Article(id=1320890067145572909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030228, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854332957, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854332957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854332957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854332957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=461, endPage=469, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320890068475167278, articleId=1320890067145572909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Preparation of Co-encapsulated Microcapsules and Their Applications in the Food Field, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the field of functional foods, the demand for the synergistic effects of multiple active substances was driven the development of co-encapsulation technology. This technology encapsulates two or more components in the same microcapsule, protecting the core materials while constructing a co-encapsulation system with synergistic functions, effectively enhancing the stability of the components, masking off-flavors, and improving bioavailability. This article systematically reviews the preparation methods of co-encapsulated microcapsules, such as emulsification, complex coacervation, and spray drying. The emulsification method was simple to operate, but the particle size of the emulsion after homogenization was uneven, making it difficult to control in industrial production. Complex coacervation has mild processing conditions, but the toxicity of organic curing agents limits its application in food. Spray drying was suitable for industrial production but may damage heat-sensitive components. In addition, this article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different wall material types, as well as the research progress in the application of co-encapsulation systems for active ingredients (vitamins, lipids, polyphenols, and probiotics). Currently, this field faces challenges such as improving preparation efficiency, optimizing drug loading, ensuring the stability of large-scale production, and analyzing the mechanism of synergistic effects of active substances. In the future, it is necessary to further optimize the preparation process and wall material formula, deeply explore the interaction mechanism of active substances, and promote their industrial application through human verification. This review provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design of multifunctional microcapsules and the efficient delivery of active food ingredients.

