Article(id=1320883704659034395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030409, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852816022, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852816022, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852816022, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852816022, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=212, endPage=220, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883704864555292, articleId=1320883704659034395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Tannase Production by Penicillium bilaiae from Daqu, and Its Purification and Analysis of Enzymatic Properties, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To develop tannases resources with excellent enzymatic properties. Methods: Primary screening was performed using the clear zone plate method, followed by a secondary screening using the methanol rhodanine colorimetric assay. A fungal strain with the highest tannase activity was isolated from the Daqu samples. The strain was identified through morphological observation and ITS sequence analysis. The liquid fermentation conditions for tannase production were optimized. The enzyme (PbTanA) was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE weak anion-exchange chromatography, obtaining electrophoretic-grade pure enzyme. The enzymatic properties of PbTanA were further investigated, and its application in hydrolyzing tannic acid to produce gallic acid was evaluated. Results: The strain was identified as Penicillium bilaiae and named Penicillium bilaiae CAU46-1. After fermentation at 30 ℃ and pH5.5 for 4 days, a tannase activity of 28.7 U/mL was produced. This was achieved under conditions where 3% tannic acid served as inducer, 4% wheat bran as carbon source, and 0.2% ammonium chloride as nitrogen source, resulting in a tannase activity 3.3 times higher than the initial level. The tannase (PbTanA) was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE weak anion exchange chromatography. Its molecular weight was 79.0 kDa. The enzyme exhibited good acid tolerance and thermal stability, with an optimal pH of 5.0 and good stability within the pH range of 2.0~7.0. Its optimal temperature was 60 ℃, and it remained stable up to 50 ℃. PbTanA hydrolyzed 20 g/L tannic acid for 8 h, producing a gallic acid concentration of 18.4 g/L with a yield of 91.8%. Conclusion: Tannase PbTanA from Penicillium bilaiae CAU46-1 showed excellent enzymatic properties and efficiently hydrolyzed tannic acid to produce gallic acid, demonstrating its potential for application.

, authors=Miao YANG1, Zhiyuan MA1, Yanxiao LI1, 2, Zhengqiang JIANG3, Xuliang WANG4, 5, Qiaojuan YAN1, *, authorsList=Miao YANG, Zhiyuan MA, Yanxiao LI, Zhengqiang JIANG, Xuliang WANG, Qiaojuan YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiaojuan YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883707968340267, articleId=1320883704659034395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=大曲中拜赖青霉发酵产单宁酶条件优化、纯化及酶学性质分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:为开发酶学性质优良的单宁酶资源。方法:采用透明圈平板筛选法初筛和甲醇罗丹宁比色法复筛,从大曲样品中筛选得到一株单宁酶活力最高的真菌,通过形态学观察和ITS序列测定进行菌种鉴定。优化了该菌株液体发酵产单宁酶的条件,经硫酸铵沉淀和DEAE弱阴离子交换层析两步纯化,得到电泳级纯酶PbTanA。进一步探究PbTanA的酶学性质,最后评价了PbTanA在水解单宁酸生成没食子酸中的应用效果。结果:筛选出的菌株经鉴定为拜赖青霉(Penicillium bilaise),命名为拜赖青霉CAU46-1。以3%单宁酸为诱导物,4%小麦麸皮为碳源,0.2%氯化铵为氮源,30 ℃、pH5.5条件下发酵4 d,发酵液单宁酶活力达28.7 U/mL,较优化前提高了3.3倍。PbTanA的分子量为79.0 kDa。该酶具有良好的耐酸性和热稳定性,最适pH为5.0,在pH2.0~7.0范围内稳定;最适温度为60 ℃,50 ℃下具有良好的温度稳定性。单宁酶PbTanA水解20 g/L单宁酸底物8 h,没食子酸浓度达18.4 g/L,得率为91.8%。结论:拜赖青霉CAU46-1所产的单宁酶PbTanA表现出优良的酶学特性,能够高效水解单宁酸生成没食子酸,具有良好的应用潜力。

, authors=杨淼1, 马志远1, 李延啸1, 2, 江正强3, 王旭亮4, 5, 闫巧娟1, *, authorsList=杨淼, 马志远, 李延啸, 江正强, 王旭亮, 闫巧娟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫巧娟, authorNote=

杨淼(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
闫巧娟(1971−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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杨淼(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程,E-mail:

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杨淼(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程,E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883715669082475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883704659034395, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of culture medium components on enzyme production of Penicillium bilaiae CAU46-1, figureFileSmall=FPK9BS9WgclJC5z8qnZXOA==, figureFileBig=c6LAIF3pXfQejV56VThLfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883715954295148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883704659034395, language=CN, label=图2, caption=培养基组分对拜赖青霉CAU46-1发酵产酶的影响

