按照最优摩尔比,加入液料比分别为10:1、20:1、30:1、40:1 mL/g的DES体系,重复1.2.4.1中提取步骤,计算多糖得率。
取2 g苦竹笋粉末,按最优液料比和摩尔比加入DES体系,40 ℃条件下分别超声20、30、40、50、60 min,随后以8000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液。重复1.2.4.1中步骤并计算多糖得率。
基于单因素实验结果,以摩尔比(A)(1:2、1:3、1:4)、液料比(B)(20:1、30:1、40:1 mL/g)和超声时间(C)(30、40、50 min)作为影响因素,以多糖得率为响应值,设计三因素三水平的响应面试验(表2)。
吸取100 μL配制好的多糖样品液于2 mL离心管中,依次加入6%苯酚溶液100 μL,浓硫酸500 μL,混匀后25 ℃条件下反应30 min,于490 nm处测定吸光度。根据葡萄糖标准溶液的线性回归方程计算苦竹笋多糖浓度。根据刘靖洁等[24]的方法稍作修改,多糖得率计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{Y}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{C×N×V}}{\text{m×1000}}\text{×100} $
式中:Y表示多糖得率,%;C表示提取液中多糖浓度,mg/mL;V表示多糖提取液体积,mL;N表示稀释系数;m表示苦竹笋粉末质量,g。
配制0.4 mg/mL的苦竹笋多糖液,利用紫外分光光度计在200~400 nm范围内扫描,检测260 nm处的核酸吸光度和280 nm处的蛋白质吸光度,扫描间距1 nm。
参考Wang等[25]方法稍作修改,将多糖样品溶于含0.02%(w/w)NaN3抑菌剂的0.1 mol/L NaNO3水溶液中,配制成1 mg/mL的溶液,经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后,进行仪器分析。具体色谱柱及洗脱条件:采用凝胶排阻色谱柱Ohpak SB-805 HQ(300×8 mm)和Ohpak SB-803 HQ(300×8 mm)串联。柱温45 ℃,进样量100 μL,流动相A(0.02% NaN3,0.1 mol/L NaNO3),流速0.6 mL/min,等度洗脱75 min。
参考Xu等[26]方法稍作修改,取适量多糖提取物,加入2 mol/L三氟乙酸(Trifluoroacetic Acid,TFA)溶液1 mL,121 ℃加热2 h。氮吹后加入甲醇清洗,重复3次。加无菌水溶解,待测。柱温30 ℃;进样量5 μL。流动相A(H2O),流动相B(0.1 mol/L NaOH),流动相C(0.1 mol/L NaOH,0.2 mol/L NaAc),流速0.5 mL/min;洗脱梯度如表3所示。
使用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察竹笋多糖的微观形态:将1.2.4.1中获得的苦竹笋多糖干燥粉末用导电胶带固定在样品台上进行喷金处理(45 s、10 mA),然后将样品放置在SEM观察台上观察其微观结构,加速电压10 kV。放大倍数分别为1000倍、2000倍、4000倍和20000倍。
采用红外光谱分析(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)提取物的官能团。将2 mg多糖样品与200 mg干燥溴化钾粉末均匀混合,制成1 mm压片,在4000~400 cm−1波长范围内进行红外光谱扫描[27]。
应用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)测定材料中存在的晶体相。测试靶材为铜靶,具体扫描衍射角范围为5°~90°,扫描速度2°/min。
参考隋昕怡等[28]方法稍作修改,将不同浓度的多糖样品液200 μL和0.2 mmol/L DPPH 0.8 mL混合均匀,记作A1;不同浓度样品液200 μL和无水乙醇0.8 mL混匀,记作A2;200 μL无水乙醇和0.2 mmol/L DPPH 0.8 mL混合均匀,记作A0。在25 ℃避光条件下反应30 min,517 nm处测定吸光度。DPPH自由基清除率计算公式为:
$ \text{DPPH自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}\right)\text{×100} $
