Article(id=1320890044106260883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030405, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854327464, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854327464, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854327464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854327464, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=470, endPage=479, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320890044286615956, articleId=1320890044106260883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Hepatoprotective Mechanisms of Antioxidant Peptides and Product Application, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes within the body, is a critical inducer of liver damage. It mediates the progression of hepatic injury by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating key signaling pathways, including kelch like ECH associated protein1(Keap1)/ nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/ antioxidant response element (ARE) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). In recent years, antioxidant peptides have become a focus of significant research owing to their potent antioxidant activity and multi-target regulatory properties. These peptides exert hepatoprotective effects by scavenging free radicals, activating antioxidant systems, and regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory cascades. However, research on antioxidant peptides faces challenges, including non-standardized extraction processes and incomplete elucidation of synergistic mechanisms. Consequently, this review systematically summarizes antioxidant peptide sources and extraction technologies, analyzes their multi-target hepatoprotective mechanisms, and discusses applications of nanoparticle delivery systems and functional foods targeting alcohol metabolism and hepatoprotection, along with other recent advances. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating the hepatoprotective mechanisms of antioxidant peptides, standardizing preparation/extraction protocols, and facilitating the research, development, and clinical translation of related products.

, authors=Xiyan DING1, Jiaming WANG1, Yanxin LIU1, *, Jianping ZHANG2, Zailin HAO2, authorsList=Xiyan DING, Jiaming WANG, Yanxin LIU, Jianping ZHANG, Zailin HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanxin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320890046891278749, articleId=1320890044106260883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=抗氧化肽的保肝作用机制及产品应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氧化应激是体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡的结果,是肝脏损伤的重要诱因,其通过引发线粒体功能障碍、调控Kelch样ECH联合蛋白1(kelch like ECH associated protein1,Keap1)/核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)及核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)等信号通路,驱动肝损伤进程。近年来,抗氧化肽因具备高效抗氧化活性和多靶点调控特性成为研究热点,其可通过清除自由基、激活抗氧化系统、调控脂质代谢及炎症级联反应等机制发挥肝保护作用。然而,目前抗氧化肽的研究局限于提取工艺标准化不足、机制协同作用解析不深入等问题。基于此,本文系统综述了抗氧化肽的来源及提取工艺,分析抗氧化肽多靶点保肝作用机制,并总结纳米递送系统、解酒护肝功能食品等应用成果,以期对未来进一步探讨抗氧化肽保肝作用机制,规范其制备提取流程、促进抗氧化肽产品研发和临床转化提供理论基础。

