Article(id=1320883559406088320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030394, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852781392, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852781392, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852781392, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852781392, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=240, endPage=249, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883559775187073, articleId=1320883559406088320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of the Cryoprotectant for Composite Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Its Protective Mechanism, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the survival rate of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum during freeze-drying, this study developed a composite cryoprotectant and prepared freeze-dried bacterial powder using vacuum freeze-drying technology. The composition of the composite cryoprotectant was optimized through single-factor and orthogonal experiments to enhance bacterial viability in the freeze-dried powder. The protective effects were evaluated by comparing viability before and after freeze-drying, measuring cell membrane and cell wall integrity, observing cellular microstructure, and assessing storage stability. The protective mechanism was further investigated via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the freeze-dried powder, differential scanning calorimetry to determine thermal properties, quantification of subcellular damage, live-dead cell staining, and lactate dehydrogenase activity assays. Results showed that the optimal composite cryoprotectant formulation consisted of 0.15 g/mL skim milk powder, 0.06 g/mL trehalose, 0.03 g/mL Tween 80, and 0.014 g/mL L-glutamic acid. After 60 days of storage at −20 ℃, the freeze-dried powder exhibited a survival rate of 59.64%±1.74% and a viable count of (4.58±0.13)×109 CFU/mL. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cells treated with the composite cryoprotectant maintained intact morphology with smooth surfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated integration of cryoprotectant components into bacterial cells, strengthening hydrogen bonding. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated enhanced thermal stability of the freeze-dried powder. Cell membrane and wall damage assays showed significant (P<0.001) reduction in structural damage, while lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly (P<0.0001). Correlation analysis suggested that the composite cryoprotectant improved survival primarily by preserving membrane integrity and enhancing lactate dehydrogenase activity. This study developed an effective composite cryoprotectant for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. It elucidated its protective mechanisms, providing a theoretical basis for the application of cryoprotectants in probiotics, such as lactic acid bacteria.

, authors=Ye XIAO, Ruili LI, Xiaomei BIE*, authorsList=Ye XIAO, Ruili LI, Xiaomei BIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaomei BIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883565722710170, articleId=1320883559406088320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=复合植物乳杆菌冻干保护剂优化及其作用机制, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效提高植物乳杆菌在冻干过程中的细胞存活率,本研究开发了一种用于复合植物乳杆菌冻干保护剂,并采用真空冷冻干燥技术制备复合植物乳杆菌冻干菌剂。通过单因素实验与正交试验优化复合冻干保护剂的组分配比,提高冻干菌粉中植物乳杆菌的存活率。此外,通过冻干前后活力对比、细胞膜细胞壁完整性测定、菌体细胞微观结构观察、贮存稳定性测定确定复合保护剂的作用效果;通过对冻干菌粉傅里叶红外光谱分析、差示量热法测定热力学性能、细胞亚损伤测定、活死细胞荧光染色、乳酸脱氢酶活性测定进一步探究了冻干保护剂对植物乳杆菌的冻干保护作用机制。结果表明,复合冻干保护剂的最优配比为:0.15 g/mL脱脂奶粉、0.06 g/mL海藻糖、0.03 g/mL 吐温80、L-谷氨酸0.014 g/mL。添加复合冻干保护剂的植物乳杆菌冻干菌粉在−20 ℃条件下保存60 d后,菌体细胞存活率维持在59.64%±1.74%,且活菌数仍有(4.58±0.13)×109 CFU/mL。扫描电镜观察结果显示,经复合冻干保护剂处理,植物乳杆菌菌体微观形态完整、细胞表面光滑。傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,复合冻干保护剂中各组分整合到了细胞上,增强了氢键作用。差示扫描量热分析结果表明,复合冻干保护剂增强了冻干菌粉的热稳定性。细胞壁膜损伤试验结果表明,复合冻干保护剂可显著(P<0.001)降低冻干过程对细胞壁的损伤,并维持细胞膜完整性。此外,复合冻干保护剂可显著(P<0.0001)提高菌体乳酸脱氢酶活性。同时,相关性分析结果表明复合冻干保护剂主要是通过提高植物乳杆菌菌体细胞的乳酸脱氢酶活性以及保护细胞壁膜完整性,从而有效提高其在冻干过程中的存活率。本研究制备了一种可有效用于植物乳杆菌的复合冻干保护剂,并阐明其对植物乳杆菌的保护机制,可为乳酸菌等益生菌冻干保护剂的应用提供理论依据。

, authors=肖烨, 李瑞丽, 别小妹*, authorsList=肖烨, 李瑞丽, 别小妹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=别小妹, authorNote=

肖烨(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

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别小妹(1964−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
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肖烨(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

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Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 2023, 84: 103251., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883582294405378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=E Jingjing, WANG Peixi, ZHANG Yue, et al. Harnessing L-Cysteine to enhance lyophilization tolerance in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Insights into cellular protection mechanisms[J]. LWT, 2024, 208: 116690., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883582361514243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN Yue, HE Zuyan, HE Laping, et al. Effect of freeze-dried protectants on the survival rate and fermentation performance of fermented milk’s directed vat set starters[J]. Cryobiology, 2024, 114: 104811., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883582437011716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABADIAS M, BENABARRE A, TEIXIDÓ N, et al. Effect of freeze drying and protectants on viability of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2001, 65(3): 173−182., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883582508314885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Youxin, WANG Ruixue, CHEN Zichao, et al. Effects of exogenous amino acids on the freeze-drying survival rate of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1[J]. Drying Technology, 2024, 42(4): 650−660., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883582592200966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MONTANARI C, SADO K S L, SERRAZANETTI D I, et al. Synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids in Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and their cellular fatty acids changes following short term acid and cold stresses[J]. Food Microbiology, 2010, 27(4): 493−502., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883582684475655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SILVA S F A, ACOSTA-HERNÁNDEZ B, RADUÁN J J, et al. Preservation of Malassezia pachydermatis using skimmed milk as cryoprotective agent[J]. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2017, 132: 166−167., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883582751584520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAJIDZADEH H R, GHIASVAND M, REZAEI E, et al. Assessing the viability of three Lactobacillus bacterial species protected in the cryoprotectants containing whey and maltodextrin during freeze-drying process[J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2022, 74(4): 505−512., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883565961785499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883565974368412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, companyId=1320883565961785499, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883565986951325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, companyId=1320883565961785499, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京农业大学食品科技学院,江苏南京 210095)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883569292062903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Determination of the concentration of the basic protective agent, figureFileSmall=BeMEtja3FjF1qvC9e+C1KA==, figureFileBig=dao1qP9QkHq/BZU8c0mFRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883569375948984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基础保护剂的浓度的确定

