Article(id=1320890108203615004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743609600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854342747, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854342747, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854342747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854342747, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=492, endPage=501, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320890108442690333, articleId=1320890108203615004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Mining of Bioactive Peptides from Plant-derived Low-protein Foods, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Plant-derived bioactive attains increasing attention due to their advantages such as high target specificity, low production cost, and strong tissue permeability. While earlier research primarily focused on peptides from plant-derived high-protein foods, recent years have witnessed a growing interest in peptides from plant-derived low-protein foods. The systematic exploration of bioactive peptides in such foods not only expands the sources of bioactive peptides, but also promotes the diversification of food resources through the development of novel food matrices. This article first discusses the peptidomics-based analytical workflow for identifying peptides in plant-derived low-protein foods, with a focus on three key steps: extraction and enrichment, detection and analysis, and bioactivity prediction. It then reviews the main bioactive peptides found in these foods, including anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory peptides. Future research on bioactive peptides from plant-derived low-protein foods should shift from single-activity prediction and in vitro validation toward systematic studies encompassing synergistic effects, in vivo mechanisms, and processing stability. This study provides a methodological framework for mining bioactive peptides from plant-derived low-protein foods and offers insights for the development of related food resources.

, authors=Kewen WANG1, 2, Junyan YU1, 2, Zhenzhen XU1, 2, *, authorsList=Kewen WANG, Junyan YU, Zhenzhen XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenzhen XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320890109017309982, articleId=1320890108203615004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=植物源低蛋白含量食品中活性肽挖掘研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

植物源活性肽具有作用特异性好、生产成本低、组织渗透性强等优势,逐渐受到关注。前期研究多聚焦于植物源高蛋白含量食品中肽的研究,而近些年,植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的研究逐渐增多。系统挖掘这类食品中的活性肽,不仅能够拓展活性肽的获取途径,还能通过开发新型食品基质促进食品资源的多元化发展。本文首先探讨了基于肽组学的植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的分析流程,着重阐述了肽的提取与富集、检测与分析、活性预测等三个核心环节的关键要点。其次,聚焦植物源低蛋白含量食品,对其中的降血压肽、降血脂肽、降血糖肽、抗氧化肽、抗炎肽等主要活性肽进行综述。未来研究植物源低蛋白含量食品中活性肽的研究应从单一活性预测和体外验证转向涵盖协同效应、体内机制及加工稳定性的系统性研究。本研究为植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的挖掘提供方案,为植物源低蛋白含量食品资源的开发提供思路。

, authors=王珂雯1, 2, 俞钧严1, 2, 徐贞贞1, 2, *, authorsList=王珂雯, 俞钧严, 徐贞贞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐贞贞, authorNote=

王珂雯(1998−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:果蔬非热加工与品质控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
徐贞贞(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量与加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0CSaWDSb+Fb0KV81YqjPnA==, magXml=FP/ltMS6AhftD6aE5KrPBA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CuD2I0csVzF4Kwt0UQyUoA==, pdfFileSize=731487, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=joS7xXoXGKbrTxIKeyvPAw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320890109432546086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangkewen@cau.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320890109541597993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, authorId=1320890109432546086, language=EN, stringName=Kewen WANG, firstName=Kewen, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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2中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,北京 100081, bio={"content":"

王珂雯(1998−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:果蔬非热加工与品质控制,E-mail:

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王珂雯(1998−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:果蔬非热加工与品质控制,E-mail:

