Article(id=1320886686247145533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030302, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853526889, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853526889, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853526889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853526889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=22, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886686452666430, articleId=1320886686247145533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Pretreatments on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Saimaiti Apricot Slices, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of three pretreatment methods-hot water blanching (HWB), high-voltage electric field (HEF), and atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)-on the heat pump drying characteristics, moisture distribution, microstructure, and physicochemical properties of Saimaiti apricot slices, with fresh slices serving as the control (CK). The results demonstrated that HEF pretreatment showed no significant differences in drying rate and quality characteristics compared to CK. APPJ treatment achieved the shortest drying time (22 h), representing reductions of 35.29%, 17.65%, and 35.29% compared to CK, HWB, and HEF treatments, respectively. The Wang and Singh model best fit the drying curves of CK and HEF samples, while the Page model was most suitable for HWB and APPJ samples. Microscopic analysis revealed that both HWB and APPJ pretreatments disrupted cell wall and middle lamella structures, with APPJ treatment particularly enhancing cell wall porosity and reducing moisture migration resistance. Pectin component analysis confirmed that APPJ pretreatment significantly altered cell wall mechanical strength and porosity by increasing water-soluble pectin (WSP) content while decreasing chelate-soluble (CSP) and alkali-soluble (NSP) pectin fractions. Regarding antioxidant properties, both HWB and APPJ pretreatments significantly improved DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP values, with APPJ showing superior performance in retaining total phenolics (176.40±8.19 mg/kg) and carotenoids (32.64±0.83 mg/kg). Furthermore, APPJ treatment effectively inhibited enzymatic browning by reducing hardness, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activities while maintaining brighter color. These findings demonstrate that APPJ pretreatment enhances drying efficiency and product quality through cell structure modification, pectin component alteration, enzymatic browning inhibition, and antioxidant preservation, representing an efficient and eco-friendly pretreatment method with significant potential for industrial applications.

, authors=Ruiyin MIAO1, 2, Jian ZHANG2, Kai CHEN1, Xintao MENG2, Yan MA2, Ting ZHANG2, Mingqiang XU2, *, authorsList=Ruiyin MIAO, Jian ZHANG, Kai CHEN, Xintao MENG, Yan MA, Ting ZHANG, Mingqiang XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingqiang XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886689912967245, articleId=1320886686247145533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同预处理对赛买提杏片干燥特性及品质的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以新鲜赛买提杏片为对照组(CK),探究热水漂烫(Hot Water Blanching,HWB)、高压静电场(High-voltage Electric Field,HEF)和常压射流等离子体(Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet,APPJ)3种预处理方式对杏片热泵干燥特性、水分组成、微观结构和物理化学特性的影响。结果表明:HEF预处理与CK组在干燥速率和品质特性上无显著差异;APPJ处理后的干燥时间最短,为22 h,分别比CK、HWB和HEF处理缩短了35.29%、17.65%和35.29%;CK和HEF预处理的最佳数学拟合模型为Wang and Singh,HWB和APPJ预处理的最佳数学拟合模型为Page;相较于CK,HWB与APPJ预处理均能破坏细胞壁及中胶层结构,其中APPJ处理组细胞壁孔隙度显著增加,水分迁移阻力显著降低(P<0.05)。果胶组分分析进一步证实,APPJ预处理通过增加水溶性果胶(WSP)含量,降低螯合果胶(CSP)和碱溶性果胶(NSP)含量,明显改变细胞壁的机械强度和孔隙率;在抗氧化特性方面,HWB与APPJ预处理均显著提高DPPH自由基清除率及FRAP值,其中APPJ组表现尤为突出,其总酚(176.40±8.19 mg/kg)及类胡萝卜素(32.64±0.83 mg/kg)保留率显著优于其他处理组,且硬度、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则显著降低(P<0.05),有效抑制了酶促褐变,保持了杏片的鲜亮色泽。综上所述,APPJ预处理通过破坏细胞结构、改变果胶组分、抑制酶促褐变及保护抗氧化活性物质,显著提高了杏片的干燥效率和品质特性,是一种高效、绿色的预处理方法,具有广阔的应用前景。

, authors=缪瑞茵1, 2, 张健2, 陈恺1, 孟新涛2, 马燕2, 张婷2, 许铭强2, *, authorsList=缪瑞茵, 张健, 陈恺, 孟新涛, 马燕, 张婷, 许铭强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许铭强, authorNote=

缪瑞茵(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬干燥技术研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
许铭强(1987−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:特色农产品加工品质调控及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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Food Chemistry, 2012, 133(1): 45−54., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886710989344980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG Shanshan, FAN Liumin, MA Yunfang, et al. Inactivation of polyphenol oxidase by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma: Kinetics and mechanisms[J]. LWT, 2021, 145: 111322., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886711073231061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱丹实. 葡萄采后软化机制及风味劣变的研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2014. [ZHU D S. Study on postharvest softening mechanism and flavor deterioration of grapes[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2014.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886711144534230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU D S. Study on postharvest softening mechanism and flavor deterioration of grapes[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886711220031703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI J, Le MAGUER M. Lycopene in tomatoes: Chemical and physical properties affected by food processing[J]. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2000, 20(4): 293−334., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320886711299723480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Wenshu, FENG Zuoshan, AILA R, et al. Effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on physico-chemical properties, β-carotene and antioxidant activity of air-dried apricots[J]. Food Chemistry, 2019, 291: 253−262., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886690156236878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886690168819791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, companyId=1320886690156236878, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886690177208400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, companyId=1320886690156236878, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886690244317265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886690256900178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, companyId=1320886690244317265, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Xinjiang Research Center for Deep Processing Engineering of Major Agricultural and Sideline Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886690265288787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, companyId=1320886690244317265, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆主要农副产品精深加工工程技术研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886697995391109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different pretreatment methods on the drying characteristics of apricot slices, figureFileSmall=ZTQdisvFyINd1ugWY1VqOA==, figureFileBig=uMjd+vvgMo0mAsfLf94f7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698058305670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同预处理方式对杏片干燥特性的影响

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ZTQdisvFyINd1ugWY1VqOA==, figureFileBig=uMjd+vvgMo0mAsfLf94f7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698238660743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Wang and Singh model fitting curves (a) and (c) for the control group and high-voltage electrostatic field and Page model fitting curves (b) and (d) for hot water blanching and low-temperature plasma, figureFileSmall=Rq7ed3h/mXYjz4BWVJO/4Q==, figureFileBig=UG7+Pa/lk5zZURu4QGEPBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698314158216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=图2, caption=对照组与高压静电场的Wang and Singh模型拟合曲线(a)、(c)和热水漂烫与低温等离子体的Page模型拟合曲线(b)、(d), figureFileSmall=Rq7ed3h/mXYjz4BWVJO/4Q==, figureFileBig=UG7+Pa/lk5zZURu4QGEPBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698389655689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different pretreatment methods on the moisture distribution state of apricot slices, figureFileSmall=6eM4jlFPjdAT4WoZ4ae90g==, figureFileBig=/NC4Md+bhXaZeXxnPyiJBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698456764554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同预处理方式对杏片水分分布状态的影响, figureFileSmall=6eM4jlFPjdAT4WoZ4ae90g==, figureFileBig=/NC4Md+bhXaZeXxnPyiJBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698528067723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different pretreatment methods on the cell and cell wall structure of apricot slices, figureFileSmall=uvUNVkpdPAY3aXEr37npQw==, figureFileBig=c/j3hacCOK9mVhwmUBxbHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698611953804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同预处理方式对杏片细胞及细胞壁结构的影响