参考刘养山等[29]方法稍作修改,称取77 mg ABTS粉末,加入40 g/L的过硫酸钾溶液330 μL,加超纯水定容至20 mL刻度线,避光反应12 h,即得ABTS母液。将ABTS母液用PBS缓冲液(pH6.6)稀释,734 nm处测定吸光值为0.7±0.02即可。吸取50 μL超纯水和150 μL ABTS稀释液混合均匀,室温避光条件下反应10 min,734 nm处测定吸光度,记作Af;Af中的超纯水替换为不同浓度的样品液,记作Ai;将Ai中的ABTS稀释液用超纯水替换,记作Aj。ABTS+自由基清除率计算公式为:
$ {\text{ABTS}}^{\text+}\text{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{i}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{j}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{f}}}\right)\text{×100} $
根据胡颖等[30]方法稍作修改,取待测样品液0.8 mL于离心管中,依次加入40 μL的2.0 mmol/L FeCl2溶液、1.5 mL超纯水,混合均匀,在室温下反应3 min,再加入80 μL的5.0 mmol/L菲啰嗪,混合均匀,在25 ℃下反应10 min,562 nm处测定吸光度。As为多糖溶液的吸光值;Ab为超纯水替代多糖溶液的吸光值;Ag为超纯水替代FeCl2溶液的吸光值。铁离子还原能力计算公式为:
$ \text{铁离子还原能力}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{s}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{g}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{b}}}\right)\text{×100} $
参照李成龙[31]的方法绘制胆酸盐标准曲线。用0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.3)分别配制1 mmol/L牛磺胆酸钠溶液(Sodium Taurocholate,NaTC)和甘氨胆酸钠(Sodium Glycocholate,NaGC)溶液,分别取NaTC和NaGC溶液0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mL于离心管中,依次加入2.5 mL的0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.3)和7.5 mL 60%硫酸溶液,混合均匀,70 ℃条件下水浴30 min,冰浴5 min,386 nm处测定吸光度。分别以NaTC和NaGC浓度为横坐标,吸光值为纵坐标,绘制胆酸盐标准曲线。
参考杨青松等[32]方法稍作修改,取3 mL不同浓度样品液于离心管中,依次加入3 mL 0.01 mol/L的HCl和1 mL 10 mg/mL的胃蛋白酶,在37 ℃恒温培养箱中充分振荡60 min,模拟胃消化过程。加入0.1 mol/L NaOH调pH至6.3,加入4 mL 10 mg/L的胰蛋白酶,在37 ℃恒温培养箱中充分振荡60 min,模拟小肠消化过程。在不同离心管中分别加入4 mL 3 mmol/L的NaTC溶液和0.75 mmol/L的NaGC溶液,振荡60 min,以4000 r/min离心20 min。取上清液,在386 nm处测定吸光度。胆酸盐结合率计算公式为:
$ \text{胆酸盐结合率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{C}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{0}}}\text{×100} $
式中:C0是胆酸盐的初始浓度,mmol/L;C1是上清液中胆酸盐的浓度,mmol/L。
