Article(id=1320883641010471742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030368, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852800848, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852800848, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852800848, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852800848, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883641492816703, articleId=1320883641010471742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Improvement Effect and Mechanism of Angelica keiskei Enzyme on Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of fermented Angelica keiskei (FAK), produced through synergistic fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into seven groups (n=12 per group): normal control, model control, silibinin-treated, freeze-dried Angelica keiskei powder, and low-, medium-, and high-dose FAK groups. Alcohol-induced liver injury was established via 30-days intragastric administration of edible alcohol, with body weight monitored periodically. Post-intervention assessments included serum lipid profiles, organ indices, hepatic injury markers, antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and gut microbiota alterations. Results demonstrated that FAK significantly attenuated alcohol-induced weight loss (P<0.05) and reduced hepatic index, serum lipid levels, and hepatic injury markers. FAK intervention notably decreased hepatic lipid accumulation while enhancing antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (P<0.05), and could alleviate alcohol metabolism-induced hepatic oxidative damage. Mechanistic analyses revealed that FAK restored the Firmicutes-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio to near-normal levels and ameliorated alcohol-induced phylum- and genus-level dysbiosis, and the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Muribaculaceae, increased. This alleviated the abnormal changes in community relative abundance at the phylum and genus levels by strengthening the gut barrier, which was achieved by reducing LPS translocation and promoting SCFA production (e.g., Muribaculaceae could produce SCFAs), thereby reducing the production and release of endotoxins. In this study, FAK primarily exerted its effects by modulating the structure of the gut microbiota, reflecting the unique concept of "using bacteria to combat bacterial imbalance". It was speculated that FAK might repair the intestinal barrier and maintain intestinal homeostasis in mice with alcoholic liver injury by altering the diversity and community structure of the gut microbiota. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the high-value utilization of Angelica keiskei resources and its potential application in functional foods targeting alcohol-related hepatic disorders.

, authors=Yuting ZHAO1, Menghan WANG1, Kunli FU1, Shengnan ZHAO1, Ningning WANG1, Xiang GAO1, 2, Zichao LI1, *, Haixin SUN1, authorsList=Yuting ZHAO, Menghan WANG, Kunli FU, Shengnan ZHAO, Ningning WANG, Xiang GAO, Zichao LI, Haixin SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zichao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883648614744922, articleId=1320883641010471742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=明日叶酵素对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的改善作用及机制, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究利用植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,LP)与酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)协同发酵制备明日叶酵素(FAK),探讨其对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的改善作用及机制。雄性昆明小鼠分为7组(n=12),包括正常组、模型组、水飞蓟宾组、明日叶冻干粉组、明日叶酵素低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,进行30 d灌胃食用酒精建立酒精性肝损伤模型,定期测量小鼠体重。实验结束后,测定血清血脂水平、脏器变化及FAK对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。结果表明,FAK能显著改善酒精诱导的肝损伤小鼠体重降低,显著降低(P<0.05)其肝脏指数、血脂含量以及肝损伤标志酶水平,还能够降低肝脏脂肪含量,提高抗氧化酶含量以及降低炎症因子水平,FAK干预后GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),MDA浓度降低,可以减轻酒精代谢引起的肝脏氧化损伤。机制研究结果显示,FAK干预后F/B值降低恢复到接近正常水平,Muribaculaceae等有益菌丰度升高,通过减少LPS移位和促进SCFAs生成(如Muribaculaceae可产SCFAs)增强肠道屏障,改善了门水平和属水平上群落相对丰度的异常变化,减少了内毒素的产生与释放,本研究中的FAK主要通过调节菌群结构发挥作用,体现了“以菌治菌”的独特性。推测FAK可能通过改变肠道菌群多样性以及群落结构修复肠道屏障,维持酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肠道稳态。本研究为明日叶资源的高值化利用以及在保护酒精性肝损伤功能性食品中的开发与应用提供了理论支持。

, authors=赵玉霆1, 王梦菡1, 付坤丽1, 赵胜男1, 王宁宁1, 高翔1, 2, 李子超1, *, 孙海新1, authorsList=赵玉霆, 王梦菡, 付坤丽, 赵胜男, 王宁宁, 高翔, 李子超, 孙海新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李子超, authorNote=

赵玉霆(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李子超(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:药食同源资源高值化利用,E-mail:。
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Front Nutr, 2022, 9: 870394., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883649063535451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883649080312668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, companyId=1320883649063535451, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883649097089885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, companyId=1320883649063535451, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1青岛大学生命科学学院食品科学与工程系,山东青岛 266071)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883649206141790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883649252279135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, companyId=1320883649206141790, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shandong Huatao Food Co., Ltd., Weifang 262100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883649264862048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, companyId=1320883649206141790, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东华涛食品有限公司,山东潍坊 262100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883654511936404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Body weight change and final body weight of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=Zh4sitOOpL75r8A4OdsZrA==, figureFileBig=bOzGr5w7XKEPJ3vFllAA8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883654579045269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各组小鼠体重变化与最终体重

注:A. 各组小鼠体重变化;B. 各组小鼠最终体重。N-空白对照组;M-模型组;P-阳性对照组;NF-未发酵对照组;FL-明日叶酵素低剂量组;FM-明日叶酵素中剂量组;FH-明日叶酵素高剂量组。相同字母表示组间没有显著差异(P>0.05),不同字母表示组间有显著差异(P<0.05),图2、图5~图9、图12~图13同。