注:不同字母表示组间有显著差异(P<0.05),图2~图3、图5、图8、图10同。

, figureFileSmall=BeMEtja3FjF1qvC9e+C1KA==, figureFileBig=dao1qP9QkHq/BZU8c0mFRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883569589858489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Single-factor experiment for the optimization of auxiliary cryoprotectant, figureFileSmall=V5GIk1NAn8rXpusQR6e8XA==, figureFileBig=1rJhE8Zmzr4ggcfnhyy7OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883569661161658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图2, caption=辅助保护剂优化单因素实验, figureFileSmall=V5GIk1NAn8rXpusQR6e8XA==, figureFileBig=1rJhE8Zmzr4ggcfnhyy7OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883569728270523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparative verification of the viability of freeze-dried bacterial powder, figureFileSmall=WTcQEYN87tvHH4993NpPSg==, figureFileBig=jxN8dH5om7yScS+YI7hCEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883569799573692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图3, caption=冻干菌粉的活力对比验证

注:****表示组间差异显著(P<0.0001);不同字母表示组间有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=WTcQEYN87tvHH4993NpPSg==, figureFileBig=jxN8dH5om7yScS+YI7hCEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883569866682557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried bacterial powder (10000×), figureFileSmall=XrEroVSsSQBdbudZJvCaYw==, figureFileBig=sjzK2H/e/kO2OpB2IzB/kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883569958957246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冻干菌粉扫描电镜图(10000×)

注:A. 复合冻干保护剂;B. 对照组;C. 去除复合冻干保护剂;D. 对照组(去除复合冻干保护剂)。

, figureFileSmall=XrEroVSsSQBdbudZJvCaYw==, figureFileBig=sjzK2H/e/kO2OpB2IzB/kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883570026066111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Freeze-dried bacterial powder storage stability curve, figureFileSmall=j8MraUfIkDXtOYR5Jjps0Q==, figureFileBig=bEr9EA2UvT3OxivK+b1o1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883570088980672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图5, caption=冻干菌粉贮存稳定性曲线, figureFileSmall=j8MraUfIkDXtOYR5Jjps0Q==, figureFileBig=bEr9EA2UvT3OxivK+b1o1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883570156089537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of five cryoprotectants on the FTIR of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, figureFileSmall=Tcj4rna3KoVxe+PaREwn7w==, figureFileBig=4VVd7OE0swmeMCalksGb6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883570231587010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图6, caption=五种冻干保护剂对植物乳杆菌FTIR的影响, figureFileSmall=Tcj4rna3KoVxe+PaREwn7w==, figureFileBig=4VVd7OE0swmeMCalksGb6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883570315473091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of freeze-drying cryoprotectants on the thermodynamic properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, figureFileSmall=xlgerUkuS+UgMstGWfW5Iw==, figureFileBig=LK3vravJ63Ia41djxaS1UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883570378387652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图7, caption=冻干保护剂对植物乳杆菌热力学性能的影响, figureFileSmall=xlgerUkuS+UgMstGWfW5Iw==, figureFileBig=LK3vravJ63Ia41djxaS1UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883570441302213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of cryoprotectant on the subcellular structure of freeze-dried Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, figureFileSmall=WIwhJsUeMdQxu7aUw7wktw==, figureFileBig=UsoXOKWS2QhClPh53/cHOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572198715590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图8, caption=复合保护剂对冻干植物乳杆菌亚细胞结构的影响

注:A. 冻干保护剂对冻干植物乳杆菌细胞壁完整性的影响;B. 冻干保护剂对冻干植物乳杆菌细胞膜完整性的影响;***表示组间差异显著(P<0.001);****表示组间差异显著(P<0.0001);不同字母表示组间有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=WIwhJsUeMdQxu7aUw7wktw==, figureFileBig=UsoXOKWS2QhClPh53/cHOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572261630151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of adding compound cryoprotectant on the integrity of the cell membrane of freeze-dried Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, figureFileSmall=Zqxw7kXXHOtC96zb40f+Ow==, figureFileBig=jGBB4JHoRoU345NW8aSDzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572337127624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图9, caption=添加复合冻干保护剂对冷冻干燥后植物乳杆菌细胞膜完整性的影响

注:A1~A6:SYTO染色发出绿色荧光的细胞膜完整的细胞;B1~B6:PI染色的细胞膜破损的细胞;C1~C6:两种荧光染色照片合并图像。1~6号代表不同的六组,1组为在PBS中冻干的细菌细胞对照组,2组为添加单一海藻糖为保护剂的细菌细胞实验组,3组为添加L-谷氨酸的实验组,4组为添加脱脂奶粉的实验组,5组为添加吐温80的实验组,6组为添加复合保护剂的实验组。

, figureFileSmall=Zqxw7kXXHOtC96zb40f+Ow==, figureFileBig=jGBB4JHoRoU345NW8aSDzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572609757385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of adding compound cryoprotectants on the lactate dehydrogenase activity of freeze-dried Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, figureFileSmall=WUG56VlzAg17b1eW94X1UQ==, figureFileBig=4NHFaOZr8DfAwPn5To75WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572693643466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图10, caption=添加复合冻干保护剂对冻干植物乳杆菌乳酸脱氢酶活性的影响