分别配制0.01~2.0 mg/mL多糖样品液,设置空白组、样品组、对照组,加入0.5 mL磷酸钠缓冲液和100 μL的0.5 U/mL α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液,对照组不加α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液,样品组和对照组加入不同浓度的0.5 mL提取物溶液,空白组不加样品液,空白组、样品组和对照组中加入200 μL 1%对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG),37 ℃水浴15 min,随后加入1 mol/L碳酸钠溶液1 mL,混合均匀,405 nm处测定吸光度。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率公式计算如下:
$ \alpha\text{-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率}(\text{%})=_{ }\left(1-\frac{\text{A}_{\text{b}}-\text{A}_{\text{c}}}{\text{A}_{\text{a}}}\right)\text{ ×100} $
式中:Aa为空白组吸光度;Ab为样品组吸光度;Ac为对照组吸光度。
分别设置样品组、样品对照组、空白试验组和空白对照组,配制0.01~2.0 mg/mL提取物样品液,取0.3 mL样品液,依次加入磷酸钠缓冲液(pH6.5)和α-淀粉酶溶液各1 mL,在37 ℃水浴10 min,加入5%淀粉溶液1 mL,混匀后于37 ℃水浴10 min,加入DNS显色剂后沸水浴5 min,冷却后取100 μL和100 μL超纯水混匀,540 nm处测定吸光度,记为样品组。样品对照组和空白对照组不加α-淀粉酶溶液,空白试验组和空白对照组不加样品溶液。α-淀粉酶抑制率计算公式如下:
$\alpha \text{-淀粉酶抑制率}(\text{%})=\left(\text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{z}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{x}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{n}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{m}}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中:Az为样品组吸光度;Ax为样品对照组吸光度;An为空白试验组吸光度;Am为空白对照组吸光度。
采用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer法)研究竹笋提取物对微生物的抑制作用,将枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、白色念珠菌(白假丝酵母)(Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)分别在固体培养基和适宜生长温度下培养24 h活化,生理盐水稀释菌液使其含菌量为105~107 CFU/mL。取300 mg多糖提取物,加入4 mL无菌水,配制为75 mg/mL的多糖样品液。将直径6 mm的空白药敏纸片灭菌后放置于菌液涂布均匀的平板中,滴加20 μL多糖样品液,每组设置3个平行。滴加无菌水作为空白对照组,分别记为W1、W2、W3、W4。其中,枯草芽孢杆菌组分别标记为Bs1、Bs2、Bs3;白色念珠菌(白假丝酵母)组分别标记为Ca1、Ca2、Ca3;大肠杆菌组分别标记为Ec1、Ec2、Ec3,金黄色葡萄球菌组分别标记为Sa1、Sa2、Sa3。采用二倍稀释法将竹笋多糖水溶液依次稀释,制备得到37.5、18.75和9.375 mg/mL三个浓度梯度的系列样品溶液。抑菌活性实验结果表明,各浓度样品对受试菌株抑菌圈直径均小于6 mm,未表现出明显的体外抑菌作用。
采用Origin 2021软件进行试验数据处理与可视化分析,通过Design Expert 13软件进行响应面法试验设计与工艺参数优化。每组实验至少重复3次,P<0.05表示数据间具有显著性差异,P<0.01表示差异极显著。
不同HBD与氯化胆碱构成的DES体系对苦竹笋多糖具有不同的提取效果。如图1A所示,以乙二醇和乳酸为HBD时,多糖得率分别为10.70%±0.33%和10.78%±0.32%,显著高于甘油组(P<0.05)。可能由于乙二醇-DES体系与竹笋多糖之间较强的氢键作用及更大的静电相互作用导致[33]。乳酸作为HBD时表现出优于甘油的提取效果,主要归因于其酸性溶剂体系可有效破坏细胞壁结构,且溶剂黏度适中、溶质分散均匀,促进了多糖的溶出[22]。尽管乳酸和乙二醇作为HBD在多糖得率上无显著差异(P>0.05),但乳酸因其来源稳定、可生物降解、环境友好性、经济性和低毒性成为更优选择。因此,选择乳酸与氯化胆碱形成DES体系,并应用于后续响应面优化试验。