, figureFileSmall=Zh4sitOOpL75r8A4OdsZrA==, figureFileBig=bOzGr5w7XKEPJ3vFllAA8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883654776177558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Liver morphology and liver index of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=gAq+nAOm8FQ4w5c4XWuSEQ==, figureFileBig=5FU6oFM95D+KqKgwrtPcHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883654843286423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组小鼠的肝脏宏观形态与肝脏指数

注:A. 各组小鼠的肝脏宏观形态;B. 各组小鼠的肝脏指数水平。

, figureFileSmall=gAq+nAOm8FQ4w5c4XWuSEQ==, figureFileBig=5FU6oFM95D+KqKgwrtPcHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883654906200984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Liver histopathology sections of mice in each group (H&E, 200×), figureFileSmall=FYxadjAWSFoRbqg5K8dxKA==, figureFileBig=rN2rH8DwGLllPTbSClpsXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883654998475673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组小鼠肝脏组织病理学切片(H&E,200×), figureFileSmall=FYxadjAWSFoRbqg5K8dxKA==, figureFileBig=rN2rH8DwGLllPTbSClpsXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655069778842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Liver histopathology slices of mice in each group (oil red-O, 200×), figureFileSmall=d4RS4Es1Tsz1p1/H/VKreg==, figureFileBig=H8TgASVE0k+Z8QZvEras+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655136887707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组小鼠肝脏组织病理学切片(油红-O,200×), figureFileSmall=d4RS4Es1Tsz1p1/H/VKreg==, figureFileBig=H8TgASVE0k+Z8QZvEras+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655212385180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Levels of TC and TG in liver of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=EZ4gCJ2lvRTj1oLfyKQAcg==, figureFileBig=jh8TbO0BasCE4Xtz5ctjNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655283688349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组小鼠的肝脏TC、TG水平, figureFileSmall=EZ4gCJ2lvRTj1oLfyKQAcg==, figureFileBig=jh8TbO0BasCE4Xtz5ctjNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655350797214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Blood lipid level of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=g1p6B7+jAuSXLaGxxWlATQ==, figureFileBig=R5xhKUXVCauSRKfSJjuPyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655434683295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各组小鼠血清血脂水平

注:A. 各组小鼠血清TC水平;B. 各组小鼠血清TG水平;C. 各组小鼠血清HDL-c水平;D. 各组小鼠血清LDL-c水平。

, figureFileSmall=g1p6B7+jAuSXLaGxxWlATQ==, figureFileBig=R5xhKUXVCauSRKfSJjuPyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655514375072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Levels of liver injury marker enzymes in each group, figureFileSmall=mCJlgnthjVP55teXTowKXA==, figureFileBig=r2TmkzVGaMzeFo8KEtREaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883655589872545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各组小鼠肝损伤标志酶水平

注:A. 各组小鼠ALT水平;B. 各组小鼠AST水平。

, figureFileSmall=mCJlgnthjVP55teXTowKXA==, figureFileBig=r2TmkzVGaMzeFo8KEtREaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657246622626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Levels of antioxidant enzymes and oxidation products in liver of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=ZsODGjxtqcdoTubUqPmBgg==, figureFileBig=BmM3C5hT5hEAZ77kbDvB3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657322120099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各组小鼠的肝脏抗氧化酶和氧化产物水平

注:A. 各组小鼠的肝脏SOD水平;B. 各组小鼠的肝脏GSH-Px水平;C. 各组小鼠的肝脏MDA含量。

, figureFileSmall=ZsODGjxtqcdoTubUqPmBgg==, figureFileBig=BmM3C5hT5hEAZ77kbDvB3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657406006180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Levels of inflammatory factors in liver tissue of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=z/Fd8kJWzvbjLZ3jtpwqxw==, figureFileBig=vUHU3CklFIItWVSRMZAxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657464726437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各组小鼠肝脏组织内炎症因子水平

注:A. 各组小鼠的肝脏TNF-α水平;B. 各组小鼠的肝脏IL-6水平;C. 各组小鼠的肝脏IL-1β水平。

, figureFileSmall=z/Fd8kJWzvbjLZ3jtpwqxw==, figureFileBig=vUHU3CklFIItWVSRMZAxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657540223910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Correlation curve of species diversity of intestinal microbiota in mice, figureFileSmall=Thp9zuAuf2ofW7e90TLI6Q==, figureFileBig=m/4i7tqOVagaQ0GfE4zm1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657615721383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图10, caption=小鼠肠道菌群的物种多样性相关曲线

注:A. Rank-Abundance曲线;B. 稀释曲线-Sobs指数;C. 稀释曲线-Shannon指数。

, figureFileSmall=Thp9zuAuf2ofW7e90TLI6Q==, figureFileBig=m/4i7tqOVagaQ0GfE4zm1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657695413160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Between-group similarity analysis of intestinal microbiota in mice, figureFileSmall=J15Ew3thk+s0S9+EVMMmnQ==, figureFileBig=7F1OoQBaFaYv7S+fvHIUYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657754133417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图11, caption=小鼠肠道菌群相似性分析