注:****表示组间差异显著(P<0.0001);不同字母表示组间有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=WUG56VlzAg17b1eW94X1UQ==, figureFileBig=4NHFaOZr8DfAwPn5To75WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572760752331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Results of correlation analysis, figureFileSmall=Zei1pcLAtkq8yAS1ZYjakg==, figureFileBig=vsoB7w7Wkv9sM2OpdMP1hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883572819472588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图11, caption=相关性分析结果

注:*表示组间有显著差异(P<0.05),*的数量表示组间差异显著性水平的程度:**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001,****表示P<0.0001。

, figureFileSmall=Zei1pcLAtkq8yAS1ZYjakg==, figureFileBig=vsoB7w7Wkv9sM2OpdMP1hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573020799181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Mechanism schematic of cryoprotection for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum during freeze-drying, figureFileSmall=Zt8ldSUIlLfxsuC7u8P0dQ==, figureFileBig=TNY8jhdeoHNPn4hn5wFjew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573100490958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=图12, caption=植物乳杆菌冻干保护剂的作用机制示意图, figureFileSmall=Zt8ldSUIlLfxsuC7u8P0dQ==, figureFileBig=TNY8jhdeoHNPn4hn5wFjew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883573184377039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Orthogonal experimental factors and levels for optimization of auxiliary cryoprotectant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A海藻糖浓度
(g/mL)
B吐温80浓度
(mL/mL)
C L-谷氨酸浓度
(g/mL)
10.030.020.010
20.060.030.012
30.090.040.014
), ArticleFig(id=1320883573255680208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

辅助保护剂优化正交试验因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A海藻糖浓度
(g/mL)
B吐温80浓度
(mL/mL)
C L-谷氨酸浓度
(g/mL)
10.030.020.010
20.060.030.012
30.090.040.014
), ArticleFig(id=1320883573457006801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of the orthogonal experimental design for optimization of auxiliary cryoprotectant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A(海藻糖)B(吐温80)C(L-谷氨酸)冻干存活率(%)
111170.43
212280.37
313378.29
421281.08
522393.29
623192.15
731369.91
832158.87
933270.43
K16.8736.6426.643
K27.9966.9766.218
K35.2386.4887.245
R0.3060.0540.114
), ArticleFig(id=1320883573528309970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

辅助保护剂优化正交试验设计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A(海藻糖)B(吐温80)C(L-谷氨酸)冻干存活率(%)
111170.43
212280.37
313378.29
421281.08
522393.29
623192.15
731369.91
832158.87
933270.43
K16.8736.6426.643
K27.9966.9766.218
K35.2386.4887.245
R0.3060.0540.114
), ArticleFig(id=1320883573595418835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance for optimization of orthogonal test of auxiliary cryoprotectant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源离差平方和自由度F值P值显著性
A(海藻糖)0.427216178248.936751950.00000005*
B(吐温-80)0.01380583321.5814303870.23296097
C(L-谷氨酸)0.05915506226.7760931310.00640011*
误差0.03756100320
), ArticleFig(id=1320883573662527700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883559406088320, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

辅助保护剂正交试验优化方差分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源离差平方和自由度F值P值显著性
A(海藻糖)0.427216178248.936751950.00000005*
B(吐温-80)0.01380583321.5814303870.23296097
C(L-谷氨酸)0.05915506226.7760931310.00640011*
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复合植物乳杆菌冻干保护剂优化及其作用机制
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肖烨 , 李瑞丽 , 别小妹 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(8): 240-249
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (8) : 240 -249
复合植物乳杆菌冻干保护剂优化及其作用机制
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肖烨 , 李瑞丽, 别小妹*
作者信息
  • 南京农业大学食品科技学院,江苏南京 210095
通讯作者:
别小妹(1964−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
作者简介:

肖烨(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Optimization of the Cryoprotectant for Composite Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Its Protective Mechanism
Ye XIAO , Ruili LI, Xiaomei BIE*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030394
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为有效提高植物乳杆菌在冻干过程中的细胞存活率,本研究开发了一种用于复合植物乳杆菌冻干保护剂,并采用真空冷冻干燥技术制备复合植物乳杆菌冻干菌剂。通过单因素实验与正交试验优化复合冻干保护剂的组分配比,提高冻干菌粉中植物乳杆菌的存活率。此外,通过冻干前后活力对比、细胞膜细胞壁完整性测定、菌体细胞微观结构观察、贮存稳定性测定确定复合保护剂的作用效果;通过对冻干菌粉傅里叶红外光谱分析、差示量热法测定热力学性能、细胞亚损伤测定、活死细胞荧光染色、乳酸脱氢酶活性测定进一步探究了冻干保护剂对植物乳杆菌的冻干保护作用机制。结果表明,复合冻干保护剂的最优配比为:0.15 g/mL脱脂奶粉、0.06 g/mL海藻糖、0.03 g/mL 吐温80、L-谷氨酸0.014 g/mL。添加复合冻干保护剂的植物乳杆菌冻干菌粉在−20 ℃条件下保存60 d后,菌体细胞存活率维持在59.64%±1.74%,且活菌数仍有(4.58±0.13)×109 CFU/mL。扫描电镜观察结果显示,经复合冻干保护剂处理,植物乳杆菌菌体微观形态完整、细胞表面光滑。傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,复合冻干保护剂中各组分整合到了细胞上,增强了氢键作用。差示扫描量热分析结果表明,复合冻干保护剂增强了冻干菌粉的热稳定性。细胞壁膜损伤试验结果表明,复合冻干保护剂可显著(P<0.001)降低冻干过程对细胞壁的损伤,并维持细胞膜完整性。此外,复合冻干保护剂可显著(P<0.0001)提高菌体乳酸脱氢酶活性。同时,相关性分析结果表明复合冻干保护剂主要是通过提高植物乳杆菌菌体细胞的乳酸脱氢酶活性以及保护细胞壁膜完整性,从而有效提高其在冻干过程中的存活率。本研究制备了一种可有效用于植物乳杆菌的复合冻干保护剂,并阐明其对植物乳杆菌的保护机制,可为乳酸菌等益生菌冻干保护剂的应用提供理论依据。

