Article(id=1320883923341657026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030384, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852868160, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852868160, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852868160, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852868160, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=264, endPage=273, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883923534595011, articleId=1320883923341657026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Vacuum Pulsation Drying on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Apple Slices, columnId=1261343852057772164, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Packaging and Machinery, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the drying efficiency and quality of apple slices, we applied vacuum pulsation drying technology to the apple slice drying processes and explored changes in indicators such as drying characteristics, rehydration ratio, color, vitamin C (VC) content, and total flavonoid content under different drying temperatures (55, 60, 65, and 70 ℃), normal pressure holding times (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min), and vacuum holding times (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min). The apple slice drying time decreased with an increase in the drying temperature, increased with an increase in the normal pressure time, and first decreased and then increased with increasing vacuum holding time. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient was 1.69×10-11~3.63×10-11 m2/s. During the drying process, the internal temperature of the apple slices fluctuated in a stepwise manner, increasing rapidly during the normal pressure stage and then decreasing owing to heat absorption from water evaporation during the vacuum stage. The drying temperature, vacuum holding time, and normal pressure holding time had significant effects (P<0.05) on the rehydration ratio, color, total flavonoid content, and VC content. The rehydration ratio and VC content exhibited gradually decreasing trends with increasing drying temperatures. The comprehensive score was the highest (0.73±0.01) at a drying temperature of 60 ℃, normal pressure holding time of 2 min, and vacuum holding time of 10 min. Under these process conditions, the drying time, total flavonoid content, rehydration ratio, VC content, and ΔΕ were 288 min, 9.21±0.48 mg/g, 2.23±0.07, 1.36±0.02 mg/g, and 24.65±1.94, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the process parameters of the drying of apple slices via vacuum pulsation and aids in improving their production quality and efficiency.

, authors=Huan MIAO, Liyuan HOU, Yahui GENG, Xinhan LIU, Haoyu JU*, authorsList=Huan MIAO, Liyuan HOU, Yahui GENG, Xinhan LIU, Haoyu JU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haoyu JU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883926583854038, articleId=1320883923341657026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=真空脉动干燥对苹果片干燥特性及品质的影响, columnId=1261343861805334715, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=包装与机械, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高苹果片的干燥效率和品质,该研究将真空脉动干燥技术应用于苹果片干燥,探究在不同干燥温度(55、60、65和70 ℃)、常压保持时间(2、4、6、8和10 min)和真空保持时间(5、10、15、20和25 min)条件下,样品的干燥特性、复水比、色泽、维生素C(vitamin C,VC)、总黄酮含量等指标的变化规律。结果表明,苹果片的干燥时间随着干燥温度的升高而缩短,随着常压时间延长而延长,随着真空时间的延长呈现先缩短后增加的趋势,有效水分扩散系数为1.69×10−11~3.63×10−11 m2/s。干燥过程中,苹果片内部温度呈阶梯式波动,常压阶段温度迅速上升,真空阶段因水分蒸发吸热导致温度下降。干燥温度、真空时间和常压时间对复水比、色泽、总黄酮含量和VC含量(P<0.05)均有显著性影响。复水比和VC含量随着干燥温度的升高呈现逐渐下降的趋势。在干燥温度为60 ℃,常压保持时间为2 min,真空保持时间为10 min时综合评分最高,为0.73±0.01,该工艺条件下的干燥时间为288 min、总黄酮含量为9.21±0.48 mg/g、复水比为2.23±0.07、VC含量为1.36±0.02 mg/g、ΔΕ为24.65±1.94。本研究为优化真空脉动干燥苹果片的工艺参数提供了理论依据,有助于提高苹果片的生产质量和生产效率。

, authors=苗欢, 侯丽媛, 耿亚慧, 刘鑫汉, 巨浩羽*, authorsList=苗欢, 侯丽媛, 耿亚慧, 刘鑫汉, 巨浩羽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=巨浩羽, authorNote=

苗欢(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
巨浩羽(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品干燥技术和装备,E-mail:。
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 24(1): 54., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883926780986327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883926789374936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, companyId=1320883926780986327, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biological Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang 050061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883926797763545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, companyId=1320883926780986327, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北经贸大学生物科学与工程学院,河北石家庄 050061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883931696710653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Vacuum pulsating drying equipment, figureFileSmall=EcqgjOcoDIaUwTy3JMrvng==, figureFileBig=iROhTF0mPGymQL1ISxmUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883931780596734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=图1, caption=真空脉动干燥设备