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018, 66(5): 1114−1120., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320890121516336028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=75, rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO R J, HUO C Y, QIAN Y, et al. Ultra-high-pressure processing improves proteolysis and release of bioactive peptides with activation activities on alcohol metabolic enzymes in vitro from mushroom foot protein[J]. Food Chemistry, 2017, 231: 25−32., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320890121654748061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Z L, HOU T, SHI W, et al. Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis: An important mechanism of corn peptides attenuating liver injury induced by ethanol[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2015, 16(9): 22062−22080., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320890121973515166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FARZANEH P, KHANAHAMADI M, EHSANI M R, et al. Bioactive properties of Agaricus bisporus and Terfezia claveryi proteins hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal proteases[J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2018, 91: 322−329., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320890122040624031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=POOMPOUANG S, SUKSOMTIP M. Isolation and characterization of an antifungal peptide from fruiting bodies of edible mushroom Lentinus squarrosulus Mont[J]. 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Bioactive peptide database and prediction website

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类网站名称网站地址
活性肽库BIOPEP-UWMhttps://biochemia.uwm.edu.pl/
EROP-Moscow
database
http://erop.inbi.ras.ru
DFBPhttp://www.cqudfbp.net/
降血压肽预测AHTPDBhttp://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/ahtpdb/
抗氧化肽预测AnOxPPhttp://www.cqudfbp.net/AnOxPP/index.jsp
抗炎肽预测PepNethttp://liulab.top/PepNet/server
PreAIPhttp://kurata14.bio. kyutech.ac.jp/PreAIP/
AlPpredwww.thegleelab.org/AIPpred
抗菌肽PepNethttp://liulab.top/PepNet/server
CAMPhttps://camp.bicnirrh.res.in/prediction.php
), ArticleFig(id=1320890111227708226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

活性肽库及预测网站

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类网站名称网站地址
活性肽库BIOPEP-UWMhttps://biochemia.uwm.edu.pl/
EROP-Moscow
database
http://erop.inbi.ras.ru
DFBPhttp://www.cqudfbp.net/
降血压肽预测AHTPDBhttp://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/ahtpdb/
抗氧化肽预测AnOxPPhttp://www.cqudfbp.net/AnOxPP/index.jsp
抗炎肽预测PepNethttp://liulab.top/PepNet/server
PreAIPhttp://kurata14.bio. kyutech.ac.jp/PreAIP/
AlPpredwww.thegleelab.org/AIPpred
抗菌肽PepNethttp://liulab.top/PepNet/server
CAMPhttps://camp.bicnirrh.res.in/prediction.php
), ArticleFig(id=1320890111307400003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of research on bioactive peptides from plant-derived low-protein foods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性类型来源活性成分作用方式参考文献
降血压豆乳10 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含51个肽)体外ACE抑制活性为73.35%[14]
双孢蘑菇AHEPVK体外ACE抑制IC50值为43 mg/mL[41]
橙汁GAVEPAK,KVLPALN,VTVPK,AASPFK,AAPVQ体外ACE抑制IC50值分别为0.31、0.70、1.22、1.28和
1.93 mg/mL
[13]
杏鲍菇肽水解物(包含ASPYAFGL)体外ACE抑制IC50值为64.11 mg/mL[42]
竹笋DY改善自发性高血压大鼠氧化状态,从而降低自发性高血压大鼠血压[43]
马铃薯IF对高血压相关的活性氧介导的肾损伤产生保护作用,从而降低自发性高血压大鼠血压[44]
降血脂苋菜肽水解物(包含FPFPPTLGY、FGAPR、FPFVPAPT)体外胰脂肪酶及胆固醇酯酶抑制活性,IC50值分别为0.38和0.47 mg/mL[11]
四季豆肽水解物体外胆固醇胶束溶解抑制率为27.38%[48]
豇豆3 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含GCTLN)体外抑制胆固醇合成关键还原酶[12]
降血糖白啤VPFPHTP、LAKLQR体外二肽基肽酶-IV抑制活性[54]
黄酒VYVPPE、LQPGQGQPGYD体外促进大鼠L6成肌细胞进行葡萄糖吸收,从而降血糖[27]
四季豆3 kDa分子量截留肽组分维持大鼠血糖稳定[55]
苦瓜水提取物(包含GHPYYSIKKS)灌胃2 h后可使小鼠血糖降低61.7%[56]
抗氧化玉米RYLL体外ABTS+自由基和DPPH自由基清除IC50值分别为0.12和0.18 mg/mL[61]
豇豆肽水解肽(1.8~6.5 kDa)具有体外氧自由基清除效率[62]
枣VGQHTR、GWLKDPPH自由基清除IC50值分别为0.6和0.5 mg/mL,与Fe2+的螯合能力达50%时的浓度分别为1.1和0.86 mg/mL[63]
豆乳10 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含35个肽)体外DPPH自由基清除能力为50.74%[14]
葡萄果实、葡萄汁、葡萄酒谷胱甘肽还原型谷胱甘肽可清除自由基[64]
白酒RNH、CWC显著提升体外HepG2细胞的抗氧化能力[19]
黄酒黄酒肽提取物体外保护大鼠心脏组织细胞免受氧化损伤[66]
抗炎苋菜肽水解物(包含11个肽)体外对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞中表现出抗炎活性[21]
松茸3 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含SDIKHFPF、SDLKHFPF和WFNNAGP)体外对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞中表现出抗炎活性[28]
黄酒肽组分体外抑制脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞NO的分泌,IC50值为
0.68 mg/mL
[73]
玉米FLPPVTSMG、IIGGAL、PPYLSP体外抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的促炎血管细胞粘附分子-1和细胞间粘附分子-1的生成[74]
促进酒精代谢蘑菇IPLH体外激活乙醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶[75]
改善肾损伤玉米QLLPF改善乙醇诱导的肾损伤大鼠[76]
抗菌双孢蘑菇肽水解物抑制铜绿假单胞菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长[77]
香菇分子量为17 kDa的肽对须癣毛癣菌、红色毛癣菌、和热带念珠菌,有较强的抗菌作用[78]
银杏gB5肽对黑曲霉、月弯曲霉、尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌的IC50值分别为6.8、10.0、69.2和20.0 μg/mL[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890111391286084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890108203615004, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的研究汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性类型来源活性成分作用方式参考文献
