Article(id=1320890024627912954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889471592149951, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854322820, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854322820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854322820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854322820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889471592149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854190967, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854190967, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=392, endPage=403, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320890024896348411, articleId=1320890024627912954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Refrigeration of Variable Frequency on Fracturability, Springiness, Adhesiveness and Pectin Nanostructure of Carrot during Shelf life, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of frequency conversion refrigeration on the textural properties and pectin nanostructure over the shelf life, the carrots were analyzed for textural indices such as fracturability, springiness, and adhesiveness using a texture analyzer. Additionally, the content of cell wall materials and the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes over its shelf life were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods, and the nanostructure of pectin substances was examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed that frequency conversion refrigeration maintained the fracturability and springiness of carrots during shelf life, as well as the content of cell wall polysaccharides, including sodium carbonate soluble pectin (SSP), chelated soluble pectin (CSP), cellulose, and hemicellulose. The increase of water-soluble pectin (WSP) content was also delayed in carrots over the shelf life. Furthermore, frequency conversion refrigeration reduced the activity of carrot polygalacturonase (PG) during the middle of the pre-shelf life period, along with the activities of carrot pectinesterase (PME), cellulase (Cx), and β-galactosidase (β-Gal) throughout the entire shelf life. The increase in the number of CSP and SSP pectin aggregates was linked to the changes in Cx and β-Gal activities. Correlation analyses further indicated significant negative correlations between fracturability and PME activity, adhesiveness and PME activity, and springiness and β-Gal activity of the carrots during shelf life. It is concluded that frequency conversion refrigeration can preserve excellent textural qualities, such as fracturability, springiness, and adhesiveness, by delaying the depolymerization of pectin in carrots throughout its shelf life, thereby providing a theoretical basis and technical support for carrot cold storage aimed at preserving freshness.

, authors=Ya YANG1, Xiaolin MA2, Zejiang ZHOU3, Lunaike ZHAO1, Xinyi WANG1, Chenggui YANG1, Hui XIANG1, Junjie WANG1, *, authorsList=Ya YANG, Xiaolin MA, Zejiang ZHOU, Lunaike ZHAO, Xinyi WANG, Chenggui YANG, Hui XIANG, Junjie WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junjie WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320890028566364426, articleId=1320890024627912954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=变频冷藏对货架期胡萝卜脆度、弹性、粘着性和果胶纳米结构的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究变频冷藏对货架期胡萝卜质地特性和果胶纳米结构的影响,本文以经变频和定频冷库冷藏的胡萝卜为研究对象,采用质构仪分析测定货架期室温贮藏期间胡萝卜的脆度、弹性、凝聚性和粘着性等质地指标。通过分光光度法研究货架期胡萝卜的细胞壁物质含量和细胞壁降解酶活性,并用原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscope,AFM)分析货架期胡萝卜果胶物质的纳米结构。结果表明,变频冷藏维持了货架期胡萝卜的脆度和弹性,以及碳酸钠可溶性果胶(Sodium Carbonate Soluble Pectin,SSP)、螯合可溶性果胶(CDTA-Soluble Pectin,CSP)、纤维素和半纤维素等细胞壁多糖物质含量,延缓了水溶性果胶(Water-Soluble Pectin,WSP)含量的增加,同时,变频库冷藏可降低货架期前中期胡萝卜多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(Polygalacturonase,PG)的活性,以及整个货架期胡萝卜果胶甲酯酶(Pectinesterase,PME)、纤维素酶(Cellulase,Cx)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Galactosidase,β-Gal)的活性,增加CSP和SSP果胶聚集体数量;相关性分析进一步发现,货架期胡萝卜的脆度与PME活性、粘着性与PME活性以及弹性与β-Gal活性之间存在显著的负相关(P<0.05)。由此得出,采用变频冷藏能够有效维持货架期胡萝卜果胶纳米结构,维持优良的脆度、弹性和粘着性等质地品质,从而为胡萝卜在货架期内的贮藏保鲜提供了科学的理论支持。

, authors=杨娅1, 马孝林2, 周泽江3, 赵鲁迺克1, 王馨怡1, 杨成贵1, 向辉1, 王军节1, *, authorsList=杨娅, 马孝林, 周泽江, 赵鲁迺克, 王馨怡, 杨成贵, 向辉, 王军节, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王军节, authorNote=

杨娅(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后科学与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王军节(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬采后科学与安全,E-mail:。
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杨娅(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后科学与安全,E-mail:

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Journal of Henan University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2019, 40(2): 9−14.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320890043489698193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Runsen, ZHANG Lifen, CHEN Fusheng. Effect of ultrasound combined with calcium impregnation treatment on structural properties of strawberry pectin[J]. Journal of Henan University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2019, 40(2): 9−14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320890043561001362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIN Ying, CHEN Fusheng, LAI Shaojuan, et al. Influence of chitosan-based coatings on the physicochemical properties and pectin nanostructure of Chinese cherry[J]. 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注:A:弹性;B:脆度;C:凝聚性;D:粘着性;图中不同小写字母表示不同时间点两种处理间该指标差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=VBfA4hPCGWLixSQmbjom5Q==, figureFileBig=96pR2BhnbQh6rDyQf7VXSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890033989599562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Contents of SSP, CSP, WSP, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of carrot during shelf life after cold storage in frequency conversion and fixed frequency storage were determined, figureFileSmall=DuKk7DAfbDi5ZcKKoBbYZw==, figureFileBig=IUQIAk/aYsYuhswCBCPivg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034086068555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=CN, label=图2, caption=变频和定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的SSP、CSP、WSP、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量