, authors=Yujie MA1, 2, Zechen LIU1, 2, Hongyu QIAN1, 2, Yixin WANG1, 2, Yanhong LIU1, 2, *, authorsList=Yujie MA, Zechen LIU, Hongyu QIAN, Yixin WANG, Yanhong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanhong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320890069746041401, articleId=1320890067145572909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=共封装微胶囊的制备及其在食品领域中应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在功能性食品领域,对多种活性物质协同作用的需求推动了共封装技术的发展。该技术通过将两种或多种成分封装于同一微胶囊,在保护芯材的同时,构建具有协同功能的共封装体系,有效提升成分稳定性、掩蔽异味并增强生物利用度。本文系统综述了共封装微胶囊的制备方法,如乳化法、复凝聚法、喷雾干燥法等。乳化法操作简便但是均质后乳液粒径不均,工业生产难以控制;复凝聚加工条件温和,但有机固化剂的毒性限制在食品中的应用;喷雾干燥适合工业生产但会破坏热敏性成分。此外,本文还讨论壁材类型的优劣,以及活性成分(维生素、脂质、多酚、益生菌)共封装体系的应用研究进展。当前该领域面临制备效率提升、载药量优化、规模化生产稳定性保障,以及活性物质协同作用机制解析等挑战。未来需进一步优化制备工艺与壁材配方,深入探究活性物质互作机制,并通过人体验证推动其产业化应用。本综述为多功能微胶囊设计及食品活性成分高效递送提供了理论依据与实践指导。

, authors=马毓杰1, 2, 刘泽辰1, 2, 钱虹羽1, 2, 王怡欣1, 2, 刘雁红1, 2, *, authorsList=马毓杰, 刘泽辰, 钱虹羽, 王怡欣, 刘雁红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘雁红, authorNote=

马毓杰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品功能材料,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘雁红(1967−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:低共熔溶剂的合成与应用及食品功能材料,E-mail:。
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Foods, 2024, 13(19): 3056., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320890091246043827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890067145572909, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ENACHE I M, VASILE M A, CRĂCIUNESCU O, et al. Co-microencapsulation of anthocyanins from cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits and lactic acid bacteria into antioxidant and anti-proliferative derivative powders[J]. 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共封装微胶囊的制备及其在食品领域中应用研究进展
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马毓杰 1, 2 , 刘泽辰 1, 2 , 钱虹羽 1, 2 , 王怡欣 1, 2 , 刘雁红 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(4): 461-469
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (4) : 461 -469
共封装微胶囊的制备及其在食品领域中应用研究进展
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马毓杰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品功能材料,E-mail:

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马毓杰1, 2 , 刘泽辰1, 2, 钱虹羽1, 2, 王怡欣1, 2, 刘雁红1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1天津科技大学食品营养与安全重点实验室,天津 300457