冷冻干燥  /  复合冻干保护剂  /  益生菌存活率  /  细胞膜  /  稳定性

To improve the survival rate of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum during freeze-drying, this study developed a composite cryoprotectant and prepared freeze-dried bacterial powder using vacuum freeze-drying technology. The composition of the composite cryoprotectant was optimized through single-factor and orthogonal experiments to enhance bacterial viability in the freeze-dried powder. The protective effects were evaluated by comparing viability before and after freeze-drying, measuring cell membrane and cell wall integrity, observing cellular microstructure, and assessing storage stability. The protective mechanism was further investigated via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the freeze-dried powder, differential scanning calorimetry to determine thermal properties, quantification of subcellular damage, live-dead cell staining, and lactate dehydrogenase activity assays. Results showed that the optimal composite cryoprotectant formulation consisted of 0.15 g/mL skim milk powder, 0.06 g/mL trehalose, 0.03 g/mL Tween 80, and 0.014 g/mL L-glutamic acid. After 60 days of storage at −20 ℃, the freeze-dried powder exhibited a survival rate of 59.64%±1.74% and a viable count of (4.58±0.13)×109 CFU/mL. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cells treated with the composite cryoprotectant maintained intact morphology with smooth surfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated integration of cryoprotectant components into bacterial cells, strengthening hydrogen bonding. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated enhanced thermal stability of the freeze-dried powder. Cell membrane and wall damage assays showed significant (P<0.001) reduction in structural damage, while lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly (P<0.0001). Correlation analysis suggested that the composite cryoprotectant improved survival primarily by preserving membrane integrity and enhancing lactate dehydrogenase activity. This study developed an effective composite cryoprotectant for Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. It elucidated its protective mechanisms, providing a theoretical basis for the application of cryoprotectants in probiotics, such as lactic acid bacteria.