, authors=丁皙研1, 王嘉明1, 刘延鑫1, *, 张剑平2, 郝在林2, authorsList=丁皙研, 王嘉明, 刘延鑫, 张剑平, 郝在林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘延鑫, authorNote=

丁皙研(2003−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘延鑫(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:中医药抗感染及免疫性疾病机制研究,E-mail:。
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丁皙研(2003−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医学,E-mail:

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Common sources of active peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取来源优点缺点参考文献
动物源营养成分丰富、高生物活性、应用领域广泛原料来源受限、成本较高、动物原料或存在病菌具有潜在的安全风险[32,34,36]
植物源原料丰富、成本低廉、安全性高生物活性可能较低、提取效率可能不高、受环境因素影响[39,41,43]
人工合成结构可控、纯度高、大规模生产成本高、操作复杂、潜在的环境污染[45−46]
), ArticleFig(id=1320890052507451858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890044106260883, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物活性肽的常见来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取来源优点缺点参考文献
动物源营养成分丰富、高生物活性、应用领域广泛原料来源受限、成本较高、动物原料或存在病菌具有潜在的安全风险[32,34,36]
植物源原料丰富、成本低廉、安全性高生物活性可能较低、提取效率可能不高、受环境因素影响[39,41,43]
人工合成结构可控、纯度高、大规模生产成本高、操作复杂、潜在的环境污染[45−46]
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抗氧化肽的保肝作用机制及产品应用研究进展
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丁皙研 1 , 王嘉明 1 , 刘延鑫 1, * , 张剑平 2 , 郝在林 2
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(4): 470-479
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (4) : 470 -479
抗氧化肽的保肝作用机制及产品应用研究进展
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丁皙研1 , 王嘉明1, 刘延鑫1, * , 张剑平2, 郝在林2
作者信息
  • 1河南中医药大学医学院,河南郑州 450046
  • 2内蒙古肽好生物制品有限公司,内蒙古锡林浩特 010100
通讯作者:
刘延鑫(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:中医药抗感染及免疫性疾病机制研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

丁皙研(2003−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中医学,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Hepatoprotective Mechanisms of Antioxidant Peptides and Product Application
Xiyan DING1 , Jiaming WANG1, Yanxin LIU1, * , Jianping ZHANG2, Zailin HAO2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Medical, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2China Inner Mongolia Peptide Biological Products Co., Ltd., Xilinhot 010100, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030405