注:CW为细胞壁,ML为中胶层,CM为细胞膜。

, figureFileSmall=uvUNVkpdPAY3aXEr37npQw==, figureFileBig=c/j3hacCOK9mVhwmUBxbHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698674868365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of different pretreatment treatments on the nanostructure of pectin in apricot fruit, figureFileSmall=iKOO/2wRMeXbfCcCKLV4Jw==, figureFileBig=2i3AFwv7zbOGPayjopfHmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698754560142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同预处理方式对杏片果胶纳米结构的影响

注:水溶性果胶(W)、螯合果胶(C)、碱溶性果胶(N)、长链(Ls)、短链(Ss)、分支(Br)、聚集体(P)。

, figureFileSmall=iKOO/2wRMeXbfCcCKLV4Jw==, figureFileBig=2i3AFwv7zbOGPayjopfHmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698834251919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different pretreatment methods on the activity of key enzymes involved in enzymatic browning of apricot slices, figureFileSmall=iQn5cUX4Q3R2Kcz1Y5B9jA==, figureFileBig=wLfGA/J6bjYu8OqJgm/0zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698892972176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同预处理方式对杏片酶促褐变关键酶活性的影响

注:不同小写英文字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=iQn5cUX4Q3R2Kcz1Y5B9jA==, figureFileBig=wLfGA/J6bjYu8OqJgm/0zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886698972663953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different pretreatment methods on antioxidant substances and antioxidant capacity of apricot slices, figureFileSmall=+NQlAgGOdX7VBZ93DCCKng==, figureFileBig=SNBF+S6YZ8UWNopJY2Ay+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886699069132946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同预处理方式对杏片抗氧化物质及抗氧化能力的影响

注:不同小写英文字母表示相同干燥时期数据差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=+NQlAgGOdX7VBZ93DCCKng==, figureFileBig=SNBF+S6YZ8UWNopJY2Ay+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886699148824723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mathematical model of drying dynamics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型序号模型名称模型方程
1PageMR=exp(−ktn)
2Herderson and PabisMR=aexp(−kt)
3Wang and SinghMR=aexp(−kt)+c
4LogarithmicMR=1+at+bt2
), ArticleFig(id=1320886699211739284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

干燥动力学数学模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型序号模型名称模型方程
1PageMR=exp(−ktn)
2Herderson and PabisMR=aexp(−kt)
3Wang and SinghMR=aexp(−kt)+c
4LogarithmicMR=1+at+bt2
), ArticleFig(id=1320886699278848149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting of drying kinetic models for apricot slices with different pretreatment methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型名称参数处理方式
CKHWBHEFAPPJ
Pagek0.0030.0150.0030.004
n1.9391.6831.9281.959
R20.9900.9980.9890.998
RSS0.0180.0020.0220.003
χ24.9330.0012.0570.001
Herderson and Pabisk0.0520.0920.0520.071
a1.1311.1021.1291.134
R20.9130.9490.9120.924
RSS0.1560.0640.1570.125
χ20.0100.0060.0100.010
Wang and Singha−0.023−0.055−0.023−0.037
c−1.8254.313−2.0612.012
k1.3410.0251.3700.010
R20.9980.9930.9980.982
RSS0.0030.0080.0030.029
χ21.7258.4931.5960.002
Logarithmica226.2772.422221.3244.409
b−225.231−1.392−220.080−3.363
R2*0.994*0.985
RSS*0.009*0.024
χ2*8.073*0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1320886699379511446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同预处理方式杏片干燥动力学模型拟合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型名称参数处理方式
CKHWBHEFAPPJ
Pagek0.0030.0150.0030.004
n1.9391.6831.9281.959
R20.9900.9980.9890.998
RSS0.0180.0020.0220.003
χ24.9330.0012.0570.001
Herderson and Pabisk0.0520.0920.0520.071
a1.1311.1021.1291.134
R20.9130.9490.9120.924
RSS0.1560.0640.1570.125
χ20.0100.0060.0100.010
Wang and Singha−0.023−0.055−0.023−0.037
c−1.8254.313−2.0612.012
k1.3410.0251.3700.010
R20.9980.9930.9980.982
RSS0.0030.0080.0030.029
χ21.7258.4931.5960.002
Logarithmica226.2772.422221.3244.409
b−225.231−1.392−220.080−3.363
R2*0.994*0.985
RSS*0.009*0.024
χ2*8.073*0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1320886699446620311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different processing methods on the hardness and pectin content of apricot slices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式WSP(mg/L)CSP(mg/L)NSP(mg/L)硬度(N)
CK89.53±0.71c78.46±1.62a82.19±0.84b12.40±1.58a
HWB100.97±0.39b76.4±0.87ab89.46±0.88a6.44±0.48c
HEF87.85±0.41d74.41±0.96bc80.3±0.85c8.48±0.79b
APPJ105.5±0.1a72.27±0.89c80.11±0.09c4.02±0.69d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886699534700696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同处理方式对杏片硬度与果胶含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理方式WSP(mg/L)CSP(mg/L)NSP(mg/L)硬度(N)
CK89.53±0.71c78.46±1.62a82.19±0.84b12.40±1.58a
HWB100.97±0.39b76.4±0.87ab89.46±0.88a6.44±0.48c
HEF87.85±0.41d74.41±0.96bc80.3±0.85c8.48±0.79b
APPJ105.5±0.1a72.27±0.89c80.11±0.09c4.02±0.69d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886699618586777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in the color of apricot slice peel and flesh after different pretreatments combined with heat pump drying