降血压豆乳10 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含51个肽)体外ACE抑制活性为73.35%[14]
双孢蘑菇AHEPVK体外ACE抑制IC50值为43 mg/mL[41]
橙汁GAVEPAK,KVLPALN,VTVPK,AASPFK,AAPVQ体外ACE抑制IC50值分别为0.31、0.70、1.22、1.28和
1.93 mg/mL
[13]
杏鲍菇肽水解物(包含ASPYAFGL)体外ACE抑制IC50值为64.11 mg/mL[42]
竹笋DY改善自发性高血压大鼠氧化状态,从而降低自发性高血压大鼠血压[43]
马铃薯IF对高血压相关的活性氧介导的肾损伤产生保护作用,从而降低自发性高血压大鼠血压[44]
降血脂苋菜肽水解物(包含FPFPPTLGY、FGAPR、FPFVPAPT)体外胰脂肪酶及胆固醇酯酶抑制活性,IC50值分别为0.38和0.47 mg/mL[11]
四季豆肽水解物体外胆固醇胶束溶解抑制率为27.38%[48]
豇豆3 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含GCTLN)体外抑制胆固醇合成关键还原酶[12]
降血糖白啤VPFPHTP、LAKLQR体外二肽基肽酶-IV抑制活性[54]
黄酒VYVPPE、LQPGQGQPGYD体外促进大鼠L6成肌细胞进行葡萄糖吸收,从而降血糖[27]
四季豆3 kDa分子量截留肽组分维持大鼠血糖稳定[55]
苦瓜水提取物(包含GHPYYSIKKS)灌胃2 h后可使小鼠血糖降低61.7%[56]
抗氧化玉米RYLL体外ABTS+自由基和DPPH自由基清除IC50值分别为0.12和0.18 mg/mL[61]
豇豆肽水解肽(1.8~6.5 kDa)具有体外氧自由基清除效率[62]
枣VGQHTR、GWLKDPPH自由基清除IC50值分别为0.6和0.5 mg/mL,与Fe2+的螯合能力达50%时的浓度分别为1.1和0.86 mg/mL[63]
豆乳10 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含35个肽)体外DPPH自由基清除能力为50.74%[14]
葡萄果实、葡萄汁、葡萄酒谷胱甘肽还原型谷胱甘肽可清除自由基[64]
白酒RNH、CWC显著提升体外HepG2细胞的抗氧化能力[19]
黄酒黄酒肽提取物体外保护大鼠心脏组织细胞免受氧化损伤[66]
抗炎苋菜肽水解物(包含11个肽)体外对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞中表现出抗炎活性[21]
松茸3 kDa分子量截留肽组分(包含SDIKHFPF、SDLKHFPF和WFNNAGP)体外对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞中表现出抗炎活性[28]
黄酒肽组分体外抑制脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞NO的分泌,IC50值为
0.68 mg/mL
[73]
玉米FLPPVTSMG、IIGGAL、PPYLSP体外抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的促炎血管细胞粘附分子-1和细胞间粘附分子-1的生成[74]
促进酒精代谢蘑菇IPLH体外激活乙醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶[75]
改善肾损伤玉米QLLPF改善乙醇诱导的肾损伤大鼠[76]
抗菌双孢蘑菇肽水解物抑制铜绿假单胞菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长[77]
香菇分子量为17 kDa的肽对须癣毛癣菌、红色毛癣菌、和热带念珠菌,有较强的抗菌作用[78]
银杏gB5肽对黑曲霉、月弯曲霉、尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌的IC50值分别为6.8、10.0、69.2和20.0 μg/mL[22]
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植物源低蛋白含量食品中活性肽挖掘研究进展
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王珂雯 1, 2 , 俞钧严 1, 2 , 徐贞贞 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(4): 492-501
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (4) : 492 -501
植物源低蛋白含量食品中活性肽挖掘研究进展
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王珂雯1, 2 , 俞钧严1, 2, 徐贞贞1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,北京 100081
通讯作者:
徐贞贞(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王珂雯(1998−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:果蔬非热加工与品质控制,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Mining of Bioactive Peptides from Plant-derived Low-protein Foods
Kewen WANG1, 2 , Junyan YU1, 2, Zhenzhen XU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040006
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植物源活性肽具有作用特异性好、生产成本低、组织渗透性强等优势,逐渐受到关注。前期研究多聚焦于植物源高蛋白含量食品中肽的研究,而近些年,植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的研究逐渐增多。系统挖掘这类食品中的活性肽,不仅能够拓展活性肽的获取途径,还能通过开发新型食品基质促进食品资源的多元化发展。本文首先探讨了基于肽组学的植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的分析流程,着重阐述了肽的提取与富集、检测与分析、活性预测等三个核心环节的关键要点。其次,聚焦植物源低蛋白含量食品,对其中的降血压肽、降血脂肽、降血糖肽、抗氧化肽、抗炎肽等主要活性肽进行综述。未来研究植物源低蛋白含量食品中活性肽的研究应从单一活性预测和体外验证转向涵盖协同效应、体内机制及加工稳定性的系统性研究。本研究为植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的挖掘提供方案,为植物源低蛋白含量食品资源的开发提供思路。

植物源食品  /  低蛋白含量食品  /  肽组学  /  降血压肽  /  降血脂肽

Plant-derived bioactive attains increasing attention due to their advantages such as high target specificity, low production cost, and strong tissue permeability. While earlier research primarily focused on peptides from plant-derived high-protein foods, recent years have witnessed a growing interest in peptides from plant-derived low-protein foods. The systematic exploration of bioactive peptides in such foods not only expands the sources of bioactive peptides, but also promotes the diversification of food resources through the development of novel food matrices. This article first discusses the peptidomics-based analytical workflow for identifying peptides in plant-derived low-protein foods, with a focus on three key steps: extraction and enrichment, detection and analysis, and bioactivity prediction. It then reviews the main bioactive peptides found in these foods, including anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory peptides. Future research on bioactive peptides from plant-derived low-protein foods should shift from single-activity prediction and in vitro validation toward systematic studies encompassing synergistic effects, in vivo mechanisms, and processing stability. This study provides a methodological framework for mining bioactive peptides from plant-derived low-protein foods and offers insights for the development of related food resources.