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氧化应激是体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡的结果,是肝脏损伤的重要诱因,其通过引发线粒体功能障碍、调控Kelch样ECH联合蛋白1(kelch like ECH associated protein1,Keap1)/核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)及核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)等信号通路,驱动肝损伤进程。近年来,抗氧化肽因具备高效抗氧化活性和多靶点调控特性成为研究热点,其可通过清除自由基、激活抗氧化系统、调控脂质代谢及炎症级联反应等机制发挥肝保护作用。然而,目前抗氧化肽的研究局限于提取工艺标准化不足、机制协同作用解析不深入等问题。基于此,本文系统综述了抗氧化肽的来源及提取工艺,分析抗氧化肽多靶点保肝作用机制,并总结纳米递送系统、解酒护肝功能食品等应用成果,以期对未来进一步探讨抗氧化肽保肝作用机制,规范其制备提取流程、促进抗氧化肽产品研发和临床转化提供理论基础。

氧化应激  /  肝损伤  /  抗氧化肽  /  保肝作用  /  作用机制  /  产品开发

Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes within the body, is a critical inducer of liver damage. It mediates the progression of hepatic injury by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating key signaling pathways, including kelch like ECH associated protein1(Keap1)/ nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/ antioxidant response element (ARE) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). In recent years, antioxidant peptides have become a focus of significant research owing to their potent antioxidant activity and multi-target regulatory properties. These peptides exert hepatoprotective effects by scavenging free radicals, activating antioxidant systems, and regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory cascades. However, research on antioxidant peptides faces challenges, including non-standardized extraction processes and incomplete elucidation of synergistic mechanisms. Consequently, this review systematically summarizes antioxidant peptide sources and extraction technologies, analyzes their multi-target hepatoprotective mechanisms, and discusses applications of nanoparticle delivery systems and functional foods targeting alcohol metabolism and hepatoprotection, along with other recent advances. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating the hepatoprotective mechanisms of antioxidant peptides, standardizing preparation/extraction protocols, and facilitating the research, development, and clinical translation of related products.

oxidative stress  /  liver injury  /  antioxidant peptides  /  hepatoprotective effect  /  mechanism of action  /  product development
丁皙研, 王嘉明, 刘延鑫, 张剑平, 郝在林. 抗氧化肽的保肝作用机制及产品应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 470 -479 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030405
Xiyan DING, Jiaming WANG, Yanxin LIU, Jianping ZHANG, Zailin HAO. Research Progress on the Hepatoprotective Mechanisms of Antioxidant Peptides and Product Application[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 470 -479 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030405
氧化应激引起的活性氧过度积累可诱发线粒体功能障碍、脂质过氧化及炎症级联反应,是酒精性肝病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病等疾病进展的关键驱动因素[1]。肝脏作为人体代谢与解毒的核心器官,长期暴露于内源性代谢产物和外源性毒素环境中,易受到氧化应激的影响[2],可导致肝细胞脂质过氧化[3]、蛋白质变性及DNA损伤[4]、引发炎症级联反应[5]、激活肝星状细胞促进纤维化进程[6]等核心功能,最终诱发脂肪变性、肝炎及肝硬化等病理改变。