注:A. 小鼠肠道菌群OTU数目的Venn图;B. PLS-DA 分析;C. 基于OTU水平的样本层级聚类;D. 基于Unweighted unifrac距离算法的ANOSIM/Adonis分析。

, figureFileSmall=J15Ew3thk+s0S9+EVMMmnQ==, figureFileBig=7F1OoQBaFaYv7S+fvHIUYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657821242282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Alpha diversity analysis of intestinal microbiota in mice, figureFileSmall=dZNx0cJysQyOY3EiqsL86w==, figureFileBig=Q3QCBUoOwbDnq3EnhHI7LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883657905128363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图12, caption=小鼠肠道菌群Alpha多样性分析

注:A. Sobs指数;B. Simpson指数;C. Ace指数;D. Chao指数。Alpha多样性指数间差异检验采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。

, figureFileSmall=dZNx0cJysQyOY3EiqsL86w==, figureFileBig=Q3QCBUoOwbDnq3EnhHI7LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883658001597356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Diversity and similarity analysis of gut microbiota in mice, figureFileSmall=919jbAoLxc98efRJmF2otg==, figureFileBig=wiGjUpQIYdG9S2/KCbcaOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883658060317613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=图13, caption=各组小鼠肠道门水平和属水平群落组成分析

注:A、B:群落柱状图分析;C~G:门水平上肠道菌群的相对丰度;H~L:属水平上肠道菌群的相对丰度。

, figureFileSmall=919jbAoLxc98efRJmF2otg==, figureFileBig=wiGjUpQIYdG9S2/KCbcaOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883658152592302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Grouping and administration of mice in each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组上午10时下午3时
干预物剂量干预物剂量
正常组(N)生理盐水10 mL/kg/d生理盐水7 mL/kg/d
模型组(M)生理盐水10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
水飞蓟宾组(P)水飞蓟宾100 mg/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
明日叶冻干粉组(NF)未发酵干预物10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
FAK低剂量组(FL)FAK稀释4倍10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
FAK中剂量组(FM)FAK稀释2倍10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
FAK高剂量组(FH)FAK原液10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
), ArticleFig(id=1320883658232284079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883641010471742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组小鼠分组与给药情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组上午10时下午3时
干预物剂量干预物剂量
正常组(N)生理盐水10 mL/kg/d生理盐水7 mL/kg/d
模型组(M)生理盐水10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
水飞蓟宾组(P)水飞蓟宾100 mg/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
明日叶冻干粉组(NF)未发酵干预物10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
FAK低剂量组(FL)FAK稀释4倍10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
FAK中剂量组(FM)FAK稀释2倍10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
FAK高剂量组(FH)FAK原液10 mL/kg/d50%酒精7 mL/kg/d
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明日叶酵素对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的改善作用及机制
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赵玉霆 1 , 王梦菡 1 , 付坤丽 1 , 赵胜男 1 , 王宁宁 1 , 高翔 1, 2 , 李子超 1, * , 孙海新 1
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(8): 32-42
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (8) : 32 -42
明日叶酵素对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的改善作用及机制
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赵玉霆1 , 王梦菡1, 付坤丽1, 赵胜男1, 王宁宁1, 高翔1, 2, 李子超1, * , 孙海新1
作者信息
  • 1青岛大学生命科学学院食品科学与工程系,山东青岛 266071
  • 2山东华涛食品有限公司,山东潍坊 262100
通讯作者:
李子超(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:药食同源资源高值化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵玉霆(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品开发,E-mail:

Improvement Effect and Mechanism of Angelica keiskei Enzyme on Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice
Yuting ZHAO1 , Menghan WANG1, Kunli FU1, Shengnan ZHAO1, Ningning WANG1, Xiang GAO1, 2, Zichao LI1, * , Haixin SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2Shandong Huatao Food Co., Ltd., Weifang 262100, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030368
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本研究利用植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,LP)与酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)协同发酵制备明日叶酵素(FAK),探讨其对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的改善作用及机制。雄性昆明小鼠分为7组(n=12),包括正常组、模型组、水飞蓟宾组、明日叶冻干粉组、明日叶酵素低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,进行30 d灌胃食用酒精建立酒精性肝损伤模型,定期测量小鼠体重。实验结束后,测定血清血脂水平、脏器变化及FAK对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。结果表明,FAK能显著改善酒精诱导的肝损伤小鼠体重降低,显著降低(P<0.05)其肝脏指数、血脂含量以及肝损伤标志酶水平,还能够降低肝脏脂肪含量,提高抗氧化酶含量以及降低炎症因子水平,FAK干预后GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),MDA浓度降低,可以减轻酒精代谢引起的肝脏氧化损伤。机制研究结果显示,FAK干预后F/B值降低恢复到接近正常水平,Muribaculaceae等有益菌丰度升高,通过减少LPS移位和促进SCFAs生成(如Muribaculaceae可产SCFAs)增强肠道屏障,改善了门水平和属水平上群落相对丰度的异常变化,减少了内毒素的产生与释放,本研究中的FAK主要通过调节菌群结构发挥作用,体现了“以菌治菌”的独特性。推测FAK可能通过改变肠道菌群多样性以及群落结构修复肠道屏障,维持酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肠道稳态。本研究为明日叶资源的高值化利用以及在保护酒精性肝损伤功能性食品中的开发与应用提供了理论支持。