plant-derived foods  /  low-protein foods  /  peptidomics  /  anti-hypertensive peptides  /  hypolipidemic peptides
王珂雯, 俞钧严, 徐贞贞. 植物源低蛋白含量食品中活性肽挖掘研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 492 -501 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040006
Kewen WANG, Junyan YU, Zhenzhen XU. Research Progress on the Mining of Bioactive Peptides from Plant-derived Low-protein Foods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 492 -501 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040006
近年来,植物源食品在促进人体健康、提升资源利用效率以及推动食品产业可持续性方面的贡献获得了越来越多学术界和产业界的认同。随着大众对健康的日益关注和市场消费新业态、新模式的出现,植物源食品市场增长迅速。2024年联合国粮农组织数据表明,全球植物源食品供给量已达到12.40亿吨,为动物源食品产量的10倍,但是产值不足其二分之一。我国植物源食品产量3.99亿吨,为美国产量的5倍,但单位产量产值不足其90%[1]。虽然当前我国植物源食品已占全球总供给量的三分之一,但植物源食品高端市场占有率及产值远远落后。因此,对植物源食品中的新型组分开展深入研究,对于充分挖掘植物源食品的功能性,提升其附加值,具有重要意义。
不同食品中的蛋白质含量差异较大,动物源食品的蛋白质含量较高,如牛肉为19.9%,鸡蛋为13.3%;植物源食品中,豆类的蛋白质含量较高,如大豆为35%,谷类的蛋白质含量其次,如小麦为11.9%。然而,多数新鲜果蔬、新鲜食用菌、果蔬汁、植物蛋白饮品,酒类等植物源食品蛋白质含量在0~5%的范围内[2]。本文重点关注蛋白质含量低于5%的植物源食品中的肽,并将这类食品概括为植物源低蛋白含量食品。食物源肽根据来源分为天然肽和水解肽。天然肽是生物体中天然存在的肽[3];水解肽是蛋白质在酸、碱或者酶的作用下断裂释放出的肽,又分为化学水解肽和酶水解肽[4]。
近年来,基于肽的疗法在改善和提升人体健康方面的应用正逐渐成为研究热点。在美国食品药品监督管理局批准的所有药物中,约有6%是肽类药物[5−6]。肽类市场快速增长得益于其区别于其他活性物质的特性。与其他小分子相比,肽对目标分子的作用更具特异性,从而具有更优的效果和更少的副作用;与大分子相比,肽具有生产简单、成本低,组织渗透性强的优势[7]。食物源活性肽具有多种潜在的健康益处,包括降血压、降血糖、抗炎等[8]。目前,在植物源食品中,关于活性肽的研究主要集中在豆类和谷物等高蛋白食品中[9]。近些年,植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的研究持续深化。作为人类日常膳食结构的重要组成部分,种类丰富的植物源低蛋白含量食品存在未被充分开发的活性成分。系统挖掘这类食品中的活性肽,既能拓宽活性肽的来源,又可借助新型食品基质的开发推动食品资源多元化,从而为大食物观背景下食品体系的创新与升级提供科学支撑。
本文首先探讨了基于肽组学的植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的分析流程,着重阐述了肽的提取与富集、检测与分析、活性预测等三个核心环节的关键要点。其次,聚焦植物源低蛋白含量食品,对其中的降血压肽、降血脂肽、降血糖肽、抗氧化肽、抗炎肽等主要活性肽进行综述。本研究为植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的挖掘提供方案,为植物源低蛋白含量食品资源的开发提供思路。
基于肽组学的植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的分析流程与其他复杂基质中肽的分析流程相似,主要包含肽的提取与富集、检测与分析、活性预测等三个核心环节。然而,鉴于此类食品中蛋白质和肽的丰度较低,且相关蛋白质数据库覆盖度不足,其分析流程需进行针对性改进,以实现低丰度肽的有效识别。结合现有文献,改进策略聚焦于最大程度保留植物源低蛋白含量食品肽,有效提取和富集植物源低蛋白含量食品肽,依据目标肽特征选择适合的离子源,应用不依赖蛋白质数据库的从头测序工具注释肽,结合多反应监测技术实现精准定量肽等。
植物源肽制备过程中的一个常见问题是肽的降解,特别是低丰度肽。为了最大程度保留植物源低蛋白含量食品中的肽,可通过加热或添加蛋白酶抑制剂来灭活酶,但应避免长时间的热处理,长时间的热处理可能会对肽的结构和活性产生不利影响。此外,低温处理或储存样品是一种有效的策略,有助于避免肽在提取前发生降解或修饰[10]。
为了有效地提取肽,可根据植物源低蛋白含量食品样品的物理状态进行分类处理。对于固态植物源低蛋白含量食品,如苋菜[11]、豇豆[12]等,提取过程可包括将原料研磨或粉碎,以增加表面积并促进细胞破裂,然后使用有机溶剂与醇/水缓冲液结合提取肽。有机溶剂有助于裂解细胞膜,促进肽的释放,还可抑制蛋白酶活性,减少肽的降解。此外,有机溶剂还可用于去除脂溶性化合物(如叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等),可净化提取物[10]。对于液态植物源低蛋白含量食品,比如果汁[13],豆乳[14]等,食品加工过程本身在一定程度上完成了肽的提取操作,可以通过离心或过滤去除大颗粒杂质,或者通过调节酸碱度和离子强度来优化肽的溶解性和稳定性,以适应后续富集或分析的需求。