近年来,具有高效自由基清除能力和多靶点调控特性的抗氧化肽成为研究热点[7]。这类小分子多肽不仅可直接激活抗氧化系统,还能通过调节Kelch样ECH联合蛋白1(kelch like ECH associated protein1,Keap1)/核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK)以及核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)等信号通路重塑氧化-抗氧化平衡,在肝保护领域展现出独特优势。但现有研究对抗氧化肽的来源体系化分析不足,其制备方法的适用场景与局限性尚未明确。人工合成肽的规模化生产瓶颈等问题,限制了其临床转化潜力[8]。同时,关于抗氧化肽在肝损伤中的协同作用机制,如线粒体自噬调控、脂质代谢重编程与炎症抑制的交叉对话等仍缺乏系统性整合。目前,抗氧化肽在纳米工程及食品等相关领域有较为广泛的应用,应用前景广阔。但仍存在一定问题:如在制作研发过程中,仍存在产品研发深度不足,作用机制不明确等问题。
基于此,本文系统综述了抗氧化肽的来源、其在氧化应激介导肝损伤中的多靶点保护机制以及抗氧化肽的产品应用进展,旨在为抗氧化肽的靶向递送系统设计、结构优化及肝病治疗应用提供理论支撑。
氧化应激是由于活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和抗氧化剂之间的失衡引起的。ROS包括超氧阴离子(O2−)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和羟基自由基等,正常情况下,ROS在细胞代谢、免疫防御等生理过程中发挥作用,但过量会导致细胞大分子如DNA、蛋白质和脂质的损伤[4],氧化应激在肝损伤中的作用机制主要涉及线粒体功能障碍、转录因子调控通路等。肝脏作为代谢和解毒的主要器官,容易受到氧化应激的影响。ROS攻击细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸,生成丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)等终产物,破坏膜结构完整性,导致肝细胞内容物泄漏[9],最终造成肝损伤。
线粒体作为细胞能量代谢与氧化应激调控的核心,其功能障碍通过多重机制驱动氧化应激介导的肝损伤,如图1所示。线粒体损伤与肝病进展形成恶性循环[10]。在肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中,缺血阶段线粒体氧化磷酸化受阻导致三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)耗竭及呼吸链损伤,引发ROS爆发;再灌注时氧供应恢复进一步加剧ROS超载,破坏线粒体结构与功能,激活线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,mPTP)开放,导致膜电位崩溃及细胞色素C释放,触发细胞凋亡和坏死。同时,线粒体分裂/融合失衡形成碎片化线粒体,削弱ROS清除能力,形成氧化应激恶性循环[11]。高血糖环境抑制线粒体自噬,表现为自噬标志物微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ(microtubule-associated protein I light chain 3-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅱ)减少、螯合体1(sequestosome1,SQSTM1/p62)堆积及假定激酶1(PTEN induced putative kinase 1,PINK1)-E3泛素蛋白连接酶(parkinson protein 2,E3 ubiquitin protein ligase,Parkin)通路失活,导致受损线粒体无法被清除,ROS持续累积并激活NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein3,NLRP3)炎症小体,促进炎症因子白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的释放,而激动剂可通过恢复自噬流缓解肝损伤,证实了自噬失调在氧化-炎症正反馈中的关键作用[12]。线粒体能量代谢崩溃不仅直接产生过量ROS和活性氮(reactive nitrogen species,RNS),还会释放线粒体损伤相关分子模式,通过激活Toll样受体(toll like receptors,TLRs)及炎症通路引发全身炎症反应,导致肝脏功能障碍[13]。综上所述,线粒体损伤通过氧化应激、自噬紊乱、炎症激活及细胞死亡通路交织作用的网络化机制导致肝脏功能障碍,为开发肝病精准治疗策略奠定了理论基础。
Keap1/Nrf2/ARE系统是协调细胞抗氧化保护基因表达的关键转录因子调控通路[14],如图2所示。Nrf2主要调节细胞对氧化应激的反应,该反应可导致Keap1对Nrf2的抑制作用减弱,使Nrf2得以从Keap1的束缚中释放,避免蛋白酶体降解,随后Nrf2与负责调控细胞抗氧化反应的DNA序列ARE结合,启动抗氧化和细胞保护基因的转录,以增强细胞对抗氧化应激的能力[15]。若该通路受损,则抗氧化能力下降,ROS积累导致线粒体损伤、内质网应激加剧,并激活NLRP3炎症小体,促进炎症因子释放及细胞凋亡。此外,Nrf2通过调控铁代谢如抗氧化血红素加氧酶1(heme oxygenase 1,HO-1)降解血红素、增强蛋白酶体清除氧化蛋白、维持能量代谢平衡等机制减轻损伤,其功能缺失会加重氧化应激、炎症反应及肝细胞死亡,最终加剧缺血再灌注等肝损伤进程[16]。玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)通过上调Keap1基因表达抑制Nrf2核转位,降低下游HO-1、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)等的活性,导致肝脏氧化应激标志物MDA升高及炎症因子白细胞介素4(interleukin 4,IL-4)/TNF-α增加,引发肝损伤;而通过抑制Keap1表达,激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路,促进抗氧化酶基因转录,恢复肝脏抗氧化能力并降低炎症反应,可缓解ZEN诱导的肝损伤[17]。乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)过量导致Keap1蛋白表达升高,抑制Nrf2核转位,削弱其下游抗氧化基因HO-1和醌氧化还原酶1(quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)的表达,加剧氧化应激,表现为谷胱甘肽(glutathione,r-glutamyl cysteingl+glycine,GSH)耗竭、MDA/ROS升高,导致肝损伤,说明Nrf2通路在调控氧化应激中的核心作用[18]。综上所述,若能竞争性结合Keap1的关键位点,解除Keap1对Nrf2的抑制作用,促进Nrf2入核激活ARE元件,上调抗氧化酶表达,则可改善APAP诱导的肝损伤。
氧化应激介导肝损伤的机制中,NF-κB信号通路是连接氧化损伤与炎症反应的重要环节[19],如图3所示。在酒精性肝损伤中,NF-κB通路的激活通过p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)依赖性磷酸化促进其核转位,诱导NLRP3炎症小体转录及半胱天冬蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)活化,导致IL-1β等促炎因子释放[20],同时乙醇代谢经人体内代谢药物的主要酶细胞色素酶P4502E1(cytochrome P4502E1,CYP2E1)产生的ROS引发脂质过氧化,加剧氧化应激,慢性乙醇暴露抑制Nrf2介导的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)生成,削弱GSH清除ROS能力,形成ROS-NF-κB-炎症恶性循环[21]。在自身免疫性肝炎中,NF-κB核转位诱导TNF-α、IL-1β等促炎因子表达,激活炎症级联反应[22],同时ROS过量生成,进一步激活NF-κB[23],比如线粒体功能障碍和脂质过氧化产物MDA升高,MDA通常用作脂质过氧化的指标,反映ROS水平[24]。ROS攻击肝细胞膜并破坏线粒体功能,导致细胞死亡和纤维化,而NF-κB通路持续活化加剧这一过程[25]。热射病中过量ROS破坏线粒体功能并诱导脂质过氧化,表现为MDA升高,同时抑制抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性,导致氧化-抗氧化失衡[26]。ROS激活NF-κB,促进TNF-α、IL-1β、白细胞介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)等促炎因子释放,而TNF-α进一步激活NF-κB形成正反馈,加剧炎症级联反应[27]。NF-κB作为氧化应激关键介质,通过调控炎症因子促进肝细胞凋亡和坏死,同时抑制热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)等保护性分子伴侣表达[28]。综上所述,阻断NF-κB核转位并促进Nrf2入核,从而降低肝脏ROS水平、恢复抗氧化酶活性并减少炎症因子释放,有利于改善肝细胞损伤和凋亡。
Keap1/Nrf2/ARE信号通路是协调肝脏抗氧化防御、维持线粒体稳态和抑制炎症的核心枢纽。若Keap1上调抑制Nrf2核转位导致关键抗氧化酶HO-1、GSH-Px、SOD、CAT、NQO1表达下降,削弱细胞清除ROS或RNS的能力,导致线粒体ROS超载,造成线粒体氧化应激损伤[29]。同时Keap1/Nrf2/ARE通路的失活丧失了对NF-κB炎症级联反应的负向调控能力,使炎症信号持续放大,形成氧化损伤与炎症反应的协同恶化[30]。线粒体功能障碍,其氧化磷酸化受阻、ATP耗竭,并使PINK1-Parkin通路失活,受损线粒体堆积并持续产生ROS。过量ROS和线粒体损伤释放的分子模式激活NF-κB通路,促进NLRP3炎症小体组装及促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6释放,放大炎症级联反应[5]。NF-κB通路激活释放的炎症因子可反馈性抑制Nrf2核转位及其介导的抗氧化基因表达,同时通过破坏线粒体膜电位、抑制线粒体自噬等方式加剧线粒体功能障碍[31]。综上所述,肝损伤是线粒体自噬缺陷、代谢重编程失调与炎症级联过度激活协同作用的结果。三者形成多重正反馈环路,构成复杂且动态的病理网络。探讨这一协同网络的互作机制,对于开发同时靶向线粒体质量控制、恢复能量代谢平衡和抑制过度炎症反应的多靶点、协同性肝保护策略至关重要。
抗氧化肽来源广泛,可分为天然来源和人工合成来源,天然来源包括动物源、植物源,其制备方法主要包括酶解、微生物发酵、酶-菌协同、化学合成和DNA重组技术等,来源途径的优缺点详见表1。
动物活性肽是指来源于动物蛋白质、动物乳、动物骨骼及其他动物组织,通过发酵、酶解、分离、纯化等步骤得到的具有生物活性的肽段集合。动物骨中富含骨蛋白、骨多糖和骨矿物质等多种营养成分,是动物活性肽的重要来源。Cao等[32]采用酶解法,选用木瓜蛋白酶与底物鸡骨胶原进行配比,分析胶原蛋白水解物后提取出了鸡骨胶原蛋白肽,结果显示该肽具有提高皮肤抗氧化水平等作用。肉类和肉制品是重要的营养来源,对身体的生长、维持和修复起着至关重要的作用,因此肉类也被视为提取生物活性肽的重要资源[33]。Yang等[34]使用木瓜蛋白酶(pH6.2,37 ℃)水解鳄鱼肉蛋白,最终鉴定出抗氧化肽,研究表明含疏水性氨基酸和组氨酸的VPPHIY可通过提供氢原子或电子清除自由基。此外,乳蛋白中的短氨基酸序列构成了乳源生物活性肽,而发酵被认为是获得牛奶衍生肽的一种常用方法[35]。如Tonolo等[36]利用嗜酸乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和嗜热链球菌发酵乳制品制备出一种抗氧化肽,结果显示该肽在保护氧化应激和抑制活性氧产生方面对人结肠腺癌细胞(humancolonadenocarcinomacellline,Caco-2)具有抗氧化作用,且该活性肽能激活Keap1/Nrf2通路,能增强抗氧化酶的活性和表达(P<0.05),通过分子对接分析证实了其抗氧化作用。上述研究表明,鸡骨胶原、鳄鱼肉蛋白及乳蛋白均可提取出具有高抗氧化活性的肽段,这些肽段在保护细胞免受氧化应激损伤等方面展现出显著效果,证实了动物源抗氧化肽的潜在应用价值。