注: A:诱导物筛选;B:诱导物浓度优化;C:碳源筛选;D:碳源浓度优化;E:氮源筛选;F:氮源浓度优化;不同小写字母表示有显著性差异,P<0.05,图3同。

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注:A:发酵温度优化;B:发酵pH优化;C:发酵时间优化。

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注:M:Marker;1:粗酶液;2:80%硫酸铵沉淀后;3:DEAE柱纯化后;4:酶谱分析。

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注:M:标准品;GA:没食子酸;TA:单宁酸。

, figureFileSmall=5jhed1ONz8JtB40v7o0QBg==, figureFileBig=TlW8Sv7fyL/wCUUPpckLFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883717216780661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883704659034395, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Hydrolysis of gallic acid production from various concentrations of tannic acid by PbtanA, figureFileSmall=6+J+xurtz8FlUIjQynfv0A==, figureFileBig=2ICOftCKsoYBXu4tPWT8lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883717317443958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883704659034395, language=CN, label=图7, caption=单宁酶PbtanA水解不同浓度单宁酸生成没食子酸

注:GA:没食子酸;TA:单宁酸;图例10、20、30g/L为TA浓度。

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Purification summary of tannase from Penicillium bilaiae CAU46-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯化步骤总酶活力
(U)
总蛋白含量
(mg)
比酶活力
(U/mg)
纯化倍数回收率
(%)
粗酶液902.42353.81100
硫酸铵沉淀478.340.811.73.153
DEAE-52171.45.034.28.919
), ArticleFig(id=1320883717493604728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883704659034395, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拜赖青霉CAU46-1单宁酶纯化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯化步骤总酶活力
(U)
总蛋白含量
(mg)
比酶活力
(U/mg)
纯化倍数回收率
(%)
粗酶液902.42353.81100
硫酸铵沉淀478.340.811.73.153
DEAE-52171.45.034.28.919
), ArticleFig(id=1320883717585879417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883704659034395, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of metal ions and compounds on the enzymatic activity of PbtanA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属离子及化合物(1 mmol/L)比酶活(U/mg)相对酶活力(%)
对照34.2±0.7100.0
Fe3+38.0±0.3111.0
Fe2+38.1±0.2111.5
Cr3+32.0±0.293.5
Ni2+35.6±0.3104.0
Zn2+31.1±0.391.0
Mn2+38.5±0.2112.5
Co2+39.8±0.2116.5
Ba2+34.5±0.3101.0
Ag+22.7±0.566.5
K+37.4±0.2109.5
Ca2+33.7±0.298.5
Sr2+33.9±0.799.0
Mg2+34.2±0.3100.0
Cu2+21.0±0.561.4
Triton X-10033.7±0.298.5
EDTA25.0±0.773.0
SDS4.4±0.313.0
β-巯基乙醇1.9±0.25.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320883717686542714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883704659034395, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金属离子和化合物对单宁酶PbtanA酶活力的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属离子及化合物(1 mmol/L)比酶活(U/mg)相对酶活力(%)
对照34.2±0.7100.0
Fe3+38.0±0.3111.0
Fe2+38.1±0.2111.5
Cr3+32.0±0.293.5
Ni2+35.6±0.3104.0
Zn2+31.1±0.391.0
Mn2+38.5±0.2112.5
Co2+39.8±0.2116.5
Ba2+34.5±0.3101.0
Ag+22.7±0.566.5
K+37.4±0.2109.5
Ca2+33.7±0.298.5
Sr2+33.9±0.799.0
Mg2+34.2±0.3100.0
Cu2+21.0±0.561.4
Triton X-10033.7±0.298.5
EDTA25.0±0.773.0
SDS4.4±0.313.0
β-巯基乙醇1.9±0.25.5
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大曲中拜赖青霉发酵产单宁酶条件优化、纯化及酶学性质分析
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杨淼 1 , 马志远 1 , 李延啸 1, 2 , 江正强 3 , 王旭亮 4, 5 , 闫巧娟 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(8): 212-220
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (8) : 212 -220
大曲中拜赖青霉发酵产单宁酶条件优化、纯化及酶学性质分析
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杨淼1 , 马志远1, 李延啸1, 2, 江正强3, 王旭亮4, 5, 闫巧娟1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
  • 2南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,江苏南京 210023
  • 3中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 4江南大学生物工程学院,江苏无锡 214122
  • 5贵州茅台集团,贵州遵义 564501
通讯作者:
闫巧娟(1971−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨淼(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程,E-mail:

Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Tannase Production by Penicillium bilaiae from Daqu, and Its Purification and Analysis of Enzymatic Properties
Miao YANG1 , Zhiyuan MA1, Yanxiao LI1, 2, Zhengqiang JIANG3, Xuliang WANG4, 5, Qiaojuan YAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 5Kweichow Moutai Group, Zunyi 564501, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030409
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目的:为开发酶学性质优良的单宁酶资源。方法:采用透明圈平板筛选法初筛和甲醇罗丹宁比色法复筛,从大曲样品中筛选得到一株单宁酶活力最高的真菌,通过形态学观察和ITS序列测定进行菌种鉴定。优化了该菌株液体发酵产单宁酶的条件,经硫酸铵沉淀和DEAE弱阴离子交换层析两步纯化,得到电泳级纯酶PbTanA。进一步探究PbTanA的酶学性质,最后评价了PbTanA在水解单宁酸生成没食子酸中的应用效果。结果:筛选出的菌株经鉴定为拜赖青霉(Penicillium bilaise),命名为拜赖青霉CAU46-1。以3%单宁酸为诱导物,4%小麦麸皮为碳源,0.2%氯化铵为氮源,30 ℃、pH5.5条件下发酵4 d,发酵液单宁酶活力达28.7 U/mL,较优化前提高了3.3倍。PbTanA的分子量为79.0 kDa。该酶具有良好的耐酸性和热稳定性,最适pH为5.0,在pH2.0~7.0范围内稳定;最适温度为60 ℃,50 ℃下具有良好的温度稳定性。单宁酶PbTanA水解20 g/L单宁酸底物8 h,没食子酸浓度达18.4 g/L,得率为91.8%。结论:拜赖青霉CAU46-1所产的单宁酶PbTanA表现出优良的酶学特性,能够高效水解单宁酸生成没食子酸,具有良好的应用潜力。

拜赖青霉  /  单宁酶  /  发酵条件  /  酶学性质  /  没食子酸

Objective: To develop tannases resources with excellent enzymatic properties. Methods: Primary screening was performed using the clear zone plate method, followed by a secondary screening using the methanol rhodanine colorimetric assay. A fungal strain with the highest tannase activity was isolated from the Daqu samples. The strain was identified through morphological observation and ITS sequence analysis. The liquid fermentation conditions for tannase production were optimized. The enzyme (PbTanA) was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE weak anion-exchange chromatography, obtaining electrophoretic-grade pure enzyme. The enzymatic properties of PbTanA were further investigated, and its application in hydrolyzing tannic acid to produce gallic acid was evaluated. Results: The strain was identified as Penicillium bilaiae and named Penicillium bilaiae CAU46-1. After fermentation at 30 ℃ and pH5.5 for 4 days, a tannase activity of 28.7 U/mL was produced. This was achieved under conditions where 3% tannic acid served as inducer, 4% wheat bran as carbon source, and 0.2% ammonium chloride as nitrogen source, resulting in a tannase activity 3.3 times higher than the initial level. The tannase (PbTanA) was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE weak anion exchange chromatography. Its molecular weight was 79.0 kDa. The enzyme exhibited good acid tolerance and thermal stability, with an optimal pH of 5.0 and good stability within the pH range of 2.0~7.0. Its optimal temperature was 60 ℃, and it remained stable up to 50 ℃. PbTanA hydrolyzed 20 g/L tannic acid for 8 h, producing a gallic acid concentration of 18.4 g/L with a yield of 91.8%. Conclusion: Tannase PbTanA from Penicillium bilaiae CAU46-1 showed excellent enzymatic properties and efficiently hydrolyzed tannic acid to produce gallic acid, demonstrating its potential for application.