注:A:SSP含量;B:CSP含量;C:WSP含量;D:纤维素含量;E:半纤维素含量;F:木质素含量。

, figureFileSmall=DuKk7DAfbDi5ZcKKoBbYZw==, figureFileBig=IUQIAk/aYsYuhswCBCPivg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034157371724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Activities of PG, PME, Cx and β-Gal in carrots during shelf life after storage in variable frequency and fixed frequency libraries were studied, figureFileSmall=Sz5L/j9nUQwzrZ+fZQD9cw==, figureFileBig=MnySAARbsVmfiVdwFRI1Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034232869197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=CN, label=图3, caption=变频和定频库贮藏后货架期胡萝卜的PG、PME、Cx和β-Gal活性

注:A:多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性;B:果胶甲酯酶活性;C:纤维素酶活性;D:β-半乳糖苷酶活性。

, figureFileSmall=Sz5L/j9nUQwzrZ+fZQD9cw==, figureFileBig=MnySAARbsVmfiVdwFRI1Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034320949582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Nanostructure of carrot WSP during shelf life after cold storage in frequency conversion and fixed frequency storage, figureFileSmall=Ne11sTiRr9S8DqU5Z4iEGw==, figureFileBig=ZEYPobjSsmFW5Z2WBOZl7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034409029967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=CN, label=图4, caption=变频和定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜WSP的纳米结构

注:A:AFM图片;B:WSP链宽分布;C:WSP链高分布。

, figureFileSmall=Ne11sTiRr9S8DqU5Z4iEGw==, figureFileBig=ZEYPobjSsmFW5Z2WBOZl7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034476138832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Nanostructure of carrot CSP during shelf life after refrigerated storage in frequency conversion and fixed frequency warehouses, figureFileSmall=wwhKmboLS4U74XbyNw+IFg==, figureFileBig=/NSGb7pcBR1kzIfmZqMwmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034547442001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=CN, label=图5, caption=变频和定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜CSP的纳米结构

注:A:AFM图片;B:CSP链宽分布;C:CSP链高分布。

, figureFileSmall=wwhKmboLS4U74XbyNw+IFg==, figureFileBig=/NSGb7pcBR1kzIfmZqMwmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034614550866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Nanostructure of carrot SSP during shelf life after refrigerated storage in frequency conversion and fixed frequency storage, figureFileSmall=sNchbNFddEJgFZsZIGCa9w==, figureFileBig=M9plRQn3Qd7j3iwkYRLspw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034690048339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=CN, label=图6, caption=变频和定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜SSP的纳米结构

注:A:AFM图片;B:SSP链宽分布;C:SSP链高分布。

, figureFileSmall=sNchbNFddEJgFZsZIGCa9w==, figureFileBig=M9plRQn3Qd7j3iwkYRLspw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034790711636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Correlation between elasticity, crispness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, cell wall components, degradation enzyme activity and pectin nanostructures in carrots, figureFileSmall=gAvR+a+OllDsAy/G+tqiDg==, figureFileBig=XpQzyWOlu/xYFqXsLK0siA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320890034874597717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320890024627912954, language=CN, label=图7, caption=胡萝卜弹性、脆度、凝聚性、粘着性、细胞壁组分、降解酶活性与果胶纳米结构的相关性

注:*表示显著相关性,P<0.05。

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变频冷藏对货架期胡萝卜脆度、弹性、粘着性和果胶纳米结构的影响
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杨娅 1 , 马孝林 2 , 周泽江 3 , 赵鲁迺克 1 , 王馨怡 1 , 杨成贵 1 , 向辉 1 , 王军节 1, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(4): 392-403
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (4) : 392 -403
变频冷藏对货架期胡萝卜脆度、弹性、粘着性和果胶纳米结构的影响
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杨娅1 , 马孝林2, 周泽江3, 赵鲁迺克1, 王馨怡1, 杨成贵1, 向辉1, 王军节1, *
作者信息
  • 1北方民族大学生物科学与工程学院,植物性农产品贮藏与加工重点实验室,宁夏银川 750021
  • 2宁夏回族自治区农业勘查设计院,宁夏银川 750002
  • 3宁夏回族自治区乡镇企业经济发展服务中心,宁夏银川 750002
通讯作者:
王军节(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬采后科学与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨娅(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬采后科学与安全,E-mail:

Effects of Refrigeration of Variable Frequency on Fracturability, Springiness, Adhesiveness and Pectin Nanostructure of Carrot during Shelf life
Ya YANG1 , Xiaolin MA2, Zejiang ZHOU3, Lunaike ZHAO1, Xinyi WANG1, Chenggui YANG1, Hui XIANG1, Junjie WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Agricultural Exploration and Design Institute, Yinchuan 750002, China
  • 3Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Township Enterprises Economic Development Service Center, Yinchuan 750002, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030218
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为探究变频冷藏对货架期胡萝卜质地特性和果胶纳米结构的影响,本文以经变频和定频冷库冷藏的胡萝卜为研究对象,采用质构仪分析测定货架期室温贮藏期间胡萝卜的脆度、弹性、凝聚性和粘着性等质地指标。通过分光光度法研究货架期胡萝卜的细胞壁物质含量和细胞壁降解酶活性,并用原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscope,AFM)分析货架期胡萝卜果胶物质的纳米结构。结果表明,变频冷藏维持了货架期胡萝卜的脆度和弹性,以及碳酸钠可溶性果胶(Sodium Carbonate Soluble Pectin,SSP)、螯合可溶性果胶(CDTA-Soluble Pectin,CSP)、纤维素和半纤维素等细胞壁多糖物质含量,延缓了水溶性果胶(Water-Soluble Pectin,WSP)含量的增加,同时,变频库冷藏可降低货架期前中期胡萝卜多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(Polygalacturonase,PG)的活性,以及整个货架期胡萝卜果胶甲酯酶(Pectinesterase,PME)、纤维素酶(Cellulase,Cx)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Galactosidase,β-Gal)的活性,增加CSP和SSP果胶聚集体数量;相关性分析进一步发现,货架期胡萝卜的脆度与PME活性、粘着性与PME活性以及弹性与β-Gal活性之间存在显著的负相关(P<0.05)。由此得出,采用变频冷藏能够有效维持货架期胡萝卜果胶纳米结构,维持优良的脆度、弹性和粘着性等质地品质,从而为胡萝卜在货架期内的贮藏保鲜提供了科学的理论支持。