注:1.真空箱;2.控制箱;3.传感器接口;4.电源接口;5.压力传感器接口;6.单向阀;7.冷凝器机组;8.真空泵;9.电磁阀;10.手动球阀;11.料架。

, figureFileSmall=EcqgjOcoDIaUwTy3JMrvng==, figureFileBig=iROhTF0mPGymQL1ISxmUgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883931965146111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different drying temperatures on the drying characteristics of apple slices, figureFileSmall=xwrVE8YTXh/TAlphQBVO6A==, figureFileBig=HqbqoCW5peWO0O4wxCWAdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932044837888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥温度对苹果片干燥特性影响, figureFileSmall=xwrVE8YTXh/TAlphQBVO6A==, figureFileBig=HqbqoCW5peWO0O4wxCWAdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932111945728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of different atmospheric pressure time on the drying characteristics of apple slices, figureFileSmall=JEvrVmVei5eDM1L7U3vI2A==, figureFileBig=2wM9zMUIfCQzRGC8+XOKPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932179054593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同常压时间对苹果片干燥特性影响, figureFileSmall=JEvrVmVei5eDM1L7U3vI2A==, figureFileBig=2wM9zMUIfCQzRGC8+XOKPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932241969154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different vacuum time on the drying characteristics of apple slices, figureFileSmall=0dQStWGAjvD5qNe2SW+nrA==, figureFileBig=yhPzawQgcG8ZbPcPmK1F4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932300689411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同真空时间对苹果片干燥特性影响, figureFileSmall=0dQStWGAjvD5qNe2SW+nrA==, figureFileBig=yhPzawQgcG8ZbPcPmK1F4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932380381188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Multi-parameter curves of apple slices drying experiment, figureFileSmall=N1YrB9pyQpup/yBDZA5lnA==, figureFileBig=dCqbyAXHLL+Tf9L9BPR3aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932447490053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=图5, caption=苹果片干燥试验多参数曲线

注:本组试验在干燥温度60 ℃,脉动比为10 min:6 min条件下进行。纵坐标干燥介质参数为综合表征指标,包含环境温度值与环境湿度值两个核心参数,用于反映干燥过程中介质的整体状态。

, figureFileSmall=N1YrB9pyQpup/yBDZA5lnA==, figureFileBig=dCqbyAXHLL+Tf9L9BPR3aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883932522987526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Multi-parameter changes in apple slices drying experiment from 79 to 113 min, figureFileSmall=lQfNETrxexgCKoV1Cr9gcw==, figureFileBig=bECK8YgT5srm9aIOFkq83A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883934171348999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=图6, caption=苹果片干燥试验79~113 min多参数变化情况, figureFileSmall=lQfNETrxexgCKoV1Cr9gcw==, figureFileBig=bECK8YgT5srm9aIOFkq83A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883934259429384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of different test conditions on rehydration ratio of apple slices, figureFileSmall=XKjQ3dafG97Wl9j04shtfQ==, figureFileBig=HHlyyjF83XMGouhse5y+Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883934330732553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同试验条件对苹果片复水比的影响

注:小写字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05),图8~图9同。

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Experimental design and parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号干燥温度(℃)真空时间(min)常压时间(min)
155106
260106
365106
470106
560102
660104
760108
8601010
96056
1060156
1160206
1260256
), ArticleFig(id=1320883934775328783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验设计与试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号干燥温度(℃)真空时间(min)常压时间(min)
155106
260106
365106
470106
560102
660104
760108
8601010
96056
1060156
1160206
1260256
), ArticleFig(id=1320883934850826256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effective diffusion coefficient of moisture in vacuum pulsation drying of apple slices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号线性回归拟合方程R2水分有效扩散系数Deff
(×10−11 m2·s−1)
1InMR=−1.950×10−4t+0.30330.98271.98
2InMR=−1.667×10−4t+0.09820.99631.69
3InMR=−3.585×10−4t+0.84740.85963.63
4InMR=−3.270×10−4t+0.53240.96173.31
5InMR=−2.554×10−4t+0.31640.97412.59
6InMR=−2.971×10−4t+0.71470.88753.01
7InMR=−2.370×10−4t+0.40660.97382.40
8InMR=−2.243×10−4t+0.41230.96822.28
9InMR=−1.845×10−4t+0.25410.98131.87
10InMR=−3.322×10−4t+0.81600.88253.37
11InMR=−2.525×10−4t+0.42770.97392.56
12InMR=−2.327×10−4t+0.35090.98372.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320883934930518033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