植物源低蛋白含量食品肽经提取后,其中可能掺杂了盐、脂质、蛋白质和碳水化合物等,导致提取物中肽的丰度仍然较低。基质的复杂性可能会降低质谱识别感兴趣的肽的能力,需要对肽进行富集,如通过膜过滤法、固相微萃取法等实现。Desportes等[15]利用逐级膜过滤技术富集葡萄酒中的肽类,使用微滤技术截留了3000 Da以上的大分子物质,并对透过液进行纳滤,舍弃了含有氨基酸,有机酸,醇和盐的小分子透过液,得到了200~3000 Da之间的目标肽类提取物。在富含花青素和肽类的接骨木果汁中,Wu等[16]使用MCX填料的固相萃取柱,去除了接骨木汁中的花青素,实现了肽类的富集。此外,组合肽配体库技术也是一种低丰度蛋白质和肽的富集手段,主要应用于低丰度蛋白质的检测分析,并已被用于分析植物源低蛋白含量食品(如橙子果肉/果皮及橙汁)的蛋白质组图谱[17]。目前,组合肽配体库技术在植物源低蛋白含量食品低丰度肽研究领域尚未见报道,后续研究可借鉴此富集方法,实现低丰度肽的高效富集。
随着质谱分析技术的进步,尤其是随着高分辨质谱的出现,低丰度肽的定性定量等分析能力提高[18]。在质谱分析中,主要的电离方式包括电喷雾(electron spray ionization,ESI)和基质辅助激光解吸(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization,MALDI)。其中,ESI源常应用于分子量低、热不稳定的肽的离子化[19],而MALDI源可应用于较大分子量肽的离子化[20]。在植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的分析中,基于ESI离子源,在苋菜中鉴定了11个由4~9个氨基酸组成的肽,它们的分子量在300~1200 Da[21];基于MALDI离子源,在银杏中鉴定了11个由40~45个氨基酸组成的肽,它们分子量均大于4000 Da[22]。因此,明确植物源低蛋白含量食品中目标肽的分子量分布特征,选择适配的离子源,可显著提升肽的检测效果。
在数据采集方面,串联质谱(MS/MS)是目前最常用的手段,包括数据依赖型采集(data dependent acquisition,DDA)和数据非依赖型采集(data independent acquisition,DIA)模式。DDA模式通过选择一级质谱响应最强的前体离子进行碎片化,可获得高质量的MS/MS谱图,有助于目标肽段的准确鉴定。相比之下,DIA模式则对所有前体离子都进行MS/MS分析,可显著提高数据的重复性和定量的准确性。在植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的分析中,采用DDA模式,对接骨木果汁中的千余种肽实现了进行数据采集[16];基于DIA模式,对不同加工方式橙汁中的肽进行了检测,确定了可稳定检出的7个三肽[23]。在近年来,一种新兴的检测方法逐渐崭露头角,即在离子源和质谱分析仪之间引入离子迁移模块。这种设计通过增加离子迁移步骤,有效提高了离子的利用效率,从而显著提升了检测的灵敏度和特异性,并且能够拓宽动态范围[10],为研究植物源低蛋白含量食品中低丰度肽的检测提供了技术支持。
植物源低蛋白含量食品中肽的定性分析可依赖于该样品所属物种的蛋白质数据库,从肽碎片离子的特征来推断序列,然后将该肽序列与蛋白质数据库中的序列进行匹配。常用的蛋白质组学工具MaxQuant[24]、Mascot[25]也可被用于肽的定性分析。结合Mascot和MaxQuant软件,在玉米的不同部位一共确定了6100个肽[26]。当面对天然肽或非特异性酶切肽时,未定义的酶切规则会导致理论肽库的搜索超出计算资源极限,同时引发较大的假阳性率。此外,在植物源低蛋白食品肽的定性分析中,还可使用PEAKS(Bioinformatics Solutions Inc., Canada)工具。该工具不依赖于样品的蛋白质组成信息,可实现肽的从头测序分析,因此对于蛋白组成信息不明确的植物源低蛋白食品肽的定性分析更为有效。该软件已成功应用于黄酒[27]、松茸[28]等植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的分析研究中。肽组学定量策略有无标记、稳定同位素或化学标记法。其中,无标记定量方法的优势是成本低,样品制备简单,结合多重反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM),对于植物源低蛋白含量食品中的低丰度肽的检测有较好效果[29]。基于无标记定量结合MRM模式,在长达六年的监测中,确定了随着橙汁冷冻储藏时间的延长而含量下降的低丰度肽[13]。
为了加速活性肽的发现与应用,随着深度学习算法的迅猛发展,一系列肽活性预测工具应运而生。这部分主要列举了活性肽库和不同活性肽的预测网站(表1)。BIOPEP-UWM作为一个可搜索的活性肽数据库,为研究人员提供了丰富的数据资源[30]。EROP-Moscow database则涵盖了由2~50个氨基酸组成的肽序列,详细记录了肽的结构、来源、活性以及翻译后修饰等信息[31]。DFBP是一个综合性的食源性活性肽数据库,不仅提供食源性活性肽的检索和分析平台,还提供其理化特性信息,以促进推动新的肽类药物和健康食品的发现[32]。AHTpin专注于预测和设计有效的降血压肽,能够提供任意二肽或三肽的基于实验验证的血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制活性IC50值,并对3个氨基酸及以上的肽进行ACE抑制活性预测和打分[33]。AnOxPP利用BiLSTM神经网络和优化的氨基酸描述符SDPZ27,成为预测肽抗氧化活性的有效工具[34]。PepNet具备对肽进行批量化的抗炎活性、抗菌活性预测的功能[35]。PreAIP能够对肽的抗炎活性进行预测,并将预测结果标记为高置信、中等置信、低置信。AlPpred适用于对5到25个氨基酸的肽进行抗炎活性预测[36]。CAMP则可预测肽的抗菌活性,或者肽中具有抗菌活性的片段[37]。这些数据库和预测工具的出现,极大地提高了活性肽研究的效率,为植物源低蛋白含量食品中的活性肽的开发和应用提供了有力的支持。
高血压以血压异常升高为特征,是心血管疾病的主要危险因素。血压受到多种生化系统的调节,但通过抑制ACE来调节肾素-血管紧张素系统被认为是血压改善的主要机制[38]。前期主要使用合成药物如赖诺普利、卡托普利等作为ACE抑制药物,但在长期使用药物后会出现慢性咳嗽、胃肠道不适、肾功能恶化等副作用[39]。与合成的ACE抑制剂相比,植物源食品中的ACE抑制肽是很有前途的替代品[40]。