变频  /  货架期  /  质地  /  胡萝卜  /  果胶  /  纳米结构

To investigate the effects of frequency conversion refrigeration on the textural properties and pectin nanostructure over the shelf life, the carrots were analyzed for textural indices such as fracturability, springiness, and adhesiveness using a texture analyzer. Additionally, the content of cell wall materials and the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes over its shelf life were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods, and the nanostructure of pectin substances was examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed that frequency conversion refrigeration maintained the fracturability and springiness of carrots during shelf life, as well as the content of cell wall polysaccharides, including sodium carbonate soluble pectin (SSP), chelated soluble pectin (CSP), cellulose, and hemicellulose. The increase of water-soluble pectin (WSP) content was also delayed in carrots over the shelf life. Furthermore, frequency conversion refrigeration reduced the activity of carrot polygalacturonase (PG) during the middle of the pre-shelf life period, along with the activities of carrot pectinesterase (PME), cellulase (Cx), and β-galactosidase (β-Gal) throughout the entire shelf life. The increase in the number of CSP and SSP pectin aggregates was linked to the changes in Cx and β-Gal activities. Correlation analyses further indicated significant negative correlations between fracturability and PME activity, adhesiveness and PME activity, and springiness and β-Gal activity of the carrots during shelf life. It is concluded that frequency conversion refrigeration can preserve excellent textural qualities, such as fracturability, springiness, and adhesiveness, by delaying the depolymerization of pectin in carrots throughout its shelf life, thereby providing a theoretical basis and technical support for carrot cold storage aimed at preserving freshness.