明日叶  /  酵素  /  酒精性肝损伤  /  肠道菌群  /  调节作用

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of fermented Angelica keiskei (FAK), produced through synergistic fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into seven groups (n=12 per group): normal control, model control, silibinin-treated, freeze-dried Angelica keiskei powder, and low-, medium-, and high-dose FAK groups. Alcohol-induced liver injury was established via 30-days intragastric administration of edible alcohol, with body weight monitored periodically. Post-intervention assessments included serum lipid profiles, organ indices, hepatic injury markers, antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and gut microbiota alterations. Results demonstrated that FAK significantly attenuated alcohol-induced weight loss (P<0.05) and reduced hepatic index, serum lipid levels, and hepatic injury markers. FAK intervention notably decreased hepatic lipid accumulation while enhancing antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (P<0.05), and could alleviate alcohol metabolism-induced hepatic oxidative damage. Mechanistic analyses revealed that FAK restored the Firmicutes-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio to near-normal levels and ameliorated alcohol-induced phylum- and genus-level dysbiosis, and the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Muribaculaceae, increased. This alleviated the abnormal changes in community relative abundance at the phylum and genus levels by strengthening the gut barrier, which was achieved by reducing LPS translocation and promoting SCFA production (e.g., Muribaculaceae could produce SCFAs), thereby reducing the production and release of endotoxins. In this study, FAK primarily exerted its effects by modulating the structure of the gut microbiota, reflecting the unique concept of "using bacteria to combat bacterial imbalance". It was speculated that FAK might repair the intestinal barrier and maintain intestinal homeostasis in mice with alcoholic liver injury by altering the diversity and community structure of the gut microbiota. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the high-value utilization of Angelica keiskei resources and its potential application in functional foods targeting alcohol-related hepatic disorders.