苹果片真空脉动干燥水分有效扩散系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号线性回归拟合方程R2水分有效扩散系数Deff
(×10−11 m2·s−1)
1InMR=−1.950×10−4t+0.30330.98271.98
2InMR=−1.667×10−4t+0.09820.99631.69
3InMR=−3.585×10−4t+0.84740.85963.63
4InMR=−3.270×10−4t+0.53240.96173.31
5InMR=−2.554×10−4t+0.31640.97412.59
6InMR=−2.971×10−4t+0.71470.88753.01
7InMR=−2.370×10−4t+0.40660.97382.40
8InMR=−2.243×10−4t+0.41230.96822.28
9InMR=−1.845×10−4t+0.25410.98131.87
10InMR=−3.322×10−4t+0.81600.88253.37
11InMR=−2.525×10−4t+0.42770.97392.56
12InMR=−2.327×10−4t+0.35090.98372.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320883935006015506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different test conditions on the color of apple slices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号L*a*b*ΔΕ
143.67±0.81fg14.31±0.38abc55.76±1.77ab33.04±1.92abc
245.96±1.83ef15.14±0.65ab51.31±1.09ab28.95±1.34abc
344.35±0.16fg15.26±1.72ab52.50±2.85ab30.70±1.39abc
442.57±0.74g15.93±1.90ab54.11±4.10ab33.14±1.78abc
550.16±1.07cd12.43±2.23bc49.57±3.20b24.65±1.94c
647.06±1.12e16.57±0.48ab50.38±0.08b28.49±0.80abc
744.43±1.90fg16.36±2.52ab55.40±2.28ab33.38±1.44abc
842.84±0.12g19.74±2.52a57.34±0.73ab37.10±1.85a
957.74±0.53a9.41±0.02c53.75±0.01ab25.37±0.05bc
1053.65±1.42b13.13±3.01bc49.34±2.86b23.61±4.24c
1150.71±1.70c15.62±1.10ab51.97±0.22ab27.87±1.24abc
1247.98±0.24de16.30±0.47ab59.50±1.51a35.21±0.99ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320883935073124371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同试验条件对苹果片色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号L*a*b*ΔΕ
143.67±0.81fg14.31±0.38abc55.76±1.77ab33.04±1.92abc
245.96±1.83ef15.14±0.65ab51.31±1.09ab28.95±1.34abc
344.35±0.16fg15.26±1.72ab52.50±2.85ab30.70±1.39abc
442.57±0.74g15.93±1.90ab54.11±4.10ab33.14±1.78abc
550.16±1.07cd12.43±2.23bc49.57±3.20b24.65±1.94c
647.06±1.12e16.57±0.48ab50.38±0.08b28.49±0.80abc
744.43±1.90fg16.36±2.52ab55.40±2.28ab33.38±1.44abc
842.84±0.12g19.74±2.52a57.34±0.73ab37.10±1.85a
957.74±0.53a9.41±0.02c53.75±0.01ab25.37±0.05bc
1053.65±1.42b13.13±3.01bc49.34±2.86b23.61±4.24c
1150.71±1.70c15.62±1.10ab51.97±0.22ab27.87±1.24abc
1247.98±0.24de16.30±0.47ab59.50±1.51a35.21±0.99ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320883935152816148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comprehensive scores of apple slices under different test conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号综合评分实验号综合评分
10.26±0.05e70.32±0.02de
20.42±0.05cd80.28±0.01e
30.62±0.03ab90.43±0.03cd
40.64±0.01ab100.57±0.05bc
50.73±0.01a110.52±0.04bc
60.54±0.04bc120.21±0.03e
), ArticleFig(id=1320883935219925013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883923341657026, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同试验条件下苹果片的综合评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号综合评分实验号综合评分
10.26±0.05e70.32±0.02de
20.42±0.05cd80.28±0.01e
30.62±0.03ab90.43±0.03cd
40.64±0.01ab100.57±0.05bc
50.73±0.01a110.52±0.04bc
60.54±0.04bc120.21±0.03e
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真空脉动干燥对苹果片干燥特性及品质的影响
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苗欢 , 侯丽媛 , 耿亚慧 , 刘鑫汉 , 巨浩羽 *
食品工业科技 | 包装与机械 2026,47(6): 264-273
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食品工业科技 |包装与机械 2026 , 47 (6) : 264 -273
真空脉动干燥对苹果片干燥特性及品质的影响
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苗欢 , 侯丽媛, 耿亚慧, 刘鑫汉, 巨浩羽*
作者信息
  • 河北经贸大学生物科学与工程学院,河北石家庄 050061
通讯作者:
巨浩羽(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品干燥技术和装备,E-mail:。
作者简介:

苗欢(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

Effects of Vacuum Pulsation Drying on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Apple Slices
Huan MIAO , Liyuan HOU, Yahui GENG, Xinhan LIU, Haoyu JU*
Affiliations
  • College of Biological Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030384
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为提高苹果片的干燥效率和品质,该研究将真空脉动干燥技术应用于苹果片干燥,探究在不同干燥温度(55、60、65和70 ℃)、常压保持时间(2、4、6、8和10 min)和真空保持时间(5、10、15、20和25 min)条件下,样品的干燥特性、复水比、色泽、维生素C(vitamin C,VC)、总黄酮含量等指标的变化规律。结果表明,苹果片的干燥时间随着干燥温度的升高而缩短,随着常压时间延长而延长,随着真空时间的延长呈现先缩短后增加的趋势,有效水分扩散系数为1.69×10−11~3.63×10−11 m2/s。干燥过程中,苹果片内部温度呈阶梯式波动,常压阶段温度迅速上升,真空阶段因水分蒸发吸热导致温度下降。干燥温度、真空时间和常压时间对复水比、色泽、总黄酮含量和VC含量(P<0.05)均有显著性影响。复水比和VC含量随着干燥温度的升高呈现逐渐下降的趋势。在干燥温度为60 ℃,常压保持时间为2 min,真空保持时间为10 min时综合评分最高,为0.73±0.01,该工艺条件下的干燥时间为288 min、总黄酮含量为9.21±0.48 mg/g、复水比为2.23±0.07、VC含量为1.36±0.02 mg/g、ΔΕ为24.65±1.94。本研究为优化真空脉动干燥苹果片的工艺参数提供了理论依据,有助于提高苹果片的生产质量和生产效率。