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色泽参数CKHWBHEFAPPJ
果皮果肉果皮果肉果皮果肉果皮果肉
L*45.75±0.89a45.39±0.48A31.83±0.66c37.31±0.27C40.97±0.58b43.11±0.47B31.22±0.73c31.15±0.99D
a*11.87±0.42c17.46±1.31A13.18±0.83bc16.75±1.01A14.9±1.17ab18.2±1.33A15.56±0.45a17.34±0.24A
b*37.13±0.55a40.69±1.79A17.24±1.05b33.89±0.89B34.24±2.18a38.16±0.54A19.58±1.17b26.2±0.85C
∆E−−20.08±3.69a10.65±0.95B6.99±1.17b4.42±1.41C23.14±0.95a20.41±1.79A
), ArticleFig(id=1320886703171162266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886686247145533, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同预处理结合热泵干燥后杏片果皮与果肉色泽的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色泽参数CKHWBHEFAPPJ
果皮果肉果皮果肉果皮果肉果皮果肉
L*45.75±0.89a45.39±0.48A31.83±0.66c37.31±0.27C40.97±0.58b43.11±0.47B31.22±0.73c31.15±0.99D
a*11.87±0.42c17.46±1.31A13.18±0.83bc16.75±1.01A14.9±1.17ab18.2±1.33A15.56±0.45a17.34±0.24A
b*37.13±0.55a40.69±1.79A17.24±1.05b33.89±0.89B34.24±2.18a38.16±0.54A19.58±1.17b26.2±0.85C
∆E−−20.08±3.69a10.65±0.95B6.99±1.17b4.42±1.41C23.14±0.95a20.41±1.79A
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不同预处理对赛买提杏片干燥特性及品质的影响
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缪瑞茵 1, 2 , 张健 2 , 陈恺 1 , 孟新涛 2 , 马燕 2 , 张婷 2 , 许铭强 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(6): 22-33
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (6) : 22 -33
不同预处理对赛买提杏片干燥特性及品质的影响
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缪瑞茵1, 2 , 张健2, 陈恺1, 孟新涛2, 马燕2, 张婷2, 许铭强2, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆主要农副产品精深加工工程技术研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
通讯作者:
许铭强(1987−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:特色农产品加工品质调控及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

缪瑞茵(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬干燥技术研究,E-mail:

Effects of Different Pretreatments on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Saimaiti Apricot Slices
Ruiyin MIAO1, 2 , Jian ZHANG2, Kai CHEN1, Xintao MENG2, Yan MA2, Ting ZHANG2, Mingqiang XU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Xinjiang Research Center for Deep Processing Engineering of Major Agricultural and Sideline Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030302
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本文以新鲜赛买提杏片为对照组(CK),探究热水漂烫(Hot Water Blanching,HWB)、高压静电场(High-voltage Electric Field,HEF)和常压射流等离子体(Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet,APPJ)3种预处理方式对杏片热泵干燥特性、水分组成、微观结构和物理化学特性的影响。结果表明:HEF预处理与CK组在干燥速率和品质特性上无显著差异;APPJ处理后的干燥时间最短,为22 h,分别比CK、HWB和HEF处理缩短了35.29%、17.65%和35.29%;CK和HEF预处理的最佳数学拟合模型为Wang and Singh,HWB和APPJ预处理的最佳数学拟合模型为Page;相较于CK,HWB与APPJ预处理均能破坏细胞壁及中胶层结构,其中APPJ处理组细胞壁孔隙度显著增加,水分迁移阻力显著降低(P<0.05)。果胶组分分析进一步证实,APPJ预处理通过增加水溶性果胶(WSP)含量,降低螯合果胶(CSP)和碱溶性果胶(NSP)含量,明显改变细胞壁的机械强度和孔隙率;在抗氧化特性方面,HWB与APPJ预处理均显著提高DPPH自由基清除率及FRAP值,其中APPJ组表现尤为突出,其总酚(176.40±8.19 mg/kg)及类胡萝卜素(32.64±0.83 mg/kg)保留率显著优于其他处理组,且硬度、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则显著降低(P<0.05),有效抑制了酶促褐变,保持了杏片的鲜亮色泽。综上所述,APPJ预处理通过破坏细胞结构、改变果胶组分、抑制酶促褐变及保护抗氧化活性物质,显著提高了杏片的干燥效率和品质特性,是一种高效、绿色的预处理方法,具有广阔的应用前景。

预处理  /  热泵干燥  /  赛买提杏  /  低温等离子体  /  干燥动力学  /  抗氧化活性

This study investigated the effects of three pretreatment methods-hot water blanching (HWB), high-voltage electric field (HEF), and atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)-on the heat pump drying characteristics, moisture distribution, microstructure, and physicochemical properties of Saimaiti apricot slices, with fresh slices serving as the control (CK). The results demonstrated that HEF pretreatment showed no significant differences in drying rate and quality characteristics compared to CK. APPJ treatment achieved the shortest drying time (22 h), representing reductions of 35.29%, 17.65%, and 35.29% compared to CK, HWB, and HEF treatments, respectively. The Wang and Singh model best fit the drying curves of CK and HEF samples, while the Page model was most suitable for HWB and APPJ samples. Microscopic analysis revealed that both HWB and APPJ pretreatments disrupted cell wall and middle lamella structures, with APPJ treatment particularly enhancing cell wall porosity and reducing moisture migration resistance. Pectin component analysis confirmed that APPJ pretreatment significantly altered cell wall mechanical strength and porosity by increasing water-soluble pectin (WSP) content while decreasing chelate-soluble (CSP) and alkali-soluble (NSP) pectin fractions. Regarding antioxidant properties, both HWB and APPJ pretreatments significantly improved DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP values, with APPJ showing superior performance in retaining total phenolics (176.40±8.19 mg/kg) and carotenoids (32.64±0.83 mg/kg). Furthermore, APPJ treatment effectively inhibited enzymatic browning by reducing hardness, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activities while maintaining brighter color. These findings demonstrate that APPJ pretreatment enhances drying efficiency and product quality through cell structure modification, pectin component alteration, enzymatic browning inhibition, and antioxidant preservation, representing an efficient and eco-friendly pretreatment method with significant potential for industrial applications.