  • 2天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457
通讯作者:
刘雁红(1967−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:低共熔溶剂的合成与应用及食品功能材料,E-mail:。
作者简介:

马毓杰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品功能材料,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Preparation of Co-encapsulated Microcapsules and Their Applications in the Food Field
Yujie MA1, 2 , Zechen LIU1, 2, Hongyu QIAN1, 2, Yixin WANG1, 2, Yanhong LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2Collage of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030228
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在功能性食品领域,对多种活性物质协同作用的需求推动了共封装技术的发展。该技术通过将两种或多种成分封装于同一微胶囊,在保护芯材的同时,构建具有协同功能的共封装体系,有效提升成分稳定性、掩蔽异味并增强生物利用度。本文系统综述了共封装微胶囊的制备方法,如乳化法、复凝聚法、喷雾干燥法等。乳化法操作简便但是均质后乳液粒径不均,工业生产难以控制;复凝聚加工条件温和,但有机固化剂的毒性限制在食品中的应用;喷雾干燥适合工业生产但会破坏热敏性成分。此外,本文还讨论壁材类型的优劣,以及活性成分(维生素、脂质、多酚、益生菌)共封装体系的应用研究进展。当前该领域面临制备效率提升、载药量优化、规模化生产稳定性保障,以及活性物质协同作用机制解析等挑战。未来需进一步优化制备工艺与壁材配方,深入探究活性物质互作机制,并通过人体验证推动其产业化应用。本综述为多功能微胶囊设计及食品活性成分高效递送提供了理论依据与实践指导。

微胶囊  /  共封装  /  制备方法  /  壁材  /  芯材

In the field of functional foods, the demand for the synergistic effects of multiple active substances was driven the development of co-encapsulation technology. This technology encapsulates two or more components in the same microcapsule, protecting the core materials while constructing a co-encapsulation system with synergistic functions, effectively enhancing the stability of the components, masking off-flavors, and improving bioavailability. This article systematically reviews the preparation methods of co-encapsulated microcapsules, such as emulsification, complex coacervation, and spray drying. The emulsification method was simple to operate, but the particle size of the emulsion after homogenization was uneven, making it difficult to control in industrial production. Complex coacervation has mild processing conditions, but the toxicity of organic curing agents limits its application in food. Spray drying was suitable for industrial production but may damage heat-sensitive components. In addition, this article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different wall material types, as well as the research progress in the application of co-encapsulation systems for active ingredients (vitamins, lipids, polyphenols, and probiotics). Currently, this field faces challenges such as improving preparation efficiency, optimizing drug loading, ensuring the stability of large-scale