根据图1B可知,多糖得率会随氯化胆碱与乳酸摩尔比增大,呈先增大后减小的趋势。当DES体系的摩尔比为1:2时,多糖得率最大为12.03%±0.30%,较其他组具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。氯化胆碱与乳酸摩尔比固定时,DES体系与多糖间的氢键作用力随DES含量增多而增强,导致多糖的溶出量增加[28]。当DES体系中HBD比例增加时,其黏度与表面张力逐渐降低;当乳酸含量超过一定范围后,HBD与HBA两组分间相互作用力减弱,导致DES体系稳定性降低,故多糖得率降低[12]。因此,选择DES体系的摩尔比为1:2、1:3、1:4进一步开展后续响应面优化试验。
从图1C可知,随着提取液比例的增加,多糖得率逐渐上升。当液料比达到40:1 mL/g时,多糖得率达到最大,为12.46%±0.12%。多糖分子间存在较强的相互作用,当DES体积较小时多糖溶解不完全,导致DES体系对苦竹笋多糖的提取效率较低。相反,增加DES用量有助于多糖分子从细胞壁溶解到溶液中,多糖得率增大[34]。然而,当DES体积过大时,提取液中多糖被稀释,导致多糖得率降低[35]。因此,选择液料比20:1~40:1 mL/g开展后续的响应面优化试验。
随着超声时间的增加,苦竹笋多糖得率总体呈现先增加后减小的趋势,变化趋势如图1D所示。该现象可能归因于超声时间的双重影响:当超声时间过短时,竹笋细胞壁未能充分破碎,导致胞内多糖无法有效溶出。反之,超声时间过长则会引起DES体系中多糖的糖链降解,从而降低多糖得率[36]。在此研究基础上,选择超声时间30、40、50 min开展后续响应面优化试验。
根据单因素实验结果,以多糖得率为响应因素,采用Design-Expert 13软件Box-Benhnken法设计三因素三水平的响应面试验,共17组试验,其中5次为中心重复试验,根据响应面试验结果确定超声辅助低共熔溶剂法提取竹笋多糖的工艺参数(表4)。
经Design-Expert 13软件,获得多糖得率对摩尔比(A)、液料比(B)、超声时间(C)的多元回归方程为:Y=−56.0568+18.7028×A+1.05915×B+1.14282×C−0.00275×AB−0.0405×AC+0.004075×BC−2.854×A2−0.019615×B2−0.01404×C2。从表5可知,F值为16.54、P值为0.0006,属于极显著模型,失拟项的P值为0.2898>0.05,不存在显著性差异,即不存在明显的失拟因素,表明该模型可以较好地反映试验的真实情况。根据方差分析结果可知,A2、B2、C2均为极显著(P<0.01),AB、AC、BC间交互作用不显著(P>0.05)。根据F值大小判断A、B、C三个因素对多糖得率的影响程度排序为:液料比(B)>超声时间(C)>摩尔比(A)。
摩尔比(A)、液料比(B)、超声时间(C)三因素间的响应面曲面图和等高线图如图2所示。曲面图和等高线图能够直观地展示因素间交互作用对苦竹笋多糖得率的影响[37]。响应面分析结果表明,曲面曲率与因素显著性呈正相关,而等高线椭圆度可反映因素间交互作用强度。如图2所示,AB、AC和BC交互作用对响应值影响的等高线均呈现椭圆形,其中AB交互作用的曲面曲率最大,表明摩尔比与液料比的交互效应对多糖得率的影响较其他组交互时更明显。
响应面优化结果表明,苦竹笋多糖最佳提取工艺参数为:液料比31.037:1(mL/g)、摩尔比1:2.972、超声时间40.920 min,预测多糖得率为11.548%。基于模型预测值并考虑实际操作可行性,确定验证实验条件为液料比30:1 mL/g、摩尔比1:3、超声时间40 min,实际多糖得率达12.73%±0.94%,与预测值相差小于1.18%。验证实验结果证实了该模型的可靠性,表明其可用于指导竹笋多糖提取工艺优化。
紫外光谱分析结果显示苦竹笋粗多糖在250~300 nm波长范围内呈现显著特征吸收峰(图3A),其中260 nm和280 nm处的特征峰分别指示核酸和蛋白质的存在,表明苦竹笋粗多糖中含有杂质组分,与Cui等[38]在280 nm处观察到一个弱吸收峰的研究结果相似,验证了苦竹笋粗多糖中含有多糖链和蛋白质残基。