Penicillium bilaiae  /  tannase  /  fermentation conditions  /  enzymatic properties  /  gallic acid
杨淼, 马志远, 李延啸, 江正强, 王旭亮, 闫巧娟. 大曲中拜赖青霉发酵产单宁酶条件优化、纯化及酶学性质分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 212 -220 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030409
Miao YANG, Zhiyuan MA, Yanxiao LI, Zhengqiang JIANG, Xuliang WANG, Qiaojuan YAN. Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Tannase Production by Penicillium bilaiae from Daqu, and Its Purification and Analysis of Enzymatic Properties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 212 -220 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030409
单宁广泛分布于植物的叶、皮、根及果实等组织中,其分子中含有大量的酚羟基,能够与金属离子和蛋白质形成稳定的络合物[1]。单宁酶(EC 3.1.1.20)可以催化单宁中酯键的水解,生成没食子酸和其它酚类物质,在植物的代谢调控中具有重要作用,同时在工业领域中也具有广泛应用,例如用于高效制备没食子酸等[2]。单宁酶在动物、植物和微生物中普遍存在,其中微生物是单宁酶最主要的来源,如细菌、酵母菌和丝状真菌(如曲霉属和青霉属)均存在单宁酶[3]。野生型微生物发酵产单宁酶的生产水平通常较低,如烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)AN1和皮壳青霉(Penicillium crustosum)AN3的产酶水平分别为4.3 U/mL和8.4 U/mL[4]。优化野生型微生物的发酵条件可显著提高产单宁酶水平,例如通过优化黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)J-T18和灰绿青霉(Aspergillus glaucus)的发酵产单宁酶条件,产单宁酶水平得到明显提升[5−6]。多数单宁酶在高温和酸性环境下的稳定性差,难以满足不同的应用需求,如地丝菌属酵母(Geotrichum cucujoidarum)来源单宁酶在40 ℃下处理30 min,残留酶活力低于40%[7];黑绿青霉(Penicillium atramentosum)EZ-ZH190来源单宁酶在pH3.5下处理30 min,残留酶活力小于35%[8]。因此,发掘产酶水平高、酶学性质好的野生型微生物是目前研究单宁酶的重点之一。
大曲是中国白酒酿造过程中不可或缺的传统发酵剂,其核心功能源于复杂的微生物群落及酶系协同作用。微生物通过分泌酶类将原料中的淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪和单宁等大分子物质降解为氨基酸、脂肪酸及酚类化合物等风味前体物质[9]。酿酒原料高粱中丰富的单宁底物可在单宁酶的酶促作用下转化为酚类化合物,如愈创木酚(水果香)、4-乙烯基愈创木酚(花香)和4-甲基愈创木酚(烟熏风味),从而赋予白酒独特的风味特征[10]。已有研究报道,从大曲中分离出产单宁酶菌株烟曲霉HBHF5[11]。大曲中筛选微生物,利用其丰富的微生物资源,为产单宁酶菌株的挖掘开辟了新的方向。
没食子酸是一种天然酚类化合物,存在于多种水果和药用植物中,具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗肿瘤等特性,在食品和制药工业中具有广泛的应用[12]。相比传统化学方法,生物酶法制备没食子酸因其反应条件温和、产物纯度高和产率高以及对环境友好等优势,普遍认为是替代传统化学方法的绿色工艺,成为研究热点[13]。不同底物浓度对酶法制备没食子酸的生成量和产率影响显著,黑曲霉B1401来源的单宁酶水解单宁酸生成的没食子酸浓度随底物量增加先上升后下降,没食子酸产率则呈现下降趋势[14]。汉森隐球菌(Debaryomyces hansenii)来源单宁酶以10和20 g/L单宁酸为底物的没食子酸产率分别为97%和92%,而30 g/L单宁酸为底物的没食子酸产率则降至81%[15]。因此,研究底物浓度对没食子酸生成量和产率的影响,有助于优化酶法制备工艺,提升产物生成量。
本研究旨在从大曲样品中筛选得到一株高产单宁酶的微生物,优化其发酵产酶条件,并评估该酶的酶学性质、水解特性及其在酶法制备没食子酸中的应用潜力。研究充分挖掘了大曲微生物资源,拓宽了产单宁酶的微生物来源,并提供了一种酶学性质优良并能够高效水解单宁酸生成没食子酸的新型单宁酶资源。
大曲样品 来自某酒厂,并保存于本实验室;没食子酸丙酯、单宁酸 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;蔗糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、甘氨酸 美国Sigma公司;酵母提取物、蛋白胨、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基 英国Oxoid公司;真菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒 北京百泰克生物技术有限公司;其它试剂如无特殊说明均为国产分析纯。
