Article(id=1320888849589453159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030376, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854042670, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854042670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854042670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854042670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888849769808232, articleId=1320888849589453159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment on the Quality of Lotus Root Juice, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of ultrasonic treatment on lotus root juice quality, ultrasonic pretreatment was applied under varying conditions: frequencies (25, 33, 40, 59 kHz), power levels (40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), and treatment durations (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min). Based on six nutritional quality indicators: soluble quinones, protein, vitamin C, color, soluble solids, and pH, along with four browning-related quality parameters: total phenolic content, browning degree, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and peroxidase (POD) activity, combined with principal component analysis and correlation analysis, to identify ultrasonic processing parameters that effectively enhance the comprehensive quality and sensory characteristics of lotus root juice. Finally, an electronic tongue analysis was conducted to evaluate the degree of flavor change in lotus root juice before and after ultrasonic treatment. Results indicated that moderate ultrasonic treatment improved lotus root juice quality. The optimal ultrasonic processing parameters identified were 30 min duration, 60% power, and 40 kHz frequency. Under these conditions, lotus root juice browning decreased by 28.13%, PPO and POD activities decreased by 66.67% and 62.07% respectively, while polyphenol and protein contents increased. Simultaneously, ultrasonic treatment reduced bitterness and enhanced acidity in the juice. These findings provide a foundation and theoretical basis for the development of lotus root products.

, authors=Li LI, Zhan ZHENG, Shuyi LI*, Zhenzhou ZHU, Xuehua WANG, authorsList=Li LI, Zhan ZHENG, Shuyi LI, Zhenzhou ZHU, Xuehua WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuyi LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888851036488051, articleId=1320888849589453159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声预处理对莲藕汁品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究超声处理对莲藕汁品质的影响规律,采用不同频率(25、33、40、59 kHz)、不同功率(40%、60%、80%、100%)、不同作用时间(0、15、30、45、60 min)处理条件对莲藕汁进行超声预处理。基于莲藕汁可溶性醌、蛋白质、VC、色度、可溶性固形物、pH 6个营养品质指标以及藕汁总酚含量、褐变度、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性4个褐变相关品质参数,结合主成分分析和相关性分析,筛选出能有效提升藕汁综合品质和感官特性的超声加工参数,最后通过电子舌分析超声处理前后藕汁滋味的变化程度。结果表明,适度超声处理可以改善莲藕汁品质,筛选出的最佳超声加工参数为时间30 min、功率60%、频率40 kHz。在此工艺条件下藕汁的褐变度降低28.13%,PPO和POD活性分别降低了66.67%和62.07%,多酚和蛋白质含量增加。同时超声处理还降低了藕汁的苦味,增加酸味。本研究结果可为莲藕产品开发提供一定基础和理论依据。

, authors=李黎, 郑展, 李书艺*, 祝振洲, 王雪华, authorsList=李黎, 郑展, 李书艺, 祝振洲, 王雪华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李书艺, authorNote=

李黎(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与应用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李书艺(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:特色农副产品活性资源综合利用,E-mail:。