pretreatment  /  heat pump drying  /  Saimaiti apricot  /  low-temperature plasma  /  drying kinetics  /  antioxidant activity
缪瑞茵, 张健, 陈恺, 孟新涛, 马燕, 张婷, 许铭强. 不同预处理对赛买提杏片干燥特性及品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 22 -33 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030302
Ruiyin MIAO, Jian ZHANG, Kai CHEN, Xintao MENG, Yan MA, Ting ZHANG, Mingqiang XU. Effects of Different Pretreatments on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Saimaiti Apricot Slices[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 22 -33 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030302
杏(Prunus armeniaca L.)是新疆特色经济林果资源,其中赛买提杏作为主要加工品种[1],在采后极易因高温和高湿环境导致软化腐烂,严重影响其商品价值和加工品质[2]。目前,干制加工主要采用热风干燥技术[3],虽设备简单易操作,但普遍存在能耗高、干燥不均匀、产品品质不稳定及环境污染等问题[4]。近年来,热泵干燥技术因其高效节能和精准控温控湿的特点,在热敏性果蔬加工领域更具应用潜力[5],但该技术在实际应用中存在干燥前期物料升温缓慢、后期干燥效率低以及产品质构硬化等突出问题[6],难以实现能效提升与品质保持的协同优化。因此,如何通过预处理技术与热泵干燥工艺的协同优化来提高干燥效率已成为当前研究热点[7]。研究表明,适宜的预处理技术不仅能显著缩短干燥时间,还能有效保留产品中的生物活性物质和营养成分,同时降低加工能耗[8]。特别是新型非热预处理技术,凭借其低温加工特性,在最大限度保持产品品质方面具有显著优势[7]。
在食品干燥加工领域,预处理技术的选择直接影响最终产品的品质和加工效率[9]。传统热预处理技术(如热烫)依赖高温介质的传热作用来改变物料特性并促进干燥过程[10],但高温易导致热敏性营养物质降解、感官品质劣变以及色泽稳定性下降等问题[11],制约了其应用范围。以红外线、超声波、高压电场和低温等离子体等为代表的新型非热预处理技术,通过物理场能(而非热传导)直接作用于物料内部水分迁移过程,在避免热损伤的同时实现了更高效、更均匀的预处理效果[12]。相关研究显示,高压静电场和低温等离子体技术因其突出的相对优势,已成为广泛应用的热点方向[4]。高压静电场处理可显著改善产品品质,整体收缩更少[13]。Çakmak等[14]的研究证实,电场和超声联合预处理可使香菇干燥效率提升了37.10%。此外,低温等离子体技术因其环保高效的特点,通过改变物料表面微观结构,不仅能促进水分迁移,还能激活生物活性物质[15]。Wu等[16]研究发现,该技术可使辣椒、扁豆和豌豆的干燥时间分别缩短了18.75%~33.33%。然而,目前针对杏片干燥的预处理技术研究仍显不足。深入探讨不同预处理方式对杏片干燥特性及品质的影响,对于开发高效节能的杏干加工新工艺具有重要意义,也将为新疆特色林果资源的高值化利用提供新的技术支撑。
因此,本研究以赛买提杏片为研究对象,选取热漂烫、高压静电场和常压射流等离子体三种预处理方式,并将其分别与热泵干燥工艺相结合,系统研究不同预处理方式对赛买提杏片热泵干燥特性的影响。通过深入分析不同预处理下水分组成、微观结构和物理化学特性的变化规律,探讨细胞壁微观结构及果胶结构的演变,旨在开发预处理-热泵干燥协同技术。不仅为高品质赛买提杏片的高效节能加工新技术提供了理论依据,也为提升果蔬干燥效果和开发绿色、高效的联合干燥技术提供了新的思路和方法。
赛买提杏 采自新疆喀什地区英吉沙县,选择新鲜饱满、无腐烂、无病虫害、无机械伤、大小匀称的果实,初始含水率(湿基)为78.89%±2.52%;氢氧化钠、无水乙醇、无水碳酸钠、丙酮、盐酸、浓硫酸、正己烷、甲醇、醋酸钠、三氯化铁、愈创木酚、冰醋酸、无水醋酸钠、过氧化氢、邻苯二酚、戊二醛、磷酸缓冲液(均为分析纯) 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;无水柠檬酸(食品级)、D-异抗坏血酸钠(食品级);1,2-环己二胺四乙酸标准品、半乳糖醛酸标准品、β-胡萝卜素标准品、福林-酚试剂、没食子酸、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)试剂盒、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性检测试剂盒、过氧化物酶(POD)活性检测试剂盒 上海通蔚生物科技有限公司。
PG-1000ZF射流低温等离子体 南京苏曼等离子体科技有限公司;EMFI-T1可视化食品磁电耦合处理系统 英都斯特(无锡)感应科技有限公司;WRH-100TB1热泵干燥机 广东威尔信实业有限公司;XMTD-7000(SY)电热恒温水浴锅 北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司;85-2B恒温磁力搅拌器 江苏金怡仪器科技有限公司;T9紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;TP-A2000电子天平 华志(福建)电子科技有限公司;A11研磨机 深圳市科力易翔仪器设备有限公司;PAL-BXIACID2糖酸仪 ATAGO(爱拓)中国分公司;TGL-20bR 冷冻离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;CR-400色差仪 上海铂鳞贸易有限公司;MA35红外水分测定仪 德国赛多利斯公司;KQ32200DE超声波清洗机 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;PHBJ-260F便携式pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;TMS-Pro质构仪 美国FTC公司;EM UC6超薄切片机 德国徕卡公司;H7650 TEM透射电子显微镜 日本日立公司;SPM-9700原子力显微镜 日本岛津公司;MesoMR23-060H-I低场核磁共振波谱仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司。
将鲜杏洗净,用不锈钢刀沿果实缝合线切半去核备用。
a.对照实验(CK):样品不经任何处理。
b.热水漂烫(Hot Water Blanching,HWB):先对杏果实进行护色,护色工艺参考伊丽达娜·开赛尔等[17]的方法,稍作修改,将已经切分好的杏子样品放入0.2%(w/v)D-异抗坏血酸钠和0.6%(w/v)柠檬酸复合护色液中(料液比1:3)浸泡。根据团队前期已有的研究基础[18]并结合预实验,确定杏片在95 ℃的热水中漂烫180 s,随后迅速冷却至室温,防止漂烫过度。
c.高压静电场(High-Voltage Electric Field,HEF):参考赵以雪[19]的方法并结合预实验,将切分好的杏片平铺置于电场中央,确定杏片在40 kV的静电场中处理30 min[19]。