frequency conversion  /  shelf life  /  texture  /  carrot  /  pectin  /  nanostructure
杨娅, 马孝林, 周泽江, 赵鲁迺克, 王馨怡, 杨成贵, 向辉, 王军节. 变频冷藏对货架期胡萝卜脆度、弹性、粘着性和果胶纳米结构的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (4) : 392 -403 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030218
Ya YANG, Xiaolin MA, Zejiang ZHOU, Lunaike ZHAO, Xinyi WANG, Chenggui YANG, Hui XIANG, Junjie WANG. Effects of Refrigeration of Variable Frequency on Fracturability, Springiness, Adhesiveness and Pectin Nanostructure of Carrot during Shelf life[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (4) : 392 -403 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030218
胡萝卜(Daucus carota L.)是世界各地广泛种植的块根类蔬菜作物之一[1],其果实口感清脆,味道鲜美,因富含类胡萝卜素、维生素、膳食纤维和矿物质等多种营养成分而具有预防心血管疾病、视网膜疾病和癌症等功能[2],深受消费者喜爱。然而,新采收的胡萝卜由于水分含量较高,呼吸强度大,常温贮藏条件不当,极易造成其清脆口感变差,营养成分损失,商业品质下降,严重影响消费者的体验和市场效益[3−4]。研究发现,低温贮藏结合采后处理能够有效抑制胡萝卜在贮藏期间的呼吸作用,从而有助于维持其良好的感官特性和食用品质[3,5]。随着国家农产品产地仓储保鲜冷链政策的落实,胡萝卜采后冷链物流设施也趋于完善,然而由于“双碳”目标的加快推进,农产品冷链物流已逐渐追求绿色化和智能化。因此,研究与推广节能和冷藏双重效应的冷库已成为新的风向标[6]。本团队前期研究发现,压缩机变频技术能够降低冷藏期间的总体能耗,且变频冷藏能有效维持货架期胡萝卜的色泽、味觉和营养等品质,进而延缓其衰老进程[7]。变频库冷藏可维持货架期胡萝卜的硬度和咀嚼性,但有关脆度、弹性和粘着性等其它重要质地品质还有待进一步研究。
质地是果蔬采后重要品质,在采后贮藏期间,果蔬质地品质改变与细胞壁多糖含量和结构的变化有关,尤其与果胶组分的纳米结构动态变化密切相关[8],果蔬细胞壁多糖的解聚及细胞壁结构完整性的破坏是引发其品质衰老的关键因素[9]。原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscope,AFM)是分析大分子微观结构的有用工具,可用于表征果胶的纳米结构水平以及多糖在自然状态下的形态。因此,AFM技术能够实现对果胶分子及其聚合物的成像,进而表征多糖的纳米结构特征[10]。这种高分辨率的纳米结构表征手段,为阐明果蔬质地变化的潜在机制提供了理论依据。Zhang等[11]研究表明,通过氯化钙和果胶甲酯酶并结合真空浸渍处理,延缓了WSP、CSP和SSP的降解,从而有效维持了红枣的品质。Imaizumi等[12]研究发现,胡萝卜进行高温焯水处理后,CSP的果胶链逐渐发生降解,链的长度从44.76 nm缩短到12.57 nm。本团队前期针对胡萝卜货架期品质和活性氧积累的研究结果表明,变频库冷藏处理能够抑制活性氧的积累,从而延缓胡萝卜衰老维持品质[7],然而果胶含量及果胶纳米结构在变频冷藏货架期胡萝卜中的变化规律尚不明确。
本研究以新鲜胡萝卜为试材,采用变频压缩机冷库(变频库)和定频压缩机冷库(定频库)对其进行短期冷藏,分析测定货架期胡萝卜的质地品质、细胞壁多糖物质含量及其降解酶活性,并利用AFM对货架期胡萝卜果胶纳米结构进行表征,揭示变频冷藏对货架期胡萝卜的脆度、弹性、粘着性及果胶纳米结构的影响规律,为胡萝卜的贮藏保鲜提供理论依据和技术支撑。
广红品种胡萝卜(Daucus carota L. cv. Guanghong) 陕西榆林靖边县东坑海权农业发展有限公司;无水乙醇 分析纯,上海厂诺化学科技有限公司;丙酮、硫酸 分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;环己二胺四乙酸和蒽酮 分析纯,北京酷来搏科技有限公司。
TMS-Pro质构仪 美国TFC公司;VarioskanL UX酶标仪 美国Thermo Fisher Science公司;UV-9000S紫外分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;DW-86L500超低温冰箱 上海博讯实业有限公司;TT-2 AFM原子力显微镜 美国AFM Worshop公司;SAVC070D44ULK变频压缩机 广东美芝精密制造有限公司;YW550C1G-V100定频压缩机 苏州英华特涡旋技术股份有限公司;冷库[主要设备SAVC070D44ULK变频压缩机,定频压缩机冷库(简称定频库)和变频压缩机冷库(简称变频库)的建筑结构一致,库体长×宽×高均为14.0 m×10.0 m×4.2 m] 由宁夏塞上阳光新能源科技有限公司组装;10 P蒸发器冷凝器 广州彩雅节能电器配件有限公司;DPF(S03)6.5C-02节流阀 浙江三花智能控制股份有限公司;YWF330定频蒸发器冷风机 杭州微光电子股份有限公司。
胡萝卜的来源与处理、变频库和定频库设计均与赵鲁迺克等[7]方法一致。经筛选的180 t胡萝卜装入编织袋中,每袋75公斤,将编织袋先敞口放入0~2 ℃冷库中预冷,24 h后扎口,然后分批次放入变频和定频库中进行冷藏,冷藏条件:温度保持在0~5 ℃(温度恒定后为1±0.5 ℃)、相对湿度为90%~95%,冷藏32 d后从冷库中取出回温,采用5点取样法分别挑选无机械伤、无病虫害,且大小和成熟度一致的胡萝卜样品100根转移至常温25 ℃左右、55%~65% RH条件下模拟货架期贮藏(贮藏时间为货架期第0、3、6、9和12 d)。
将不同贮藏时间内的胡萝卜中间部位的切片进行粉碎处理,用锡箔纸包裹,2.0 g/包,液氮速冻后于-80 ℃保存用于后续指标测定与分析。