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Food Chemistry, 2021, 361: 130090., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888851254591860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888851262980469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, companyId=1320888851254591860, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National R & D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888851317506422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, companyId=1320888851254591860, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉轻工大学硒科学与工程现代产业学院,国家富硒农产品加工技术研发专业中心,湖北武汉 430023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888853527904666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different ultrasonication time (A), frequency (B) and power (C) on the polyphenol content in lotus root juice, figureFileSmall=0OucdHviEMIY8t1h/LL/fA==, figureFileBig=XT54dFUkwcrGcRjXMG1WDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888853615985051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同超声处理时间(A)、频率(B)、功率(C)对藕汁多酚含量的影响

注:不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=0OucdHviEMIY8t1h/LL/fA==, figureFileBig=XT54dFUkwcrGcRjXMG1WDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888853838283164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different ultrasonication time (A), frequency (B) and power (C) on the browning degree of lotus root juice, figureFileSmall=GvArC5ANi42gid8dwIs+5Q==, figureFileBig=yqy6KQqXr0qlNv0/Fv1O/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888853909586333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同超声处理时间(A)、频率(B)、功率(C)对藕汁褐变度的影响, figureFileSmall=GvArC5ANi42gid8dwIs+5Q==, figureFileBig=yqy6KQqXr0qlNv0/Fv1O/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888853976695198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different ultrasonication time (A), frequency (B) and power (C) on the enzyme activity of PPO in lotus root juice, figureFileSmall=wc6Lyjsu3J1CQOWG0Z/NDg==, figureFileBig=kcmQYf2u+ulYt+xNLykg1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888854056386975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同超声处理时间(A)、频率(B)、功率(C)对藕汁PPO酶活的影响, figureFileSmall=wc6Lyjsu3J1CQOWG0Z/NDg==, figureFileBig=kcmQYf2u+ulYt+xNLykg1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888854123495840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different ultrasonication time (A), frequency (B) and power (C) on the enzyme activity of POD in lotus root juice, figureFileSmall=oKUkJyBfoGEXncsH4/re2g==, figureFileBig=fNt4enIiz1FN4ohZjZ8wkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888854194799009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同超声处理时间(A)、频率(B)、功率(C)对藕汁POD酶活的影响, figureFileSmall=oKUkJyBfoGEXncsH4/re2g==, figureFileBig=fNt4enIiz1FN4ohZjZ8wkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888854261907874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Lotus root juice taste radar map, figureFileSmall=H07cnWQFX459mk5r3zRlvA==, figureFileBig=/rDbdBElsTMeZe2fmC9F8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888854329016739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=图5, caption=藕汁的滋味雷达图, figureFileSmall=H07cnWQFX459mk5r3zRlvA==, figureFileBig=/rDbdBElsTMeZe2fmC9F8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888854396125604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different ultrasonic treatments on the quality of lotus root juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式超声时间