Angelica keiskei  /  Jiaosu  /  alcoholic liver injury  /  gut microbiota  /  regulatory effects
赵玉霆, 王梦菡, 付坤丽, 赵胜男, 王宁宁, 高翔, 李子超, 孙海新. 明日叶酵素对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的改善作用及机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 32 -42 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030368
Yuting ZHAO, Menghan WANG, Kunli FU, Shengnan ZHAO, Ningning WANG, Xiang GAO, Zichao LI, Haixin SUN. Improvement Effect and Mechanism of Angelica keiskei Enzyme on Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 32 -42 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030368
酒精性肝病(Alcoholic liver disease,ALD),亦称酒精性肝损伤,是因长期大量饮酒导致的中毒性肝损伤。目前ALD在全球的发病率逐年上升,已成为除病毒性肝炎以外导致肝损伤的第二大诱因[1−2]。其初期表现为脂肪肝,进而发展为肝炎、肝纤维化和肝硬化,这三种形式可单独或混合存在。目前,对于酒精性肝损伤的治疗包括戒酒、改善饮食或药物干预,更严重者需进行肝移植[3−5],但这些治疗方法存在着治疗周期过长、副作用大的弊端,因此,针对ALD研究更加有效且无副作用的干预策略,开发具有有效改善作用的绿色功能食品具有重要意义。
明日叶(Angelica keiskei)是一种食药兼用的多年生草本植物,富含类黄酮、查尔酮、香豆素等活性物质,具有抗氧化、保护肝脏、降血糖、降血压、降血脂、抗菌以及抗炎作用等多重生物学活性。2019年5月,明日叶经国家卫生健康委员会审核,正式批准成为我国新食品原料资源,具有广阔的开发前景。酵素(Jiaosu)最早起源于日本,后来发展到欧美、中国台湾等地区,在我国大陆尚属新兴行业。2018年12月,我国轻工行业标准发布了《酵素产品分类导则》(QB/T 5324-2018)与《植物酵素》(QB/T 5323-2018),其中将酵素明确定义为:是以动物、植物、菌类等为原料,添加或不添加辅料,经微生物发酵制得的含有特定生物活性成分的产品[6]。研究证明,利用微生物对植物进行发酵会产生大量酶类,包括超氧化物歧化酶、蛋白酶及脂肪酶,还有多酚、多糖、有机酸、磷脂类及皂苷类等有效成分[7],具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、解酒护肝的多重保健作用[8]。因此,酵素作为一种纯天然开发的新型健康食品,有益成分丰富,保健功效多样,近年来引起了研究者与消费者的广泛关注。
然而,目前植物酵素产品的开发多以酵母菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌以及霉菌等单一菌种进行发酵[9],往往存在功能成分单一、风味欠佳或功效不显著等问题。课题组前期研究发现酵母菌单菌制备的明日叶酵素可通过调节肝脏脂肪代谢以及肠道菌群组成有效改善小鼠肥胖症状[10],但存在着口味较差的缺陷。本研究则尝试采用益生菌(植物乳杆菌+酵母菌)协同发酵技术制备明日叶功能酵素,以期利用植物乳杆菌可分解植物纤维释放活性成分、酵母菌可产生丰富酶系促进物质转化的不同菌种优势实现协同作用。本文通过建立酒精性肝损伤小鼠动物模型,评价明日叶酵素对酒精性肝损伤的预防和改善效果,基于“肝-肠轴”理论探索该酵素对酒精性肝损伤的作用机理,同时通过肝脏病理、生化指标及肠道菌群分析评价其护肝功效,旨在为新食品原料资源明日叶的高值化利用和改善酒精性肝损伤功能食品的开发提供理论基础及实验依据。
SPF级雄性昆明小鼠(6周龄,84只,体质量38±2 g,许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010) 北京斯贝福生物技术有限公司。饲养于单位动物房,置于温度(22~25 ℃)和湿度(50%~60%)的环境中,12 h明暗循环,自由进食、饮水。本动物研究经青岛大学伦理委员会批准,动物伦理编号为QDU-AEC-2023385;明日叶冻干粉 山东明日叶生物科技有限公司;植物乳杆菌Bio-60181 北京百欧博伟生物技术有限公司;高活性干酵母 安琪酵母股份有限公司;水林佳水飞蓟宾胶囊 天津天力士制药集团股份有限公司;红星二锅头(56%vol) 北京红星股份有限公司;总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)测定试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所有限公司;ELISA试剂盒(EK297-01) 杭州联科生物技术有限公司;DNA抽提试剂盒 广州飞扬生物工程有限公司;FastPfu聚合酶 北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司;AxyPrep DNA凝胶提取试剂盒 爱思进生物技术(杭州)有限公司;BecuNGS® DNA&RNA共建库试剂盒 美国柏尔生物科技公司;MiSeq试剂盒 因美纳(中国)科学器材有限公司。
YXQ-LS-50SII立式压力蒸汽灭菌器 上海博迅实业有限公司;DHP-9052电热恒温培养箱、LTN2-16K台式高速离心机、SHZ-D(Ⅲ)循环水式多用真空泵、DF-101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器 青岛蓝特恩科教仪器设备有限公司;Practum 124-1CN电子天平 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司;UV-8000紫外可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;PHS-3E pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司。
通过一系列前期试验对明日叶酵素的工艺参数进行了优化[11−12]。将高活性干酵母与无菌水按照1:10(g/mL)的比例混合溶解,37 ℃活化30 min,备用。将3%植物乳杆菌种子液接种于50 mL MRS培养基中,37 ℃培养22 h,备用。准确称量13 g明日叶冻干粉,紫外灯照射灭菌30 min,溶于100 mL无菌水中(浓度为0.13 g/mL)。根据预实验结果,在无菌条件下,接种1.3%(V/V)的酵母菌液和7.7%(V/V)的植物乳杆菌悬液,于37 ℃发酵90 h,12000 r/min离心4 min得到上清液,即FAK。