d.常压射流等离子体(Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet,APPJ):参考Du等[20]的方法并结合预实验,将切分好的杏片平铺置于设备上,喷气高度为5 cm,确定杏片在700 W的等离子体射流中处理40 s。
根据团队前期已有的研究基础和大量预实验结果[21],预处理后的杏片在50 ℃、30%相对湿度的热泵干燥机中干燥,直至水分含量降至8%。
将预处理后的杏片单层平铺于不锈钢网状料盘中,待设备稳定后,将装有物料的料盘置于热泵干燥器中。在干燥过程中,每间隔60 min自动称量一次,导出数据后计算含水率,直至其含水率降至8%干基时停止干燥,将料盘取出,待杏干冷却至室温用自封袋包装备用。每组试验重复3次。
a.水分比。依照以下公式计算杏片干燥过程中不同时间的水分比(MR):
$\rm MR= \frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{e}}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{e}}} $
式中,M0、Mt和Me分别为样品的初始、干燥t时刻和干燥到平衡时的干基含水率,g/g。
由于产品的平衡干基含水率Me远低于M0和Mt,可将公式简化为[22]:
$\rm MR= \frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{t}}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{0}}} $
b.干燥速率。杏片在干燥过程中的干燥速率计算采用如下公式:
$ \rm DR= \frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{t1}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{t2}}}{{\text{t}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{1}}} $
式中,t1和t2为干燥时间,h;Mt1和Mt2 分别为干燥过程中t1和t2的干基含水率,g/g。
c.干燥模型拟合。选用描述果蔬薄层干燥常用模型[23]—Page、Herderson and Pabis、 Logarithmic和Wang and Singh,其表达式分别如表1所示。
将试验数据MR和t与上述模型进行拟合分析,通过卡方检验(Reduced Chi-squre,χ2)、决定系数(R2)和残差平方和(Residual Sum of Squares,RSS)数值的大小来判断拟合度,选取能够准确描述杏果实干燥的模型。R2越接近1、χ2和RSS越小,则模型拟合度越高。χ2、R2和RSS的计算分别如公式下所示[24]。
$ {\chi}^{\text{2}} = \frac{\sum \nolimits_{\text{i=1}}^{\text{N}}{({{\text{MR}}_{\text{pre,i}}}-{{\text{MR}}_{\text{exp,i}}})}^{\text{2}}}{\text{N-z}} $
$ {{R}}^{\text{2}}=1-\frac{\sum \nolimits_{\text{i=1}}^{\text{N}}{({{\text{MR}}_{\text{pre,i}}}-{{\text{MR}}_{\text{exp,i}}})}^{\text{2}}}{\sum \nolimits_{\text{i=1}}^{\text{N}}{({{\text{MR}}_{\text{exp,i}}}-{{\text{MR}}_{\text{exp}}})}^{\text{2}}} $
$ \text{RSS} = \sum \nolimits_{\text{i=1}}^{\text{N}}{({{\text{MR}}_{\text{pre,i}}}-{{\text{MR}}_{\text{exp,i}}})}^{\text{2}} $
式中,χ2、R2和RSS分别是卡方检验、决定系数和残差平方和。
采用低场核磁共振分析仪测定样品的横向弛豫时间(T2),以表征样品中的水分状态。参考Shao等[25]的测定方法,略作改进。将样品放入玻璃管中,然后置于射频线圈中心位置,进行 Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)脉冲序列扫描测试。测试具体参数设置为:主频23.3 MHz,磁场强度0.5 T,测量温度32 ℃,90°脉冲时间16 ms,180°脉冲时间33 ms,回波数10000,累加次数4。每组样品重复测量3次,取平均值。
参考张萌[26]的方法并略作修改,采用透射电镜(Transmission Electron Microscope,TEM)观察杏片组织细胞壁的超微结构。预先在培养皿中滴上2.5%的戊二醛固定液,可先切取一小块组织浸入固定液中,剥离出观察部位的果皮和果肉,随后用手术刀切成1~2 mm3的大小,取2~4片转移至盛满新鲜2.5%的戊二醛固定液的1.5 mL离心管中,室温放置0.5 h后转入4 ℃冰箱12 h。然后用磷酸缓冲液冲洗15 min。再用1%(v/v)饿酸(0.1 mol/L 磷酸缓冲液配制,pH7.2)在4 ℃条件下固定2 h,用磷酸缓冲再次冲洗15 min,这个步骤重复4次。然后,用不同体积分数的乙醇(30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、95%和100%)和纯丙酮对样品进行梯度脱水。脱水后,将样品用环氧树脂 Epon-812 渗透包埋,在60 ℃下聚合48 h。最后,用超薄切片机切片,经醋酸双氧铀和柠檬酸铅溶液染色,用TEM进行超微结构观测,分别放大1000倍和10000倍。每个样本至少获取10幅图像。
a.乙醇不溶物制备:参照Yu等[27]的方法并略作修改,将果肉去皮后打碎匀浆,取15 g样品,加入100 mL乙醇(95%,v/v),在水浴锅中煮沸并搅拌30 min后过滤,收集残渣;采用同样的操作方法,将残渣重复冲洗3次。然后,向残渣中加入50 mL丙酮,浸泡10 min,过滤,收集残渣;此操作重复3~5次直至残渣呈白色。最后将残渣于热风干燥箱中40 ℃条件下干至恒重,即为乙醇不溶物(Alcohol Insoluble Residue,AIR)。
b.果胶提取:参照赵邯等[28]的方法并略作修改,依次提取水溶性果胶(Water-Soluble Pectin,WSP)、螯合果胶(Chelator-Soluble Pectin,CSP)和碱溶性果胶(Na2CO3-Soluble Pectin,NSP)。称取0.25 g乙醇不溶物,加入10 mL蒸馏水,置于磁力搅拌器上,于室温下匀速搅拌4 h,然后在4 ℃下离心(10000 r/min,15 min),收集上清液;残渣用蒸馏水再提取2次,合并3次的上清液,定容至50 mL,即为WSP。向上述残渣中加入10 mL 0.05 mol/L 1,2-环己二胺四乙酸(CDTA),室温下搅拌提取6 h,然后在4 ℃离心(10000 r/min, 15 min),收集上清液;残渣用0.05 mol/L CDTA再提取2次,合并3次的上清液,调整pH至6.5,定容50 mL,即为CSP。向上述残渣中加入10 mL 0.05 mol/L Na2CO3,混匀后于4 ℃条件下放置 16 h,然后于室温下匀速搅拌提取6 h;重复上述操作,将残渣再提取2次,合并3次的上清液,调整pH至6.5,定容至50 mL,即为NSP。
c.果胶含量测定:测定果胶含量,采用咔唑硫酸比色法[29],以半乳糖醛酸(Galacturonic Acid,GalA)含量表示。试验重复3次,计算平均值。