freeze drying  /  cryoprotectant  /  probiotic survival rate  /  cell membrane  /  stability
肖烨, 李瑞丽, 别小妹. 复合植物乳杆菌冻干保护剂优化及其作用机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 240 -249 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030394
Ye XIAO, Ruili LI, Xiaomei BIE. Optimization of the Cryoprotectant for Composite Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Its Protective Mechanism[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 240 -249 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030394
乳酸菌(Lactic acid bacteria,LAB)属于革兰氏阳性菌家族,具有独特的生物学特性。这类细菌不产生芽孢,其显著特征是能够利用可发酵碳水化合物高效产生乳酸[1]。植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)是一种兼性异型发酵乳酸菌。它是一种适应性极强的物种,通常是酸菜、泡菜、橄榄、酸面团、乳制品等食物中的主要物种之一。植物乳杆菌可以从不同的糖中获取能量,由于高耐酸性,植物乳杆菌在许多食物发酵中占据主导地位[2−3]。作为在食品领域应用广泛的一类益生菌,植物乳杆菌能够改善食品风味、增加食品营养价值[4]。植物乳杆菌进入生物体内,具有产生抑菌代谢产物、抗炎、抗氧化、降低胆固醇、调节宿主肠道菌群平衡、提高免疫功能等益生作用[5−9]。
植物乳杆菌应用于食品时,其粉末产品与液体产品相比更便于运输和加工操作[10],且能长时间保持其生物活性,有助于延长产品的保质期[11]。目前常用的制作菌粉的技术是真空冷冻干燥技术。然而,真空冷冻干燥技术会对菌体造成不可避免的伤害[12]。为了提高益生菌冻干后活性,一般采取优化益生菌培养条件、优化益生菌预冻条件、在冻干前进行应激处理、添加冻干保护剂等[13]手段。其中添加冻干保护剂是一种最常用的提升益生菌抗冻干性的方法[13]。Cao等[14]添加脱脂奶粉后冻干的菌粉易于储存且不易氧化。Wang等[15]研究了海藻糖对植物乳杆菌抗冻干性的保护机制,从而发现海藻糖可以降低植物乳杆菌在冻干时的细胞膜损伤、DNA损伤等。E等[16]深入探究了L-谷氨酸对于植物乳杆菌冻干保护作用的机制,由细胞膜和细胞壁损伤为切入点,通过相关蛋白的含量检测,证明了L-谷氨酸参与的代谢通路对于植物乳杆菌冻干抗性的提升有重要作用。Xia等[17]证明了吐温20和吐温80的添加,可以增加植物乳杆菌细胞膜上油酸含量,增加细胞膜上不饱和脂肪酸的比例,从而增加细胞膜的流动性,保护植物乳杆菌细胞,减轻冻干的损伤。然而不同种类的冻干保护剂组合在一起对于植物乳杆菌的保护作用机制尚不明确。
因此,本研究以3株不同的植物乳杆菌为研究对象,探究复合植物乳杆菌的最佳冻干保护剂配方,并进一步探究复合冻干保护剂对植物乳杆菌的保护作用机制,旨在开发出一种高效保护植物乳杆菌的复合冻干制剂。
3株乳酸菌 来源于传统发酵食品,由南京农业大学酶工程实验室提供;植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)L31,从屠宰场鸡肠中筛选得到;植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)C174 分离自黑龙江哈尔滨市郊区农家自制酸菜;植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)CY9 来源于乳制品;脱脂奶粉、D-二水海藻糖、L-谷氨酸、甘油 麦克林生物公司;吐温80、无水乙醇 上海国药集团;过绿色荧光核酸染料(STYO)、红色荧光核酸染料碘化丙啶(PI)、总乳酸脱氢酶试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术公司;结晶紫 上海麦克林生化科技公司。
LYOQUEST-85冷冻干燥机 泰事达机电设备(上海)有限公司;HH3400多功能酶标仪 美国珀金埃尔默公司;DM4B显微镜 德国徕卡(Leica)仪器有限公司;Merlin Compact SU8100扫描电子显微镜 德国卡尔蔡司股份公司;Nicolet Summit X傅里叶红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;STA449F5差示扫描量热仪 德国耐驰仪器制造有限公司。
冻干菌粉制备过程参考李佳佳[18]的方法。具体方法如下,将复合发酵菌液(L31:C174:CY9=1:1:1)在4 ℃,8000 r/min离心5 min洗涤3次后,获取菌体细胞,将其与0.9%无菌生理盐水(w/v)以1:2的比例重悬制成菌悬液。将冻干保护剂:菌悬液(v/v)=2.5:1添加到无菌平板中制成待冻干样品。获得的样品以平板计数法计算冻干前活菌数N0。待冻干样品在−20 ℃预冻12 h后在−80 ℃下预冻12 h,再放入真空冷冻干燥机内冻干24 h,冻干后,样品复溶至冻干前的体积测定活菌数N1。
以公式(1)计算冻干存活率:
$ \mathrm{存活率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{N}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{N}}_{0}}\times 100$
式中:N0,冻干前活菌数,CFU/mL;N1,冻干后活菌数,CFU/mL。
按1.2.1中的方法,菌悬液与不同浓度的脱脂奶粉以1:2.5(v/v)的比例混合,以浓度为0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25 g/mL的脱脂奶粉为实验组,未处理组为对照组,六组样品于−20 ℃预冻24 h后测定冻干前后活菌数,计算冻干存活率。