(min)
超声频率
(kHz)
超声功率
(W)
可溶性醌
(OD437nm)
蛋白质
(mg/100 mL)
VC
(mg/100 g)
色度
(∆E)
固形物
(°Brix)
pH
X10000.059±0.005ab130.39±3.13g9.08±0.53a28.57±6.54c2.00±0.28a6.57±0.08a
X2154060%0.064±0.006a150.08±1.41ef7.48±1.07ab31.75±2.16bc2.15±0.35a6.68±0.16a
X3454060%0.043±0.005c184.77±8.91a3.21±1.07cd31.35±2.33bc1.90±0.14a6.69±0.01a
X4604060%0.042±0.003c182.50±4.30ab2.67±0.53d26.60±1.61c2.00±0.14a6.72±0.01a
X5302560%0.052±0.001abc137.97±3.36fg5.34±1.07bcd51.71±0.42a2.45±0.07a6.92±0.25a
X6303360%0.054±0.005abc157.11±5.78de4.81±0.53bcd49.51±0.17a2.40±0.14a6.81±0.02a
X7304060%0.045±0.004bc177.97±1.02abc2.67±0.53d47.76±1.03ab2.40±0.28a6.86±0.05a
X8305960%0.046±0.003bc169.38±3.67bcd3.21±1.07cd52.87±1.28a2.35±0.21a6.85±0.09a
X9304040%0.051±0.003abc157.66±10.86ef9.08±0.53a41.72±3.10abc2.05±0.49a6.88±0.01a
X10304080%0.047±0.004bc167.03±5.70cd5.88±0.53bc39.75±2.18abc2.05±0.35a6.80±0.10a
X113040100%0.044±0.005c180.31±3.36abc3.21±1.07cd42.40±12.20abc2.05±0.35a6.86±0.13a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888854480011685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同超声处理对莲藕汁品质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式超声时间
(min)
超声频率
(kHz)
超声功率
(W)
可溶性醌
(OD437nm)
蛋白质
(mg/100 mL)
VC
(mg/100 g)
色度
(∆E)
固形物
(°Brix)
pH
X10000.059±0.005ab130.39±3.13g9.08±0.53a28.57±6.54c2.00±0.28a6.57±0.08a
X2154060%0.064±0.006a150.08±1.41ef7.48±1.07ab31.75±2.16bc2.15±0.35a6.68±0.16a
X3454060%0.043±0.005c184.77±8.91a3.21±1.07cd31.35±2.33bc1.90±0.14a6.69±0.01a
X4604060%0.042±0.003c182.50±4.30ab2.67±0.53d26.60±1.61c2.00±0.14a6.72±0.01a
X5302560%0.052±0.001abc137.97±3.36fg5.34±1.07bcd51.71±0.42a2.45±0.07a6.92±0.25a
X6303360%0.054±0.005abc157.11±5.78de4.81±0.53bcd49.51±0.17a2.40±0.14a6.81±0.02a
X7304060%0.045±0.004bc177.97±1.02abc2.67±0.53d47.76±1.03ab2.40±0.28a6.86±0.05a
X8305960%0.046±0.003bc169.38±3.67bcd3.21±1.07cd52.87±1.28a2.35±0.21a6.85±0.09a
X9304040%0.051±0.003abc157.66±10.86ef9.08±0.53a41.72±3.10abc2.05±0.49a6.88±0.01a
X10304080%0.047±0.004bc167.03±5.70cd5.88±0.53bc39.75±2.18abc2.05±0.35a6.80±0.10a
X113040100%0.044±0.005c180.31±3.36abc3.21±1.07cd42.40±12.20abc2.05±0.35a6.86±0.13a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888854563897766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis of the quality of lotus root juice with different ultrasonic treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质褐变度可溶性醌多酚蛋白质VCPPOPOD色度固形物pH
褐变度1.000
可溶性醌0.991**1.000
多酚−0.596−0.661*1.000
蛋白质−0.816**−0.837**0.680*1.000
VC0.770**0.805**−0.764**−0.783**1.000
PPO0.825**0.830**−0.637*−0.931**0.825**1.000
POD0.5930.670*−0.860**−0.689*0.923**0.666*1.000
色度−0.154−0.2000.603*−0.054−0.2470.104−0.4281.000
固形物0.1210.0640.438−0.251−0.2140.261−0.3970.844**1.000
pH−0.369−0.4080.740**0.203−0.300−0.168−0.4340.832 **0.5831.000
), ArticleFig(id=1320888854635200935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同超声处理藕汁品质的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品质褐变度可溶性醌多酚蛋白质VCPPOPOD色度固形物pH
褐变度1.000
可溶性醌0.991**1.000
多酚−0.596−0.661*1.000