production, and analyzing the mechanism of synergistic effects of active substances. In the future, it is necessary to further optimize the preparation process and wall material formula, deeply explore the interaction mechanism of active substances, and promote their industrial application through human verification. This review provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design of multifunctional microcapsules and the efficient delivery of active food ingredients.

microcapsules  /  co-encapsulation  /  preparation methods  /  wall materials  /  core materials
马毓杰, 刘泽辰, 钱虹羽, 王怡欣, 刘雁红. 共封装微胶囊的制备及其在食品领域中应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 461 -469 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030228
Yujie MA, Zechen LIU, Hongyu QIAN, Yixin WANG, Yanhong LIU. Research Progress on the Preparation of Co-encapsulated Microcapsules and Their Applications in the Food Field[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 461 -469 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030228
共封装技术(Co-encapsulation technology)是将两种或多种活性物质同时封装在同一载体中的技术[1]。这种技术在不同封装体系都有广泛的应用,如微胶囊[2]、乳液[3]、脂质体[4]等,在设计多功能食品时,将活性成分封装在微胶囊中十分常见。相较于单独封装某一活性成分,共封装在很多方面都具有优点,核心在于内部芯材会发生交互协同作用,如提高生物利用度、改善活性物质稳定性、增强活性物质保质期、提升微胶囊的控释效果实现靶向递送,同时共封装在工业生产中也会降低成本[5]。共封装的前提是其芯材中的两种或多种成分在同一载体体系中能够稳定共存,不发生化学反应使得结构破坏,并在物理化学特性上具有一定的相容性[6]。
微胶囊化是一种通过物理、化学或物理化学方法,将活性成分(芯材)包裹在半透过性或完全封闭的壳材料(壁材)中的技术。其内部被包埋的物质称为芯材、囊芯、核心材料、填充物或活性剂,外部的天然或合成高分子材料称为壁材、载体材料、涂层或壳[2]。芯材可以是药物、营养素、香精、色素、酶、细胞等,而壁材则可以是天然高分子、合成高分子、脂类等。通过共封装,芯材可以免受外界不利因素(如酸碱、光、热、氧、水分)的破坏。
微胶囊化可用于包埋多种活性化合物(如多酚,微量营养素,酶,抗氧化剂,药物和营养保健品)并提高其有效性[7]。微胶囊化后,芯材本身的色、态、形、质量、溶解性和贮藏性等物理特性会根据壁材的自身的物理特性发生一系列的变化。微胶囊能够将易受外界环境干扰或者自身性质不稳定的芯材封装于微胶囊中,将其与外界环境隔绝,在特定的条件下,使芯材达到瞬间释放和缓慢释放的效果,其释放速率受壁材厚度和环境的影响,也受芯材本身性质的影响,减缓芯材到外部的转移速率并控制释放,达到靶向递送的目的,还能掩盖芯材味道[8]。
本文介绍了微胶囊共封装的主要制备方法,并分析其各自的适用范围、工艺优势与局限性。围绕壁材选型,探讨了多糖、蛋白质及其复合物作为壁材在共封装体系中的性能特点与交联改性策略。在功能成分应用方面,本文重点梳理了维生素、脂质、多酚与益生菌等典型芯材的共封装应用,其在抗氧化性、生物利用度、稳定性等方面发挥协同效应。总结当前共封装微胶囊在食品工业中面临的挑战,如高封装效率与缓释能力的优化、芯材互作机制解析及产业化标准化进程,为后续食品功能成分递送研究提供理论依据和技术参考。
乳化法是通过均质机的机械剪切力将两种或多种互不相溶的液体,在乳化剂的作用下分散相以小液滴的形式,分散在连续相的过程,随后通过蒸发有机溶剂固化外壳制备微胶囊的过程[9]。图1是常规乳化法制备微胶囊示意图。通过微胶囊化,可以降低乳液受到的外界不利影响,从而延长其保质期[10]。乳液可以包覆精油、多酚等活性物质来抗氧化、抑菌,如Brandt等[11]制备的乳液型微胶囊来递送迷迭香精油,并应用于番茄酱的保鲜。实验证明,与未添加精油的相同样品相比,迷迭香精油对于测试中细菌具有杀菌作用,微胶囊的缓释效果使得其维持了长时间杀菌,证明了迷迭香精油微胶囊作为天然防腐剂的潜力。Dong等[12]使用乳化法制备了植物乳杆菌微胶囊,并加入到纸杯蛋糕中,微胶囊化可保护部分内部益生菌,使其免受烘烤的高温的影响。乳化法优点为操作简便,成本较低,但是也存在一些缺点如均质的乳液大小不一致,在工业生产中难以控制粒径[13]。有些聚合物需要使用有机溶剂来溶解,在食品工业中有机溶剂使用和残留受到严格控制,需要额外的工序去除有机溶剂,如果蒸发固化过程有溶剂残留,可能会影响其安全性[14]。