取1.2.1中处理的胡萝卜清洗干净后,从中间部位横向切取约1 cm厚的圆片,采用质构仪和直径为3 mm的柱形探头对其质地品质进行穿刺测试。样品测定参数为:检测速度30 mm/min;形变量50%;起始力0.1 N[13],质构特性以弹性、脆度、凝聚性和粘着性指标表示。每个处理10根胡萝卜,实验重复3次。
参考Liu等[14]的方法,将胡萝卜样品(5 g)与5 mL的80%(v/v)乙醇研磨,再用95 mL的80%(v/v)乙醇清洗研钵,将混合物转移至锥形瓶中,4 ℃超声10 min,再回流煮沸20 min。密封冷却至室温后,8500 r/min,离心10 min,收集沉淀,向沉淀中加入100 mL无水乙醇超声处理10 min,离心,再用无水乙醇和丙酮分别洗涤2次,洗涤后的沉淀用50 mL二甲基亚砜浸泡过夜,3500 r/min离心10 min,去掉上清液,沉淀于45 ℃干燥箱中烘干,得到细胞壁物质(CWM)。
将细胞壁物质悬浮在10 mL去离子水中,振荡4 h,4 ℃,13500×g离心15 min收集上清液,此过程重复2次,收集的上清液即为水溶性果胶(WSP)。然后,用50 mmol/L环己烷二胺四乙酸(CDTA)和50 mmol/L含2 mmol/L CDTA的碳酸钠溶液代替去离子水,分别得到螯合可溶性果胶(CSP)和碳酸钠可溶性果胶(SSP)[15]。向剩余沉淀中加入含有100 mmol/L NaBH4的4 mmol/L NaOH溶液,摇匀,4 ℃,13500×g离心15 min,上清液收集为半纤维素组分,最后将沉淀用蒸馏水多次洗涤至中性,其溶液即为纤维素组分[16]。
使用咔唑比色法,以半乳糖醛酸为标准,测定胡萝卜的果胶含量[17]。将果胶溶液(2 mL)与12 mL 硫酸(98%,w/w)混合,煮沸10 min,然后将混合物使用自来水冷却,并在与0.5 mL咔唑-乙醇溶液混合后在室温下孵育30 min。接着使用UV-9000s紫外分光光度计测定530 nm出的吸光度,结果表示为mg/g。所有实验重复三次。
采用蒽酮法测定纤维素和半纤维素含量[18],分别吸取1.2.3.1处理的纤维素和半纤维素水解液1 mL于试管中,加入4 mL蒸馏水,沿壁加入0.2%的蒽酮硫酸试剂10 mL,振荡摇匀后,沸水浴6 min,待冷却后630 nm处测定吸光值,重复3次,参照葡萄糖标准曲线计算得出各自的含量(%)。
参考Hao等[19]的方法,将10 g胡萝卜样品与12 mL 70%的H2SO4混合后,在40 ℃下水解1 h,下一步将混合液稀释至4% H2SO4并回流煮沸1 h,然后将材料清洗并转移到烧瓶中,在反应结束时,用滤纸保留固体(烘箱保持在60 ℃直到样品称重,m0),使用保持在60 ℃的烘箱清洗和干燥样品,直到称重(m1)。木质素含量计算公式:
$\rm 木质素含量 (\text{%}) =\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}}{\text{m}}\times 100 $
参考宁密密等[20]和潘越等[21]的方法,将1 g胡萝卜样品置于研钵中,加入4 mL 40 mmol/L乙酸钠缓冲液(50 g/L聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、2% β-巯基乙醇和0.1 mol/L NaCl,pH5.2),进行研磨。匀浆液于4 ℃,12000 r/min离心20 min后,上层清液即为粗酶提取液,用以分析测定PME、PG、Cx和β-Gal的活性。
向具塞刻度试管中加入1 mL醋酸缓冲液、0.5 mL果胶和0.5 mL胡萝卜酶提取液,振荡,37 ℃保温1 h,之后加入1.5 mL 3,5-二硝基水杨酸,煮沸5 min,冷却至室温,定容至25 mL,在540 nm波长处测定吸光度值,以葡萄糖质量为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线。一个单位的PME催化活性(U)定义为每分钟使反应体系在540 nm波长处吸光度值改变1所需的酶量,每个处理平行测定3次。
向具塞刻度试管中加入1 mL多聚半乳糖醛酸溶液和1 mL乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,再分别加入0.5 mL酶提取液和煮沸5 min的酶提取液,振荡,37 ℃保温1 h,迅速加入1.5 mL DNS,煮沸5 min,冷却至室温,定容至25 mL,在540 nm波长下测定其吸光度值,以葡萄糖质量为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线。以1 mL酶液于每小时内催化果胶分解产生1 mg半乳糖醛酸定义为一个单位PG催化活力(U),每个处理平行测定3次。
与PG活力测定相同,在540 nm波长下测定其吸光度值,以葡萄糖质量为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线。一个单位的Cx催化活性定义为每小时内催化羧甲基纤维素水解形成1 mg还原糖,单位为U,每个处理平行测定3次。
将0.2 mL酶提取物和2 mL 10 g/L的对硝基苯基-β-D-半乳糖苷混合并在37 ℃反应30 min,然后加入2 mL 0.2 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液终止反应,在400 nm波长处测定吸光度值。一个单位的β-Gal催化活性定义为以1 mL酶液每小时产生1 μmol/L对硝基苯酚,单位为U。
采用考马斯亮蓝法[22]测定上述粗酶液的蛋白质含量,以牛血清白蛋白作标准曲线,最终酶活性以比活性表示,U/mg protein,每个处理平行测定3次。
将果胶溶液用涡旋混合器混匀,稀释至10~30 μg/mL。扫描前将10 μL样品溶液快速吸至新鲜剥离的云母片表面,自然晾干。原子力显微镜采用轻敲模式。探针的共振频率和扫描频率分别为164.5 kHz和0.5 Hz,用于检测果胶结构。利用Gwyddion软件对AFM图像进行分析,通过剖面分析得到定性信息(宽度和高度)。频率(frequency,Fq)定义为具有特定宽度的果胶链在所有观察到的果胶链中的百分比[23]。每个样品重复10次。