蛋白质−0.816**−0.837**0.680*1.000
VC0.770**0.805**−0.764**−0.783**1.000
PPO0.825**0.830**−0.637*−0.931**0.825**1.000
POD0.5930.670*−0.860**−0.689*0.923**0.666*1.000
色度−0.154−0.2000.603*−0.054−0.2470.104−0.4281.000
固形物0.1210.0640.438−0.251−0.2140.261−0.3970.844**1.000
pH−0.369−0.4080.740**0.203−0.300−0.168−0.4340.832 **0.5831.000
), ArticleFig(id=1320888854727475624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Eigenvalues and contribution rates of principal components

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成分初始特征值提取平方和载入
特征值方差贡献
率(%)
累积贡献
率(%)
特征值方差贡献
率(%)
累积贡献
率(%)
15.68571.06871.0685.68571.06871.068
21.43217.90488.9721.43217.90488.972
30.5136.41195.383
40.2423.02598.408
50.0760.95299.360
60.0340.42599.785
70.0160.19999.984
), ArticleFig(id=1320888854798778793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主成分的特征值和贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分初始特征值提取平方和载入
特征值方差贡献
率(%)
累积贡献
率(%)
特征值方差贡献
率(%)
累积贡献
率(%)
15.68571.06871.0685.68571.06871.068
21.43217.90488.9721.43217.90488.972
30.5136.41195.383
40.2423.02598.408
50.0760.95299.360
60.0340.42599.785
70.0160.19999.984
), ArticleFig(id=1320888854870081962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Eigenvectors of principal components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分载荷矩阵
12
褐变度0.890−0.202
可溶性醌0.924−0.141
多酚0.8440.434
蛋白质0.902−0.317
VC0.9370.044
PPO0.897−0.369
POD0.8690.304
色度0.2760.923
), ArticleFig(id=1320888854953968043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

主成分的特征矢量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分载荷矩阵
12
褐变度0.890−0.202
可溶性醌0.924−0.141
多酚0.8440.434
蛋白质0.902−0.317
VC0.9370.044
PPO0.897−0.369
POD0.8690.304
色度0.2760.923
), ArticleFig(id=1320888855046242732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Component scores and comprehensive assessment of ultrasound parameters for different products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式超声时间
(min)
超声频率
(kHz)
超声
功率
F1F2F综排名
X1000−25.823−1.607−20.95611
X2154060%−17.430−0.011−13.92910
X3454060%10.738−2.2008.1375
X4604060%11.575−2.8338.6793
X5302560%−5.6062.442−3.9898
X6303360%−1.4221.979−0.7387
X7304060%13.8801.13611.3181
X8305960%9.9281.5608.2464
X9304040%−10.868−0.296−8.7439
X10304080%1.947−0.1251.5306
X113040100%13.082−0.04510.4442
), ArticleFig(id=1320888855117545901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888849589453159, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同超声参数的成分得分和综合评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式超声时间
(min)
超声频率
(kHz)
超声
功率
F1F2F综排名
X1000−25.823−1.607−20.95611
X2154060%−17.430−0.011−13.92910
X3454060%10.738−2.2008.1375
X4604060%11.575−2.8338.6793
X5302560%−5.6062.442−3.9898
X6303360%−1.4221.979−0.7387
X7304060%13.8801.13611.3181
X8305960%9.9281.5608.2464
X9304040%−10.868−0.296−8.7439
X10304080%1.947−0.1251.5306
X113040100%13.082−0.04510.4442
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超声预处理对莲藕汁品质的影响
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李黎 , 郑展 , 李书艺 * , 祝振洲 , 王雪华
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 141-150
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 141 -150
超声预处理对莲藕汁品质的影响
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李黎 , 郑展, 李书艺* , 祝振洲, 王雪华
作者信息