植物活性肽因其原料种类丰富、成本低等优点受到广泛关注[37]。研究证明,从核桃、橄榄和豌豆等植物中分离的活性肽具有许多有益作用。核桃蛋白含有高比例的疏水氨基酸,这与肽的抗氧化活性密切相关[38]。因此,有必要研究核桃抗氧化肽的构效关系,以拓宽核桃蛋白的应用。Fan等[39]从核桃蛋白水解物中鉴定出4种抗氧化肽HADMVFY、NHCQYYL、NLFHKRP以及PSYQPTP,分析其结构特征与其抗氧化活性之间的关系,即在C端或N端含有疏水性氨基酸的肽表现出较高的抗氧化活性,分子对接结果表明,4种肽的一些氨基酸残基通过氢键和疏水性与2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2'-Azinobis- (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)),ABTS)相互作用,发挥抗氧化作用。近年来,蛋白质和肽也被描述为橄榄油微量营养素的一部分[40]。Lopez-Huertas等[41]从初榨橄榄油中水溶提取出内源性肽,其内富含疏水性氨基酸C端利于接触脂质自由基,而含半胱氨酸(C)的肽段可通过巯基直接清除自由基,发挥强抗氧化能力。此外,豆类因其高蛋白质含量而受到关注,是一种廉价、可持续且健康的营养来源,而豌豆由35%~40%的蛋白质组成[42],是活性肽的重要来源。Zhao等[43]运用酶解法从豌豆蛋白水解物中分离纯化抗氧化肽YLVN、EEHLCFR和TFY,研究表明,该类抗氧化肽可显著提高人肝脏正常细胞系LO2的活力(P<0.05),并通过增强H2O2诱导的氧化应激LO2细胞中抗氧化酶的活性,阻止ROS的积累。综上所述,植物是抗氧化肽的重要来源,研究表明植物中的抗氧化肽具有显著抗氧化活性,且其结构特征与抗氧化活性密切相关,因此,植物源抗氧化肽具有广阔的研发与应用前景。
人工合成活性肽是指以化学合成和DNA重组技术产生的多肽,化学合成法中的固相肽合成(solid phase peptide synthesis,SPPS)和液相肽合成(liquid-phase peptide synthesis,LPPS)是两种主要的方法。固相肽合成通过将肽链逐步连接在固相载体上,操作简便且易于纯化,但需制定高效的合成策略和选择合适的缩合试剂,适用于中长链多肽的制备;液相肽合成在液相中进行氨基酸耦合反应,合成规模大且反应条件灵活,但操作复杂且分离纯化困难,适用于短肽及特定结构要求的多肽合成[44]。Jeong等[45]采用SPPS制备出咖啡酰肽衍生物,加入天冬酰胺可使该肽表现最高的抗氧化活性和稳定性,DPPH自由基清除能力测试为92.5%,说明天冬酰胺侧链酰胺基与咖啡酸邻二酚氧化还原活性中心的精确配位,能稳定氧化态结构。Deng等[46]从柄海鞘中固相肽合成天然抗氧化五肽LWHTH,该肽能够有效清除多种自由基、具有较强的还原能力,并在体外和体内实验中显示出显著的细胞保护和肝保护作用。DNA重组技术是基因工程手段,它涉及将目标肽的基因序列整合到宿主细胞的基因组,利用宿主的生物机制持续生产目标肽,该技术的实施前提是明确目标肽的氨基酸排列顺序,尽管DNA重组技术的操作过程相对繁琐,但一旦流程确立,就能有效地利用微生物发酵技术,以低廉的原料大规模生产目标肽[8]。综上所述,人工合成抗氧化肽因操作复杂或需明确氨基酸序列等局限性并未广泛普及,但其具备优点,如固相肽合成简便纯化、DNA重组技术能大规模生产。未来,随着技术改进,这些方法在活性肽制备中将更具可行性。
综上所述,以上不同来源的抗氧化肽通过酶解、发酵、人工合成等方法获得,提取方法的不同可能导致抗氧化肽的生物活性存在差异。若采用酶解法,动物来源的鸡骨胶原的特定酶配比和酶解植物源核桃肽的疏水氨基酸筛选,依赖酶种类、pH及温度等参数优化,可能直接影响肽段结构如C端疏水性及活性强度。而人工合成法如SPPS中天冬酰胺的精准修饰虽可定向设计活性中心,但操作复杂性易引入批次差异。为统一生物活性,需建立跨方法的核心标准:首先规范原料预处理,统一动物或植物组织的脱脂、粉碎及灭菌流程[47];其次控制关键工艺参数,如使用酶解法时的酶底比、温度时间梯度,或合成中缩合试剂纯度[48];另外,制定活性导向纯化阶梯,规定超滤分子量截留范围、层析分离步骤及活性检测节点如ABTS+或DPPH自由基清除率、细胞抗氧化模型及Keap1/Nrf2通路验证[49];最后构建构效数据库支撑,整合疏水氨基酸分布如C端疏水簇、关键基团如半胱氨酸巯基等结构特征与活性关联数据,指导质量评价[50]。通过上述标准化体系,可弥合不同提取技术导致的活性波动,为确保抗氧化肽的生物活性一致性提供可能。
抗氧化肽通过直接清除ROS或激活内源性抗氧化酶系统,是缓解氧化应激性肝损伤的核心机制,如图4所示。多项研究表明,Nrf2信号及其下游的抗氧化酶通路在此过程中发挥关键作用。Wang等[51]从鲣鱼鱼卵蛋白中分离的12种抗氧化肽中,筛选出的5种肽对H2O2诱导的肝细胞损伤具有显著保护作用(P<0.001或P<0.005),并可能通过激活Nrf2通路提升抗氧化酶活性,同时降低ROS水平。Ma等[52]的研究进一步证实,螺旋藻低分子量肽段LMWSPs在1000 μg/mL浓度下,可使H2O2损伤的LO2肝细胞内MDA含量降低71.5%,SOD活性提升71.42%(P<0.01),同时ROS和NO水平分别降至损伤组的36.73%和28.49%(P<0.01)。Yu等[53]和Yu等[54]的研究分别揭示了乳清蛋白肽与玉米胚芽粕肽通过激活Nrf2通路或直接提升GSH含量,其中玉米胚芽粕肽可以通过显著增强肝脏SOD活性和GSH水平、降低MDA含量(P<0.01)以抑制脂质过氧化,同时下调CYP2E1表达以减少ROS的产生,从而缓解酒精诱导的氧化应激及肝损伤。Park等[55]发现磷虾蛋白水解物中1~3 kDa肽段在乙醇诱导的小鼠模型中显著提升肝脏SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性(P<0.05),并通过上调Nrf2及其下游HO-1的蛋白表达激活内源性抗氧化防御系统,实现对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。这些研究共同表明,抗氧化肽通过靶向Nrf2通路或直接增强抗氧化酶活性,构成肝损伤保护的第一道防线。