苹果片  /  真空脉动干燥  /  干燥特性  /  品质  /  物料温度

To improve the drying efficiency and quality of apple slices, we applied vacuum pulsation drying technology to the apple slice drying processes and explored changes in indicators such as drying characteristics, rehydration ratio, color, vitamin C (VC) content, and total flavonoid content under different drying temperatures (55, 60, 65, and 70 ℃), normal pressure holding times (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min), and vacuum holding times (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min). The apple slice drying time decreased with an increase in the drying temperature, increased with an increase in the normal pressure time, and first decreased and then increased with increasing vacuum holding time. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient was 1.69×10-11~3.63×10-11 m2/s. During the drying process, the internal temperature of the apple slices fluctuated in a stepwise manner, increasing rapidly during the normal pressure stage and then decreasing owing to heat absorption from water evaporation during the vacuum stage. The drying temperature, vacuum holding time, and normal pressure holding time had significant effects (P<0.05) on the rehydration ratio, color, total flavonoid content, and VC content. The rehydration ratio and VC content exhibited gradually decreasing trends with increasing drying temperatures. The comprehensive score was the highest (0.73±0.01) at a drying temperature of 60 ℃, normal pressure holding time of 2 min, and vacuum holding time of 10 min. Under these process conditions, the drying time, total flavonoid content, rehydration ratio, VC content, and ΔΕ were 288 min, 9.21±0.48 mg/g, 2.23±0.07, 1.36±0.02 mg/g, and 24.65±1.94, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the process parameters of the drying of apple slices via vacuum pulsation and aids in improving their production quality and efficiency.