OPTEC BK5000奥特光学生物显微镜 重庆奥特光学仪器有限公司;Power Pac Basic TM型电泳仪 美国BIO-RAD公司;纤维素DEAE-52柱料 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;ÄKTA explorer 100 System蛋白纯化系统 美国GE Healthcare公司;Gel Plate F254薄层层析 德国Merck公司;GL-20B高速冷冻离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂。
平板筛选培养基(w/v):单宁酸1%,NaNO3 0.3%,KCl 0.05%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%,FeSO4·7H2O 0.001%,琼脂3%。
摇瓶复筛培养基(w/v):单宁酸3%,麸皮4%,氯化铵0.2%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1%,NaCl 0.05%。
液体发酵培养基(w/v):单宁酸 1%,蔗糖1%,NaNO3 0.2%,KCl 0.05%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%,KH2PO4 0.1%,FeSO4 0.001%。
大曲样品粉碎后取5 g放入250 mL锥形瓶中,加入45 mL无菌水30 ℃、200 r/min下振荡培养24 h。吸取100 μL涂布于不同pH的平板筛选培养基,在不同温度下培养3~4 d,通过产单宁酶的真菌能够利用单宁酸为唯一碳源生长并形成透明圈的特性,进行初步筛选。用牙签挑取平板筛选培养基上产生透明圈的菌落,接种于PDA培养基中,得到纯化菌株。刮取PDA培养基的菌落孢子制成悬浮液,接种于50 mL复筛培养基中,调节pH为5.0,30 ℃、200 r/min下培养3 d。发酵液在4 ℃、12000 r/min下离心10 min,收集上清液为粗酶液,使用甲醇罗丹宁比色法测定其单宁酶活力,进行复筛。
菌株接种到PDA培养基上,置于30 ℃培养箱中培养7 d,观察记录菌落的形态特征。乳酸酚棉蓝染液染色,制片,用光学显微镜(200×)观察。参考《真菌鉴定手册》[16]对菌株进行初步分类鉴定。
使用真菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取菌株DNA,采用rDNA ITS基因序列鉴定,通用引物ITS1(5’-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGC-3’)和ITS4(5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’)进行PCR扩增。扩增的ITS基因区域包括ITS1、5.8S rRNA基因和ITS2。PCR反应条件为:95 ℃,3 min;94 ℃,25 s,55 ℃,25 s,72 ℃,45 s,34个循环;72 ℃,5 min。PCR扩增产物委托北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司测序,将测序结果在NCBI网站利用BLAST程序(http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/blast/)进行对比,选取其中得分较高的菌株序列,使用MEGA 11.0软件基于最大似然法构建菌株系统发育树。
采用甲醇罗丹宁比色法测定单宁酶活力[17]。取适当稀释的酶液250 μL与250 μL没食子酸丙酯溶液(100 mmol/L柠檬酸缓冲液pH5.0)混匀,60 ℃下反应5 min后加入300 μL甲醇-罗丹宁溶液(0.667%)终止反应,反应液中加入200 μL KOH溶液(700 mmol/L)显色,再加入4 mL纯水,在520 nm波长下测定吸光度。以同等稀释倍数下沸水灭活的酶液作对照组,实验组平行测定3次,结果取平均值。单宁酶活力定义为以每分钟水解没食子酸丙酯底物生成1 μmol没食子酸所需的酶量为1个酶活力单位(U)。蛋白含量参照Lowry法测定,以牛血清蛋白作为标准蛋白[18]。
发酵产单宁酶条件优化在250 mL三角瓶中进行,装液量20%,拜赖青霉的孢子浓度稀释为107个/mL,接种量为1%,转速为200 r/min。在液体发酵培养基的基础上,采用单因素优化的方法,依次对诱导物种类(单宁酸、没食子酸、没食子酸丙酯、石榴皮粉)和浓度(0%、0.5%、1%、2%、3%和4%,w/v)、发酵培养基的碳源种类(可溶性淀粉、小麦麸皮、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖)和浓度(0.5%、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%,w/v)、氮源种类(酵母提取物、胰蛋白胨、玉米浆、硫酸铵、亚硝酸钠、磷酸氢二铵、氯化铵、硝酸钠)和浓度(0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%和0.5%,w/v)、发酵温度(25、30、35、40、45和50 ℃)、发酵pH(3.0、3.5、4、4.5、5.0、5.5和6.0)和发酵时间(1、2、3、4和5 d)进行优化。发酵结束后,收集发酵液,测定单宁酶活力。