多糖的生物活性与其分子量分布密切相关,分子量的变化可能导致多糖理化性质的显著改变[39]。因此,准确测定苦竹笋多糖的分子量及其分布特征对于阐明其结构-活性关系具有重要意义。本研究中竹笋多糖分子量检测结果表明(图3B):数均分子量(Mn)为53.32 kDa,峰值分子量(Mp)为18.45 kDa,表明低分子量组分占主导;而重均分子量(Mw)和Z均分子量(Mz)分别高达381.52 kDa和4655.19 kDa,说明样品中同时存在显著的高分子量及超高分子量组分。多分散性指数(PDI=7.16)进一步证实其分子量分布宽,可能由不同聚合度的多糖混合物或聚集态结构组成。本研究结果与Chen等[40]提取方竹笋多糖结果相似,在竹笋多糖中同样发现了中低分子量和高分子量,这可能是由于超声处理导致多糖分子降解,使大分子断裂为小分子片段所致。
离子色谱分析结果显示(图4),竹笋多糖的单糖组成以阿拉伯糖(27.38%)、半乳糖(21.73%)、葡萄糖(20.15%)和木糖(15.33%)为主,其中前三种单糖的摩尔质量百分比均超过20%。此外,检测到含量超过9%的甘露糖以及微量鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖醛酸等组分,具体含量如表6所示。Yu等[41]对单糖组成分析结果表明竹笋多糖主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖组成,本研究结果与该研究中主要单糖类型基本一致。
SEM结果如图5所示,苦竹笋多糖呈现典型的蜂窝状多孔结构,孔洞分布均匀且排列规整,孔径尺寸均一,显示出高度有序的微观结构特征。多糖结构单元间存在均匀间隙,整体结构完整,未观察到明显的结构碎片。高倍显微图像(图5D)进一步显示样品表面光滑,分布有均匀的球形颗粒,且未出现结构断层。这些结构特征证实了苦竹笋多糖分子间存在较强的氢键和范德华力等分子间作用力,使其能够维持稳定的三维网络结构。同时,研究结果也表明超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取法能够有效保持多糖分子的糖链结构完整性和分子间交联作用,从而获得结构完整的苦竹笋多糖提取物。
图6A显示了苦竹笋多糖的FTIR谱图,在3431 cm−1处出现宽且强的吸收峰,一般为多糖中O-H的伸缩振动,这也表明了多糖的分子间和分子内氢键作用力[42];2931 cm−1处出现了较弱的吸收峰,归因于C-H的伸缩振动,是多糖的特征峰之一[43];羰基(C=O)的特征吸收峰通常在1850 cm−1至1600 cm−1之间,因此,1736 cm−1和 1633 cm−1处的吸收峰可能是由C=O伸缩振动引起的,与储启明等[44]研究结果相似;1446 cm−1处的吸收峰可能由C=C键的振动引起或C-H弯曲振动引起的;1235 cm−1处出现的吸收峰通常与C-O键的伸缩振动相关;1044 cm−1处可能与C-O-C 和C-O-H的拉伸有关,表明竹笋多糖样品中可能存在吡喃糖环[45]。郭子斌等[46]研究结果表明1041 cm−1处吸收峰是多糖的特征带,本文结果与之相似。这些吸收峰证实苦竹笋提取物是一种含有羟基、羰基、吡喃糖环等典型多糖特征的物质。
物质的结晶度与其衍射特征呈现显著相关性:高结晶度物质通常在XRD图谱中呈现尖锐的特征衍射峰,而低结晶度多糖则表现为较宽的衍射峰[47]。从图6B可知,竹笋多糖在2θ为20°附近发现明显且尖锐的宽峰,该特征峰可能对应于多糖分子中特定晶格结构的特征晶面衍射。同时,衍射图谱中存在宽而低的弥散包状峰,表明样品中存在大量非晶态区域,这一结果证实了苦竹笋多糖提取物呈现典型的半结晶特征,即同时包含结晶区和非晶区结构[48]。基于上述XRD分析结果,本研究推测苦竹笋多糖提取物主要呈现非晶态结构特征。
多糖具有抗氧化特性,与其抑制自由基链式反应的还原作用密切相关[49]。基于自由基清除实验和铁离子还原能力测定结果,苦竹笋多糖对DPPH和ABTS+自由基均表现出较好的清除能力,同时具有铁离子还原能力。在0.1~2.0 mg/mL浓度范围内,其抗氧化活性呈现出浓度依赖性,具有明显的剂量-效应关系。