所有实验均重复三次,所有结果以平均值±标准偏差表示,利用SPSS 23.0软件对数据进行统计与显著性分析(WSP链宽>500 nm,CSP链宽>500 nm,SSP链宽>1200 nm,WSP链高>170 nm,CSP链高>70 nm,SSP链高>350 nm),当P<0.05时表示差异显著,使用Graphpad Prsim 5软件作图。
弹性和脆度是评价果蔬贮藏期间品质变化的关键指标[24]。两种库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的弹性值变化趋势如图1A所示,定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的弹性呈先升高后下降的单峰型变化趋势,而变频库冷藏延缓了该峰型变化;除货架期第3 d,变频库冷藏均显著提高其它货架期胡萝卜的弹性值(P<0.05);货架期第6和第12 d,经变频库冷藏胡萝卜的弹性值分别是同期定频库的1.11倍和1.12倍。由图1B可知,定频库冷藏后的胡萝卜货架期脆度均呈现先降低后升高再降低的S型变化;变频库冷藏能显著提高货架期0、3、6和12 d胡萝卜的脆度(P<0.05);变频库冷藏后货架期第6和12 d胡萝卜的脆度分别比经定频库冷藏后货架期同期的胡萝卜脆度高3.40%和13.10%。凝聚性和粘着性是反映果蔬内部细胞间结合力的大小,使其保持完整的性质[25]。经定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的凝聚性变化趋势和脆度相似,呈现S型变化,而变频库冷藏能显著提高货架期第0、3和12 d的胡萝卜凝聚性(P<0.05),其中货架期第12 d,经变频库冷藏胡萝卜的凝聚性是同期定频库冷藏的1.12倍(图1C)。冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的粘着性均呈单峰型变化,变频库冷藏能显著提高货架期当天的粘着性(P<0.05),货架期第12 d,变频库冷藏比定频库冷藏的胡萝卜粘着性高14.80%(图1D)。综上可知,变频库冷藏对货架期胡萝卜的弹性、脆度、凝聚性和粘着性等质地品质具有一定的维持和调节作用。
SSP和CSP是果蔬细胞壁多糖的重要组成部分,其含量的波动与果蔬贮藏期间质地的变化密切相关[26]。两种库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的SSP含量总体呈上升趋势,变频库冷藏可显著提高货架期胡萝卜的SSP含量,货架期第0和第6 d,经变频库冷藏的胡萝卜SSP含量分别是定频库冷藏后货架同期的3.35倍和1.99倍(图2A)。变频库冷藏对货架期胡萝卜CSP含量的影响与对SSP含量影响不同,变频库冷藏能显著提高货架期初期和中期胡萝卜的CSP含量(P<0.05),但降低货架期末期的CSP含量。货架期当天和第6 d经变频库冷藏胡萝卜的CSP含量分别是同期定频库的43.85和20.29倍,而货架期第12 d经定频库冷藏胡萝卜的CSP含量是同期经变频库冷藏胡萝卜的71.35倍(图2B)。在果蔬贮藏期间,WSP含量的增加通常与果蔬软化程度的加剧有关[26]。变频库冷藏对货架期胡萝卜WSP影响与对CSP影响模式正好相反,变频库冷藏能显著抑制货架期当天和第6 d WSP含量的升高(P<0.05),而提升了货架期第12 d胡萝卜的WSP含量(图2C)。由此可知,变频库冷藏抑制了货架期中前期胡萝卜WSP含量升高、提高其CSP含量,保持整个货架期具有较高的SSP含量。
纤维素和半纤维素是构成果蔬细胞壁骨架的关键物质,起着维持细胞壁结构稳定和完整的作用[27]。由图2D可知,胡萝卜经两种库冷藏后,货架期间纤维素含量整体呈先升高后降低趋势。经变频库冷藏后货架期第0和第6 d胡萝卜的纤维素含量分别是定频库冷藏后同货架期胡萝卜的1.47倍和1.68倍,而货架期第12 d两种库冷藏胡萝卜的纤维素含量无显著差异。两种库冷藏后胡萝卜货架期半纤维素含量均呈先降低后升高趋势。变频库冷藏胡萝卜在货架期当天和第6 d时半纤维素含量均显著高于定频库(P<0.05),但变频库冷藏后货架期第12 d胡萝卜半纤维素含量却显著低于定频库(图2E)。由图2F可知,胡萝卜货架期木质素含量在两种库冷藏过程中呈逐渐升高趋势;变频库冷藏显著提高了货架期当天胡萝卜木质素含量而抑制了货架期第6和12 d木质素含量(P<0.05)。由此表明,变频库冷藏提高货架期当天和第6 d纤维素和半纤维素含量,抑制了货架期后期半纤维素和木质素的过度积累。
多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶甲酯酶是参与果胶水解的主要酶,过多积累会加速果蔬细胞壁的降解,从而影响果蔬的品质[28–29]。由图3A可知,变频库冷藏可显著抑制货架期第0和第6 d胡萝卜的PG活性(P<0.05),但显著提高了货架期第12 d胡萝卜的PG活性(P<0.05)。货架期第0和6 d,经变频库冷藏的胡萝卜的PG活性分别比同期的定频库冷藏胡萝卜低16.29%和6.11%,而变频库冷藏后货架期第12 d胡萝卜的PG活性是同期定频库冷藏胡萝卜的1.19倍。两个库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的PME活性变化如图3B所示,定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜PME活性则表现为先下降后升高趋势,而变频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的PME活性呈逐渐降低趋势,且在整个货架期,变频库冷藏后胡萝卜的PME活性均显著低于定频库(P<0.05);在货架期第12 d,经定频库冷藏是同期变频库冷藏胡萝卜PME活性的3.14倍。由此可知,变频库冷藏可有效抑制胡萝卜货架期的PME活性和货架中前期的PG活性。
纤维素酶与β-半乳糖苷酶协调作用,与果蔬细胞生长发育过程中细胞壁的松弛或加固有关[30–31]。由图3C可知,定频库冷藏后胡萝卜货架期的Cx活性呈先升高后降低的单峰型变化趋势,而变频库冷藏可显著抑制整个货架期胡萝卜的Cx活性(P<0.05),经变频库冷藏后胡萝卜在货架期的第0、6和12 d的Cx活性分别比同期经定频库冷藏的胡萝卜低9.30%、120.66%和53.64%。由图3D可知,定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的β-Gal活性也呈先上升后下降的单峰型变化趋势,而变频库冷藏可显著抑制整个货架期胡萝卜的β-Gal活性(P<0.05);在货架期第12 d,经变频库冷藏的胡萝卜的β-Gal活性分别比同期经定频库冷藏胡萝卜低24.14%。因此,变频库冷藏可显著降低货架期胡萝卜的Cx和β-Gal活性。