当前研究已从食用菌类(如双孢蘑菇、香菇、杏鲍菇、牛肝菌)、薯类(如马铃薯)、蔬菜类(如竹笋)以及加工食品类(如豆乳、橙汁、白酒)等植物源低蛋白含量食品中鉴定出多种降血压活性肽(表2)。这些活性肽的发现主要依赖于体外ACE抑制活性测定。体外ACE抑制活性测定可基于多种底物来进行,其中主要的底物为马脲酰组氨酰亮氨酸,通过测定ACE酶解后所产生的马尿酸来实现体外ACE抑制活性的测定。豆乳通过10 kDa分子量截留得到的肽组分经马脲酰组氨酰亮氨酸底物验证具有ACE抑制活性,活性为73.35%,进一步,经肽组学分析确定了51个肽,根据BIOPEP-UWM数据库记录,发现其中31个肽为ACE抑制肽[14]。基于肽组学在双孢蘑菇中鉴定了8种ACE抑制肽,其中,六肽AHEPVK的ACE抑制活性最高,IC50值为43 mg/mL,且对胃肠消化有较好的稳定性[41]。在橙汁中,基于肽组学发现了193种肽类,其中5个肽,GAVEPAK,KVLPALN,VTVPK,AASPFK和AAPVQ,具有较高的ACE抑制活性,IC50值在0.31~1.93 mg/mL之间,在长期的冷冻储藏中仍可检出[13]。此外,体外ACE抑制活性测定的底物还可以是呋喃丙烯酰三肽。利用这一底物,在新鲜的香菇、杏鲍菇、牛肝菌中,发现杏鲍菇肽水解物显示出最强的ACE抑制活性,IC50值为64.11 mg/mL。进一步基于肽组学进行肽鉴定后,发现八肽ASPYAFGL具有最高的ACE抑制活性,且对胃肠消化具有较好的稳定性[42]。
上述体外研究可用于初步筛选降血压肽,进一步的活性需经体内实验验证,常用的动物模型为自发性高血压大鼠模型。竹笋水解后表现出较强的ACE抑制活性,对该水解物进行分级萃取,发现水相表现出更强的ACE抑制活性,进一步基于动物实验,发现竹笋二肽DY可显著降低大鼠血压,发挥降血压活性[43]。基于动物实验,发现马铃薯二肽IF干预具有肾脏保护作用,可能的机制是二肽IF通过核因子E2相关因子2依赖的抗氧化途径,沿蛋白质去糖基化酶和蛋白激酶B轴对高血压相关活性氧介导的肾损伤发挥了保护作用,从而实现降血压活性[44]。
高脂血症以血液中脂质和/或脂蛋白水平异常为特征,是代谢综合征和心血管疾病的危险因素。药物虽然可以有效调节血脂,降低胆固醇,但存在副作用[45]。植物源食品中存在降血脂肽,相关机制包括降血脂肽与胆汁酸/胆固醇在肠道内互作;降血脂肽影响激素和胆固醇受体;降血脂肽调节肝脏脂质代谢;和降血脂肽刺激肝脏中低密度脂蛋白受体编码基因的表达[46]。肽的结构决定活性,研究表明具有降血脂活性的肽通常具有较低的蛋氨酸/甘氨酸比值和赖氨酸/精氨酸比值[47]。
植物源低蛋白含量食品中的降血脂肽主要来源于蔬菜类,如苋菜、四季豆、豇豆,其鉴定主要依赖于体外脂质合成抑制活性测定(表2)。相比于苋菜本身,苋菜在水解后具有更强的胰脂肪酶及胆固醇酯酶抑制活性,IC50值分别为0.38和0.47 mg/mL,说明在水解后产生了可抑制脂质合成的活性物质。进一步在其中鉴定到了17种肽类,经过活性鉴定,发现FPFPPTLGY和FGAPR具有胰脂肪酶抑制活性,FPFVPAPT具有胆固醇酯酶抑制活性,可分别通过抑制胰脂肪酶和胆固醇酯酶实现降血脂作用[11]。四季豆肽提取物经胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶、热溶蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶等组合酶消化后,具有较高的胆固醇胶束溶解抑制率,为27.38%,从而发挥降血脂的活性[48]。豇豆经水解后,通过3 kDa分子量截留得到了肽组分,在其中鉴定到一种五肽GCTLN,发现其可通过减少胆固醇在肠内胶束中的溶解,抑制胆固醇合成过程中关键3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶活性来实现降血脂的活性[12]。蔬菜类食品已被报道具有降血脂作用,但目前对于其中活性组分的研究尚不充分[49-50],尤其是其中的降血脂肽对于蔬菜类食品本身的降血脂功效是否具有显著贡献,值得深入研究。
糖尿病以血糖水平异常为特征,可导致多种并发症,包括慢性伤口、视网膜病变、肾病等[51]。降血糖肽,如胰岛素、二甲双胍等,可口服或皮下注射。口服给药易受到肝脏首过效应的影响,而频繁地皮下注射会引起患者疼痛和恐惧,导致患者依从性差[52−53]。从植物源食品中挖掘天然降血糖肽,开发口服降糖肽,成为一种潜在的解决方案。
当前研究已从加工制品类(白啤、黄酒)和蔬菜类(如四季豆、苦瓜)等植物源低蛋白含量食品中鉴定出多种具有降血糖作用的肽,这些肽的活性主要通过体外实验确定(表2)。基于肽组学技术和生物活性评分,在白啤中确定了68个潜在活性肽,其中两个肽VPFPHTP和LAKLQR具有较高的二肽基肽酶-IV抑制活性,具有降血糖的活性[54]。不同地区黄酒中肽含量在4.53~9.06 g/L,基于大鼠L6成肌细胞模型,发现绍兴黄酒肽提取物具有促进该细胞吸收葡萄糖的作用。其中,活性最强的两个肽是VYVPPE和LQPGQGQPGYD。进一步的研究发现这两个肽通过提高AMPK、p38等蛋白的磷酸化水平,激活AMPK和MAPK信号通路,促进GLUT4易位,进而促进L6细胞葡萄糖吸收,实现降血糖作用[27]。
体外结合体内实验验证了四季豆中存在具有降血糖活性的肽组分。四季豆中分子量小于3 kDa的肽组分对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶具有体外抑制活性。进一步通过动物实验评估四季豆肽组分的体内降血糖活性,结果表明,四季豆肽组分可维持血糖稳定,避免出现餐后血糖峰值,具有较好的降血糖作用[55]。基于糖尿病小鼠研究了苦瓜中的降血糖肽,发现苦瓜水提物可显著降低糖尿病小鼠血糖浓度,且不影响正常小鼠血糖浓度。进一步对苦瓜水提物进行分离,发现其中一个组分表现出了最强的降血糖效果,在灌胃2 h后可使小鼠血糖降低61.7%,并改善了小鼠的糖耐量,经测序发现该组分含有十肽GHPYYSIKKS。后续机制探究表明,苦瓜肽是通过修复糖尿病小鼠胰岛β细胞,促进胰岛素分泌,增加肝糖原含量,从而实现了降血糖作用[56]。