抗氧化活性分析结果表明(图7),苦竹笋多糖在2.0 mg/mL浓度时达到最大活性值,其中DPPH自由基清除率为66.37%,ABTS+自由基清除率为51.58%,铁离子还原能力为57.38%。其半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.51 mg/mL(DPPH自由基清除能力)、1.80 mg/mL(ABTS+自由基清除能力)和0.86 mg/mL(铁离子还原能力)。在0.05~2.0 mg/mL浓度范围内,苦竹笋多糖的抗氧化活性呈现明显的浓度依赖性,当浓度低于0.5 mg/mL时,自由基清除能力相对较弱,这可能是由于低浓度下苦竹笋多糖参与自由基链反应的还原作用有限所致。铁离子还原实验结果显示,苦竹笋多糖的还原能力随浓度增加而增强,但在相同浓度下较阳性对照低40%以上。以上结果表明,超声辅助提取法能够有效保留苦竹笋多糖的活性成分,使其保持良好的体外抗氧化活性。
NaTC和NaGC作为人体肝脏中两种主要的结合型胆酸盐,其体外结合能力的测定可作为评估样品降血脂活性的重要指标[50]。NaTC和NaGC标准曲线(0.01~0.25 mmol/L)线性方程分别为y=3.2605x+0.2051(R2=0.9841)和y=3.1842+0.1975(R2=0.9824),两种胆酸盐浓度与吸光度间存在良好线性关系。
苦竹笋多糖与胆酸盐结合能力的实验结果如图8所示,与NaTC和NaGC这两种胆酸钠的结合能力均呈现出明显的浓度依赖性。在0.2~3.0 mg/mL浓度范围内,NaTC和NaGC的结合率随提取物浓度增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。值得注意的是,在0.2~3.0 mg/mL浓度范围内,提取物对NaTC的结合率高于NaGC,这一差异可能与两种胆酸盐的分子结构和极性特征有关。研究表明,多糖的分子质量越大,与胆汁酸的结合能力越高,即降血脂能力越强[51]。体外消化模拟实验数据显示,当浓度达到3 mg/mL时,苦竹笋多糖对NaTC和NaGC的结合率分别达到52.10%和46.18%,证实了该多糖具有一定的胆酸盐结合能力。结合SEM分析结果,该多糖独特的蜂窝状多孔结构有利于溶剂的渗透和多糖活性位点的暴露,从而增强其与胆酸盐的相互作用。根据上述结果,苦竹笋多糖可能通过与胆酸盐结合,阻止其在肠道中被吸收并排出体外,这一过程会促进体内胆固醇转化为胆汁酸,从而降低血液中的胆固醇水平,最终达到降低血脂的效果[52]。
在0.01~2.0 mg/mL浓度范围内,竹笋多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率随浓度升高而逐渐缓慢上升,2 mg/mL浓度时达到最大抑制率16.99%(图9A)。然而,与阳性对照阿卡波糖相比,其抑制活性显著较低(P<0.05),这一差异可能与多糖纯度有关,提示通过进一步纯化处理可能提升其抑制活性。研究表明,多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用,可能归因于其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的竞争性抑制效应[53]。本研究提取的苦竹笋粗多糖含有其他杂质,并可能会干扰多糖与酶之间的相互作用,从而降低多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制效果[54]。
α-淀粉酶是人体中一种关键的消化酶,能使摄入的碳水化合物中的α-1,4糖苷键断裂并生成葡萄糖,通过抑制α-淀粉酶的活性,可以减少机体摄入葡萄糖,从而达到降低血糖的效果[55]。从图9B可知,不同浓度的竹笋多糖能有效抑制α-淀粉酶的活性,随着样品浓度的增加,其抑制效果也相应增强。当浓度达到2 mg/mL时,抑制率达到36.60%,表明苦竹笋多糖具有一定的α-淀粉酶抑制活性,但因其抑制率较低,后续实验应继续探究纯化后苦竹笋多糖对血糖相关酶活的影响。
枯草芽孢杆菌和白色念珠菌主要通过引起食品腐败、产生异味或毒素,对食品安全和品质造成危害[56]。大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是常见的食源性病原体,它们经常导致果蔬和食品的污染,并对人类健康构成威胁[57]。因此,在食品生产和果蔬储存过程中,需采取有效措施抑制这些微生物的生长。在本研究中,采用纸片扩散法评估了苦竹笋多糖对这四种微生物的体外抗菌活性,并以抑制区的直径(mm)作为抗菌活性的评价指标。