d.果胶纳米结构表征:参考Liu等[30]的方法,利用原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscopy,AFM)表征果胶纳米结构。将果胶溶液稀释至约10 μg/mL,水浴加热(70 ℃,15 min),振荡分散混匀,吸取10 μL滴加于新剥云母片上,室温下自然干燥。然后将云母片固定在铁片上,置于AFM样品台,选用Si3N4型探针,采用非接触模式,在0.5~2 Hz扫描频率下进行测定。每个样品至少获取10张图像。
参考Liu等[30]的方法,稍作修改,将处理好的杏片置于装有P/36探头的TMS-Pro质构仪上,进行TPA分析,设置测前速度5.0 mm/s、测试和测后上行速度0.5 mm/s、两次压缩时间间隔10 s、样品受压高度压缩变形40%、触发力0.25 N。硬度以第一次压缩最大受力表示,N。每组测定10个样品,结果取平均值。
用手持色差仪对杏片进行颜色的测定,测定杏子的L*值、a*值、b*值。其中:L*值表示亮度,L*值越大,杏片的亮度越大;a*值表示杏片红绿偏向,它的值越大,红色越深;b*值表示杏片黄蓝偏向,b*值为正值表示黄色;b*值越大,黄色越深。基于 L*、a*和 b*计算色差(∆E),计算公式如下所示[31],每组重复测定3次,计算平均值。
$ \Delta E= \sqrt{{({{L}_{\text{0}}^{\text{*}}}-{{{L}}^{\text{*}}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{a}_{\text{0}}^{\text{*}}}-{{{a}}^{\text{*}}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{b}_{\text{0}}^{\text{*}}}-{{{b}}^{\text{*}}})}^{\text{2}}} $
式中,L0*、a0*和b0*为新鲜未处理样品的色泽参数值,L*、a*和b*为处理后杏片的色泽参数值。
总酚含量用Folin-Ciocalteu方法测定,结果以每1 kg样品中没食子酸质量表示,mg/kg[32]。
类胡萝卜素含量参考 Sakooei-Vayghan等[33]的方法,略作修改,提取杏片中的类胡萝卜素并测定总量。取1 g样品于研钵中,分数次加 25 mL提取液(正己烷:丙酮:甲醇=2:1:1,v/v/v),研磨匀浆,提取至提取液和残渣为无色,合并提取液,并定容至25 mL。采用分光光度计在450 nm处测定吸光度值。用提取液溶解β-类胡萝卜素,并作标准曲线。结果以每1 kg样品中β-类胡萝卜素质量表示,mg/kg。
DPPH自由基清除率参考娄世豪等[34]的方法,略作修改,提取液的制备:取1 g样品置于容器中,加入20 mL 80%(v/v)乙醇溶液用超声波于150 W,25 ℃条件下提取30 min。提取液于10000 r/min,4 ℃条件下冷冻离心10 min,收集上清液,备用。吸取2.0 mL提取液,移入试管中,加入2.0 mL 0.1 mmol/L DPPH溶液,混匀,在室温条件下避光静置30 min。然后用分光光度计于517 nm波长下测定吸光度值A1。分别以80%乙醇溶液代替DPPH溶液和样品溶液,在517 nm波长下测定吸光度值A2、A0,根据公式计算DPPH自由基的清除率:
$ \rm{D}PPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{\text{A}_{\text{1}}-\text{A}_{\text{2}}}{\text{A}_{\text{0}}}\right)\times100 $
式中:A1表示2 mL样品溶液+2 mL DPPH;A2表示2 mL样品溶液+2 mL无水乙醇;A0表示2 mL无水乙醇+2 mL DPPH。
FRAP自由基清除率:采用总抗氧化能力(FRAP法)试剂盒进行测定并计算;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性:采用多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性测试试剂盒进行测定并计算。
所有实验重复三次,结果表示为平均值±标准差;采用SPSS 27.0.1进行数据分析,显著性检验使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和Duncan多重比较(差异显著水平为P<0.05)。使用Origin 2024和GraphPad Prism 9.0绘图。
图1展示了不同预处理方式对杏片干燥特性的影响。由图1A和图1B可知,对照组(CK)及三种预处理方式(HWB、HEF、APPJ)下,杏片含水率降低至8%干基以下所需的时间分别为:34、28、34和22 h。其中,HWB和APPJ预处理均能显著缩短干燥周期,尤其APPJ处理组的干燥时间最短(22 h),较CK组和HEF组缩短35.29%,较HWB组缩短17.65%。相比之下,HEF处理与CK之间未表现出显著差异。这一结果表明,HWB和APPJ预处理在加速干燥过程方面具有显著优势,尤其是APPJ预处理效果最为显著。主要原因为杏果实细胞结构和果肉致密性是干燥过程中水分转移的主要障碍,而有效的预处理能够破坏其细胞结构,在细胞表面形成微孔,从而促进水分的迁移[35],微孔数量的增加显著(P<0.05)降低了干燥时间。
根据图1C的结果,不同预处理下的杏片在整个干燥过程中处于降速干燥,即干燥速率不断下降。而大部分农产品干燥过程均表现为降速干燥[36]。当水分比为1.0时,各处理的干燥速率分别为0.29、0.33、0.45和0.53 g/g·min,由此看出干燥速率由高至低依次为:APPJ>HWB>HEF>CK,HWB和APPJ预处理显著提高了杏片干燥速率,这说明HWB和APPJ用于杏果实干燥前的预处理,能明显提高干燥速率、减少干燥时间,且APPJ预处理表现最优。
综上所述,HWB和APPJ预处理在缩短干燥时间和提高干燥速率方面表现出显著优势,尤其是APPJ预处理在干燥速率最大值上表现最佳。这表明APPJ预处理能够显著促进水分的快速迁移和去除,具有较高的应用潜力。这一发现为优化杏片的干燥工艺提供了重要的理论依据,并为开发高效的预处理技术提供了参考。
为更准确描述不同预处理方法下杏片的热泵干燥行为,对干燥特性实验数据进行拟合分析,并依据4种常用的果蔬薄层干燥模型(Page、Henderson and Pabis、Wang and Singh和Logarithmic)的参数(χ2、R2和RSS)确定了最适干燥数学模型。
拟合结果由表2和图2可知,Page模型能够很好地描述HWB和APPJ预处理下的干燥行为,其R2均大于0.99,χ2和RSS分别为0.001、0.002(HWB)和0.001、0.003(APPJ),表明Page模型与这两种预处理方法(HWB和APPJ)的拟合度最佳,能够准确反映其水分变化规律。另一方面,Wang and Singh模型能够很好地描述CK和HEF预处理下的干燥行为,其R2均大于0.99,χ2和RSS分别为1.725、0.003(CK)和1.596、0.003(HEF),表明Wang and Singh模型与CK和HEF预处理组的拟合度最佳。Page模型的拟合精度高,能够更好地描述干燥过程中的非线性行为,且广泛应用于多种物料的干燥研究,尤其是薄层干燥。
基于上述结果,Page模型能够很好地描述HWB和APPJ预处理下的热泵干燥行为,而选择Wang and Singh模型描述CK和HEF预处理方法下的水分变化规律。结合图2b结果可知,CK与HEF处理组的干燥时间无显著差异,说明其干燥行为具有一致性,进一步证实了模型拟合结果的准确性。相比之下,HWB和APPJ预处理下的干燥行为表现出显著差异,表明这两种预处理方法显著改变了水分的迁移规律,尤其是APPJ预处理组的干燥速率最快。这一现象可能是由于APPJ预处理更有效地促进了水分迁移和细胞结构的改变,从而显著提升了干燥效率。