在代谢性肝损伤中,抗氧化肽通过调控脂质代谢相关通路,减少脂质蓄积并协同缓解氧化应激。Wang等[56]从鮸鱼(Miiuy croaker)鱼鳔中分离的两种抗氧化肽FSGLR和GIEWA能够提高细胞内SOD、GSH-Px和CAT的活性,降低MDA的产生,下调固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(sterol-regulatory element binding proteins1,SREBP-1),对非酒精性脂肪肝具有保护作用。此外,Vijayan等[57]发现鲨鱼皮胶原肽(fish collagen peptide,FCP)可以通过增强SOD和CAT活性降低氧化应激,FCP下调肝脏脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)和胆固醇合成限速酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,HMGCR)的表达,减少肝脏组织中的胆固醇蓄积,从而减轻肝损伤。Wayal等[58]通过人工设计合成肽EWYF/EWFY的实验,证实Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1通路的激活是其清除ROS的核心机制,同时显著抑制脂质过氧化标志物4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal,4-HNE)的表达(P<0.05)。Ye等[59]的研究揭示安康鱼肽通过激活Nrf2通路,增加下游HO-1和NQO1表达,减轻氧化应激;上调磷酸化AMPK,抑制SREBP-1表达,促进脂肪酸氧化,通过AMPK/Nrf2双通路协调改善肝脏脂质代谢紊乱。Wu等[60]进一步在游离脂肪酸诱导的人肝癌细胞HepG2非酒精性脂肪性肝病模型中证实,安康鱼鱼鳔肽通过AMPK/Nrf2协同作用,使甘油三酯和总胆固醇蓄积减少。此外,Sauvé等[61]发现牛乳源糖巨肽通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路减少肝脏脂质沉积,并激活Nrf2信号上调谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1(glutathione peroxidase1,GPX1)表达(P<0.05),改善代谢性内毒素血症和胰岛素抵抗。由上可知,抗氧化肽不仅直接清除ROS,还可通过调节脂质代谢关键节点如AMPK、SREBP-1,实现代谢与氧化应激的双重调控,为代谢性肝病的干预提供了新思路。
肝损伤进程中,氧化应激与炎症反应往往形成恶性循环。抗氧化肽通过抑制NF-κB等促炎信号通路,下调炎症因子表达,并与其他机制协同发挥保护作用。Yan等[62]在CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化模型中发现,抗菌肽APKGVQGPNG通过抑制NF-κB通路,使TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平显著下降(P<0.05),减轻肝脏炎症级联反应和纤维化进程。类似地,Zhu等[63]证实海参肽HEPFYGNEGALR通过抑制NF-κB核转位使IL-6和TNF-α表达降低,并减轻线粒体损伤、抑制线粒体凋亡通路,间接缓解炎症反应,双重阻断炎症级联反应,从而减轻急性酒精性肝损伤。Wang等[64]的研究进一步表明,牡蛎肽通过协同抑制NF-κB和激活Nrf2/ARE通路,使酒精性肝损伤小鼠的TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA表达分别降低30.20%和12.61%(P<0.05),缓解酒精性肝损伤。此外,He等[65]研究表明海参胶原肽通过促进Nrf2核转位及抑制NF-κB,降低IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平,同时增强磷脂酰肌醇3激酶-蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol3-kinase-protein kinase B,PI3K-Akt)抗炎通路,协同减轻肝脏炎症损伤。Lin等[66]发现菲律宾蛤仔酶解肽在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞中显著升高SOD、GSH-PX及CAT活性(P<0.05),并显著降低细胞及小鼠血清中的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β水平(P<0.001),通过增强抗氧化防御与抑制炎症因子释放,缓解LPS诱导的急性炎症及肝组织损伤。这些研究凸显抗氧化肽在抑制炎症反应及多通路协同中的综合调控潜力。
抗氧化肽-纳米颗粒复合物作为一种新兴的创新型产品,已被系统性的开发和应用。该纳米系统常与虾青素、花青素等抗氧化剂复配,实现抗氧化肽-抗氧化剂协同增效,在延缓皮肤光老化、改善代谢综合征相关氧化损伤等领域展现出独特优势。通过纳米包埋技术将抗氧化活性肽与生物相容性纳米载体结合,能够显著提升活性成分的稳定性和生物利用度[67],如图4所示。有研究发现,将壳聚糖、果胶等纳米颗粒用于包埋牛骨胶原肽,可以提高其在胃肠道中的稳定性和缓释性能[68]。郑昌亮等[69]研究发现,壳聚糖/三聚磷酸钠(chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate,CS/TPP)和壳聚糖/亚麻籽胶(chitosan/flaxseed gum,CS/FG)复合纳米颗粒负载鳙鱼肽(bighead carp peptides,BCP)能显著降低细胞内ROS水平,且该纳米颗粒体系的抗氧化稳定性优于游离肽。克服了活性肽自身在稳定性、生物利用度和靶向递送效率方面的局限,得益于这些显著的技术优势,纳米递送系统在调控肝脏氧化应激和保护肝功能方面显示出巨大的应用潜力。