  • 武汉轻工大学硒科学与工程现代产业学院,国家富硒农产品加工技术研发专业中心,湖北武汉 430023
通讯作者:
李书艺(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:特色农副产品活性资源综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李黎(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工与应用,E-mail:

Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment on the Quality of Lotus Root Juice
Li LI , Zhan ZHENG, Shuyi LI* , Zhenzhou ZHU, Xuehua WANG
Affiliations
  • National R & D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030376
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为探究超声处理对莲藕汁品质的影响规律,采用不同频率(25、33、40、59 kHz)、不同功率(40%、60%、80%、100%)、不同作用时间(0、15、30、45、60 min)处理条件对莲藕汁进行超声预处理。基于莲藕汁可溶性醌、蛋白质、VC、色度、可溶性固形物、pH 6个营养品质指标以及藕汁总酚含量、褐变度、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性4个褐变相关品质参数,结合主成分分析和相关性分析,筛选出能有效提升藕汁综合品质和感官特性的超声加工参数,最后通过电子舌分析超声处理前后藕汁滋味的变化程度。结果表明,适度超声处理可以改善莲藕汁品质,筛选出的最佳超声加工参数为时间30 min、功率60%、频率40 kHz。在此工艺条件下藕汁的褐变度降低28.13%,PPO和POD活性分别降低了66.67%和62.07%,多酚和蛋白质含量增加。同时超声处理还降低了藕汁的苦味,增加酸味。本研究结果可为莲藕产品开发提供一定基础和理论依据。

超声处理  /  莲藕汁  /  品质特性  /  感官特性  /  主成分分析

To investigate the effects of ultrasonic treatment on lotus root juice quality, ultrasonic pretreatment was applied under varying conditions: frequencies (25, 33, 40, 59 kHz), power levels (40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), and treatment durations (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min). Based on six nutritional quality indicators: soluble quinones, protein, vitamin C, color, soluble solids, and pH, along with four browning-related quality parameters: total phenolic content, browning degree, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and peroxidase (POD) activity, combined with principal component analysis and correlation analysis, to identify ultrasonic processing parameters that effectively enhance the comprehensive quality and sensory characteristics of lotus root juice. Finally, an electronic tongue analysis was conducted to evaluate the degree of flavor change in lotus root juice before and after ultrasonic treatment. Results indicated that moderate ultrasonic treatment improved lotus root juice quality. The optimal ultrasonic processing parameters identified were 30 min duration, 60% power, and 40 kHz frequency. Under these conditions, lotus root juice browning decreased by 28.13%, PPO and POD activities decreased by 66.67% and 62.07% respectively, while polyphenol and protein contents increased. Simultaneously, ultrasonic treatment reduced bitterness and enhanced acidity in the juice. These findings provide a foundation and theoretical basis for the development of lotus root products.

ultrasound treatment  /  lotus root juice  /  quality characteristics  /  sensory characteristics  /  principal component analysis
李黎, 郑展, 李书艺, 祝振洲, 王雪华. 超声预处理对莲藕汁品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 141 -150 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030376
Li LI, Zhan ZHENG, Shuyi LI, Zhenzhou ZHU, Xuehua WANG. Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment on the Quality of Lotus Root Juice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 141 -150 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030376
莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)属于多年水生草本植物,多种植在温暖湿润地区,是我国种植面积及产量第一的水生蔬菜[1]。莲藕富含淀粉、蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素、多酚等多种营养物质和活性成分[2],极具开发为植物源膳食补充剂的潜力。鲜榨藕汁作为一种特色果蔬饮料不仅能最大限度地保留莲藕的丰富营养成分[3],而且口感清爽甘甜,深受消费者青睐。但藕汁中可溶性固形物(如可溶性糖,有机酸、维生素等)含量较高,在榨汁和储存过程中易出现氧化褐变、沉降分层等品质缺陷[4],产品的物理稳定性和化学稳定性亟待提升。
超声作为一种新兴非热绿色加工技术,在食品加工领域(尤其是果蔬汁加工)具有重要应用价值,能高效实现微生物灭活和酶活性钝化[5]。超声技术可分为低频率高场强(频率为20~100 kHz,场强为10~1000 W/cm2)和高频率低场强(频率为100 kHz~1 MHz,场强<1 W/cm2)2种[6],食品加工中主要应用低频超声[7]。超声可以通过机械和空化效应有效改变果蔬汁的理化性质和品质特性,Gao等[8]利用频率20~25 kHz,强度87.52 W/cm2,温度10 ℃,时间15 min的冷超声处理鲜榨番茄汁,其抗坏血酸、总酚、类胡萝卜素含量分别增加21.08%、16.92%、81.12%。Cheng等[9]通过研究发现超声(频率19 kHz、功率750 W、温度50 ℃、时间36 min)处理柑橘汁使其亮度增加,黄色加深,而抗坏血酸、总酚、总类胡萝卜素含量分别降低8.69%、26.75%、10.66%。因为超声波技术在食品加工和改性中的应用受到条件和设备的限制,不同频率和能量的超声对食品关键组分及其相互作用的调控呈现较大差异,因此筛选适度的超声处理条件就显得尤为重要。
目前非热技术在莲藕汁加工中应用较少,课题组前期研究发现超声能够改善果蔬汁的稳定性和营养特性[10],但不同超声条件处理的影响规律和机制尚不明晰。因此,本研究运用主成分分析和相关性分析,研究不同超声处理对莲藕汁可溶性醌、蛋白质、VC、色度、可溶性固形物、pH以及藕汁总酚含量、褐变度、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等品质指标的影响,筛选能有效改善莲藕汁综合品质的超声加工条件,并进行滋味变化分析。以期为莲藕汁产品的进一步开发利用提供理论基础和实践指南。
八月粉莲藕 湖北省农业科学院;抗坏血酸、邻苯二酚、愈创木酚、没食子酸、Folin-Ciocalteu试剂、考马斯亮蓝G-250、2,6-二氯酚靛酚等 均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
SB-300DTY扫频超声波清洗机(功率360 W) 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;A580型紫外可见分光光度测量仪 翱艺仪器(上海)有限公司;UltraScanPRO全自动色差仪 美国HunterLab公司;PHS-3C型pH计 上海雷磁仪器厂;TGL-16A离心机 湖南平凡科技有限公司;AL204电子天平 梅特勒-托利多国际有限公司;PAL-1型手持式糖度计 ATAGO(爱拓)中国分公司;WYA-2S数字阿贝折射仪 上海精密仪器仪表有限公司;cTongue电子舌 上海保圣实业发展有限公司。
选取新鲜莲藕,洗去泥土,选择表面完整无破损的,削皮、切成0.5 cm薄片(95%乙醇消毒所有容器工具),按照料液比1:5加水,根据预实验结果,设定超声频率(25、33、40、59 kHz),超声功率60%,超声时间30 min;设定超声功率(40%、60%、80%、100%(360 W)),超声频率40 kHz,超声时间30 min;设定超声时间(15、30、45、60 min),超声频率40 kHz,超声功率60%,超声处理的同时使用冰水浴控温。随后在打浆机中打浆约3 min,得莲藕浆液,用500目滤布过滤藕渣,收集莲藕汁至干净玻璃瓶中待测。
参考朱莉莉等[11]的方法并略加修改,取莲藕汁5 mL,按体积比1:1加入95%的乙醇溶液,混合振荡10 min后8000 r/min离心10 min,以去除样品中的粗纤维和颗粒。取10 mL上清液,于波长437 nm测其吸光度。
采用考马斯亮蓝G-250法[12]。所得牛血清蛋白标准曲线方程为y=0.0064x+0.0455,R2=0.9994。取0.2 mL粗藕汁,加入0.8 mL蒸馏水,5 mL考马斯亮蓝,充分混匀后在室温下反应10 min,调零后在波长595 nm测定吸光值,根据标准曲线来计算样品中总蛋白含量[13]。
参考GB 5009.86-2016《食品中抗坏血酸的测定》中第三法2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法进行测定。
色差仪开机后,使用标准黑白板进行仪器校正,校正结束后测定样品的L*、a*、b*值,每个样品测定3次,利用ΔE值表示样品与标准或参考样品之间的总色差(标准采用蒸馏水)。规定ΔE值<1.5表示差异较小;在1.5和3.0之间表示存在明显的差异;ΔE值>3表示存在极显著差异[14]。
可溶性固形物和酸碱度分别采用数字阿贝折光仪和pH计测定。
采用福林酚比色法。取1 mL藕汁,蒸馏水定容至10 mL。取1 mL稀释后的藕汁于刻度试管内,随后加入5 mL福林酚试剂充分混匀,室温下反应3~8 min,再加入4 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液,混匀后室温下静置60 min使其充分反应,最后测定其765 nm波长下的吸光度。总酚含量参照标准曲线以藕汁中没食子酸当量表示(µg/mL)[15−16]。
前处理步骤参考1.2.2,离心后取上清液,用紫外分光光度计测定波长420 nm处的吸光度值,以此表示褐变指数,以V蒸馏水:V95%乙醇=1:1的混合液做空白对照。
制备40 mL 0.1 mol/L pH7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)并加入1.2 g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP),取1.2.1制得藕汁2 mL与6 mL PBS混合后在4 ℃静置1 h,10000 r/min离心10 min取上清液,得到莲藕汁PPO粗酶液。上述操作均在4 ℃下进行。
向1 cm比色皿中加入1.9 mL PBS(0.1 mol/L,pH7.0),1.0 mL 0.1 mol/L邻苯二酚(20 mmol/L PBS配制),25 ℃保温5 min,最后加入0.1 mL粗酶液启动反应。立即在波长420 nm处测定吸光值,每10 s记录1次,共2 min。每毫升酶液每分钟引起吸光值变化0.001为1个酶活单位[17]。
$ \rm{酶}活(U\cdot{min^{-1}}\cdot mL^{-1})=\frac{\Delta A_{420\ nm}}{Vs\times0.001\times t} $
式中:Vs表示测定时所取样品提取液体积,mL;ΔA420 nm表示反应时间内吸光值的变化;t表示反应时间,min。
向1 cm比色皿中加入0.3 mL粗酶液,2.9 mL 0.3%愈创木酚(用50 mmol/L PBS配制,pH7.0),最后加入0.8 mL 0.3% H2O2(用50 mmol/L PBS配制,pH7.0),总反应体积为4 mL。加入H2O2后开始精确计时,连续测定A470 nm的变化值[18],每毫升酶液每分钟引起吸光值变化0.01为1个酶活单位。