参照总黄酮检测试剂盒说明书,采用紫外分光光度法测定FAK中总黄酮含量;参照查尔酮检测试剂盒说明书,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定查尔酮含量,色谱条件:C18柱(250×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1% 磷酸水(60:40),流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长360 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果显示,FAK中总黄酮含量为12.5±0.8 mg/g,查尔酮含量为3.2±0.3 mg/g。
84只SPF级雄性昆明小鼠,适应性喂养1周后,随机分成7组(n=12),分别为正常组(N)、模型组(M)、水飞蓟宾组(P)(相当于小鼠每日摄入100 mg/kg体重)、明日叶冻干粉组(NF)(相当于小鼠每日摄入16.64 mg/kg总黄酮)、明日叶酵素低剂量组(FL)(相当于小鼠每日摄入2.4 mg/kg总黄酮、1125 U/kg SOD酶、2.5×108 CFU/kg LP)、明日叶酵素中剂量组(FM)(相当于小鼠每日摄入4.8 mg/kg总黄酮、2250 U/kg SOD酶、5×108 CFU/kg LP)、明日叶酵素高剂量组(FH)(相当于小鼠每日摄入9.6 mg/kg总黄酮、4500 U/kg SOD酶、109 CFU/kg LP)。按表1进行干预,持续32 d每天进行灌胃[13]。干预期间每4 d测量小鼠体重,根据体重变化及时调整灌胃量。末次灌胃结束后,禁食12 h,收集小鼠粪便2~3粒,立即放入液氮中,随后转移到−60 ℃冰箱中。采用眼球摘除法取血,3000 r/min离心15 min后分离血清,分装后置于−60 ℃冰箱中,保存待测。处死小鼠后,立即测量小鼠肝脏重量,并取肝左叶组织用4%多聚甲醛进行固定,用于组织病理学分析;将肝脏剩余部分迅速放入液氮中冷冻,并于−60 ℃冰箱中保存,直到进一步分析[14]。
测定各组小鼠体重及肝脏质量,计算各组小鼠的肝脏指数,计算如公式(1)[15]:
$ \text{肝脏指数}( \text{%}) =\frac{\text{小鼠肝脏质量}(\text{g}) }{\text{小鼠体质量}( \text{g})}\text{×100} $
取固定后的肝脏组织,常规石蜡包埋、切片(厚度4 μm),进行H&E染色和油红-O染色。H&E染色观察肝组织结构、细胞形态及炎性浸润情况;油红-O染色观察肝脏脂质沉积情况,采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件定量分析脂滴面积占比[15–16]。
血清中生化指标根据试剂盒说明书进行操作,测定小鼠血清中的甘油三酯(Triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-c)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)以及谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)的含量。
取小鼠肝脏组织,制备成10%的肝脏匀浆液,离心后取上清液按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。采用全自动生化分析仪检测小鼠肝脏匀浆中的TG、TC、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的水平。
采用ELISA试剂盒测定小鼠血清中炎症相关细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)以及白介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)[17]。
干预结束,收集各组小鼠粪便样本(n=5)置于离心管中,−80 ℃超低温冰箱保存。采用CTAB法提取粪便微生物总DNA,使用引物338F(5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3')和806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3')扩增16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区扩增产物。经2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,使用AxyPrep DNA凝胶提取试剂盒纯化,采用建库试剂盒构建文库,通过Illumina MiSeq平台进行高通量测序(2×300 bp)。测序数据经QIIME2软件处理,进行α多样性(Sobs、Simpson、Ace、Chao指数)和β多样性(PLS-DA分析)分析;在门水平和属水平统计物种相对丰度,并进行组间差异检验[18]。
本研究所有实验数据均以平均值±标准差表示,数据使用SPSS 26进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)并使用OriginPro绘图,当P<0.05时不同组之间有显著性差异,不同字母代表有显著性差异。
本实验每4 d测量一次小鼠体重,小鼠在整个试验周期内的体重变化如图1A所示。各组小鼠体重发生明显变化,说明32 d的不间断酒精刺激对小鼠的体重产生了影响。随着酒精摄入时间的延长,小鼠的体重从第4 d开始产生变化。与N组相比,M组小鼠精神状态为先亢奋继而萎靡,嗜睡,食欲缺乏,皮毛颜色暗淡且不顺滑,体重变化呈现降低的趋势。干预结束后,称量小鼠最终体重,如图1B所示。与N组相比,M组小鼠体重显著性降低(P<0.05)。与M组相比,P、FH组干预效果优于NF、FL、FM组,前者更接近正常体重水平。结果表明,高剂量FAK干预效果更接近阳性组,对于酒精性肝损伤小鼠体重变化具有积极作用。
如图2A,N组小鼠肝脏形态正常,颜色鲜红且均匀,富有弹性,无病变。M组小鼠肝脏颜色变浅,表层及边缘模糊,质地绵软,发生病变。而FAK干预后,ALD小鼠的肝脏形态病变现象有所改善。肝脏指数如图2B所示,与N组相比,M组小鼠的肝脏指数显著性升高(P<0.05),说明酒精诱导造成了ALD小鼠的肝脏肿胀[19]。与M组相比,FL组、FM组和FH组的肝脏指数均显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,明日叶酵素对酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏指数的降低有显著作用。