氧化应激可导致细胞损伤,与心血管疾病、癌症等有关[57]。抗氧化肽作为天然抗氧化剂,可提高机体抗氧化能力,保护机体免受活性氧的损害,降低疾病风险;并且可用于防止食品中其他组分的氧化,在食品工业中具有重要意义[58]。抗氧化肽的作用机制包括:通过提供质子和/或电子直接清除自由基,抑制脂质过氧化反应,螯合金属离子,激活机体的抗氧化防御系统[58]。肽的抗氧化作用与特定氨基酸组成有关[59],含有半胱氨酸的肽可通过巯基与自由基作用实现抗氧化活性[60]。
当前研究已从谷物类(如玉米)、蔬菜类(如豇豆)、水果类(如枣、葡萄)及加工食品类(如豆乳、葡萄汁、葡萄酒、白酒、黄酒)等植物源低蛋白含量食品中鉴定出多种具有抗氧化作用的肽(表2)。体外抗氧化活性的测定主要依据肽的自由基清除能力测定。玉米肽抗氧化活性与其分子量和结构相关,结果表明,分子量小于1 kDa的玉米肽水解组分表现出优异的抗氧化性能,经鉴定,其中含有一个新型四肽RYLL。RYLL对ABTS+自由基和DPPH自由基的清除能力突出,IC50值分别为0.12和0.18 mg/mL。进一步的结构分析揭示了该四肽具有多个抗氧化活性位点,其中酪氨酸为主要活性位点,此外,其结构简单有助于活性位点的暴露,这是该四肽具有较高抗氧化活性的原因[61]。豇豆经水解处理后,其抗氧化活性显著增强,主要归因于水解过程中生成的分子量介于1.8~6.5 kDa的活性肽,这些肽对氧自由基有较好的清除效率[62]。与其他蛋白酶相比,枣经过胰蛋白酶水解后得到的组分具有最高的抗氧化活性,通过进一步的分离和鉴定,发现了其中存在的六肽VGQHTR和四肽GWLK,它们清除DPPH自由基的IC50值分别为0.6和0.5 mg/mL,与Fe2+的螯合能力达50%时的浓度分别为1.1和0.86 mg/mL[63]。以上研究结果表明,植物源低蛋白含量食品中水解产生的肽组分具有抗氧化活性,这些肽具有作为功能性食品添加剂的潜力,可用于抗氧化保鲜体系、健康食品开发甚至医药等领域中。此外,豆乳未经酶解,直接通过10 kDa分子量截留得到的组分也显示出最高的肽含量,以及最强的抗氧化活性,DPPH清除能力为50.74%,进一步,经肽组学分析在其中确定了35个具有抗氧化活性的肽[14]。在葡萄果实、葡萄汁、葡萄酒中均存在三肽谷胱甘肽,该肽具有抗氧化活性。在葡萄果实中,谷胱甘肽主要以还原型存在,葡萄之中的还原型谷胱甘肽与葡萄品种、葡萄汁中酪氨酸酶活性、氧气、压榨等因素相关,而葡萄酒中的谷胱甘肽一部分来自葡萄,另一部分来自乙醇发酵阶段酵母菌的代谢[64]。
除了基于自由基清除能力测定肽的抗氧化能力外,在细胞水平的研究发现了白酒和黄酒中的肽能够显著提升细胞的抗氧化能力。在白酒中,研究人员发现了天然存在的活性肽,如三肽RNH和CWC,其浓度分别为18.78和11.06 μg/L。HepG2细胞氧化损伤模型揭示了白酒抗氧化肽显著提升了细胞抗氧化能力。具体而言,三肽RNH主要通过增强细胞内抗氧化酶的活力,提高细胞内谷胱甘肽的浓度,同时抑制丙二醛含量的增加,由此实现细胞抗氧化能力的提升,且其抗氧化能力随着浓度的增加而呈现出依赖性增长趋势[19]。三肽CWC含有半胱氨酸,凭借自身含有的巯基,展现出抗氧化能力,不仅能显著减少细胞内活性氧的积累,还可降低丙二醛水平。此外,经CWC预处理后,能避免谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶以及过氧化氢酶活性的下降[65]。在黄酒中,通过单因素和响应面结合优化了黄酒肽的提取方法,使得黄酒肽含量达72.23%,细胞水平的活性研究表明,黄酒肽可保护大鼠心脏组织细胞免受过氧化氢诱导的氧化损伤,主要是激活并上调了Sirt1/Nrf2通路,通过抗氧化作用实现了心脏组织细胞的保护作用[66]。上述研究结果表明,酒中天然存在的活性肽对于深入探究活性肽与酒的品质之间的关联具有重要意义。
炎症是机体对刺激的一种防御反应,以发红、肿胀、发热、疼痛和功能障碍为特征,可导致组织损伤、纤维化等多种疾病的发生[67−68]。目前的炎症管理策略主要集中在抑制细胞免疫反应、减少促炎细胞因子分泌以及干预炎症通路[69]。然而,传统的抗炎药物往往会产生副作用,如心血管并发症和胃肠道出血[70]。食品来源的抗炎肽因其公认的安全性和高生物利用度而成为候选者。研究表明,疏水性和碱性氨基酸会增强肽的抗炎活性[71]。此外,带正电荷的氨基酸可使抗炎肽像趋化因子一样发挥作用,引导免疫细胞的迁移和聚集[72]。
当前研究已从蔬菜类(如苋菜)、食用菌类(如松茸)、谷物类(如玉米)和加工食品类(如黄酒)等植物源低蛋白含量食品中鉴定了多种抗炎肽,其鉴定主要通过脂多糖诱导巨噬细胞模型进行评价(表2)。苋菜经过体外模拟消化后,得到了苋菜肽组分,在脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞中表现出了显著的抗炎活性,利用肽组学技术在其中鉴定出了其中存在的11个肽[21]。但是未开展进一步研究来说明其中活性最高的抗炎肽。在脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞中,发现分子量小于3 kDa的松茸肽可抑制MAPK和NF-κB的激活,从而减少IL6、IL-1β、TNF-α、iNOS和COX-2等促炎因子的产生,增强了线粒体功能和提高细胞能量生产能力,进一步通过肽组学技术鉴定出了3个具有最高抗炎活性得分的肽,分别是SDIKHFPF、SDLKHFPF和WFNNAGP[28]。黄酒肽组分可显著抑制脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞NO的分泌,IC50值为0.68 mg/mL,对细胞炎症具有改善作用[73]。研究并未对该组分进行肽的序列鉴定,而是利用氨基酸分析仪对该组分的氨基酸组成进行评价,结果表明,主要的氨基酸是谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸和甘氨酸,其中疏水性氨基酸占比达32.63%[73],与前期研究发现的疏水性氨基酸会增强肽的抗炎活性的结果一致[71]。