75 mg/mL多糖样品液对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果如图10所示。添加苦竹笋多糖的实验组出现抑菌圈,抑菌圈直径分别为(10.69±0.75)mm、(11.20±0.76)mm和(12.10±1.92)mm,表明苦竹笋多糖对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌在一定程度具有抑制效果。图10B中白色念珠菌的空白对照组(W2)和实验组(Ca1、Ca2、Ca3)均未发现明显抑菌圈,表明苦竹笋多糖对真菌的抑制效果不明显。这可能由于微生物细胞结构的显著不同造成的。相较于细菌较薄的肽聚糖细胞壁,真菌具有以几丁质为主要成分的更为复杂的多层细胞壁结构,其厚度和致密程度可能显著降低苦竹笋多糖的渗透效率。此外,真菌细胞壁表面的甘露蛋白层及其复杂的代谢系统可能进一步增强其对多糖作用的抗性,从而限制了多糖的吸附和生物活性[58−59]。张玲赫等[60]研究发现新疆野生樱桃李多糖对白色念珠菌表现出极敏感的抑制效果,其抗菌活性显著优于对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制,本研究结果与该发现存在差异。Zhang等[61]研究表明,多糖可通过破坏细菌细胞壁和细胞膜的完整性,增加其通透性,进而引起细胞结构损伤和胞内物质外泄,最终导致细胞死亡,这一机制是其发挥抗菌作用的关键途径。此外,多糖还可能通过形成物理屏障,阻断营养物质跨膜运输,从而抑制细菌生长。因此,苦竹笋多糖对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均表现出一定程度的抑菌活性,纯化后苦竹笋多糖应具有作为天然抑菌剂的潜在应用价值,但其对真菌的抑制作用及分子机制仍有待进一步阐明。
本研究通过响应面法优化了超声辅助低共熔溶剂(DES)提取苦竹笋多糖的工艺参数,确定最佳提取条件为:液料比30:1 mL/g、氯化胆碱与乳酸摩尔比1:3、超声时间40 min。在此条件下,采用氯化胆碱-乳酸DES体系提取苦竹笋多糖的得率达到12.73%±0.94%。进一步的结构表征结果显示,苦竹笋多糖的重均分子量为381.52 kDa,其单糖组成主要包括阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和木糖等组分。此外,FTIR结果显示了该多糖样品的内部分子间作用,这些作用力辅助其形成了蜂窝状多孔交联结构,进一步证明了超声提取不会破坏多糖的固有分子链,而XRD结果也表明该样品以非晶体的无定型结构为主。在生物活性方面,苦竹笋多糖展现出较好的抗氧化能力(DPPH、ABTS+及铁离子还原的IC50分别为0.51、1.80和0.855 mg/mL),并表现出一定的降血糖潜力(α-淀粉酶抑制率36.60%)和降血脂活性(3 mg/mL苦竹笋多糖与胆酸盐结合率在50%左右)。体外抑菌活性实验结果表明,苦竹笋多糖对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均具有抑制活性,抑菌圈直径可达10 mm以上,证实其具有作为天然功能成分的应用前景。本研究的亮点在于将DES绿色溶剂体系与超声技术相结合,实现了苦竹笋多糖的高效、温和提取,并系统揭示其多级结构特征与多重生物活性之间的关联,为天然植物中多糖的绿色提取与综合开发提供了新思路。然而,目前研究仍存在以下局限:多糖的精确构效关系尚未明确,其体内活性及作用机制有待通过动物实验进一步验证,DES的回收与循环利用工艺也需优化以提升其规模化应用的经济性与环境友好性。综上所述,采用DES绿色体系提取植物多糖具有良好的应用前景与现实意义。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040022
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
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    四川农业大学食品学院,四川雅安 625014

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张壹钦(1996−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:采后果蔬生理与衰老生物学机制,E-mail:。
秦文(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬采后生理及贮藏保鲜技术,E-mail:。
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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