凝聚是指通过改变溶解介质的pH、离子强度、温度和溶解度而引起的缔合相分离过程。凝聚发生在两个或者多个聚合物之间被称为复凝聚[15]。复凝聚法主要是通过介质环境中带有相反电荷的生物大分子之间的静电相互作用进行的,一般来说一种带正电荷的多糖或蛋白与带负电荷的多糖混合,在经过pH调整后两者发生静电吸引,形成不溶于水的复凝聚物,再使用固化剂而芯材便可以包封于其中[16],如图2。复凝聚法的优点:加工条件温和、高热稳定性、高机械稳定性、高有效载荷、高包封效率、生物活性化合物的缓释。
Pongpairoj等[17]使用复凝聚法封装椰子果皮提取物,其中大豆蛋白和菊粉的组合表现出高封装效率,其封装效率可达99.89%,且在随后的胃肠道模拟实验中,制备的三种微胶囊在肠道释放阶段均表现出较好的抗氧化稳定性和最大的释放量,体现出复凝聚法微胶囊的肠道递送潜力。复凝聚法的工业化制备已经开始了应用,Tang等[18]使用菠萝蛋白酶与海藻酸钠结合为微胶囊,蛋白酶不仅作为被包裹的芯材,同时也作为壁材参与到与海藻酸钠的结合中,其封装率73.8%,经过后续二次回收后蛋白酶回收率简化了工艺流程,节省了成本。Mesquita等[19]应用复凝聚法制备石榴籽油微胶囊,其富含共轭亚麻酸,作为食品膳食补充剂加入到速溶咖啡中,补充营养。复凝聚法也有一些缺陷,需要加入有机固化剂,如戊二醛,其作为一种有机试剂,具有一定毒性,加入食品作为膳食补充剂方面的应用受限。
喷雾干燥法是微胶囊化过程中经典的物理方法,通过喷雾干燥机将包裹芯材的乳液在喷嘴高温下雾化,使其水分迅速蒸发而形成粉末颗粒,即微胶囊[20]。特点是干燥快速高效,成本低,可用于热敏性物料的封装[21],该方法制备的粉末状微粒水分活度较低,且粒径可控,可以提高微胶囊粉末的品质。喷雾干燥也存在缺点,干燥时产生的高温在某种程度上会对壁材产生损伤,损害内部活性化合物的生物活性。Pourashouri等[22]使用了喷雾干燥法制备了鱼油微胶囊,在炸鸡块中作为膳食补充剂来丰富其二十碳五烯酸(DHA)和二十二碳六烯酸(EPA),通过对照试验,添加鱼油微胶囊炸鸡块与未添加的炸鸡块在感官评价上并无差异,表明该喷雾干燥微胶囊可成功应用于炸鸡块贮藏。喷雾干燥微胶囊也可用于食品保鲜,de Melo等[23]以喷雾干燥法制备的柠檬草精油微胶囊应用于奶酪保鲜,微胶囊的封装使得柠檬草精油在45 ℃下仍具有抗菌活性,可以作为天然防腐剂应用于奶酪保鲜。喷雾干燥对溶液粘度要求较高,过高的粘度导致雾化不充分,阻碍液滴形成,低粘度会使微胶囊形成多孔结构,影响微胶囊的致密性[24]。
冷冻干燥通过升华冷冻样品,封装活性成分的不敏性和氧化敏感性,液体样品在低温中被提前冻结,随后在冻干机的真空环境中冰晶升华,去除了样品中的结合水,保持释放其生物活性和功效[25]。冷冻干燥制备微胶囊孔隙率较高,具有较好的复水特性。冷冻干燥过程在低温和真空条件下进行,可以最大限度地减少高温带来的弊端,可以有效防止成分挥发和氧化,特别适用于保护易挥发和易氧化的成分如香精和不饱和脂肪酸等[26]。Mihalcea等[27]使用冷冻干燥将浓缩红葡萄汁制备微胶囊,这使得葡萄汁中的活性成分(如花青素)被成功保护,包封率达到了86.1%,将微胶囊加入到果冻中增值食品,果冻表现出让人满意的抗氧化活性,但是在一定程度上被破坏了凝胶特性,真正应用于食品行业还需进一步研究。冷冻干燥制备益生菌微胶囊是经典方案,益生菌是热敏成分,冷冻干燥避开了高温对益生菌的损害,Jouki等[28]制备冷冻干燥的干酪乳杆菌微胶囊,该方法制备的微胶囊包封效率可达95.20%,按一定配方封装后益生菌存活率提升显著(45.4%),该微胶囊可作为固体饮料,具有两个月保质期和高溶解度,是一个成功的封装方案。但冷冻干燥也有一些缺点,干燥成本较高,需要消耗大量能源,而且在冷冻过程中产生的冰晶有可能刺破微胶囊壁材,导致内部芯材泄露[29]。
微流控技术是利用微米级流体通道对液体流动进行精确控制的技术,在制备尺寸微胶囊时可以实现高均匀性、精确控制微胶囊的结构。微流控制备微胶囊的原理主要是采用芯片控制微通道中的流体流速、流体性质以及通道设计,精确的控制液滴形成来控制形成微胶囊(图3)。微流体制备的微胶囊具有形态尺寸高度可控、包封效率高,封装条件温和等优点[30]。如Zhang等[31]使用海藻酸钠作为壁材,且使用了不同芯片种类制备出均相型和核壳型两种微胶囊,后续评估该方法的效果,制备出的微胶囊均展现出高封装效率(97.65%和94.75%),并且该微胶囊大小均一,且在控释实验中表现出良好的肠道靶向递送潜力(在pH6.8时释放效果达100%),表现了高抗氧化作用(在25 ℃下,包埋20 d后,微胶囊内维生素E仍保留71.96%),展现了微流控法的优势。微流控法也有缺点,设备成本较高,微胶囊产出效率不高,对物料要求高,要求具有较好的流动性,否则微通道易被物料堵塞,食品工业大规模生产还需进一步研究[32]。
如图4所示,微流控法与喷雾干燥的联用新型喷雾干燥设备在共封装已经开始了应用,如微流控喷雾干燥,已经成功应用于共封装微胶囊,传统的喷雾干燥方法往往生成的微胶囊不均匀,而微流控法通过精准的液体控制生成均匀的微胶囊。Zhu等[33]使用微流体喷雾干燥联用设备共封装β-胡萝卜素、鱼油、叶黄素和玉米黄素,该方法相较于喷雾干燥法和冷冻干燥法,微流控法微胶囊具有更高的微胶囊化效率(94.0%~95.1%)、更好的粒径和均匀性,更高的振实密度(0.373~0.652 g/cm3)和更高的流动性(Carr 指数为16.0%~30.0%),展现了微流控法制备微胶囊的优越性。