将藕汁倒入电子舌专用测试杯并置于设备中,注意液面低于刻度线0.5~1.0 mm,机器自动测试4次,数据分析时取4次实验的平均值,并将数值转化为各味觉的响应值再输出,最后以未超声处理为对照组,用于比较超声对藕汁滋味的影响。响应值的大小对应滋味的差异程度,正值表示该味觉相对于对照组更强,负值则表示相对较弱[19]。
本实验所有测试均重复3次,实验结果以“平均值±标准差”表示。使用SPSS Statistics 26进行方差分析,使用Duncan法比较平均值之间的差异性,通过Origin 9.0和GraphPad Prism进行相关图表的绘制,P<0.05表示有显著性差异,P<0.01表示差异极显著。
不同超声处理对藕汁品质指标的影响如表1所示。作为酶促褐变的产物之一,可溶性醌含量一定程度上反映了莲藕汁中黑色素的量[20]。结果表明,除X2组外其余超声处理组均能降低藕汁中可溶性醌含量。在植物组织褐变过程中,多酚氧化酶(PPO)可催化酚类化合物氧化生成醌类物质,随后这些醌类物质通过非酶促氧化聚合反应最终形成褐色色素[13,21]。而超声处理能够有效抑制PPO酶活性,从而降低可溶性醌含量。而超声处理后藕汁中的蛋白质含量较未处理组X1均明显升高,这可能是由于超声空化效应及机械振动作用可破坏莲藕细胞壁结构,促进胞内蛋白质的溶出。也有研究表明超声处理可能诱导蛋白质构象变化,使其表面亲水基团暴露,从而增强溶解性,导致检测含量增加[22]。
VC也参与非酶褐变反应,研究结果表明超声处理能明显降低VC含量,这是由于超声处理会导致藕汁中自由基形成,空化效应产生的过量·OH会诱导VC氧化并降低其含量[23]。与此同时,VC降解产物聚集也会形成褐色物质从而导致色度值的增大[24],由表1的结果可知除X4组色度值略有降低外,其余超声处理组色度均明显增大。Abid等[25]也研究发现超声处理苹果汁会使其色度增加,这可能是由于空化效应产生的高压梯度,使大分子分解为小分子,从而使果汁适当均质化和混合,最终由于较小的颗粒尺寸而形成更稳定的胶体系统,从而增加其混浊度和色度。另外超声处理可能改变蛋白质构象,增强其与多酚类物质的结合能力,形成可溶性或不溶性复合物,进而影响藕汁的透光率和色度表现[26]。
而不同超声处理对藕汁中可溶性固形物含量和pH无显著影响,虽然在加工过程中机械加工会破坏大部分细胞的完整性,但可溶性固形物主要成分为小分子糖类和可溶性有机酸等,超声空化能不足以破坏其结构[27],且莲藕汁体系中天然含磷酸盐和蛋白质两性电解质,营造了很好的缓冲体系,能够维持pH稳定。这也与Cao等[28]和Martínez-Flores等[29]研究结果一致。
酚类化合物是果蔬中关键的生物活性成分,也是重要的抗氧化活性物质,它被认为是非必需次生代谢产物,参与细胞的正常生理活动[30]。不同超声处理时间、频率、功率对藕汁多酚含量的影响如图1所示,新鲜藕汁中总酚含量为26.12±2.2 μg/mL,不同超声处理均能提升藕汁中总酚的含量。在超声时间为0~30 min时,总酚含量随着时间的延长而显著增加(P<0.05),30 min后又略微降低,但仍高于未处理组(图1A)。与此同时,随着超声频率的增大,总酚含量也呈现出先增大后降低的趋势,并在40 kHz处达到最大(图1B)。这是因为在超声开始时,空化效应破坏细胞壁结构,促进结合态酚类释放,多酚溶出增加;随着时间的延长和频率的增大,藕汁中产生过量自由基攻击酚羟基或多酚氧化聚合生成不溶性沉淀从而降低多酚含量[31]。
另外低功率和高功率超声对藕汁总酚含量的增加并不显著,但超声后藕汁中的总酚含量仍明显高于未处理组(图1C)。这是因为超声空化泡破裂产生的微射流作用和声流效应会破坏细胞壁,从而洗出细胞内容物[32]。超声处理促进细胞内容物释放的主要作用机制在于空化效应产生的物理机械力作用。具体而言,当超声波在液体介质中传播时,会产生周期性的压缩和膨胀作用,导致空化泡的形成、生长和剧烈崩溃[33]。这可能也与高功率处理时间较长有关,自由基浓度骤增,多酚氧化速率增快,因此功率变化并未对总酚含量呈现太显著的影响。这也与Bhat等[34]研究超声处理对柑橘类水果多酚含量的影响结果相似。
褐变是果蔬汁产品加工过程中重要的反应,果蔬汁的褐变主要有两种,分别是酶促褐变和非酶促褐变[35]。而在加工过程中鲜藕汁的褐变主要是酶促褐变,这是因为莲藕的组织细胞被机械切割等操作分割破坏,使组织细胞内部的酶和酚类物质暴露在酶反应中,从而生成醌类物质。醌类物质随后与蛋白质、氨基酸等其他物质进一步聚合生成黑色素[36]。图2为不同超声处理对藕汁褐变度的影响。由图2(A)可知,在功率为60%,频率为40 kHz的条件下,当超声时间15 min时,褐变度显著增加(P<0.05),这可能是由于短时间的超声处理会加速酶与内容物质的接触,而在超声时间30 min后,褐变度显著降低(P<0.05),这可能与超声抑制了褐变所需酶的活性有关[37]。而随着超声频率的增加,藕汁褐变度也得到了不同程度的降低(图2B)。当超声功率60%,超声时间30 min时(图2C),随着超声频率的增加,藕汁褐变度的升高与降低呈现非线性变化趋势,这与其酶促反应动力学有关。超声空化效应促进细胞壁破裂内容物流出,褐变酶与酚类底物的接触率提升,与此同时超声又会抑制酶活,从而造成莲藕汁褐变度的非线性变化[38]。但超声处理组的褐变度都明显低于未处理组,这与甘笑静等[39]的研究结论一致。
多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是一类含铜的氧化还原酶,是自然界中分布比较广的一种金属蛋白酶,主要存在于植物、真菌、昆虫的质体内[40]。PPO是造成水果和蔬菜酶促褐变的主要原因,它能催化水果和蔬菜原料中的内源性多酚物质氧化生成黑色素[41−42]。
因此抑制PPO活性是抑制藕汁在加工过程中酶促褐变的有效途径。图3为不同超声处理对藕汁中PPO酶活的影响,结果显示随着超声时间的延长,PPO酶活受到显著抑制,超声30 min时酶活抑制了68.97%,随后酶活基本稳定不变。这是因为经过长时间超声,酶分子结构形成稳定态。该现象与PPO的同工酶组成相关,不稳定型同工酶在超声波产生的高温条件下失活,而稳定型同工酶被保留[43]。
低频率超声对藕汁PPO酶活影响不显著,特别是频率为33 kHz时,藕汁中PPO活力略微增强,这可能是由于超声波产生的热效应和传质作用增强了酶与底物分子的能量,使其碰撞加速,提高了酶促反应速率[44]。而超声频率上升至40、59 kHz时,PPO酶活的抑制率高达66.67%和59.26%(图3B)。超声波能够钝化酶活的原因在于藕汁中的自由水在超声波的空化作用下产生自由基,迫使酶空间构象发生改变,从而发生酶活的变化[45]。此外,PPO酶活也会随着超声功率的增加而受到更强的抑制,在100%(360 W)功率下酶活仅为未处理组的24.14%(图3C)。Kabawa等[43]研究发现超声空化效应产生的大量活泼自由基会与酶的氨基酸末端发生一系列氧化还原反应,同时强烈的超声波剪切力也会直接作用于酶的结构,从而导致酶的活性位点和空间结构遭到破坏,造成酶失活。杨明冠[46]也证实超声处理可以显著影响PPO的分子结构,使α-螺旋和β-转角含量降低,转为无规则卷曲导致酶活降低,与此同时超声对Trp和Tyr残基有一定程度的破坏致使荧光强度降低,并且发生了红移现象,降低了PPO的相对表达量。