apple slice  /  vacuum pulsation drying  /  drying characteristics  /  quality  /  material temperature
苗欢, 侯丽媛, 耿亚慧, 刘鑫汉, 巨浩羽. 真空脉动干燥对苹果片干燥特性及品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 264 -273 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030384
Huan MIAO, Liyuan HOU, Yahui GENG, Xinhan LIU, Haoyu JU. Effects of Vacuum Pulsation Drying on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Apple Slices[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 264 -273 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030384
苹果作为全球广泛种植的水果,含多种维生素与矿物质,极具营养价值[1]。其所含成分可以增强免疫力,促进肠道消化,故而深受大众的喜爱和青睐。我国在苹果生产方面表现卓越,产量多年来位居世界第一[2]。相关数据显示,2023年全国苹果种植面积约为2901万亩,总产量为4960.17万吨,同比增长4.27%,占全球苹果总产量的57.36%[3]。然而由于新鲜苹果含水量高、糖分高,采收后易损坏腐烂,难以贮藏保质期短,极大地制约了苹果产业的发展。为了解决这个问题,苹果干制加工成为了降低苹果采后品质劣变的重要途径。苹果片的干燥方法有热风干燥[4−6]、气体射流冲击干燥[7−9]、微波干燥[10−12]等。这些干燥方法虽在一定程度上能实现苹果片脱水干燥,但易导致苹果片营养成分流失、色泽改变以及口感变差等问题[13−15]。因此,选择合适的干燥技术,以提高苹果干制品的营养品质和安全性是苹果行业面临的重要问题。
真空脉动干燥技术作为一种新兴的干燥方式,因其独特的工艺优势逐渐受到关注[16]。在真空脉动干燥过程中,真空与常压的交替变化可打破物料表面与干燥介质之间的水蒸气分压平衡,同时可扩张物料内部孔道,从而促进水分扩散,相较于恒真空干燥可显著提高干燥速率。该技术已用于茯苓[17]、荷花粉[18]、枸杞[19]、南瓜[20]、玉米[21]等物料干制加工。巨浩羽等[22]研究表明,真空脉动干燥方式可提高光皮木瓜的干燥效率和品质,真空时间10 min,常压时间4 min,干燥温度60 ℃时,干燥时间为12.1 h,复水比为6.28±0.05,维生素C、总黄酮含量分别为(71.26±0.74)×10−2和(19.27±0.33)mg/g。Xie等[23]研究发现相较于热风干燥,在相同干燥温度下,真空脉动干燥可缩短73.2%的干燥时间,且真空脉动干燥的枸杞多糖保留率显著高于热风干燥。故真空脉动干燥技术可大幅度提高干燥效率并减少营养成分的降解。目前,已有部分关于真空脉动干燥技术在食品干燥方面的研究,但针对真空脉动干燥苹果片在不同温度、常压保持时间、真空保持时间下的干燥特性和品质的综合研究仍较为缺乏,尤其是干燥过程中物料温度的动态变化分析还存在不足。
基于此,本研究旨在探究真空脉动干燥苹果片在不同干燥温度、常压保持时间和真空保持时间的干燥特性和品质变化规律,并深入分析干燥过程中物料温度的变化情况,以期为真空脉动干燥技术在苹果片加工中的实际应用提供理论依据和技术支持,推动该技术在苹果加工领域的进一步发展与应用,提升苹果产品的品质与经济效益。
红富士苹果 购于当地农贸市场,苹果直径为80±5 mm,湿基含水率为85.11%±0.5%(105 ℃烘24 h);无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市百世化工有限公司;芦丁标准品 成都曼思特生物科技有限公司;硝酸铝溶液 分析纯,深圳市福林仪器科技有限公司;亚硝酸钠、抗坏血酸 分析纯,天津市大茂化学试剂厂;氢氧化钠 分析纯,天津益力化学试剂有限公司;草酸 分析纯,比克曼生物科技有限公司;2,6-二氯靛酚钠 分析纯,天津市华盛化学试剂有限公司。
真空脉动干燥机 河北经贸大学生物科学与工程学院食品加工工程实验室自制,如图1所示;MTB 1000D型电子天平 深圳市美孚电子有限公司;XK0903A食品切片机 广州天地人机械有限公司;LK-600A型高速万能粉碎机 上海新诺仪器设备有限公司;UV765紫外分光光度计 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;722型可见分光光度计 上海光谱仪器有限公司;SC-10色差仪 广东三恩时科技有限公司。
从冰箱中取出保存的苹果用清水将表面洗净,去皮,去核后用切片机切成10 mm厚度半圆形薄片;将苹果片平铺在干燥料盘上,启动真空脉动干燥设备进行干燥试验。根据前期预试验,对干燥温度、真空保持时间和常压保持时间分别进行单因素实验。每隔一个脉动循环周期测定样品的质量变化,直到苹果片的质量变化小于0.2 g时停止试验。干燥过程中采用光纤测温并实时记录,测量所用温度传感器为Pt100,探头直径为3 mm,将探头布置于物料段切面中心处。具体试验安排如表1所示,每组试验重复3次。
苹果片真空脉动干燥过程中的干燥曲线采用水分比(moisture ratio,MR)随干燥时间变化的曲线。不同干燥时间MR的计算可简化为公式(1)计算[24]:
$ \text{MR}={\text{M}}_{\text{t}}{\text{/M}}_{\text{0}} $
式中:Mt为t时刻的干基含水率,g/g;M0为初始干基含水率,g/g。
其中干基含水率公式如下:
$ {\text{M}}_{\text{t}}=({\text{W}}_{\text{t}}-\text{G})/\text{G} $