电喷雾法是一种通过施加高压电场使液体形成细小液滴的技术,高压电场中的电场将其分散为小液滴,这些液滴在干燥过程中会形成微胶囊(图5)。近年来,电喷雾技术在制备微胶囊方面得到了广泛的应用,它区别于喷雾干燥法、冷冻干燥法等传统技术,不涉及到温度,pH因素,但是也有缺点,电喷雾法对湿度条件要求较高,在高湿度条件下,对液滴的挥发有影响,干扰正常微胶囊的产出[34]。所以对于环境敏感型物质的封装是一个很好的方案。电喷雾系统也有不同类型,如单轴电喷雾和同轴电喷雾。单轴电喷雾使用了单喷嘴适用于单一组分,同轴电喷雾区别于单轴,允许通过同轴发射器同时喷涂两种不混溶的液体,这能够创建受控的微胶囊核壳结构,而无需对生物活性化合物进行初步乳化[35]。电喷雾通常可以控制其流速、电压大小、带电性质来控制微胶囊的大小形态。在Dima等[36]的实验中,电喷雾微胶囊使用不同极性电场,导致内部芯材的分布出现不同。Rasteh等[37]使用电喷雾法制备的微胶囊用于包封精油,其封装效率可达99.99%,展现了电喷雾法微胶囊的优异性能。Comunian等[38]研究了电喷雾法制备亚麻籽油微胶囊加入到酸奶中作为膳食补充剂的可行性,该微胶囊表现出在肠道消化阶段脂质延迟消化的特点,结果表明电喷雾法是一种维持稳定性,延长脂质保质期的可行方案。电喷雾法可以增强口服生物利用度的潜力,Zhu等[39]将辣椒素包封在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮微胶囊中,电喷雾法辣椒素相较于游离的辣椒素,生物利用度提高2.2倍。
壁材的选择会影响芯材的渗透率、溶解性和流动性,选择微胶囊壁材时,需考虑壁材的稳定性、降解性、传质性、安全性和利润,同时要重视芯材的保护与释放效果;应用于食品中的微胶囊,更要注重壁材的安全性,确保微胶囊发挥作用的同时保障消费者健康。此外,由于芯材与壁材之间存在着相应的交互性,外部壁材必须与核心物质具有良好的兼容性,并且不与核心物质发生化学反应[40],而共封装微胶囊由于芯材较多,因此壁材与芯材间的交互有着严格的要求,一般条件下,油/水壁材中通常包裹有相反相的芯材,而它们二者之间的表面张力使溶液生成平衡的O/W或W/O关系。
天然高分子材料在微胶囊制备中因其生物相容性、安全性、环境友好性、功能性和可加工性等优点,成为了微胶囊壁材的理想选择。它们不仅提供了多种功能,还满足了现代工业对环保和可持续发展的要求。天然微胶囊壁材主要有多糖类、蛋白类、蛋白-多糖复合类。
多糖类壁材具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性以及易于修饰改性的特点,在食品保鲜、功能性食品开发及靶向递送领域展现出了巨大的潜力[41]。多糖壁材可以作为抗菌剂来使用,如Sun等[42]将香芹酚包封于海藻酸钠微胶囊中,很好保留了香芹酚对大肠杆菌的抑制作用。
多糖壁材也存在一些缺点,一些多糖的亲水性导致其吸水后易溶胀,有些天然高分子多糖在某一方面性能较弱,如单一海藻酸钠壁材在微胶囊化后,承受一定压力会出现破裂,体现机械强度不足的缺点[43]。可以通过加入交联剂,如钙离子,和海藻酸钠的羧基结合为“钙桥”形成网状结构。壳聚糖,作为自然界中唯一的阳离子多糖,水溶性很差,为了改善这一应用缺点,Li等[44]通过自由基接枝法合成了没食子酸改性壳聚糖,使得壳聚糖表现出了良好的水溶性,因此对部分天然高分子材料进行改性,从而制备半合成高分子材料,以弥补天然高分子材料的不足。Xun等[45]成功制备咖啡酸改性壳聚糖和海藻酸钠的复合型微胶囊包封蚕蛹活性肽,体外消化实验中,咖啡酸改性后的壳聚糖微胶囊相较普通壳聚糖微胶囊有着更好的抗酸性和肠内释放性,接枝与未接枝的壳聚糖微胶囊在热重实验中均表现出良好的热稳定性,第一阶段的失重率分别为8.33%和7.94%,均显著低于未包封对照组的失重率(25.88%),未改性的单一壳聚糖微胶囊稍好于改性后的,但咖啡酸接枝壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微胶囊封装效率达到96.61%,比未改性壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微胶囊封装效率高约10%,显示出了良好的包封性能,改性后微胶囊各方面性能均有一定程度加强。
蛋白质壁材因其良好的稳定性、强乳化能力和来源而受到关注,被用于提高敏感物质(如抗菌活性、抗氧化活性和预防疾病等)的生物利用度和功能活性[46]。蛋白质可以在油水界面上自发形成一层保护膜,这主要是由于蛋白质分子的两亲性(同时具有亲水基团和疏水基团),这种自组装行为有助于稳定内部的核心物质,防止其泄漏或氧化[47]。同时蛋白质分子的结构容易受到环境pH、温度和离子强度的影响,从而调控其聚集与分散状态,适用于在不同环境条件下实现控制释放,比如利用美拉德反应制备微胶囊。如Yang等[48]使用乳化法来制备三种不同蛋白作为唯一壁材(大豆分离蛋白、乳清蛋白、豌豆蛋白)的微胶囊,这些蛋白均表现出了对芯材(ω-3中链和长链三酰基甘油)的良好包封效果,但是大豆蛋白能更好保持微胶囊的稳定性,该实验证明了蛋白质包封ω-3中链和长链三酰基甘油的可行性,展现了蛋白质基微胶囊的优越性能。蛋白质作为壁材也有一定方面局限,如一些蛋白的昂贵成本问题;大豆蛋白和乳清蛋白都是常见的过敏源,限制了其在食品领域的应用[49]。
同样的,使用复合型壁材对于微胶囊的结构稳定性可能有着更好的效果,如多糖-蛋白复合物形成的微胶囊,这两者同时作为微胶囊壁材时通过静电作用和氢键相结合,形成稳定的网状结构。Kumar等[50]使用麦芽糊精和乳清蛋白的组合作为亲脂性化合物角鲨烯的包封壁材,同时制备了阿拉伯胶作为单一壁材的微胶囊来作对照,结果表明,麦芽糊精-乳清蛋白和阿拉伯胶包封角鲨烯时,包埋效率分别为96.50%和75.44%,封装效率更好,麦芽糊精-乳清蛋白的微胶囊表现出很好的氧化稳定性,在一个月的贮藏后,其过氧化物值由0.50±0.01 meq/kg of oil上升到0.62±0.02 meq/kg of oil,较阿拉伯胶的微胶囊氧化稳定性(1.15±0.03 到 3.23±0.07 meq/kg of oil)更强,除此之外,在物理化学稳定性和体外释放属性方面作为递送系统的功能均优于单一阿拉伯胶,体现了复合型微胶囊的优异性能。