发酵液置于冰水浴中进行80%硫酸铵沉淀,12000 r/min离心10 min收集上清液。上清液在20 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)中4 ℃透析过夜,上样于DEAE-52阴离子交换层析柱,用20 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)洗涤未结合蛋白,用0~100%的含500 mmol/L NaCl的20 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)线性梯度洗脱90 min,分步收集洗脱液。使用ÄKTA explorer 100 System 蛋白纯化系统进行纯化,流速为1 mL/min。收集有单宁酶活力的洗脱液,在20 mmol/L 磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)中4 ℃透析过夜,通过十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测单宁酶纯度。
常规SDS-PAGE电泳的分离胶浓度为12.5%,浓缩胶为4.5%,在样品中加入还原性5×蛋白上样缓冲液,煮沸10 min,上样量20 μL,120 V恒压电泳至溴酚蓝指示剂到达凝胶底部。电泳结束后用考马斯亮蓝R-250染色。酶谱方法除在样品中加入非还原性5×蛋白上样缓冲液直接上样外,电泳条件同常规SDS-PAGE电泳条件。电泳结束后,取一半分离胶进行常规SDS-PAGE分析,另一半分离胶在100 mL的曲拉通X-100(1%,v/v)中浸泡1 h,用100 mL乙酸盐缓冲液(500 mmol/L,pH5.5)浸泡30 min。处理后的分离胶置于50 mL含有0.5%(w/v)单宁酸的乙酸盐缓冲液(500 mmol/L,pH5.5)中,于45 ℃孵育15 min。用不含单宁酸的乙酸缓冲液清洗凝胶,在25 ℃用0.5%(w/v)盐酸奎宁溶液浸泡分离胶直至显色,两块胶进行对比分析。
用不同pH缓冲液(50 mmol/L)稀释酶液,在60 ℃下按照方法1.2.4测定酶活力,以最大值为100%,分别计算各pH下的相对酶活力。所用缓冲液及pH范围分别为:甘氨酸-盐酸缓冲液(pH2.0、2.5和3.0)、柠檬酸缓冲液(pH3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5和6.0)、MES缓冲液(pH4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5和7.0)、磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5和8.0)和MOPS缓冲液(pH8.0、8.5、9.0、9.5和10.0)。
分别用上述不同pH缓冲液(50 mmol/L)稀释酶液,在40 ℃下处理30 min,立即冰水浴30 min,按照方法1.2.4测定酶活力,以未处理的酶液为对照,计算不同处理后的相对酶活力。
用pH5.0的柠檬酸缓冲液(50 mmol/L)稀释酶液,在不同温度(20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75和80 ℃)下按照方法1.2.4测定酶活力,以最大值为100%,分别计算各温度下的相对酶活力。
用pH5.0的柠檬酸缓冲液(50 mmol/L)稀释酶液,分别在不同温度(20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75和80 ℃)下处理30 min,立即冰水浴30 min,按照方法1.2.4测定酶活力,以未经热处理的酶液为对照,计算不同处理后的相对酶活力。
酶反应体系中加入终浓度为1 mmol/L的金属离子(Fe3+、Fe2+、Cr3+、Ni2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Ba2+、Ag+、K+、Ca2+、Sr2+、Mg2+、Cu2+)和化合物(曲拉通X-100、EDTA、SDS、β-巯基乙醇)处理30 min,立即冰水浴30 min,按照方法1.2.4测定酶活力,以未添加任何金属离子和化合物的反应为对照组,计算不同处理后的相对酶活力。
水解特性:用柠檬酸缓冲液(50 mmol/L,pH5.0)配制单宁酸溶液(1 g/L),加入1 U/mL的单宁酶PbTanA,在40 ℃下反应,分别于0、15、30 min和1、2、4、8、12 h取样,沸水浴5 min终止酶反应。使用TLC层析法定性检测水解效果,TLC方法:展开剂为乙酸乙酯:三氯甲烷:甲酸=4:4:1,显色剂为0.1%(w/v)FeCl3溶液(溶剂为甲醇)。利用高效液相色谱测定没食子酸(GA)生成量,计算没食子酸的得率。高效液相色谱条件为:C18色谱柱,柱温箱35 ℃,紫外检测器OD278 nm,进样量10 μL,流动相A为1%(v/v)乙酸,B为100%乙腈,流速为1 mL/min。洗脱过程为:1% B平衡10 min,在0~5 min内B从1%增加到10%,在5~20 min内B从10%增加到35%,在20~21 min内B从35%减少到10%,在21~23 min内B从10%减少到1%,在23~25 min内,保持1% B。没食子酸得率计算见下式。
$ 没食子酸得率(\text{%})=\frac{样品中没食子酸浓度(\text{g}/\text{L})}{反应前单宁酸浓度(\text{g}/\text{L})}\times 100 $
所有实验重复三次,数据为平均值±标准差。采用SPSS 16.0软件进行方差和显著性分析,采用Tukey’s HSD检验,显著性水平P<0.05。采用Prism 9.5和Origin 2023进行绘图。
采用透明圈平板筛选法初筛和甲醇罗丹宁比色法复筛,总计筛选出5株产单宁酶的菌株。其中一株产生较大透明圈的真菌CAU46-1,甲醇罗丹宁比色法复筛的发酵液酶活力为6.2 U/mL,酶活力最高,选定该菌株进行后续研究。
该真菌在PDA培养基上初期为白色绒状菌丝,后期产孢区渐变为青绿色,边缘保留白色菌丝带(图1A)。显微镜(200×)显示该菌菌丝体细长、透明、有隔,分生孢子梗直立,顶端形成典型帚状枝,具单轮生分枝,分生孢子呈球形至亚球形,表面光滑,呈链状排列(图1B)。对照真菌鉴定手册,初步确定该菌株为青霉属。