低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)能快速、高效和无损测定食品水分的分布状态。关键参数弛豫时间(T2)值越大,表明水分的自由度越高,即水分与所处环境的结合程度越低,越容易被去除。通过LF-NMR技术分析了不同预处理方式对杏片水分分布及迁移行为的影响,结果如图3所示。
三个阶段的信号幅值分别对应杏子体内的三种水态。T21(0.1~10 ms)对应样品内部组织中流动性最低的结合水,T22(10~100 ms)对应不易流动水,T23(>100 ms)对应流动性最强的自由水[37],T21、T22、T23对应的峰面积分别为A21、A22、A23。峰面积越大,该状态下的含水率越高。从图3中可看出,CK组A23的峰面积占比最大(10072.317 a.u),说明新鲜杏中的主要水分状态为游离水,HEF组也是A23的峰面积占比最大(9761.733 a.u),但是小于CK的峰面积,说明经过其处理后游离水的含量减少了。经HWB和APPJ处理后的杏峰面积都划分为三个(A21、A22、A23),由图3b可看出,A23相较于CK明显呈下降趋势,分别为8162.765和16.779 a.u。说明HWB处理下杏的水分组成仍以自由水为主,而APPJ处理下杏中的自由组分基本被完全去除。同时,细胞组织中的水分大部分以结合水和不易流动水的形式存在。该现象主要归因于APPJ预处理破坏了细胞结构的完整性,使得原本被细胞质膜包裹的水分得以游离出来。同时,APPJ预处理还导致细胞壁中的大分子多糖物质(如果胶和纤维素)发生降解,进一步削弱了细胞壁对水分的结合能力[38]。与CK相比,经不同预处理方式处理后的杏片,其T22和T23均向左发生迁移,表明预处理后杏片的T2弛豫时间显著缩短。这一变化可能是由于预处理降低了杏片的含水率,导致水分与基质之间的相互作用增强,从而缩短了弛豫时间。此外,APPJ预处理过程中细胞结构的破坏和水分迁移通道的形成也可能进一步影响了水分的弛豫行为。
如图4所示,CK中的杏片组织细胞壁完整,细胞排列整齐,细胞壁厚度均匀,中胶层清晰可见,细胞膜完整且紧密贴合于细胞壁内侧。这些特征表明,未经处理的杏片组织具有较高的结构完整性和稳定性,细胞间连接紧密,水分迁移主要通过细胞壁的微孔进行,迁移速率相对较低。这种结构特性与LF-NMR分析中CK水分分布不均匀、水分主要集中在果肉核心区域的结果一致,表明细胞结构的完整性对水分迁移形成了较大的阻力。
经不同预处理方式处理后,HWB与APPJ处理显著改变了杏片组织的细胞结构。特别是APPJ预处理,导致细胞膜破裂、细胞间隙增加、细胞壁松散且肿胀,中胶层逐渐溶解,细胞壁的孔隙度明显增加。这种结构变化与LF-NMR分析中APPJ预处理后T22和T23峰向左迁移的结果高度一致,表明细胞壁结构的破坏显著降低了水分与细胞壁的结合力,促进了水分的自由迁移。这些微观结构的变化与干燥动力学模型分析中APPJ预处理显著提高干燥速率的结果相吻合,进一步验证了细胞结构破坏对水分迁移的促进作用。这一结论与Wang等[39]和Li等[40]的研究结果一致,他们发现热烫和低温等离子体处理能够破坏辣椒和玉米的细胞结构,显著提高干燥过程中水分有效扩散系数。
相比之下,HEF预处理的杏片组织细胞结构与CK相比几乎没有明显差异,细胞壁和中胶层的完整性得以保持。这一结果与LF-NMR分析中HEF预处理组水分分布不均匀、水分迁移阻力较大的现象一致,表明HEF预处理未能显著改变细胞结构,因此对干燥速率的提升作用有限。干燥动力学模型分析也显示,HEF预处理与CK的干燥行为较为一致,进一步证实了细胞结构完整性对水分迁移的阻碍作用。
综上所述,细胞结构的变化与水分分布及干燥特性之间存在明显的关联性。APPJ预处理通过破坏细胞壁和中胶层结构,增加了细胞壁的孔隙度,降低了水分迁移的阻力,从而提高干燥速率。而HEF预处理由于未能明显改变细胞结构,因此对干燥速率的提升作用有限。
细胞壁在维持细胞形状和组织结构中起着至关重要作用,赋予细胞和组织一定的机械强度。果胶作为细胞壁与中胶层的关键组分,其含量、溶解性以及结构变化对细胞壁的强度和孔隙率有显著影响,是导致果实硬度改变的主要因素。
如表3所示,不同预处理方式杏片的WSP、CSP和NSP含量存在显著差异。其中,WSP含量最高,其次为NSP,而CSP含量最低。WSP通过非离子键与细胞壁结合,结合能力较弱,其含量的增加是果实组织软化的主要原因之一。相较之下,CSP和NSP分别通过离子键和共价键与细胞壁紧密结合,它们在维持果实组织的完整性和硬度方面发挥着关键作用。因此,WSP含量的增加以及CSP和NSP含量的降低,会导致细胞间粘结性减弱和细胞壁机械强度的降低,进而使果实组织质地发生软化[24]。
实验结果显示,杏片硬度与WSP、CSP和NSP具有相关性。这表明WSP的增加和CSP及NSP的减少均会导致果实硬度的降低。APPJ预处理后的WSP含量最高,达到105.50 mg/L,而CSP和NSP含量最低,分别为72.27 mg/L和80.11 mg/L。这与Deng等[24]和Ella等[41]的研究结果相一致,进一步证实了果胶组分变化对果实硬度的显著影响。同时,WSP含量的增加会导致细胞壁松散,孔隙率增大,形成更多水分迁移通道;而CSP与NSP含量的减少会削弱细胞壁的机械强度和粘结性,促进细胞间分离,使得水分更易通过胞间空隙迁移。APPJ预处理通过破坏细胞壁和中胶层结构,增加了细胞壁的孔隙度,降低了水分迁移的阻力,从而显著提高了干燥速率。而HEF预处理由于未能显著改变细胞结构,因此对干燥速率的提升作用有限。因此,果胶的降解不仅降低了水分迁移的阻力,还延缓了表面硬化,从而缩短了干燥时间并提高了干燥速率。
为进一步阐明果胶与干燥特性之间的关系,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)技术,进行不同预处理方式对杏片WSP、CSP和NSP纳米结构的影响进行分析,结果如图5所示。发现WSP、CSP和NSP的结构特征在不同预处理条件下存在明显差异。
在CK中,WSP呈现为线型长链和聚集体结构(W-CK),聚集体的形成主要归因于分子间的相互作用。经HEF预处理后,WSP的链长和聚集体尺寸变化不明显(W-HEF);HWB预处理下,聚集体尺寸减小,但链长变化不显著(W-HWB);而APPJ预处理下,WSP的长链发生降解,形成众多短链,聚集体的尺寸也显著减小(W-APPJ)。这表明APPJ处理对WSP的纳米结构影响最为显著,导致其链长和聚集体尺寸均显著降低。
对于CSP,CK中的CSP呈现出具有丰富分支的长链结构(C-CK);HEF预处理下,CSP的长链和分支结构无明显变化(C-HEF);HWB预处理下,CSP的长链变短、分支数量减少,聚集体尺寸减小(C-HWB);而APPJ预处理下,CSP的长链和分支结构几乎完全消失(C-APPJ),表明APPJ预处理对CSP的纳米结构破坏最为彻底。
在NSP方面,CK呈现具有丰富的短链和分支状结构(N-CK);HWB和HEF预处理下,短链和分支状结构的数量减少(N-HWB、N-HEF),而APPJ预处理下,短链和分支结构已消失(N-APPJ),进一步证实了APPJ预处理对果胶结构的显著降解作用。
由此可知,APPJ预处理明显降低了杏片果胶的链长和分支数量,导致细胞壁机械强度降低和细胞间粘结性减弱,从而加速果实软化。这一果胶结构的降解规律与果实硬度和干燥特性的变化趋势一致。Liu等[30]的研究也表明,质地坚硬的果实中果胶具有较长的链和丰富的分支结构。因此,APPJ预处理通过显著破坏细胞壁和中胶层结构,致使果实硬度的降低。而细胞壁的孔隙度的增加,降低了水分迁移的阻力,从而显著提高了干燥速率,缩短了干燥时间。