小鼠肝脏组织的H&E和油红-O染色结果如图3和图4所示。其中,H&E染色结果(图3)显示,N组健康小鼠肝小叶结构清晰,肝索放射性排列,无典型坏死病变现象。M组小鼠肝组织结构紊乱,细胞肿胀且边缘模糊,细胞核破裂,脂质异常积聚,出现明显炎性细胞浸润,发生严重病变。与M组相比,FL组、FM组和FH组的肝组织结构相对完整,排列相对整齐,细胞边缘比较清晰,但FL组仍存在少许肝细胞肿胀,无炎性细胞浸润现象,FM组和FH组的组织形态与P组相当,接近于N组。然而NF组与M组相比,肝细胞结构形态有所改善,也无炎性细胞浸润,但其总体效果与明日叶酵素干预组相比略差。油红-O染色结果(图4)显示,M组肝组织内红色脂滴大量聚集,FAK干预组脂滴面积明显减少,且呈剂量依赖性。
如图5所示,M组小鼠的TC、TG含量显著高于N组(P<0.05),说明长期过量饮酒使M组小鼠肝脏的多余脂肪无法及时清除,造成严重的脂肪堆积。与M组相比,阳性对照组和FAK干预组的TC、TG含量均呈现下降的趋势,以及FM组和FH组的TG含量显著性下降(P<0.05),NF组的TC和TG含量均无显著变化,表明经发酵得到的FAK在一定程度上缓解了ALD小鼠的肝脏脂肪堆积。
如图6所示,与N组相比,M组小鼠的血清TC、TG和LDL-c水平分别升高了10.91%、62.43%和68.27%,以及HDL-c水平显著降低了36.87%(P<0.05),血脂水平产生了显著性变化,该结果证实对小鼠进行短期持续的酒精诱导会造成血脂水平异常。由图6A和图6B可知,与M组相比,FH组小鼠的TC水平显著降低了14.49%(P<0.05),FL组和FM组也呈现降低的趋势,但无显著性差异;与M组相比,FL组、FM组和FH组的TG水平显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了20.07%、25.51%和30.59%,且呈剂量相关。由图6C可知,与M组相比,FM组和FH组的HDL-c水平分别显著升高了40.63%和48.25%(P<0.05),P组、NF组和FL组也呈现升高的趋势但不显著。由图6D可知,与M组相比,FL组、FM组和FH组的LDL-c水平分别降低了19.43%、22.86%和33.71%,P组降低了30.29%,NF组反而升高了4.57%,但6组之间的差异不显著。上述结果共同表明明日叶酵素干预能够有效恢复酒精诱导的血脂水平异常,进而减轻过量酒精摄入引起的脂质积累,并且其改善效果优于未发酵组。
肝脏转氨酶(ALT和AST)是一种参与人体新陈代谢的酶,它可以对体内的蛋白质与氨基酸进行转化,在身体的各个组织、器官中都有大量的存在,但主要集中在肝脏细胞的胞浆中。当肝脏细胞受到炎症损伤时,转氨酶会从肝脏细胞释放到血液中。因此,血清转氨酶水平的高低是判断肝脏损伤程度的重要指标[20]。由图7可知,与N组相比,由于M组小鼠摄入过量酒精,其ALT和AST水平分别显著升高了76.38%和55.61%(P<0.05),表明酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型建立成功,M组小鼠肝脏已损伤。FAK干预后,与M组相比,FL组、FM组和FH组的ALT和AST水平均显著性降低(P<0.05),并依次呈剂量相关。NF组的AST水平也显著降低了14.51%,而ALT水平则降低不显著。综上所述,明日叶酵素可以有效修复酒精诱导的肝细胞功能异常,从而改善ALD小鼠的肝细胞损伤。
小鼠肝脏匀浆中抗氧化酶活性和过氧化物产物含量如图8A~图8C所示。与N组相比,M组SOD和GSH-Px活性明显降低(P<0.05),MDA过氧化物含量升高72.98%(P<0.05),表明酒精干预导致小鼠肝脏过氧化物蓄积[21–22]。与M组相比,P组SOD活性最接近正常水平,但仍与N组存在显著差异(P<0.05)。FL和FH组SOD活性显著增强(P<0.05),NF和FM组变化不明显(P>0.05)。FAK干预后,GSH-Px活性提高,MDA浓度降低,表明FAK可以通过增强抗氧化酶活性和降低小鼠肝脏过氧化物的水平来减轻酒精代谢引起的肝脏氧化损伤。
如图9可知,与N组相比,M组小鼠的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β分别显著(P<0.05)升高了42.10%、48.00%和73.93%,表明过量饮酒破坏了ALD小鼠的免疫系统,促进炎症因子的释放,激活炎症因子通路,进而造成肝脏的炎症损伤。与M组相比,P组、FL组、FH组、FM组炎症因子水平显著(P<0.05)下降。FH组的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β分别降低了22.49%、28.24%和22.15%,FM组的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β分别降低了28.39%、25.19%和15.42%;FL和NF组的改善效果略微。综上所述,明日叶酵素能有效抑制酒精诱导的小鼠肝脏炎症因子释放,改善肝脏炎症。
本研究利用16S rRNA基因测序技术探讨了FAK对ALD小鼠肠道菌群的影响。Rank-Abundance曲线主要用于说明样品的丰富度,曲线下降越平缓,表明物种多样性越高。曲线的形状反映群落的均匀度,曲线的突然下降表明优势菌群落比例越高,群落均匀度越低。如图10A所示,M组的物种丰富度最高,NF组的物种丰富度最低。图10B和图10C显示,当提取序列超过2000时,Sobs和Shannon指数的稀释曲线已趋于平坦,即操作分类单元(OTU)趋向于饱和,说明本实验的样品测量数据足以捕捉大部分微生物多样性。 各组小鼠肠道菌群共有及特有OTU数目分析结果显示,如图11A,各组共有OTU数目为479个,其中,N组860个,M组937个,FL、FM和FH组分别有863、846和824个,表明摄入酵素后,OTU数量出现明显变化。图11B显示,N、M、P、NF等组和FAK干预组的样本分离良好,而FL、FM和FH组相对接近,推断酒精或明日叶酵素是影响分区的主要因素。通过构建基于OTU水平的层级聚类分析,图11C反映出FH组与M组距离较远,表明FAK干预对酒精诱导小鼠的肠道菌群产生了影响,且与模型组有较大差异。图11D中X轴为组内或者组间的距离值,Between对应的箱子代表组间差异距离值,其余箱子代表组内差异距离值,结果显示组间差异大于或与组内差异相当,因此判断分组具有意义。
图12展示各组肠道菌群的Alpha多样性分析结果。Simpson指数是目前广泛接受的生态多样性衡量指标,与评价物种丰富度的Sobs、Ace、Chao指数一样,均出现了明显的变化。M组的Sobs和Ace指数相较于N组明显升高,Chao指数也相较于N组呈现上升趋势,而Simpson指数则明显下降,说明酒精诱导小鼠的肠道菌群丰富度增加,但多样性降低。FAK干预后,4个多样性指数均较M组有所改善。