式中:Wt为干燥任意时刻的总质量,g;G为绝干物质质量,g。
干燥速率(drying rate,DR)按照公式(3)计算:
$\rm {\text{D}}_{\text{R}}=\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{t1}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{t2}}}{{\text{t}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{1}}} $
式中:t1和t2为干燥时间,min;DR为干燥时间为t1和时间t2之间的干燥速率,g/(g·h);Mt1和Mt2为干燥时间为t1和t2时刻的干基含水率,g/g。
物料的水分有效扩散系数(Deff)按照公式(4)计算[25]。
$\rm lnMR=ln\frac{\text{8}}{{\text{π}}^{\text{2}}}-\frac{{\text{π}}^{\text{2}}{\text{D}}_{\text{eff}}}{{\text{L}}^{\text{2}}}\text{t} $
式中:Deff为干燥过程中物料的水分有效扩散系数,m2/s;L为果肉的厚度,其值是1.0×10−2 m;t为干燥时间,s。
采用 SC10型色差计测定干燥后苹果片绿红值a*、蓝黄值b*、明亮度L*和色差值(ΔE),其中ΔE的计算公式(5)如下:
$ \Delta E=\sqrt{{(L_{0}^{\text{*}}-{L}^{\text{*}})}^{2}+{(a_{0}^{\text{*}}-{a}^{\text{*}})}^{2}+{(b_{0}^{\text{*}}-{b}^{\text{*}})}^{2}} $
式中:L*、a*、b*为干燥后苹果片的色泽值;L0*、a0*、b0*为干燥前新鲜苹果片的色泽值。
试验样品经精确称量后浸入40 ℃恒温蒸馏水中,经30 min恒温处理后取出,静置沥水20 min,采用吸水纸去除表面水分后测定复水质量,按公式(6)计算[26]。
$ \text{RR}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}} $
式中:m2为复水后质量,g;m1为复水前质量,g。
参考邢娜等[27]方法,采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定VC含量。
参考克热木江·吐尔逊江等[28]方法,采用芦丁标准曲线法测定总黄酮含量。回归方程为y=13.675x+0.0103,R2=0.9984。
为使数据具有统一性,需对评价指标进行归一化[29]。正向指标(指标的值越大越好)包括VC含量、总黄酮含量和复水比;负向指标(指标的值越小越好)包括干燥时间和色差。两者归一化公式分别如下:
$\rm {y}_{i}=({x}_{i}-{x}_{\min })/({x}_{\max }-{x}_{\min })$
$\rm {y}_{i}=({x}_{\max }-{x}_{i})/({x}_{\max }-{x}_{\min }) $
式中:yi为归一值;xi为指标实际值;xmax和xmin分别为指标最大值和最小值。
按照公式进行加权得到干燥条件的综合评分(Y)。
$\rm \text{Y}={y}_{1}{l}_{1}+{y}_{2}{l}_{2}+{y}_{3}{l}_{3}+{y}_{4}{l}_{4}+{y}_{5}{l}_{5} $
式中:y1~y5分别为干燥时间、总黄酮含量、VC含量、复水比和色差归一化后的结果;l1~l5分别对应其权重。
在保证干燥品质复水比、VC和总黄酮良好条件下,使得色差和干燥时间较小,采用层次分析方法,建立层次模型并构造判断矩阵,得出干燥时间、总黄酮含量、VC含量、复水比和色差的权重分别为0.406、0.137、0.137、0.075、0.245。利用迭代法得到该判断矩阵最大特征值λmax≈5.126,一致性指标CI=0.0315,一致性比例CR≈0.0281<0.1,说明该判断矩阵的一致性可以接受,上述计算出的权重向量有效。
本研究中每组试验设置三组平行,结果采用平均值和标准差表示。使用SPSS 27分析相对标准误差、平均值和显著性(P<0.05),采用Origin 2021绘图。
不同干燥温度下苹果片干燥特性和干燥速率曲线如图2所示。由图2a可知,不同干燥温度下,水分比随干燥时间的延长不断降低,当干燥温度为55、60、65、70 ℃时,干燥时间分别为368、336、288、272 min。70 ℃时的干燥时间比55 ℃时的缩短了26.09%,说明干燥温度的升高可以大幅度提升干燥效率。由图2b可知,不同干燥温度下苹果片的干燥速率呈现阶段性变化特征:初始阶段存在短时速率提升现象,随后转变为明显的降速干燥,这与巨浩羽等[22]针对真空脉动干燥技术干燥光皮木瓜的研究结果一致,是因为在干燥前期苹果片含水率较高,内部温度持续上升使得苹果片内部水分扩散速度超过了表面水分汽化速度,从而达成快速脱水;进入干燥中后期,苹果片中从内部迁移至表面的水分量持续降低,此时,干燥过程主要受内部水分扩散的制约,导致干燥速率逐渐下降。不同干燥温度对苹果片干基含水量有显著影响,温度升高,干基含水量下降速度加快,70 ℃时能在更短时间使干基含水量降至较低水平。55 ℃时水分汽化和扩散慢,干基含水量降速缓。
不同常压时间下苹果片干燥特性和干燥速率曲线如图3所示。由图3a可知,不同常压时间下,水分比随干燥时间的延长不断降低,当常压时间为2、4、6、8、10 min时,干燥时间分别为288、308、336、342、360 min。常压时间为2 min时的干燥时间比10 min时的缩短了20%,这可能由于在常压保持时间缩短的情况下苹果片的真空脉动循环次数相应增多,促使物料内部水分的汽化速度提升,进而使得干燥速率显著提高。由图3b可知,不同常压时间下,苹果片的干燥速率均先上升后下降。干燥中后期,干燥过程主要受内部水分扩散的制约,干燥速率逐渐下降。常压保持时间为4、6、8、10 min下干燥速率较为接近,说明常压保持时间延长至4 min后,其对干燥速率的影响微乎其微,这与代建武等[30]针对青花椒真空脉动干燥的研究结果类似。这是因为常压时间延长至4 min后苹果片内部水分扩散与表面汽化逐步达到动态平衡,延长常压保持时间未显著打破该平衡,水分迁移效率无大波动,干燥速率稳定。由此可见,设置合适的常压保持时间能高效提升干燥速率,达到更理想的干燥效果。