按1.2.1中的方法,参考吴静怡[19]的方法以辅助保护剂浓度为0.006、0.008、0.010、0.012、0.014 g/mL的L-谷氨酸,0.03、0.06、0.09、0.12、0.15 g/mL的海藻糖,0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05 mL/mL的吐温80,0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05 g/mL的甘油,与1.2.2.1筛选后的基础保护剂做对比,将其与脱脂奶粉以1:1(v/v)混合,并于−20 ℃预冻24 h,计算冻干后的存活率。
根据辅助保护剂的单因素实验结果,依据保护剂的不同功能,选择几种保护效果较好的辅助保护剂,设计正交试验。按1.2.1的流程进行冻干,比较存活率。辅助保护剂正交试验因素水平表见表1。
采用稀释平板法分别对添加复合冻干保护剂的冻干菌粉、添加PBS的冻干菌粉以及添加单一保护剂的冻干菌粉(0.06 g/mL的海藻糖、0.03 g/mL的吐温80、0.014 g/mL的L-谷氨酸、0.15 g/mL的脱脂奶粉)复水之后的样品进行涂板计数,结果以CFU/mL表示。对比冻干前后复合植物乳杆菌的存活率,探究添加冻干保护剂对复合植物乳杆菌活力的保护效果。
添加复合冻干保护剂的冻干菌粉分为两组,一组直接观察,一组复水洗涤去除复合冻干保护剂后脱水处理进一步观察。添加PBS的冻干菌粉作为对照组作同样的处理。
参考Chen等[20]的方法并稍作修改,将冻干样品复水后通过离心收集,于2.5%(w/v)戊二醛溶液中4 ℃固定过夜。样品使用乙醇梯度脱水:30%、50%、70%、80%和90%各脱水10 min,100%脱水两次10 min。
扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察使用导电碳带将冻干样品和乙醇脱水后的样品装入样品架中,然后用铂金进行溅射涂层。冻干菌粉的SEM图像在电镜下记录[20]。
参考Li等[21]的方法并修改,分别将优化后的冻干菌粉储存在−20 ℃、4 ℃以及室温条件下贮藏60 d,每隔15 d对其活菌数进行计数,比较不同温度下储存不同时间菌粉冻干存活率与活菌数的变化。
参考Umar等[22]的方法使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)测定添加不同冻干保护剂菌粉的FITR光谱。将2 mg样品与KBr以1:100比例混合后放置在样品槽上,检测波长400~4000 cm−1,每种样品扫描重复两次。
参考徐远志等[23]的方法,使用差示扫描量热仪(Differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)测定冻干菌粉的热力学性能。将每种样品的2 mg称重放入铝胶囊中并密封。使用空盘作为参比。去除每个样品的热历史,然后将样品从−20 ℃加热到80 ℃,加热速率为10 ℃/min,氮气气氛,测量重复两次。
参考Yao等[24]的方法并稍作修改,使用0.9%无菌生理盐水分别对含单一保护剂(脱脂奶粉、L-谷氨酸、海藻糖、吐温80)的冻干菌粉、含复合保护剂的冻干菌粉进行复水并连续稀释,然后在MRS琼脂培养基和含有80 μg/L溶菌酶的MRS琼脂培养基中在37 ℃下培养48 h后菌落计数。以添加PBS的冻干菌粉作为对照组,做同样的处理,进行3次独立重复。
$ \mathrm{细胞死亡率}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{N}_2}{\mathrm{N}_3}\right)\times100 $
式中:N2为含溶菌酶或NaCl的MRS琼脂培养基中活细胞数,CFU/mL;N3为MRS琼脂培养基中活细胞数,CFU/mL。
参考Yao等[24]的方法并稍作修改,分别将含单一保护剂(脱脂奶粉、L-谷氨酸、海藻糖、吐温80)的冻干菌粉、含复合保护剂的冻干菌粉复溶于生理盐水中,稀释后,分别在含NaCl的培养基和不含NaCl的固体培养基平板上培养48 h后菌落计数,以添加PBS的冻干菌粉作为对照组,计算细胞死亡率。
根据E等[25]的方法,通过绿色荧光核酸染料SYTO和红色荧光核酸染料碘化丙啶(PI)评估细菌细胞的细胞膜完整性。分别将含单一保护剂(脱脂奶粉、L-谷氨酸、海藻糖、吐温80)的冻干菌粉、含复合保护剂的冻干菌粉复水,离心,洗涤后重悬。在悬浮液中加入STYO和PI,避光37 ℃孵育30 min。以添加PBS的冻干菌粉作为对照组,做同样的处理。孵育后的样品采用荧光显微镜在激发和检测波长分别为485 nm和530 nm下观察细胞膜的完整性。
乳酸脱氢酶活性测定参考Zhang等[26]的方法采用乳酸脱氢酶检测试剂盒测定。用PBS缓冲液重悬添加复合冻干保护剂与添加其他单一冻干保护剂(0.06 g/mL的海藻糖、0.03 g/mL的吐温80、0.014 g/mL的L-谷氨酸、0.15 g/mL的脱脂奶粉)的冻干菌粉,洗涤3次后,重悬于5 mL PBS溶液中。按照试剂盒的要求测定乳酸脱氢酶的酶活力。添加PBS的冻干菌粉作为对照组,做同样的处理。
用Graphpad 8软件做图,Origin 2025软件做图及Pearson相关性统计分析,IBM SPSS Statistics 26进行差异显著性分析,所有实验数据结果重复3次,实验结果表示为平均值±标准差,P<0.05表示差异显著。
脱脂奶粉含大分子蛋白质,可以通过包裹菌体细胞提高细胞稳定性从而减小冻干过程中的细胞损伤,此外,脱脂奶粉中的乳糖等成分也能提高乳酸菌冻干存活率[27]。因此选择脱脂奶粉作为冻干样品的基础保护剂,有利于大幅提高乳酸菌的冻干存活率。由图1可知,与不添加脱脂奶粉的对照组相比,添加0.15 g/mL脱脂奶粉及0.20 g/mL脱脂奶粉后,冻干存活率显著(P<0.05)提高,且两组间无显著差异,因此选择浓度为0.15 g/mL的脱脂奶粉作为最优的基础保护剂浓度进行后续实验。
实验以浓度为0.15 g/mL的脱脂奶粉作为基础保护剂,对辅助保护剂进行单因素实验。