此外,在蛋白质与多糖的交联过程中添加活性物质,有助于形成更稳定的机械结构和更强的氧化稳定性,如加入单宁酸,其具有高水平的没食子酰基,可通过氢键、疏水和静电相互作用与蛋白质相互作用[16]。如Guo等[51]在封装使用乳清蛋白-高甲氧基果胶封装香芹酚时,使用了单宁酸的微胶囊尺寸更小,同时起到了增强香芹酚热稳定性和pH稳定性的作用。转谷氨酰胺酶作为一种改性蛋白的酶,它能够催化蛋白质分子中的谷氨酰胺残基与赖氨酸残基之间形成ε-(γ-谷氨酰胺)-赖氨酸异肽键,使得微胶囊具有更强的机械性能。此外,使用戊二醛也是一种有效的化学交联手段,它可以在蛋白与多糖之间形成共价键来增强其相互作用力。在Zhu等[52]的实验中,对明胶与阿拉伯胶微胶囊进行了戊二醛交联,该微胶囊表现出微孔减少,粘附性降低等优良特性。对于化学交联剂的使用涉及潜在的安全问题,需谨慎控制其用量,因此在食品应用中往往更倾向于使用单宁酸等更安全的天然交联剂制备微胶囊。
许多维生素对外界环境十分敏感(如维C、维A、维E),封装维生素就可以最大程度降低维生素的损失,不同维生素的合适封装方法各不相同,热敏性维生素如(维C,维A)更适合冻干或者复凝聚,对于热稳定性好的维生素(如维B、维D)来说,可能更适合喷雾干燥。而且对于一些脂溶性维生素而言,封装可以使其拥有良好的水溶性和体内吸收率,维生素的共封装在脂质体、微胶囊、纳米颗粒、乳液中均有应用,就维生素而言,其共封装的目的是在某种程度上减少维生素在加工过程中的损失,让维生素与封装的另一种物质有协同作用,这种作用可以是协同抗氧化,也可以是提高生物利用率,这种封装方式可以是两种维生素之间的共封装,如Bajaj等[53]将维生素B12和维生素D通过喷雾干燥法共封装在同一个微胶囊中,两种维生素都被较好的包埋在微胶囊中,两者的包埋效率均超过了70%,相比单一封装的对照组,共封装提高了维生素D和维生素B12的生物利用率(151%和109%)。维生素的共封装也可以与非维生素协同,Peng等[54]将乳酸菌素与维生素C制备为乳液后喷雾干燥共封装,实验过程中发现两者间具有协同抗菌功效,抗菌效果比单独一种使用时要好,之后将微胶囊应用于豆浆的保鲜,豆浆贮藏稳定性优异,共封装是一个延长食品保质期的良好的方案。维生素共封装作为膳食补充剂是一个好的应用方案,多种维生素或是维生素和其他活性成分的组合使得人们在营养补充方面更加全面。
鱼油作为微胶囊包埋技术中的常客,是Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸的重要来源,其富含的多不饱和脂肪酸具有很高的食用价值,因为储藏环境不稳定,易导致其氧化酸败,所以对其而言,延缓氧化酸败至关重要,将具有抗氧化活性的成分与脂质共封装显然是一个好方法,Al-Moghazy等[55]将双歧杆菌、鱼油、石榴皮提取物多种活性成分共封装到微胶囊中,其包埋效率可达90.88%,其他两种成分表现出对鱼油的协同作用,在氧化稳定性实验中,同时添加了益生菌和石榴皮提取物的鱼油微胶囊表现出较高的EPA和DHA含量,短链脂肪酸较少,说明石榴皮提取物或益生菌在一定程度上保护了油脂免受氧化变质的影响。将其用于伊朗白奶酪的膳食补充剂,在冷藏30 d后益生菌活性依然存在。
农业副产品也可应用于脂质的共封装中,Chasquibol等[56]将芒果皮提取物与印加果油共封装在阿拉伯胶为壁材的微胶囊中,期间进行了抗氧化实验,发现卡姆果皮抗氧化提取物中的多酚能对印加果油产生良好的保护作用,其提高了微胶囊的氧化稳定性,共封装增强了印加果油的氧化稳定性,共封装微胶囊的氧化温度较单一封装由173 ℃升高至198 ℃,随后的生物可及性实验中,加入芒果皮抗氧化物和卡姆果皮抗氧化物的印加果油微胶囊与芒果果粉制得固体饮料,较其他单一封装的微胶囊饮料配方,生物可及性几乎是其他配方的三倍(达到65%),释放出了更多活性化合物,这可能是由于两种水果的果皮提取物之间的协同作用,显著提升了微胶囊的氧化稳定性和生物可及性,成功利用农副产品对脂质进行保护和利用。由于大多数脂质富含不饱和脂肪酸,将其加入到食品中作为膳食补充剂已成为一种流行趋势,共封装同时可以阻止油脂过度氧化。
多酚的强抗炎、抗氧化功效在共封装中应用范围广,多酚的封装方法与维生素类似,根据热稳定性差异可以使用喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥,将多酚和易氧化的化合物(如益生菌[57]、油脂[58]、多糖[59])共封装制备微胶囊,降低这些物质被氧化的风险;对于多种多酚的共封装来说,大多数多酚单独使用时的生物利用度较低,共封装可以解决这一痛点。Coradini等[60]的研究中,证明了白藜芦醇与姜黄素之间存在着协同效应,研究者将两者共封装在脂质核心的纳米胶囊中,共封装显著提升了白藜芦醇的光稳定性,相比于单一封装,共封装强化了微胶囊的体外抗氧化效果。在实验中对其抗氧化性进行测定,两种多酚的共封装表现出很强的协同功效,共封装的微胶囊较单独封装的姜黄素和白藜芦醇,姜黄素的抗氧化指标在共封装中提升非常显著(约7.9倍),而白藜芦醇提升约1.68倍。通过减少自由基对单一抗氧化剂的直接攻击,从而提高整体抗氧化活性,该实验说明共封装这两种多酚并不是物质间的简单累加,而是能显著发挥互作功效。Yin等[61]将白藜芦醇和表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(EGCG)这两种天然多酚共封装,制备后封装效率可达到两者均有较好的封装效率,白藜芦醇最高达77.2%,EGCG最高可达99.76%,EGCG在氧化后,其氧化产物仍可保护鱼油和白藜芦醇不被降解,鱼油也在一定程度上防止多酚的氧化,白藜芦醇在EGCG存在下,30 d后的贮藏稳定性仍保持较高水平,可达到73%,之后作者将其加入鱼油后制备为乳液,作为鱼油的天然抗氧化剂,相比于单一的,共封装表现出更好的保质期和抗氧化活性。