变频和定频冷藏后货架期胡萝卜WSP的AFM图像如图4A所示,云母上的WSP聚合物呈现小的椭圆形,与初始时期新采收的胡萝卜相比,两种库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜WSP的颗粒尺寸变大,且定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的WSP颗粒尺寸增大更明显。通过定量分析WSP果胶的链长和链宽,以进一步阐明果胶分子在贮藏过程中的结构变化。图4B和图4C分别表示冷藏后货架期胡萝卜果胶链的宽度和高度变化。由图4B可知,初始新鲜胡萝卜WSP的链宽值主要集中在400~500 nm,出现频率为54.44%,且出现了频率为5.56%的600 nm以上的高链宽;在货架期第0 d时两种库冷藏结束后600 nm以上高链宽频率均有增加,且定频库增加更明显,此时定频库冷藏胡萝卜WSP的600 nm以上高链宽为26.67%,是同期变频库胡萝卜同范围高链宽值的2.29倍;随着货架期延长到第6 d,定频库冷藏后胡萝卜WSP的600 nm以上高链宽值降至12.38%,而此时经变频库冷藏胡萝卜未出现600 nm以上的WSP链宽。整个货架期胡萝卜WSP链高的变化趋势与链宽类似(图4C),即初始时胡萝卜WSP链高均低于210 nm;之后随着货架期的延长,210 nm以上的胡萝卜高链高先增加后降低,且经定频库冷藏胡萝卜的变化趋势更明显;货架期第6 d,定频库冷藏后胡萝卜WSP的210 nm以上高链高值为7.78%,而此时经变频库冷藏胡萝卜未出现210 nm以上的高链高。由此可知,两种库冷藏均会促使WSP发生聚集,但这种聚集趋势随货架期延长而减弱,这表明两种库冷藏处理均可延缓WSP的降解,可能是因为WSP分子间的氢键、疏水相互作用等非共价键作用可能增强,促进了胡萝卜细胞分子间的聚集,从而更好地维持了货架期胡萝卜的品质。
两种冷藏后货架期胡萝卜CSP的AFM图像如图5A所示。CSP聚集体呈现小的椭圆形,随着货架期的延长,两种库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜CSP聚集体粒径逐渐缩小,且定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的CSP聚集体粒径缩小更为明显。图5B和图5C分别表示冷藏后货架期胡萝卜CSP果胶链的宽度和高度变化。由图5B可知,初始新鲜胡萝卜700 nm以上高链宽的CSP出现频率较高,为31.11%;定频冷藏后货架期当天胡萝卜700 nm以上高链宽CSP的频率明显降低,而变频库有延缓下降趋势,此时变频冷藏是定频冷藏后胡萝卜同范围CSP高链宽值的2.4倍;随着货架期延长至第6 d,变频和定频冷藏后胡萝卜700 nm以上高链宽CSP的出现频率分别为5.56%和8.89%。两种冷藏后货架期胡萝卜CSP链高的变化趋势与链宽类似(图5C),新鲜胡萝卜110 nm以上的CSP高链高出现频率为10.00%,随着货架期的延长,该范围的高链高呈现先升高后降低趋势,在货架期第0 d,变频和定频冷藏后110 nm以上高链高的胡萝卜CSP出现频率分别升为18.89%和17.78%,而货架期延长至第6 d,两种库冷藏后均未出现110 nm以上高链高的胡萝卜CSP,但变频库冷藏胡萝卜出现了5.56%的90~110 nm链高的CSP,而定频库冷藏胡萝卜未出现该范围链高的CSP。由此可知,冷藏均具有延缓CSP链的解聚趋势,且变频冷藏的抑制趋势更显著。
两种库冷藏胡萝卜货架期SSP的AFM图像如图6A所示。云母上的SSP聚合物呈树枝状结构,主链周围还存在较多支链侧链,与初始胡萝卜相比,在整个货架期,两种库冷藏后胡萝卜SSP的主链和侧链开始解聚,出现更短和更细的链,且定频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的SSP解聚程度更严重。图6B和图6C分别表示冷藏后货架期胡萝卜果胶链的宽度和高度变化。由图6B可知,在初始时,胡萝卜SSP的链宽值主要集中在1400~1600 nm,出现频率为31.11%,且出现了频率为6.67%的1600 nm以上的高链宽,变频库冷藏结束后1600 nm以上高链宽频率显著增加(P<0.05),此时,变频库冷藏胡萝卜SSP的1600 nm以上高链宽为47.78%,是同期定频库胡萝卜同范围高链宽值的8.60倍;货架期延长至第6 d时,变频库冷藏后胡萝卜SSP的1600 nm以上高链宽值降至10.33%,是同期定频库胡萝卜同范围高链宽值的4.65倍。由图6C可知,初始新鲜胡萝卜SSP的链高值主要集中在150~350 nm,出现频率为47.78%,且出现了频率为4.44%的450 nm以上链高,随着货架期的延长,两种库冷藏结束后550 nm以上高链高频率均有增加,且变频库增加更明显,此时变频库冷藏胡萝卜SSP的550 nm以上高链高为6.67%,是同期定频库胡萝卜同范围高链高值的3倍;货架期延长至第6 d,定频库冷藏后胡萝卜SSP的450~550 nm链高值为21.11%,而此时经变频库冷藏胡萝卜未出现450 nm以上的链高。结果表明,变频库冷藏能够抑制货架期胡萝卜SSP主链的降解,从而维持了货架期胡萝卜较好的质地品质。
根据Pearson相关系数,货架期胡萝卜的弹性、脆度、凝聚性和粘着性与细胞壁组分、细胞壁降解酶以及果胶纳米结构之间的相关性分析结果如图7所示。由图可知,弹性与CSP含量呈显著正相关,与β-Gal活性和WSP链高呈显著负相关(P<0.05);脆度与PME活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05);粘着性与木质素含量呈显著正相关,与PME活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05);CSP含量与WSP链高呈显著负相关(P<0.05);半纤维素含量与CSP链高呈显著正相关(P<0.05);木质素含量与PME活性和CSP链高呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上可知,两种库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的弹性、脆度、粘着性和木质素含量的下降与细胞壁降解酶活性存在显著相关性(P<0.05),细胞壁降解酶通过降解货架期胡萝卜果胶从而影响果胶的含量和果胶的纳米结构。