由图13A可知,所有小鼠组别的肠道菌群主要优势菌为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),两者所占比例之和约为菌种总数的80%~90%。由图13C、图13D可知,与模型组相比,FAK干预组的Bacteroidota的相对丰度明显增加,Firmicutes的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。图13E展示了门水平的Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes(F/B)比值。有研究表明F/B值较高可能与脂肪肝有关,F/B比值越低则反映肠道菌群状态越优[23]。模型组的F/B比值显著高于正常组(P<0.05),FAK干预使F/B比值明显降低。如图13F~图13H所示,与M组相比,FAK干预组的Campilobacterota和Desulfobacter的相对丰度呈增加趋势,Actinobacteriota的相对丰度则呈降低趋势。
由图13B可知,小鼠肠道中的优势属为norank_f_Muribaculaceae和Lactobacillus。如图13I~图13L所示,与N组相比,M组的norank_f_Muribaculaceae和Prevotellaceae_UCG-001均呈下降趋势,Lactobacillus和Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136-group呈上升趋势。与M组相比,NF、FM和FH组的norank_f_Muribaculaceae相对丰度显著(P<0.05)升高。Lactobacillus的相对丰度在NF和FL组显著(P<0.05)降低,而在FM和FL组则有所升高。FAK干预导致Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136的相对丰度下降,Prevotellaceae_UCG-001在NF组中呈现增加趋势。
本研究探究了协菌发酵制备明日叶酵素(FAK)对酒精诱导的小鼠肝损伤的改善作用,并分析了其潜在的作用机制。
体重变化是反映机体健康程度最直接的指标之一,而体重降低则是ALD的主要标志之一[24]。研究结果显示酒精干预结束后,M组小鼠体重显著性降低,小鼠精神状态先亢奋继而萎靡,表明其健康程度与情绪状态因干预而变差。肝脏脂质沉积及脂代谢紊乱也是ALD的主要标志之一[25]。此外,TG和TC被认为是诊断脂肪变性的重要指标,肝脏中脂肪过度堆积会导致TG和TC的含量升高,影响肝细胞功能,并使机体对肝毒素敏感[26]。本研究发现M组小鼠肝脏中多余的脂肪无法及时清除,造成了严重的脂肪堆积。且肝脏组织切片的油红-O染色结果进一步证实了该推论,酒精会造成ALD小鼠的肝脏脂肪堆积以及脂肪变性,而FAK的干预则可以缓解该病理变化。
正常情况下,血清转氨酶(ALT和AST)分布在肝脏细胞质和线粒体中,血清中的含量很低,而肝脏受到损伤或者坏死时,ALT和AST就会渗入血液中。因此,血清中ALT和AST水平升高提示肝细胞通透性增高、损伤或坏死,是肝损伤最显著的指标[27]。本文结果显示,M组小鼠的ALT、AST水平显著升高,表明M组小鼠肝脏受到损伤而造模成功。FAK的干预显著抑制了这种变化,且呈剂量效应关系,表明FAK可以有效逆转酒精诱导的小鼠肝细胞功能异常,从而缓解其肝脏损伤。
伴随大量酒精在肝脏内的代谢,机体氧化应激及炎症状态也会随之改变。酒精性肝损伤往往伴随肝脏抗氧化能力下降,脂质过氧化,诱发肝脏氧化应激及慢性炎症。TNF-α、IL-6等促炎症因子是肝慢性炎症反应的关键产物,其水平升高直接导致促炎性巨噬细胞肝脏迁移增加,从而加速肝脏NF-κB、JNK炎症细胞通路级联,进一步加剧肝脏氧化损伤[28]。本研究显示,FAK干预显著抑制了酒精引起的肝脏氧化应激及慢性炎症,提示FAK可能通过抗氧化、抗炎发挥保肝作用。
肝脏通过肝门和胆汁分泌系统直接与肠道相互作用,肠道的不同状态如菌群紊乱、小肠蠕动受损、胆汁流量减少等均会对肝功能产生影响,造成肝功能障碍[29–30]。反之,肠道菌群是门静脉LPS的主要来源,是慢性肝损伤中肝纤维化发展的重要先决条件[31]。本实验通过群落柱形图(Bar图)更直观的可视化分析了各组在门水平和属水平上的群落物种组成。研究表明F/B值与脂肪代谢有关,F/B值越高越容易吸收热量。F/B的低比值被认为是胃肠道健康的指示[32]。然而,模型组的F/B值显著干预其他组,提示模型组的肠道健康状态较差。经过FAK的干预,高、中、低剂量组的F/B值均显著降低,但与干预剂量成反比,提示肠道菌群的健康程度可能与干预剂量密切相关。
综上所述,FAK对缓解酒精性肝损伤具有潜在的积极作用,以上证据为进一步研究明日叶的保肝作用提供了重要理论依据。
本研究通过建立酒精性肝损伤小鼠动物模型,结果显示,明日叶酵素能显著改善酒精诱导的ALD小鼠体重降低,显著降低ALD小鼠的肝脏指数、血脂含量以及肝损伤标志酶水平,推测明日叶酵素可能通过抑制肝脏肿胀、脂肪蓄积等途径来改善酒精诱导的肝脏损伤。
小鼠肝脏生化指标以及病理学检测结果显示,明日叶酵素还能够降低肝脏脂肪含量,提高抗氧化酶含量以及降低炎症因子水平,推测明日叶酵素还可能通过抑制肝脏脂肪堆积,提高抗氧化酶水平与减少炎症因子的释放等途径缓解ALD小鼠的肝脏炎症状态。
小鼠肠道菌群检测结果显示,酒精与明日叶酵素均能显著影响肠道菌群多样性。明日叶酵素的干预使ALD小鼠肠道菌群的F/B值恢复到接近正常水平,并改善了门水平和属水平上群落相对丰度的异常变化,减少内毒素的产生与释放,推测明日叶酵素通过改变肠道菌群多样性以及群落结构修复肠道屏障,维持ALD小鼠的肠道稳态。综上所述,明日叶酵素作为基于新食品原料资源开发的绿色功能食品,未来在保健食品乃至生物医药领域具有广阔应用前景。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030368
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1青岛大学生命科学学院食品科学与工程系,山东青岛 266071
    2山东华涛食品有限公司,山东潍坊 262100

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李子超(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:药食同源资源高值化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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