益生菌被作为膳食补充剂广泛应用于食品行业,常见的益生菌有乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌等。目前这些益生菌由于存在一定的环境敏感性,需要保持其活性的存在,对其进行一定的保护,选择方法时需要尽量降低益生菌的活性损失,如使用冷冻干燥法,电喷雾、微流控法,喷雾干燥虽然对益生菌的活性的负面影响比较大,高温导致益生菌存活率下降,但是其适合大规模生产已经开始应用于工业[62]。益生菌与益生元在共封装是经典组合,作为对于益生菌的共封装,主要目的是为保护益生菌,增强其在不利条件下的活力,当前对于益生菌共封装微胶囊的开发多通过保护实现益生菌的活性靶向递送,如肠道递送,可添加到食品中。
之前关于油脂的叙述中提到,脂质和益生菌的搭配可以出现协同作用,一方面益生菌的消化产物延缓了油脂的氧化腐败,另一方面油脂可以作为益生元对益生菌的活性有着较大帮助[55]。除此之外,油脂也可以充当保护剂,保护益生菌在消化液中的活性,He等[63]将植物乳杆菌与小麦胚芽油共封装制备了微胶囊,在胃肠道模拟实验中小麦胚芽油的添加显著提高了微胶囊中益生菌的存活率,这可能是由于小麦胚芽油在胃液中无法被消化,形成保护层避免了益生菌与胃液的直接接触。Ngamekaue等[64]使用喷雾干燥对椰子油和益生菌进行共封装微胶囊化,结果显示,椰子油作为壁材提升了内部益生菌的活性,减少了益生菌的细胞膜损伤。Tavares等[65]对咖啡豆及其副产物咖啡皮提取物,将其与酵母菌共封装于微胶囊中,实验证明,加入咖啡提取物并不会降低微胶囊包封效率,且对益生菌活性有积极效果,在胃肠道模拟实验中,益生菌并未受到影响,所有处理提取物(咖啡豆、咖啡皮)包封的酵母菌的存活率均高于8.59 lg CFU/mL,符合益生菌食品产品的推荐标准。
此外,益生菌和多酚的组合,一方面多酚的强抗氧化活性,可以作为益生元为益生菌提供能量,另一方面,益生菌的分解产物又可以对多酚积极效应,Enache等[66]将山茱萸樱桃花青素和乳酸菌共封装为微胶囊,花青素作为抗氧化剂对乳酸菌的氧化有一定抑制效果,乳酸菌可以使花青素的聚合度下降从而使其总酚含量上升,两者间展现了协同效果,该微胶囊包封效率良好,其中包封的益生菌可到90.07%,花青素也达到了79.03%。
Sharifi等[67]将益生菌与植物甾醇共封装在复凝聚法的乳清蛋白-阿拉伯胶的微胶囊里,与以单一形式封装的益生菌相比,在植物甾醇存在下,植物乳杆菌的存活率增加。将制备的微胶囊加入到伊朗白奶酪中进行储藏实验,60 d后的共封装微胶囊中植物乳杆菌的活力高于游离和单一微胶囊中植物乳杆菌的活力,共封装可以显著提升益生菌的稳定性,体现了共封装的协同作用保护芯材的特点。益生菌微胶囊在食品中的应用已十分理想,共封装使益生菌进一步开发有了可能,通过对协同作用的研究,多功能益生菌微胶囊开发在未来有很大潜力。
本文全面概述了共封装微胶囊的制备方法及其优缺点、壁材、芯材的选择等。微胶囊技术自问世以来,在食品领域的应用也是越来越广泛。喷雾干燥是共封装工业化的常用方法,但是对于干燥温度的设定需要更加谨慎,以免微胶囊的性能产生不良影响。使用联用型方法是一个很好的方案,如微控流型喷雾干燥,虽然微胶囊产出效率相较原始喷雾干燥较低,在工业中还需考虑该方法的实际成本较高,但是其产出稳定均一的微胶囊的优点较其他方案具有在工业中易量化和规范化等独特的优势。再者共封装型微胶囊在食品工业中往往充当膳食补充剂,所以对于微胶囊保质期、稳定性和一致性等也有着一定要求,大规模生产和工业应用提供具有高负载能力、高封装效率和缓释的稳定干燥微胶囊的设计需要进一步研究,因此对于此类联用型方法的开发是共封装的研究热点。一方面,对于共封装而言,芯材间的协同作用显著提高了微胶囊在某一方面的性能,但其互作机制的探究较少,探明芯材间的互作机制有助于实现在食品行业的应用;另一方面,共封装微胶囊的功效值得探究,如抗动脉粥样硬化、抗肥胖、改善胃肠道菌群等功效只是在动物实验中被证实,在人体中实际效果如何还未可知,必须遵循实际应用原则,通过人体试食等评估其效果,进一步的研究至关重要。综上,共封装微胶囊的应用具有广阔的研究潜力。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030228
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
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    1天津科技大学食品营养与安全重点实验室,天津 300457
    2天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院,天津 300457

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刘雁红(1967−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:低共熔溶剂的合成与应用及食品功能材料,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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