在本研究中,选择了几种具有代表性的冻干保护剂作为复合保护剂中辅助保护剂的成分,包括氨基酸(L-谷氨酸)、碳水化合物(海藻糖)、表面活性剂(吐温80)和多元醇(甘油)。如图2所示,以0.014 g/mL L-谷氨酸作为辅助保护剂,植物乳杆菌细胞冻干存活率达到80.37%±3.70%,显著(P<0.05)高于其他浓度组(图2A)。以0.06 g/mL的海藻糖作为辅助保护剂,植物乳杆菌冻干存活率达到较高水平89.56%±5.74%(图2B),随着保护剂浓度提高,冻干存活率先升高后降低,这是由于海藻糖浓度小幅度提高时,分子与细胞表面极性位点对应,有效替代水分子稳定与细胞膜的氢键网络,而浓度过高时,由于渗透效应,使细胞过度脱水导致死亡[28]。以0.03 mL/mL的吐温80作为辅助保护剂的植物乳杆菌冻干存活率达到91.67%±3.79%,显著(P<0.05)高于其他浓度处理组(图2C),随着保护剂浓度提高,冻干存活率先升高后降低,这是由于低浓度吐温80通过界面保护提升存活率,过高浓度则因膜损伤、黏度增加和毒性效应导致失活[29]。以浓度为0.02 mL/mL的甘油作为辅助保护剂的植物乳杆菌冻干存活率达到79.33%±3.21%(图2D)。基于单因素实验结果,选择3种辅助保护剂(吐温80、海藻糖、L-谷氨酸)开展后续正交试验。选择浓度为0.010、0.012、0.014 g/mL的L-谷氨酸、浓度为0.03、0.06、0.09 g/mL的海藻糖、浓度为0.02、0.03、0.04 mL/mL的吐温80进行后续的正交优化试验。
针对辅助保护剂单因素实验结果进行分析,复合乳酸菌在吐温80、海藻糖、L-谷氨酸3种辅助保护剂的作用下具有较高的冻干存活率,对这3种保护剂进行正交试验设计优化,得到更好的复合冻干保护剂。
由表2、表3可知,3种辅助保护剂的单因素实验结果经过正交试验设计九组正交试验,得到正交试验设计结果和方差分析表。根据试验结果分析,3个因素中影响显著性次序为A(海藻糖)>C(L-谷氨酸)>B(吐温80),最优水平组合为A2B2C3,即辅助保护剂各因素添加最佳浓度为添加0.06 g/mL的海藻糖、0.03 mL/mL的吐温80、0.014 g/mL的L-谷氨酸。按照正交试验结果,最优保护剂组合为:0.15 g/mL脱脂奶粉、0.06 g/mL的海藻糖、0.03 mL/mL的吐温80、0.014 g/mL的L-谷氨酸,相应冻干存活率可达93.29%±3.05%。
添加冻干保护剂,能保护细胞减轻冻干机械损伤,提高益生菌的冻干存活率和储存稳定性[30]。本节探究了复合保护剂对冻干菌粉活力的影响。由图3可知,与不添加保护剂的对照组相比,添加保护剂后,植物乳杆菌的冻干存活率显著提高(P<0.05)。其中,单一冻干保护剂中,脱脂奶粉组的冻干菌粉活力最高,冻干后菌体细胞存活率达到87.90%±0.77%,而添加复合保护剂后,植物乳杆菌存活率达到94.22%±2.36%,极显著高于对照组(P<0.0001),但与添加单一脱脂奶粉为保护剂组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。复合保护剂中,在几种不同的保护剂协同作用下,可有效降低冻干过程对菌体细胞的损伤,其中主要发挥作用的成分是脱脂奶粉。表明,添加复合冻干保护剂后可显著提高冻干菌粉中植物乳杆菌活力,且比添加单一保护剂呈现出更好的细胞保护效果。
利用SEM进一步观察复合冻干保护剂对植物乳杆菌细胞表面微观形态的影响。由图4A可知,复合冻干保护剂覆盖在菌体细胞表面,使植物乳杆菌菌体细胞表面光滑,菌体细胞完整。对照组菌体细胞表面呈现皱缩现象,部分菌体细胞破损(图4B)。由图4C可知,除去菌体表面复合冻干保护剂后,菌体细胞仍完整。图4D中,对照组菌体细胞皱缩并出现部分孔洞。结果表明复合冻干保护剂能更好地保护植物乳杆菌免受冻干过程的机械损伤。
添加复合冻干保护剂的冻干菌粉,在室温(RT)、4 ℃、−20 ℃条件下贮存存活率随时间变化的情况可以作为冻干菌粉稳定性的判断依据。由图5可知,添加复合冻干保护剂后的冻干菌粉在−20 ℃、4 ℃均能在60 d内保持较高的活力。在室温保存效果差,贮存60 d后冻干存活率降至4.88%±0.88%,活菌数为(4.84±0.88)×108 CFU/mL。在4 ℃保存60 d后,存活率维持在46.91%±3.88%,活菌数为(3.60±0.30)×109 CFU/mL。冻干菌粉的最佳保存温度为−20 ℃。添加复合冻干保护剂的冻干菌粉在−20 ℃储存60 d后,存活率仍维持在59.64%±1.74%,且活菌数仍有(4.58±0.13)×109 CFU/mL,活菌数显著高于室温保存的样品(P<0.05),显示出更好的贮存稳定性。
FITR通过识别样品溶液中化学键和官能团种类,可用于分析未知的单个或混合化合物结构。该光谱技术基于分子振动,可以深入了解体系中发生的分子相互作用。如图6所示,与不添加保护剂组相比,添加复合保护剂后样品在3600~2990 cm−1处的-OH、-NH伸缩振动峰发生位移,表明这些吸收峰对分子间和分子内的氢键敏感[31]。除此之外,添加单一保护剂组均发生不同程度的位移,分子间氢键导致该宽吸收带发生移动,这表明在所有检测的样品中都存在离子-亲水/疏水相互作用。在4种冻干保护剂中,海藻糖组3600~2990 cm−1处的吸收峰变化最明显,是影响氢键的主要因素。2990~2800 cm−1处的吸收峰归因于-CH2反对称和对称拉伸,与样品中的脂肪酸含量有关[32]。与不添加保护剂相比,复合冻干保护剂组和吐温80组在这一段的吸收峰增宽,说明吐温80影响了脂肪酸组分。氨基酸中,都存在一种独特的脂肪族羧基-COOH的伸缩振动带位于1630~1650 cm−1区域,L-谷氨酸组与复合冻干保护剂组的吸收峰偏移证明氨基酸组分整合到了细胞中[32]。1080~1020 cm−1处,复合冻干保护剂组、海藻糖组、脱脂奶粉组出现了峰的偏移,这一段光谱与碳水化合物相关,证明海藻糖和脱脂奶粉影响了糖类组分[33]。添加复合冻干保护剂后,样品的红外光谱中整体吸收峰带增宽和强度下降与四种保护剂均相关,没有新的吸收带,表明在制备过程中四种保护剂没有发生化学键合,且均与细胞发生了相互作用,其中氢键的作用明显。
采用DSC法对冻干菌粉的冻融热稳定性进行了评价。当样品发生熔融、分解等吸热反应时,DSC曲线表现为向下的吸热峰[34]。由图7所示,与不添加保护剂组相比,添加复合冻干保护剂后吸热峰值Tp由64.46 ℃升高至83.41 ℃,峰型更尖锐,证明保护剂的添加增强了不同组分之间的相互作用,如氢键相互作用、疏水相互作用等,这与傅里叶红外光谱分析结果一致,因此,复合冻干保护剂提升了冻干菌粉的热稳定性。