表4所示,不同预处理对杏片色泽的影响呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。所有预处理组的ΔE值均显著高于CK组(P<0.05),说明各处理均造成了明显的色泽变化。其中,APPJ处理组的ΔE值最大(果皮23.14,果肉20.41),表明其引起的色泽变化最为显著(P<0.05);HWB处理次之(果皮20.08,果肉10.65);HEF处理的ΔE值最小(果皮6.99,果肉4.42),说明其色泽变化相对最不显著。
PPO和POD是引起果蔬加工过程中组织褐变的关键酶类,它们的活性和热稳定性对果实的色泽和品质有重要影响。通常,PPO和POD的活性被用于评价处理方式对果实褐变的抑制效果。从图6可知,CK的杏片中PPO和POD的活性分别为0.98和6.41 U/g,其中POD的活性显著高于PPO(P<0.05)。在不同的预处理方式下,PPO和POD的活性均呈现下降趋势,但PPO的下降速率明显高于POD,这表明杏片中POD的热稳定性高于PPO。这一结果与Deng等[24]的研究结果一致。特别是APPJ预处理后的杏片中PPO和POD的含量明显低于其他处理方式,说明说APPJ预处理对这两种酶的钝化能力较强。
综上所述,各预处理方式均显著影响了杏片的色泽。所有处理组的L*和b*均低于对照组,表明预处理结合热泵干燥后杏片色泽普遍变暗、黄色减弱。其中,APPJ处理对褐变关键酶(PPO和POD)的钝化效果最强,Dong等[42]也报道了冷等离子体处理过程中酶失活的几种机制,包括氧化和破坏蛋白质键,自由基、紫外线光子、带电粒子和DBD等离子体产生的其他活性物质降低表面疏水性,这些物质会改变PPO蛋白质的结构、稳定性和功能。所以可能是APPJ中的活性粒子(如自由基、臭氧等)与酶分子发生反应,破坏其活性中心,显著降低酶的催化能力,抑制酶促褐变,但并未因此获得更鲜亮的色泽,这表明在热泵干燥过程中,色泽的最终形成是酶促褐变与非酶褐变共同作用的结果。APPJ处理虽然高效抑制了酶促褐变,但其处理过程可能诱导了更显著的非酶褐变反应(如美拉德反应),或对色素造成了直接破坏,导致最终产品色泽加深。因此,APPJ在抑制酶活方面优势突出,但HEF预处理在保持杏片接近鲜果的亮黄色泽方面表现相对更好。
类胡萝卜素和酚类物质是杏片中重要的抗氧化活性成分。其中,类胡萝卜素是主要呈色物质,显著影响消费者的购买取向。新鲜杏片中的总酚和类胡萝卜素的含量分别为64.84和18.25 mg/kg。由图7所示,不同预处理方式对杏片的总酚和类胡萝卜素含量均有不同程度的增加,其中APPJ预处理后的含量提升最为显著(P<0.05),增加了172.18%。酚类物质通常储存于液泡中[43],而类胡萝卜素则以与蛋白质形成的复合物或微晶体形式存在于色质体中[44]。预处理后总酚和类胡萝卜素含量的增加,可能是由于细胞质膜结构被破坏,使得这些物质更容易从细胞中释放并进入提取溶剂[45]。此外,APPJ预处理通过其物理和化学作用,可能进一步促进了细胞内物质的溶出。
CK组杏片干燥后的总酚和类胡萝卜素的含量分别为23.30和13.73 mg/kg,与新鲜果实相比显著降低(P<0.05),说明干燥过程对这些活性物质的保留有一定影响。然而,经APPJ预处理后的杏片中总酚和类胡萝卜素含量显著高于CK(P<0.05),表明APPJ处理在一定程度上能够保护这些活性物质,减少干燥过程中的损失。如图7所示,预处理对杏片及其干燥后产品的抗氧化活性也具有显著影响。杏片的FRAP和DPPH自由基清除能力分别较CK分别提高了37.50%~560.94%和46.67%~170.00%。表明预处理能够有效增强杏片的抗氧化能力。然而,在未经预处理的新鲜杏片干燥过程中,其DPPH自由基清除能力和FRAP分别显著下降了33.33%和73.44%(P<0.05),尤其是FRAP总抗氧化能力的降幅更为显著,这种抗氧化活性的一方面是由于干燥过程中抗氧化活性物质(如酚类化合物和类胡萝卜素)的降解所致。另一方面,经APPJ预处理的杏片在干燥后保留了最高的FRAP和DPPH自由基清除能力。表明APPJ处理不仅在预处理阶段增强了抗氧化活性,还在干燥过程中更好地保护了抗氧化活性物质,减少了其降解。结合前文不同预处理方式对色泽变化及PPO和POD活性变化的机制分析,APPJ预处理通过钝化PPO和POD活性,抑制了酶促褐变,从而更好地保持了杏片的色泽。同时,APPJ预处理通过破坏细胞质膜结构,促进了总酚和类胡萝卜素的释放,并在干燥过程中更好地保护了这些活性物质,减少了其降解。因此,APPJ预处理不仅显著提高了杏片的抗氧化能力,还通过抑制酶促褐变和保持色泽,进一步提升了杏片的品质特性。
因此,总酚和类胡萝卜素是杏果实中重要的抗氧化活性成分,其含量与抗氧化能力(FRAP和DPPH自由基清除能力)密切相关。实验结果表明,APPJ预处理不仅通过破坏细胞质膜结构促进了总酚和类胡萝卜素的释放,还在干燥过程中更好地保护了这些活性物质,减少了其降解。经APPJ预处理的杏片在干燥后表现出最高的FRAP和DPPH自由基清除能力,说明总酚和类胡萝卜素含量的增加是抗氧化活性提升的主要原因。相比之下,未经预处理的杏片在干燥过程中总酚和类胡萝卜素含量显著下降(P<0.05)导致其抗氧化活性大幅降低。由此可看出,总酚和类胡萝卜素含量的变化与FRAP和DPPH自由基清除能力之间存在直接的正相关关系,APPJ预处理通过有效保护和提升这些活性物质的含量,显著增强了杏片的抗氧化能力,为开发高品质杏干产品提供了重要支持。
本研究系统考察了热漂烫(HWB)、高压静电场(HEF)和低温等离子体(APPJ)预处理对赛买提杏片热泵干燥特性和品质的影响。结果表明,三种预处理方式均能改善干燥特性,其中APPJ预处理效果最为显著,可缩短干燥时间35.29%,破坏细胞壁结构(增加WSP含量17.84%,降低CSP和NSP含量7.89%和2.53%),减小水分迁移阻力。此外,APPJ预处理能显著提升产品品质,包括抑制酶促褐变(钝化PPO和POD活性)、促进总酚和类胡萝卜素释放,并提高抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除率提升)。相比于HWB和HEF,APPJ具有处理时间短、能耗低、无化学残留等优势,可以适用于鲜果干燥前的预处理。但APPJ预处理的大规模工业化应用仍需进一步优化工艺参数和评估其经济效益。与此同时,不同等离子体发生方式及处理条件对产品品质提升和风味物质的影响作用机制还有待进一步研究。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030302
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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    1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
    2新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆主要农副产品精深加工工程技术研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091

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许铭强(1987−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:特色农产品加工品质调控及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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