果蔬的质地品质是评价其市场价值的重要物理特征,尤其是胡萝卜的脆度和弹性是影响消费者可接受度的关键质地属性。本研究发现变频库冷藏能够延缓货架期胡萝卜的弹性、脆度和凝聚性的下降速率,这可能是由于在变频冷藏条件下,胡萝卜组织细胞壁的分解受到抑制,从而增强了细胞结构的机械性能,该结果与1-MCP和GA3处理能延缓芒果果实的质构变化[32]和低温冷藏延缓货架期花生芽苗菜脆度下降[33]的报道结果相似。果蔬的初级细胞壁和细胞间隙中富含果胶,其中SSP和CSP是果胶的主要成分,它们通过钙离子交联形成果胶酸钙网络结构,对于增强细胞壁刚性和维持结构完整性至关重要[34];而WSP是果胶降解的产物,其含量增加通常与细胞壁松解和质地衰老密切相关[35]。在本研究中观察到经变频库冷藏胡萝卜后SSP含量随着货架期时间的延长而逐渐增加,CSP含量在货架期前6 d时显著高于定频库,而WSP含量则显著低于定频库冷藏,由此可见变频库冷藏能够更好的维持货架期胡萝卜细胞壁的完整性和细胞间的紧密连接,从而延缓胡萝卜的质地衰老,这与He等[36]研究中提出戊酸处理能够减缓李子中果胶SSP和CSP含量的下降,延缓WSP含量的增加的结果一致。纤维素和半纤维素是果蔬细胞壁的骨架物质,对细胞壁起到支撑的作用。与定频库相比,变频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜具有较高的纤维素和半纤维素含量,这可能是因为变频库更精确的温度控制,减少了温度波动对细胞壁代谢和相关酶活性的影响,从而促进了纤维素和半纤维含量的增加,这与He等[36]提出戊酸处理能够减缓李子中纤维素和半纤维素含量的下降的结果一致。
PG和PME是参与果胶降解的关键酶,它们的活性降低可以减缓果胶的解聚,从而维持细胞壁结构的完整性;β-Gal通过水解SSP侧链上的阿拉伯糖基和半乳糖残基,减少果胶网络的交联[37]。本研究发现变频库冷藏后整个货架期胡萝卜的PME、Cx和β-Gal活性均显著低于定频库,而PG活性在货架期前6 d时显著低于定频库冷藏,表明变频库冷藏能够显著抑制PG、PME、Cx和β-Gal的活性,进一步增强了胡萝卜果胶网络结构的稳定性,从而延缓质地的劣变,这与Wang等[37]研究表明外源硅抑制番茄果实细胞壁中PG、PME、Cx和β-Gal的活性的结果一致。WSP通过范德华力和氢键松散地结合到细胞壁上[38]。本研究利用AFM技术研究定频和变频压缩机冷藏后货架期胡萝卜的果胶纳米结构发现,随着货架期的延长,两种库冷藏后胡萝卜的WSP聚合物粒径尺寸均有所增加,这可能是由于WSP的溶解性增加所致。Imaizumi等[12]通过AFM评估发现低温焯水处理后胡萝卜中WSP产生类似现象。CSP通过离子键与细胞壁结合。在整个货架期,经过两种库冷藏处理的胡萝卜CSP聚集体粒径逐渐减小,这可能是由于CSP的降解或解聚所致。值得注意的是,定频库冷藏胡萝卜CSP聚集体的粒径减小趋势更为明显,这进一步证实了变频库冷藏在维持胡萝卜细胞壁结构完整性方面的优势。此外,利用AFM定量分析发现两种库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜CSP均观察到700 nm以上的高链宽,这表明胡萝卜的CSP在细胞壁结构中保持了较高的完整性;而90 nm以上的链高仅在变频库冷藏后货架期胡萝卜中出现,这一现象可能与变频库冷藏条件能更有效的维持了胡萝卜CSP的结构完整性有关,这一发现与用1% Ca处理后在5 ℃下冷藏处理能够减少CSP的降解的结果一致[39]。在本研究发现,随着货架期延长至第6 d,两种库冷藏后胡萝卜SSP主链逐渐发生解聚,果胶链被缩短并显著降解,同时短链数量增加,并伴有裂解的现象,这表明SSP的结构受到了明显的破坏。这种现象在定频库冷藏的胡萝卜中更为显著。在初始时,货架期胡萝卜SSP在1600 nm以上高链宽出现的频率为6.67%。变频库冷藏结束后,1600 nm以上高链宽值显著增加,出现频率为47.78%,是同期定频库冷藏胡萝卜同范围高链宽出现频率的8.60倍。这表明变频库冷藏有效延缓了SSP的降解,维持了其结构的完整性。这一结果与超声波协同钙浸渍处理抑制了草莓SSP以及壳聚糖涂膜处理能够抑制樱桃SSP果胶链的降解的结果一致,这些研究均表明通过变频库冷藏胡萝卜均可有效维持果胶的结构完整性[40–41]。
压缩机变频冷藏能维持货架期胡萝卜较好的品质,主要体现在能减缓胡萝卜弹性和脆度下降,保持较高的SSP、CSP、纤维素和半纤维素含量,延缓WSP含量的增加。这主要归因于变频库冷藏抑制了货架期胡萝卜PG、PME、Cx和β-Gal等细胞壁多糖降解酶活性,从而延缓了WSP、CSP和SSP的降解,进一步维持了胡萝卜良好的质地品质。综上所述,压缩机变频冷藏是一种有效的胡萝卜低温冷藏保鲜技术,其通过调控细胞壁降解酶活性和维持细胞壁结构的完整性,有效延缓了胡萝卜质地品质的劣变。

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2026年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030218
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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    1北方民族大学生物科学与工程学院,植物性农产品贮藏与加工重点实验室,宁夏银川 750021
    2宁夏回族自治区农业勘查设计院,宁夏银川 750002
    3宁夏回族自治区乡镇企业经济发展服务中心,宁夏银川 750002

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王军节(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬采后科学与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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