细菌细胞对溶菌酶非常敏感,当细菌细胞壁受损时,细菌不能在含有溶菌酶的选择性培养基上生长[26]。Na+和Cl−均可穿过受损细胞膜进入细胞内,破坏细胞内环境的稳态,从而引起细菌细胞死亡[35]。因此,本研究利用菌株细胞对溶菌酶、NaCl的敏感性分别评估细菌细胞壁、细胞膜的损伤程度。由图8A、图8B可知,与不添加保护剂对比,添加复合冻干保护剂后,植物乳杆菌在含亚致死浓度溶菌酶、NaCl的培养基中生长,细胞死亡率均显著降低(P<0.05),在含溶菌酶的培养基中细胞死亡率为1.96%±0.98%,在含NaCl的培养基中细胞死亡率为5.81%±3.67%。而添加单一保护剂的样品中,细胞壁损伤实验L-谷氨酸与复合保护剂组的细胞死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05),细胞膜损伤实验吐温80与复合冻干保护剂组无显著差异(P>0.05),其余组与复合冻干保护剂组均有组间显著差异(P<0.05)。这是由于复合保护剂中几种不同的保护剂成分协同作用,其中L-谷氨酸主要发挥对细胞壁的保护作用,吐温80则是保护细胞膜的重要成分。海藻糖能稳定细胞膜上的氢键网络[15],L-谷氨酸能调节肽聚糖的代谢[16],吐温80能补充细胞膜上的油酸[17],脱脂奶粉能覆盖在菌体细胞表面抵抗冰晶损伤[14],添加复合冻干保护剂的冻干菌粉细胞膜、细胞壁亚损伤降低,细胞死亡率显著下降(P<0.0001)。因此,复合保护剂对于细胞膜、细胞壁的完整性保护效果更好。
采用荧光显微镜观察SYTO/PI标记后的冻干样品进行观察。图9为细菌细胞的荧光观察图像。PBS溶液中的菌株在冷冻干燥后表现出明显的红色荧光(图9B1)和少量的绿色荧光(图9A1),表明未经冻干保护剂处理的细菌细胞膜在冷冻干燥过程中被破坏的程度较为严重。图9C6中绿色荧光(活细菌细胞)的面积大于红色荧光(死细菌细胞)的面积,表明复合冻干保护剂能有效维持植物乳杆菌细胞膜的完整性,这与细胞膜损伤的结果较为一致。图9C1~图9C6显示,添加不同冻干保护剂的样品中,添加复合冻干保护剂的样品绿色荧光强度最强,表明复合冻干保护剂比单一冻干保护剂对细胞膜完整性的保护效果更好。实验结果表明,添加复合冻干保护剂可以维持植物乳杆菌细胞膜的完整性和植物乳杆菌菌体细胞的正常形态,对于提高植物乳杆菌的冻干存活率至关重要。
乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)是糖酵解中催化乳酸转化为丙酮酸以产生能量的关键酶。图10显示了加入不同冻干保护剂的冻干菌粉的LDH活性,加入复合冻干保护剂的样品中LDH活性极显著高于对照组(P<0.0001),达到9.08±0.62 mU/mL,且显著高于单一保护剂组(P<0.05)。结果表明,复合冻干保护剂对LDH酶活性具有保护作用,且比单一冻干保护剂保护效果更好。
使用Origin 2025进行相关性分析,探究添加冻干保护剂后植物乳杆菌冻干存活率、LDH活性、细胞膜损伤程度与活死细胞荧光染色强度之间的相关性关系(图11)。添加复合冻干保护剂后,植物乳杆菌的冻干存活率与LDH活性、活细胞荧光染色强度呈显著的正相关(P<0.01),结果表明复合冻干保护剂对植物乳杆菌的保护作用主要是通过提高植物乳杆菌LDH活性、保护植物乳杆菌细胞膜的完整性,从而使植物乳杆菌活细胞数上升、死细胞数下降,进一步提高了植物乳杆菌的冻干存活率。
植物乳杆菌在冻干过程中,菌体细胞会受到一定程度的损伤,导致活菌数减少,而冻干保护剂能提高植物乳杆菌的冻干存活率。研究表明L-半胱氨酸可以提高植物乳杆菌冻干存活率至80.21%[36]。天冬氨酸作为冻干保护剂,能使植物乳杆菌冻干存活率提高至85.89%±1.09%。而单一保护剂对植物乳杆菌的保护作用有限,开发复合冻干保护剂可有效提升菌体细胞存活率。Tian等[37]研究发现,以10%脱脂奶粉、3%谷氨酸钠和15%海藻糖作为植物乳杆菌LB12的复合冻干保护剂,菌体细胞冻干存活率可提高至83.65%±1.22%。本研究开发了一种复合冻干保护剂,添加复合冻干保护剂的植物乳杆菌冻干菌粉在−20 ℃条件下保存60 d后,菌体细胞存活率维持在59.64%±1.74%,且活菌数仍有(4.58±0.13)×109 CFU/mL。
不同种类的冻干保护剂在冻干过程中保护细胞的机理有一定的差异。海藻糖是一种非渗透的冻干保护剂,可以与细胞膜的极性基团形成氢键保护细胞膜,但对于胞内冰晶损伤没有保护效果[38]。L-谷氨酸作为氨基酸的一种,可以穿透细胞膜,减小胞内脱水损伤,同时它还可通过调节细胞代谢,增加菌体细胞膜和细胞壁的稳定性[39]。有研究表明,吐温80可以诱导细菌生长过程中更高的cfa基因表达,并使细胞膜具有更好的膜流动性[40],从而在冻干过程中调控细胞膜,保证细胞膜的完整性。脱脂奶粉是一种非渗透型的冻干保护剂,覆盖在细胞表面能阻止细胞与胞外冰晶接触,防止细胞膜上不饱和脂肪酸氧化,从而减少植物乳杆菌细胞损伤[41]。有研究表明,吐温80可以通过补充油酸调节细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸的比例[17],进一步提升冻干存活率。复合冻干保护剂中的成分具有协同保护作用,与添加单一冻干保护剂相比,复合冻干保护剂可通过降低细胞膜损伤,提高植物乳杆菌酶活性,进而提高植物乳杆菌冻干存活率,其中相应成分对细胞的保护作用机理如图12。本研究中制备的复合冻干保护剂配方,主要是通过减少细胞膜及细胞壁损伤、维持胞内酶活性,从而提高植物乳杆菌的冻干存活率。Majidzadeh等[42]在研究中使用0.5%的蛋白胨、12%的脱脂奶粉、1%的麦芽糊精作为复合冻干保护剂保护植物乳杆菌,在4 ℃条件下储藏30 d后植物乳杆菌冻干存活率为49.53%。本研究复合冻干保护剂配方贮存稳定性更好,对于植物乳杆菌活性的保持效果更佳。
本研究通过单因素实验和正交试验确定复合植物乳杆菌冻干制剂保护效果最佳的复合冻干保护剂配方为添加0.15 g/mL脱脂奶粉、0.06 g/mL的海藻糖、0.03 mL/mL的吐温80、0.014 g/mL的L-谷氨酸。在此复配比例下,植物乳杆菌冻干存活率由对照组的20.96%±5.89%提升到94.22%±2.36%,且在−20 ℃贮存60 d后活菌数保持在(4.58±0.13)×109 CFU/mL。进一步阐明该保护剂配方的作用机理,为复合植物乳杆菌活菌制剂的应用研究提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030394
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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    南京农业大学食品科技学院,江苏南京 210095

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别小妹(1964−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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