Jiang等[70]通过绿色合成法开发了金枪鱼多肽-硒纳米颗粒,该颗粒通过肽介导的纳米硒递送系统,可以有效激活单核吞噬功能、增强肝脏抗氧化活性以改善肝脏功能,这一创新为开发靶向治疗肝损伤的药物奠定了理论基础。Huang等[71]构建了海参肽-原花青素纳米颗粒,该粒径可控的食品级纳米递送系统可有效调控氧化应激通路、清除自由基、保护线粒体功能以及抑制肝细胞损伤,并可以抑制肝肿瘤细胞的生长,提高肝癌小鼠的存活率,为肝癌的药物开发提供了实验依据。后续研究发现该颗粒负载虾青素后,可显著提升虾青素的抗氧化稳定性与生物利用度,显著改善肝纤维化病理特征[72]。在被成功应用于代谢相关肝损伤防治和肝纤维化/肝癌干预的基础上,纳米递送技术靶向治疗酒精性肝损伤的研究也获得了突破性进展。Lü等[73]以乳清分离蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)为载体,通过美拉德反应接枝肝靶向基团半乳寡糖(galactooligosaccharides,GOS)和抗氧化肽海参肽(sea cucumber peptide,SCP),并通过酰胺反应修饰线粒体靶向基团三苯基膦(triphenylphosphonium,TPP),形成双靶向载体SCP-WPI-GOS-TPP(SWGT)复合物,体内实验证明负载虾青素(astaxanthin,AXT)后构建的AXT@SWGT纳米颗粒能够缓解肝脏氧化应激,缓解酒精性肝损伤。未来可以探索更多新型纳米载体在抗氧化肽递送中的应用,有望构建多样化且高效的抗氧化肽-纳米递送系统,加速推进此类系统从实验室研究迈向终端产品开发进程。
抗氧化肽作为一种具有显著生物活性的膳食补充剂,近年来在解酒保肝领域得到了广泛关注和应用。但其从功能发现到成熟终端产品开发过程中仍面临诸多挑战。在相关研究成果产业化方面,更多地流向了“肽酒”的开发方向,这主要得益于该方向技术转化门槛较低、市场基础明确且能较好地契合传统消费场景。如图4所示,日常服用抗氧化肽功能性食品可增强代谢酶活性、清除自由基、缓解氧化应激,促进乙醇代谢,有效解酒护肝。曾允灏等[74]通过酶解法制备大鲵肝肽,并创新性将其与白酒复配开发出大鲵肝肽酒,该产品可以通过增强代谢酶活性及抗氧化能力,减轻肝脏的氧化应激反应,显著缓解酒精性肝损伤,拓展了抗氧化肽在解酒护肝功能性食品中的新用途。苏桐等[75]发现53%乙醇配制的牛骨胶原蛋白肽酒可清除自由基缓解氧化应激,减轻小鼠肝细胞脂肪变性及结构损伤,是一款兼具饮酒需求和肝保护功能的新型肽酒产品。王雅凝等[76]以生物活性肽和白酒为原料制备露酒,发现玉米肽-1在0.63~5.00 mg/mL浓度范围内可显著促进LO2肝细胞自噬活性,且其效果优于小麦肽-1、小麦肽-6及玉米肽-3,并测试出48%vol清香型基酒,添加15.09 mg/mL玉米肽-1为露酒的最佳工艺条件,该露酒能够减轻酒精诱导的肝细胞变性及炎性浸润,在一定程度上可以减少酒精性肝损伤的产生。然而,需要指出的是,“肽酒”并非抗氧化肽用于功能性产品的唯一载体形式。随着生物活性肽研究的深入和应用需求的多元化,研究者也在积极探索其他更广泛、更具适应性的产品形态。苏文等[77]采用50%大鲵肝肽+48%葛根粉+1%西洋参粉+1%薄荷的复配方案,成功制备出便于携带、服用的兼具抗氧化与解酒功能的大鲵肝肽蜜制丸,在饮酒前服用大鲵肝肽蜜制丸,可使体内乙醇的分解率提高50%,起到快速解酒的作用。拓展了抗氧化肽在解酒护肝功能性食品中的新形式。魏炳琦等[78]以胶原蛋白肽、肝肽、骨髓肽三种生物活性肽为原料构建生物活性肽复合饮品,并制备成固体型、浓缩型、饮料型,研究发现三种剂型均能显著降低小鼠的酒精性肝损伤(P<0.05),其中浓缩型效果最优,该活性肽复合饮品对酒精性肝损伤具有显著保护作用。目前,抗氧化肽的产品开发主要集中于解酒护肝领域并取得了一定进展,但在脂肪肝、肝硬化等其他非酒精性肝损伤疾病的预防、治疗应用探索尚未见报道,未来仍需加强其在非酒精性因素肝病中的应用策略研究。
氧化应激介导肝损伤机制复杂,这使得抗氧化肽的开发具有研究意义的同时,也存在着一定挑战。本文系统综述了氧化应激介导肝损伤中的多靶点保护机制、抗氧化肽保肝作用机制以及产品应用进展。研究结果表明,目前关于抗氧化肽的有关研究,仍存在很多亟待解决的问题。现将有关问题整理阐述如下:a.在抗氧化肽的制备上,不同来源的提取工艺,如酶解条件、纯化方法,缺乏标准化流程,导致产物分子量分布不均、活性成分差异显著,影响其生物效应的一致性。b.在作用机制研究方面,现有成果多聚焦单一通路,如Nrf2或NF-κB等,对线粒体自噬调控、代谢重编程与炎症抑制的协同网络解析不足,缺乏系统性整合研究。c.在产品应用领域中,虽然抗氧化肽在食品及相关领域已有较多的应用,但仍存在产品研发深度不足等问题。目前多集中于解酒饮品的开发,仍存在产品类型单一、应用场景局限等问题。
基于以上问题,对后续研究做出以下展望:a.应针对抗氧化肽不同来源的提取工艺进行进一步探究,可采用多种提取工艺联合应用。另外,应制定标准化提取流程,以确保抗氧化肽提取制备过程的稳定、高效。b.深化多靶点机制研究,深入探究抗氧化肽作用机制的具体分子路径,不局限于动物实验。c.增加抗氧化肽相关产品的多样性,扩大其应用范围。除此之外,还应加速临床转化研究,开发肝靶向纳米递送系统。
综上,抗氧化肽作为多靶点肝保护剂具有重要开发价值。通过技术融合与转化,有望构建从活性筛选、机制解析到产品创新的全链条研发体系,为肝病防治提供新策略。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030405
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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    1河南中医药大学医学院,河南郑州 450046
    2内蒙古肽好生物制品有限公司,内蒙古锡林浩特 010100

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刘延鑫(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:中医药抗感染及免疫性疾病机制研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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