不同干燥温度下苹果片干燥特性和干燥速率曲线如图4所示。由图4a可知,不同真空保持时间下,苹果片的干燥水分比均随干燥时间的延长而逐渐降低。当真空时间为5、10、15、20、25 min时,干燥时间分别为341、336、315、338、372 min。真空阶段,苹果片中的水分在表面蒸发,为脱水阶段。真空时间为5、10 min时,苹果片内部水分无法及时迁移至表面并蒸发,而当真空时间20、25 min时,苹果片表面水分大量蒸发,这一过程会带走大部分热量。物料因热量散失温度降低,便可能无法为内部水分迁移至表面提供足够能量,最终导致总干燥时间延长。由图4b可知,不同真空时间下干燥速率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,真空保持时间为25 min的降速阶段,其干燥速率曲线不是很稳定。这与Xu等[31]的研究结果类似,其原因是干燥时常压与真空交替循环次数减少,使苹果片内部孔隙结构的扩张程度受到抑制,同时真空时间的增加使物料内部水分迁移的驱动作用得到增强,这种双重因素共同作用使得物料干燥速率不稳定。
通过线性回归计算出不同干燥温度、常压时间和真空时间下苹果片的水分有效扩散系数如表2所示。由表2可知,不同干燥条件下,苹果片Deff为1.69×10−11~3.63×10−11 m2/s,在不同干燥温度中,Deff最大为3.63×10−11 m2/s;不同常压保持时间条件下,Deff最大为3.01×10−11 m2/s;不同真空保持时间条件下,Deff最大为3.37×10−11 m2/s。由此可见,干燥条件对苹果片水分有效扩散系数有所影响,较高的温度能促进水分扩散,使得Deff达到较大值,说明温度升高增强了水分迁移的动力,加快了水分在苹果片中的扩散速度。选取适宜的真空时间和常压时间可以优化水分扩散过程,推动水分扩散,加快干燥效率。
以1 min为时间单位,在干燥温度为60 ℃,真空时间为10 min,常压时间为6 min条件下进行苹果片干燥试验的多参数汇总曲线如图5所示。
随着干燥过程的进行,物料质量及含水率不断降低,物料温度的变化特点总结为:干燥过程中物料温度总体上升,随着压力脉动的出现,物料温度的升高与降低幅度呈现出在干燥前期基本保持不变,在干燥中后期略有减小的趋势;随着真空度的脉动变化,物料温度呈现脉动式的升高与降低变化情况,即在进气及常压保持阶段物料温度迅速升高,在抽真空及真空保持阶段物料温度迅速下降,一度降至接近上一个真空保持阶段末段的温度。
在图6中将干燥时间为79~113 min阶段的苹果片内部温度随干燥室内压力的变化情况局部放大可见,在干燥时间79~113 min之间升高了3.3 ℃(37.6 ℃升高至40.9 ℃),苹果片内部温度变化曲线随干燥室内压力变化呈现出“脉动式”高低交替的规律性变化:在6 min的常压保持阶段,苹果片内部温度迅速升高,由37.6 ℃上升至47.8 ℃,升温幅度达10.2 ℃,这是由于在常压条件下,外界空气引入到干燥室中,相对湿度增大,物料水分蒸发量减少,物料所吸收的热量大多被用于提升自身温度。而在常压转真空阶段,干燥室内空气被抽出,压力下降,苹果片内部温度明显降低,由47.8 ℃降至39.8 ℃,降温幅度达8.0 ℃。这是由于真空条件下,干燥介质相对湿度值增大,增大了水分蒸发的驱动力。物料水分大量蒸发,苹果片所吸收的热量不足以使得水分蒸发,还需要物料降温才能供给水分蒸发所吸收的热量。待10 min真空保持阶段结束,进入常压保持阶段后,苹果片内部温度快速上升,且超过上一常压阶段最高值,如此循环往复。
不同单因素实验条件对干燥后苹果片的色泽影响如表3所示,干燥温度、真空保持时间与常压保持时间对苹果片的明亮度L*和色差∆E均存在显著影响(P<0.05)。在温度单因素实验条件下,随着干燥温度的升高,∆E值呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,这与杨双喜等[32]的研究类似,当温度达70 ℃时,∆E值显著增大(P<0.05),温度为60 ℃色差最小(P<0.05),明亮度最大,∆E为28.95±1.34,L*为45.96±1.83,颜色最接近新鲜苹果,这是因为温度较低时苹果片干燥速率受限进入慢速干燥阶段,酶促反应受到抑制,进而减轻了色泽褐变程度。而70 ℃的高温可能促进苹果片中的成分与空气中氧气发生更剧烈的氧化反应,从而产生有色物质,增大色差。
在常压保持时间单因素实验条件下,∆E值随着常压保持时间的增加呈增大的趋势,这与谢龙[19]的研究类似,当常压时间为10 min时,∆E值和b*值最大(P<0.05),∆E为37.10±1.85,b*为57.34±0.73,表明色泽较暗偏黄,2 min时色差最小(P<0.05),∆E为24.65±1.94,L*为50.16±1.07,颜色接近新鲜苹果,这可能是由于常压时氧气进入,时间越长,苹果多酚氧化酶会促使酚类化合物氧化,导致褐变程度加深,色差越大。
在真空保持时间单因素实验条件下,∆E值随真空保持时间的延长呈先增加后减小再增加的变化规律,这与乔宏柱等[33]的研究类似,在真空保持时间为25 min时,∆E值和b*值最大(P<0.05),色泽较暗偏黄,真空保持时间为15 min时,∆E值和b*值最小(P<0.05),∆E为23.61±4.24,b*值为49.34±2.86,色泽接近鲜样,可能是由于真空时间过长会使细胞结构破坏,色素分布改变,这说明适当降低真空保持时间,有利于苹果片干制品的色泽品质。