过氧化物酶(Peroxisome,POD)是植物中产生的另外一类氧化还原酶,它在植物体内也发挥着重要的生理作用。POD催化由过氧化氢(H2O2)参与的各种还原剂的氧化反应以及芳香族化合物等物质的氧化反应[47]。图4为不同超声处理对藕汁POD酶活的影响,由图可以看出,经不同超声处理后,POD酶活性有不同程度的降低。在固定超声频率40 kHz,超声功率60%的情况下(图4A),POD酶活性随着超声时间延长而降低,30 min时POD酶活仅为未处理组的47.45%,而在此后的更长时间内酶活变化并不显著。这可以归因于POD存在2种不同热稳定性的同工酶,随着超声波处理时间的增加,不稳定型同工酶在超声波产生的高温条件下失活,而稳定型同工酶被保留[48]。当超声功率和时间保持不变,超声频率增大后(图4B),POD活力也受到显著抑制,并在40 kHz时达到最低值,相较未处理组降低了62.07%。但POD酶活在25~59 kHz范围内变化并不显著,这也说明了在超声时间和频率持续增长后,POD酶活的钝化效果会达到一定的饱和效应,使其变化不显著。
而由图4C可知,超声功率变化对PPO酶活的影响是显著的,随着功率的增强酶活性降低,在100%(360 W)时,POD酶活被抑制了56.15%。结果表明在一定时间范围内,超声波功率越高,酶钝化效果越好。这是由于超声强度越大,产生的瞬态空化作用越强,酶活力也越低。Chen等[49]研究也发现超声处理对胡萝卜汁中的POD既有破坏作用也有萃取作用,高功率、长时间的超声处理主要使酶钝化,而短时低功率的超声处理主要表现为萃取效应。
为了探究所测定的藕汁品质指标间是否存在相关性,运用皮尔逊(Pearson)相关系数进行统计分析。两个指标间的相关性强弱与皮尔逊相关系数r的绝对值成正比,绝对值越接近1则两个指标间的相关性越强,反之越接近0相关性越弱,而正负值分别代表正相关和负相关[50−51]。结果见表2,11种不同超声处理条件下所测的10个藕汁品质指标之间相关性存在差异,褐变度与可溶性醌含量、VC含量、PPO酶活呈非常显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.991、0.770、0.825,与蛋白质含量呈非常显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为−0.816,可见在藕汁中可溶性醌含量、VC含量、PPO酶活指数越高,褐变度就越高。PPO酶活与多酚含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)、与蛋白质含量呈非常显著负相关(P<0.01),与VC含量呈非常显著正相关(P<0.01)。POD酶活与多酚含量非常显著负相关(P<0.01)、与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与VC含量呈非常显著正相关(P<0.01)。由相关性分析结果可以看出,各指标间均存在一定的相关性,表明11个超声处理条件测定的指标结果有交叉性,因此需要对10项指标进行分类和简化。
主成分分析是一种数据降维方法,可以将多维数据降为一维数据,找出数据的主要特征[52]。利用SPSS 26软件对11个超声加工参数的8项指标进行主成分分析(根据前序相关性分析剔除可溶性固形物和pH两个指标),由表3主成分方差贡献率可知,前两个主成分的特征值大于1,累计方差贡献率达到88.972%[53],表明这2个成分可反映原始8个指标的绝大部分信息。
主成分载荷矩阵反映了8项品质指标在各主成分矩阵中的影响力大小,其数值反映原变量对因子影响的大小,正负代表变化方向的差别[54]。由表4可知,第1主成分主要综合了褐变、可溶性醌含量、多酚含量、蛋白质含量、VC含量、PPO酶活、POD酶活指标。第2主成分综合了色度。因此,使用这两个新的主成分变量代替原有8个变量,实现数据降维目的。
根据主成分的特征向量和标准化后的数据可得到2个主成分的得分函数表达式(F1、F2)。
F1=2.123X1+2.203X2+2.012X3+2.150X4+2.234X5+2.138X6+2.037X7+0.657X8
F2=−0.242X1−0.169X2+0.520X3−0.379X4+0.053X5−0.442X6+0.364X7+1.105X8
式中:X1~X8分别对应标准化之后的褐变度、可溶性醌含量、多酚含量、蛋白质含量、VC含量、PPO酶活、POD酶活、色度8个指标。
通过以2个主成分对应的特征值为权重进行加权,构建了一个主成分综合评价模型,即藕汁品质评价模型。
$ \mathrm{F}_{ \mathrm{综}} \mathrm{=0.799F}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{+0.201F}_{ \mathrm{2}} $
经过计算后的得分情况如表5所示,加工参数7综合得分排名第一,因此参数7(超声时间30 min,超声频率40 kHz,超声功率60%)可以认为是提升藕汁综合品质的最佳加工参数。同时本文发现随着超声时间(X1、X2、X7、X3、X4)和功率(X1、X9、X7、X10、X11)的增加,莲藕汁品质综合得分快速上升至最高值,随后出现非线性降低变化;而随着超声频率增大(X1、X5、X6、X7、X8),综合得分呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且在40 kHz处达到最大值。
为了研究超声处理对藕汁滋味的影响,利用电子舌分析超声处理与未超声处理藕汁中酸味、咸味、苦味及其回味、涩味及其回味、鲜味及其回味(丰富性)上的差异。如图5藕汁滋味雷达图所示(图中坐标表示滋味的强度)。
以未经超声处理的藕汁为对照组,探讨了超声处理对藕汁滋味特性的影响。结果表明,超声处理对藕汁的滋味丰富性影响不大,但能改善其滋味品质。具体表现为:苦味、苦味回味和咸味等滋味物质含量明显降低,涩味强度略微减弱,使得藕汁整体滋味更趋柔和,有效改善了传统藕汁的一些滋味缺陷。但与此同时,超声处理还会导致藕汁酸味增强,这可能与超声空化效应产生的强大剪切力和局部高温,导致物质组织结构改变,有机酸溶出增加有关[55−56]。Habinshuti等[57]研究不同超声波对酶解甘薯肽的美拉德产物滋味分析也发现相同的结论,超声会提升产物的酸味,减少苦味。后续计划通过进一步的感官评价和挥发性风味物质分析探究其具体变化规律。
本文研究了不同超声处理对鲜榨藕汁营养和褐变品质的影响,对其中8项指标进行了主成分分析,提取的两个主成分反映原始变量的88.972%信息,建立了直观的藕汁品质评价模型F综=0.799F1+0.201F2,得出不同超声加工参数的综合评分值排列顺序,得到的最佳超声加工参数为30 min、40 kHz、60%。在此工艺条件下藕汁的品质指标得到改善,相较未超声藕汁褐变度降低28.13%,PPO和POD酶活分别降低66.67%和62.07%,多酚含量和蛋白质含量分别增加了36.70%和39.41%。最后探究了超声处理对藕汁滋味的影响,结果表明超声能改善藕汁的苦味及苦味回味。本文为莲藕汁绿色加工以及产品的开发利用提供了一定的理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030376
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    武汉轻工大学硒科学与工程现代产业学院,国家富硒农产品加工技术研发专业中心,湖北武汉 430023

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李书艺(1987−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:特色农副产品活性资源综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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