对菌株CAU46-1进行ITS基因序列扩增,得到长度为560 bp的ITS区域序列,系统发育树分析表明,该菌ITS序列与拜赖青霉NRRL 3391聚于同一进化支,相似度为100%,与其他青霉物种明显分化,相似度均不高于80%(图1C)。综合菌落形态、显微特征和ITS序列,鉴定该菌为拜赖青霉,命名为拜赖青霉CAU46-1。
通过单因素实验对拜赖青霉CAU46-1液体发酵产单宁酶的条件进行优化。培养基组分优化结果表明(图2),以单宁酸为诱导物时,拜赖青霉CAU46-1的产酶水平最高,为6.2 U/mL,显著高于没食子酸丙酯和石榴皮粉(P<0.05),无诱导物或以没食子酸为诱导物时该菌不产单宁酶(图2A)。诱导物浓度优化结果表明,发酵液中单宁酸浓度为3%时,菌株产酶水平显著高于其他浓度水平(P<0.05),为10.2 U/mL(图2B)。发酵碳源优化结果表明,以小麦麸皮为碳源时,菌株产酶水平最高,为12.4 U/mL,显著高于其他四种碳源(P<0.05)(图2C)。小麦麸皮浓度为4%时菌株产酶水平最高,达16.2 U/mL,显著高于其他浓度水平(P<0.05),继续提高小麦麸皮浓度,酶活水平显著下降(P<0.05)(图2D)。发酵氮源优化结果表明,无机氮源比有机氮源更利于菌株产酶,其中以氯化铵为氮源时菌株产酶水平最高,为16.9 U/mL(图2E)。氯化铵浓度为0.2%时菌株产酶水平最高(17.0 U/mL),继续提高氯化铵浓度,产酶水平显著下降(P<0.05)(图2F)。发酵参数优化结果如图3所示,该菌最适发酵温度为30 ℃,在此温度下培养3 d,菌株产酶水平为17.3 U/mL,显著高于其他温度水平(P<0.05)(图3A)。不同pH对拜赖青霉CAU46-1液体发酵产单宁酶的影响如图3B,该菌最适发酵pH为5.5,在此pH下培养3 d,菌株产酶水平为20.8 U/mL,显著高于其他pH水平(P<0.05)。在上述优化条件下,拜赖青霉CAU46-1液体发酵产单宁酶历程如图3C,发酵1~4 d时,产酶水平持续提高,发酵4 d后,产酶水平达到最高值(28.7 U/mL)。综上,拜赖青霉CAU46-1液体发酵产单宁酶的最适条件为以3%单宁酸为诱导物、4%小麦麸皮为碳源、0.2% 氯化铵为氮源,在30 ℃、pH5.5下发酵4 d,产酶水平达28.7 U/mL,较优化前提高了3.3倍。
单宁酶是一种诱导酶,野生型微生物发酵时需要添加单宁或含有单宁的其他物质作为诱导物诱导菌株产酶,多数野生型微生物的最适诱导物为单宁酸[3,19−20]。培养基中高浓度单宁酸会导致野生型微生物细胞表面蛋白质变性,损害野生型微生物的新陈代谢和生长,因此多数野生型微生物发酵产单宁酶时单宁酸的浓度在0.5%~3.5%范围内[3],如黑曲霉AUMC 5614和黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)MTCC 3783发酵产单宁酶时,分别以2%和3.2%单宁酸为最适诱导物[19−20]。小麦麸皮不仅可以作为碳源提供能量,还含有一些单宁和多酚类化合物,促进单宁酶的合成和分泌。除小麦麸皮外,其他富含单宁的农业副产物也常作为野生菌发酵的碳源,如虹色曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)、木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)和桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)能够利用菠萝皮和金合欢果实作为碳源发酵产单宁酶[21]。氮源是影响野生型微生物产单宁酶的另一关键因素。无机氮源更适合真菌发酵产单宁酶,如黑曲霉J-T18和黑曲霉AUMC 5614分别以硫酸铵和硝酸钠为氮源达到最高产酶水平[5,19]。产单宁酶野生型微生物的最适发酵温度与菌株的生长环境密切相关,大多在25~40 ℃范围内,如灰绿青霉(Aspergillus glaucus)和罗尔夫青霉(Penicillium rolfsii)CCMB 714发酵产单宁酶的最适温度分别为40 ℃和30 ℃[6,22]。不同野生型微生物发酵产单宁酶的最适pH不同,大多数野生型微生物发酵产单宁酶的最适pH为酸性至中性范围。野生型丝状真菌发酵产单宁酶的最适pH则偏酸性,如黑曲霉AUMC 5614和泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori)BTMFW 032发酵产酶的最适pH为4.0和5.0[18,23]。不同类型的野生型微生物的产单宁酶水平存在差异,野生型细菌和野生型酵母菌的产酶水平较低,而野生型丝状真菌产酶水平较高。地丝菌属酵母和肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)YL-1经发酵优化后产酶水平分别为4.4 U/mL和0.8 U/mL [7,24]。黑曲霉AUMC 5614和泡盛曲霉BTMFW 032经发酵优化后产酶水平分别为11.6 U/mL和26.2 U/mL [18,23]。青霉属液体发酵产单宁酶水平通常在5~40 U/mL之间。经发酵优化后,拜赖青霉CAU46-1产单宁酶水平达28.7 U/mL,高于皮壳青霉AN3和罗尔夫青霉CCMB 714发酵优化后的产单宁酶水平,分别为8.4 U/mL和25.6 U/mL[4,22],仅次于产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum)产单宁酶水平(40.0 U/mL)[25]。
经硫酸铵沉淀和阴离子交换层析纯化得到单宁酶PbTanA的电泳级纯酶,比酶活力为34.2 U/mg,酶活力回收率为19%,纯化倍数为8.9(表1)。SDS-PAGE和酶谱对照确定其具有单宁酶活性,该酶呈单一蛋白条带,分子量为79.0 kDa(图4)。