此外,还有研究基于TNF-α诱导的内皮细胞评价肽的抗炎活性。对玉米肽水解物进行胃肠蛋白酶模拟消化后,鉴定出了11种稳定存在的肽,进一步基于TNF-α诱导的内皮细胞评价这些肽的抗炎活性,发现FLPPVTSMG、IIGGAL和PPYLSP三个肽可显著抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的促炎血管细胞粘附分子-1和细胞间粘附分子-1的生成,抑制比例分别为38.9%~54%和28.6~36.5%[74]。
除上述活性外,植物源低蛋白含量食品肽还展现出其他多种重要的活性,比如促进酒精的代谢和分解,从而减轻酒精对身体的负担和损害;此外还具有对肝脏的保护作用。同时,一些植物源低蛋白含量食品肽还具有抗菌特性,能够抑制细菌和真菌的生长。
蘑菇足蛋白在400 MPa超高压处理10 min后,经过分子量截留获得的3 kDa以下的混合肽组分,可激活乙醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶,从而促进酒精的代谢和分解。进一步基于肽组学研究在其中发现了9种肽,其中四肽IPLH对乙醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶的激活能力最强,但显著低于混合肽组分的激活能力[75]。对玉米进行水解和5 kDa分子量截留获得了玉米混合肽组分,在其中进一步鉴定了一种五肽QLLPF,基于乙醇诱导的肾损伤大鼠模型,探究了玉米混合肽组分和五肽QLLPF干预后对大鼠的影响,结果表明玉米混合肽组分和五肽QLLPF均有助于抑制细胞色素c的释放,调节B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2族蛋白、细胞表面受体Fas及其配体FasL和重要的核因子NF-κB,并抑制caspase-3的激活。相比与单独五肽,玉米混合肽组分效果更好[76]。值得注意的是,蘑菇肽和玉米肽的研究结果均表明,相比于单独的肽,植物源低蛋白含量食品混合肽组分的活性效果更好,这表明植物源低蛋白含量食品肽组分中多种肽可能存在协同效应。
还有一些植物源低蛋白含量食品中的肽具有较好的抗菌效果。双孢蘑菇中胰蛋白酶水解后的混合肽组分可显著抑制铜绿假单胞菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长,抑制效果达26.64%[77]。在香菇中,发现了一种分子量约为17 kDa的肽,对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌无抗菌活性,对真菌,尤其是须癣毛癣菌、红色毛癣菌、和热带念珠菌,有较强的抗菌作用,抗真菌效果呈浓度依赖性[78]。在银杏中,已鉴定出11种肽,其中一种名为gB5的肽对多种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长具有显著抑制作用。gB5对黑曲霉、弯曲霉、尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌的IC50值分别为6.8、10.0、69.2和20.0 μg/mL[22]。
作为人类日常膳食结构的重要组成部分,种类丰富的植物源低蛋白含量食品存在未被充分开发的活性成分。系统挖掘这类食品中的活性肽,不仅能够拓展活性肽的获取途径,更能通过开发新型食品基质促进食品资源的多元化发展,为践行大食物观背景下食品体系的创新升级提供科学支撑。本文详细梳理了基于肽组学的植物源低蛋白含量食品肽的分析流程,着重阐述了肽的提取与富集、检测与分析、活性预测等三个核心环节的关键要点。肽组学作为一种强大的分析工具,为食品活性肽的分析提供了高效的方案。
然而,植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的产业价值较为有限,相关研究仍面临挑战。目前,活性肽的预测网站主要聚焦在降血压肽、抗氧化肽、抗炎肽的活性上,对于其他活性肽的预测较少,这阻碍了其他活性肽的探索。其次,植物源低蛋白含量食品中肽的活性验证主要基于体外实验数据,体内研究相对较少,作用机制尚不明确。体外实验虽然能够初步评估活性肽的潜力,但体内研究对于验证其实际功效和最佳剂量至关重要。尤其是前期文献表明食品混合肽组分与单一肽的活性效果不同,体内实验中还需关注食品混合肽组分中存在的协同效应,从而更充分地发挥植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的优势。在确证植物源低蛋白食品中活性肽的功能特性后,亟需解析食品加工技术对肽的稳定性及生物利用度的影响,阐明食品关键工序与肽稳定性之间的作用规律,并建立其与工业生产参数的关联。通过精准调控加工工艺参数并开发肽的定向富集技术,可实现活性肽的高效保留与靶向强化,最终构建从基础研究到产业化应用的全链条增效路径。
植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽具有多种活性,包括降血压、降血脂、降血糖、抗氧化、抗炎活性等,这些特性使其在食品、医药、化妆品等领域具有广阔的应用前景。在食品领域,该类活性肽可应用于功能性食品、膳食补充剂以及特定疾病相关的医用食品中,具有作为天然功能配料的重要潜力。例如,MAKE出品了系列以食源性肽为核心的膳食补剂,其中一款膳食补剂的核心成分为植物源低蛋白含量食品银杏中的肽。这一产品为后续植物源低蛋白含量食品活性肽的开发和生产提供思路。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040006
  • 接收时间:2025-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-03
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所,北京 100081

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徐贞贞(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品质量与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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