复水比是评估干燥产品外观形态复原能力的关键指标[34−35]。不同单因素实验条件下苹果片的复水比如图7所示,由方差分析得出,干燥温度、常压保持时间和真空保持时间对苹果片复水比均存在显著影响(P<0.05)。随干燥温度的上升,苹果片复水比呈现下降趋势,其中,55 ℃复水比最大(3.07±0.07),而70 ℃复水比最小(2.58±0.07)(P<0.05)。这与谢龙[19]的研究类似,其研究发现干燥温度越高,枸杞复水比越低。可能是由于高温下苹果片快速脱水而收缩硬化,表面形成致密的组织结构,导致水分迁移孔道的收缩甚至坍塌,阻碍复水过程;复水比会随着常压及真空时间的延长呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,这与巨浩羽等[22]的研究一致,其原因是适度延长真空时间和常压时间有助于水分快速脱除,形成疏松的微观结构,利于后续复水,而真空时间和常压时间过长可能使物料结构坍塌或致密化,降低复水能力。常压时间为6 min,真空时间为10 min时复水比最大(2.88±0.26)(P<0.05)。
不同单因素实验条件对干燥后苹果片的VC影响如图8所示,干燥温度、真空保持时间与常压保持时间对苹果片的VC含量存在显著影响(P<0.05)。随着干燥温度的升高VC含量呈递减的趋势,55 ℃时VC含量最高1.17±0.03 mg/g(P<0.05),这与Yeasmin等[36]的研究类似,研究结果表明随着干燥温度的升高,杨桃中维生素C的保留率呈现下降趋势,温度对杨桃干燥过程中维生素C的保留有显著影响。可能是因为温度升高加快氧化还原反应,VC被氧化破坏,另外VC热稳定性差,高温使分子结构中不稳定基团易断裂或重排,导致VC分解;VC含量随着常压时间的延长呈先降低后增加的趋势,常压时间为10 min时VC含量最高1.58±0.01 mg/g,8 min时VC含量最低0.88±0.01 mg/g(P<0.05),可能是因为常压时间延长到10 min时,苹果片干燥更充分,水分含量明显降低,低水分活度抑制了氧化反应和水解反应的进行,由此可见适当的调节常压时间可以提高苹果片VC含量;VC含量随着真空时间的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势,真空时间为20 min时VC含量最高1.49±0.03 mg/g(P<0.05),这与巨浩羽等[22]的研究类似,可能因为延长真空时间可减少与氧气接触,抑制VC氧化,同时能降低抗坏血酸氧化酶等活性,减少对VC的分解,而真空时间过长会破坏苹果片细胞结构,使VC更易与其他物质反应,导致VC含量降低。
不同单因素实验条件对干燥后苹果片的总黄酮含量影响如图9所示,干燥温度、真空与常压保持时间对苹果片的总黄酮含量存在显著影响(P<0.05)。总黄酮含量随着温度的升高呈现递增的趋势,70 ℃时总黄酮含量最高11.26±0.77 mg/g(P<0.05),这与María等[37]的研究结果类似,其研究结果表明在一定温度范围内,橄榄叶中的总黄酮含量随干燥温度的升高呈上升趋势。可能是因为温度升高会使苹果细胞内物质运动加剧,细胞壁和细胞膜通透性增加,黄酮类物质更易溶出释放;总黄酮含量随着常压时间的延长呈先降低后增加再降低的趋势,常压时间为2 min时总黄酮含量最高9.21±0.48 mg/g,4 min时总黄酮含量最低4.88±0.60 mg/g(P<0.05);总黄酮含量随着真空时间的延长呈先降低后增加的趋势,真空时间为25 min时含量最高10.59±1.84 mg/g,15 min时含量最低5.25±0.65 mg/g(P<0.05),这与谢龙[19]的研究结果类似,后期真空保持时间增加含量增加可能是因为较长真空时间使体系中的氧气被进一步抽离,有效抑制了黄酮类物质的氧化反应,使其含量得以稳定并开始增加,由此可见,适当的调节常压时间和真空时间可以提高苹果片总黄酮含量。
苹果片干燥后综合评分如表4所示,由表4可知当干燥温度为60 ℃,常压保持时间为2 min,真空保持时间为10 min时综合评分最高,为0.73±0.01。在此参数组合下,苹果片能实现高效脱水,保留更多营养成分,色泽与复水性也达到较好平衡。较短的常压时间有效避免了苹果片因长时间受热而造成的营养流失和色泽劣变;60 ℃的温度既能保证干燥效率,又能较好地维持苹果片的组织结构和风味物质;而10 min的真空时间则充分发挥了真空环境在低温下快速干燥的优势,减少热敏性成分损失,获得较好的品质。
本研究采用真空脉动干燥技术处理苹果片,系统地分析了其干燥特性、品质变化及物料温度动态变化规律,发现干燥温度、真空时间和常压时间对复水比、色泽、总黄酮含量和VC含量(P<0.05)均有显著性影响。苹果片的干燥时间随着干燥温度的升高而缩短,随常压时间延长而延长,随着真空时间的延长呈现先缩短后增加的趋势。干燥时苹果片内部温度呈阶梯式波动,这种周期性温度变化可有效避免局部过热,减少热敏性成分的降解。在干燥温度为60 ℃,常压保持时间为2 min,真空保持时间为10 min时综合评分最高,此工艺下各指标表现较优。该研究揭示了真空脉动干燥参数对苹果片干燥效率与品质的影响规律,为优化苹果片干燥工艺提供依据。此外对苹果片真空脉动干燥过程中热质传递规律有待进一步研究,通过剖析压力周期性变化下水分迁移与热量传导机制,构建更精准的干燥过程模型,为工艺参数的优化与技术的工业化应用提供更坚实的理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030384
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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    河北经贸大学生物科学与工程学院,河北石家庄 050061

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巨浩羽(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品干燥技术和装备,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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