不同来源单宁酶的分子量存在显著差异,细菌来源单宁酶一般分子量较小(31~90 kDa),而真菌来源单宁酶通常在45~320 kDa范围内[2]。PbTanA的分子量高于地丝菌属酵母来源单宁酶(63 kDa)[7]和黑曲霉NL112来源单宁酶(45 kDa)[26],但低于黑曲霉LCF 8来源单宁酶(168 kDa)[27]和米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)来源单宁酶(106 kDa)[28]。
PbTanA的最适pH为5.0(图5A),在pH2.0~7.0下处理30 min仍能保留80%以上的酶活力(图5B)。PbTanA的最适温度为60 ℃(图5C),在45 ℃以下处理30 min能够保留90%以上的酶活力,在50 ℃下处理30 mim仍保留70%以上的酶活力,具有良好的热稳定性(图5D)。不同金属离子及化合物对PbTanA酶活力影响不同(表2),金属离子Ag+、Cu2+对PbTanA的酶活力有明显抑制作用,酶活力分别下降至66.5%和61.4%;Co2+、Mn2+和Fe2+对酶活力有明显促进作用,酶活力分别提高至116.5%、112.5%和111.5%。EDTA处理对PbTanA酶活力影响较小,而SDS和β-巯基乙醇几乎完全抑制PbTanA的活性。
真菌来源单宁酶通常在酸性条件下具有较高的催化活性,如黑绿青霉EZ-ZH190和黑曲霉NL112来源的单宁酶,最适pH分别为5.5和5.0[8,26]。PbTanA在酸性环境下具有良好的稳定性,在pH3.0下处理30 min仍保留80%以上的酶活力,优于黑绿青霉EZ-ZH190来源单宁酶(在pH3.5下处理30 min残留酶活力小于35%)和红绶曲霉(Aspergillus nomius)GWA5来源单宁酶(在pH4.0下处理30 min残留酶活力小于50%)[8,29]。单宁酶PbTanA最适温度为60 ℃,明显高于地丝菌属酵母来源单宁酶(30 ℃)和青绿曲霉(Aspergillus glaucus)来源单宁酶(40 ℃)[7,30]。此外,单宁酶PbTanA具有良好的热稳定性,高于黄曲霉TF-8来源的单宁酶(在50 ℃下处理30 mim,残留酶活力小于40%)[31],但低于黑叶短梗霉(Aureobasidium melanogenum)T9来源单宁酶(55 ℃下处理12 h,能保留60%以上的酶活力)[32]。不同金属离子对单宁酶的影响不同,如Mn2+可以抑制路黑曲霉ATCC 16620来源单宁酶的酶活力,却促进单宁酶PbTanA的酶活力[33]。EDTA处理后,单宁酶PbTanA的残留酶活力为73%,表明EDTA抑制对PbTanA产生了一定的抑制作用,这与罗尔夫青霉CCMB 714来源单宁酶的酶学性质一致[34]。SDS和β-巯基乙醇显著抑制PbTanA的酶活力,表明该酶的催化功能依赖于分子内二硫键的稳定[35]。PbTanA具有良好的耐酸性和热稳定性,且对多种金属离子具有良好的耐受性,具备良好的应用潜力。
单宁酶PbTanA水解单宁酸历程如图6所示。PbTanA能够高效水解单宁酸,随着反应进行,产物没食子酸的生成量逐渐增多,以10、20和30 g/L单宁酸为底物,利用PbTanA反应8 h后没食子酸的浓度分别为9.3 g/L、18.4 g/L和24.5 g/L,得率分别为93.1%、91.8%、81.7%(图7)。
酶法制备没食子酸中,单宁酶作为关键催化剂,其水解特性和催化效率对生产效益具有决定性影响[13]。球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)来源单宁酶以50 g/L单宁酸为底物反应24 h,最终没食子酸得率为90.8%[36]。汉森隐球菌来源单宁酶以20 g/L单宁酸为底物反应10 h,最终没食子酸得率91.6%[15]。PbTanA水解20 g/L单宁酸底物8 h,没食子酸得率为91.8%,具有更高的生成量和得率,且反应时间更短,在水解单宁酸制备没食子酸中表现出很大的应用潜力。
本研究从大曲中分离出一株高产单宁酶的拜赖青霉CAU46-1。确定了拜赖青霉CAU46-1液体发酵产单宁酶的最适发酵产酶条件,产单宁酶水平(28.7 U/mL),较优化前提高了3.3倍。两步纯化得到电泳级纯酶PbTanA,该单宁酶具有良好的耐酸性和热稳定性,能高效水解单宁酸生成没食子酸,水解20 g/L单宁酸底物8 h,没食子酸得率为91.8%,在水解单宁酸制备没食子酸中展现出很大的应用潜力。本研究充分利用大曲微生物资源,拓展了单宁酶来源,为酶法制备没食子酸提供了理论指导。后续研究将结合质谱分析和基因组学分析,鉴定单宁酶PbTanA的基因序列,并实现其高效异源表达。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030409
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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作者信息
    1中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
    2南京财经大学食品科学与工程学院,江苏省现代粮食流通与安全协同创新中心,江苏南京 210023
    3中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    4江南大学生物工程学院,江苏无锡 214122
    5贵州茅台集团,贵州遵义 564501

通讯作者:

闫巧娟(1971−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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