Article(id=1320888883601068479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854050779, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854050779, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854050779, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854050779, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=186, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888883865309632, articleId=1320888883601068479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Differences and Correlations of Fungal Community Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang Regions, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, PacBio SMRT sequencing technology and conventional physicochemical analysis methods were employed to conduct a comparative analysis of the fungal community structure and physicochemical characteristics of medium-temperature Daqu samples from Luzhou and Nanyang regions. Furthermore, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and correlation analysis were performed to reveal the association between dominant fungal species and physicochemical properties. The results of fungal community analysis showed that the fungal communities in medium-temperature Daqu from both Luzhou and Nanyang regions were dominated by Thermoascus aurantiacus, Thermomyces lanuginosus, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, with cumulative average relative abundances of 64.59% and 83.58%, respectively. Additionally, Rasamsonia composticola and Issatchenkia orientalis were identified as fungal biomarkers for medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions, respectively. Physicochemical analysis results indicated that, compared to medium-temperature Daqu from Nanyang, Daqu from Luzhou exhibited significantly higher water activity, moisture content, bound water content, ash content, starch content, amino acid nitrogen content, and protein content (P<0.05), while density, crust hardness, free water content, liquefaction power, esterification power, and saccharification power were significantly lower (P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed complex relationships between dominant fungal species and physicochemical indicators in medium-temperature Daqu. This study provides important supporting data for understanding the differences in fungal communities and physicochemical properties of medium-temperature Daqu across different regions.

, authors=Yurong WANG1, 2, 3, Jianhui ZHANG4, Kai ZHANG1, 2, 3, Qiangchuan HOU1, 2, 3, Zhuang GUO1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yurong WANG, Jianhui ZHANG, Kai ZHANG, Qiangchuan HOU, Zhuang GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhuang GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888887786983885, articleId=1320888883601068479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌群落结构和理化品质的差异性及相关性分析, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为比较不同地区中温大曲真菌群落和理化品质的差异,本研究采用PacBio SMRT测序技术和常规理化分析手段对泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样本的真菌群落结构和理化性质进行了比较分析,并通过普氏分析和相关性分析揭示了优势真菌种和理化品质之间的相关关系。真菌微生物分析结果显示,泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌类群均以橙色嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)、疏棉状嗜热霉(Thermomyces lanuginosus)和扣囊覆膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)为主,累积平均相对含量分别为64.59%和83.58%,且嗜热真菌(Rasamsonia composticola)和东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)分别被认为是泸州和南阳地区中温大曲的真菌生物标志物。理化分析结果表明,相较于南阳地区中温大曲,泸州地区中温大曲中水分活度、水分含量、结合水含量、灰分、淀粉含量、氨基酸态氮含量和蛋白质含量显著偏高(P<0.05),而密度、曲皮硬度和自由水含量以及液化力、酯化力和糖化力显著偏低(P<0.05)。关联性分析结果表明,中温大曲优势真菌种与理化指标之间存在复杂的相关关系。本研究的开展为揭示不同区域中温大曲真菌群落和理化品质的差异提供了重要支撑数据。

, authors=王玉荣1, 2, 3, 张建辉4, 张凯1, 2, 3, 侯强川1, 2, 3, 郭壮1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=王玉荣, 张建辉, 张凯, 侯强川, 郭壮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭壮, authorNote=

王玉荣(1993−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 2023, 81(1): 181−189., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888888026059214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888034447823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888026059214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Brewing Technology Industrial College, Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang 441053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888042836432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888026059214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1湖北文理学院 酿酒技术产业学院,湖北襄阳 441053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888888105750993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888114139602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888105750993, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888122528211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888105750993, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2湖北文理学院 湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888888185442772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888193831381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888185442772, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Xiangyang Lactic Acid Bacteria Biotechnology and Engineering Key Laboratory, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888202219990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888185442772, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3湖北文理学院 乳酸菌生物技术与工程襄阳市重点实验室,湖北襄阳 441053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888888269328855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888277717464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888269328855, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Baijiu Multi-grain Brewing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Nanyang 473399, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888888281911769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, companyId=1320888888269328855, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4河南省白酒多粮酿造工程技术研究中心,河南南阳 473399)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888892228751877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sequencing statistics of medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions, figureFileSmall=s+IT2l8DWKYkSIrIpaHonQ==, figureFileBig=DKrVMf8jd9XJ0FDnmzUn7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892312637958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=图1, caption=泸州和南阳地区中温大曲测序情况统计

注:(A)泸州地区中温大曲真菌OTU累积箱型图;(B)南阳地区中温大曲真菌OTU累积箱型图;(C)OTU韦恩图;(D)OTU花瓣图。

, figureFileSmall=s+IT2l8DWKYkSIrIpaHonQ==, figureFileBig=DKrVMf8jd9XJ0FDnmzUn7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892505575943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparative analysis of fungal microbial diversity in medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions, figureFileSmall=QrZ2NTCr/DWkFhlBMxAo2g==, figureFileBig=vEH0jadyFTfU1/c2EHkJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892593656328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=图2, caption=泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌微生物多样性比较分析

注:(A)Chao1指数;(B)辛普森指数;(C)非加权UniFrac分析;(D)加权UniFrac分析。

, figureFileSmall=QrZ2NTCr/DWkFhlBMxAo2g==, figureFileBig=vEH0jadyFTfU1/c2EHkJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892664959497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of fungal community structure in medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions, figureFileSmall=j/mIUOhMPpXhDY5ngkT1UA==, figureFileBig=1XRKlKHPzaV2AgI2ou3/ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892723679754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=图3, caption=泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌群落结构分析

注:(A)优势真菌门;(B)优势真菌属;(C)优势真菌种。

, figureFileSmall=j/mIUOhMPpXhDY5ngkT1UA==, figureFileBig=1XRKlKHPzaV2AgI2ou3/ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892811760139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis of fungal biomarkers of in medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions, figureFileSmall=LACYSy+L/7K22tcnIXG0HQ==, figureFileBig=D/r1j/O724Euze7NkQaTfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892891451916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=图4, caption=泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌生物标志物分析

注:(A)进化分支图;(B)LDA值分布柱状图;(C)ROC曲线。

, figureFileSmall=LACYSy+L/7K22tcnIXG0HQ==, figureFileBig=D/r1j/O724Euze7NkQaTfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888892971143693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Principal coordinate analysis (A) and similarity analysis (B) of physicochemical indicators in medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions, figureFileSmall=TaJ+J5rdTJaCBLBCEDonAQ==, figureFileBig=ywPorN4vhQv3Chlyj9AT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888893050835470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=图5, caption=泸州和南阳地区中温大曲理化指标的主坐标分析(A)和相似性分析(B), figureFileSmall=TaJ+J5rdTJaCBLBCEDonAQ==, figureFileBig=ywPorN4vhQv3Chlyj9AT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888893122138639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Procrustes analysis (A) and correlation analysis (B) between dominant fungal species and physicochemical indicators in medium-temperature Daqu, figureFileSmall=KFSaRW8phP4hQGotGD/Jqw==, figureFileBig=fFuTUOfDQrF6ghTKAIIwPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888893193441808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=图6, caption=中温大曲优势真菌种与理化指标的普氏分析(A)和相关性分析(B), figureFileSmall=KFSaRW8phP4hQGotGD/Jqw==, figureFileBig=fFuTUOfDQrF6ghTKAIIwPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888893285716497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relative abundance of core OTU in medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OTU ID鉴定结果泸州(%)南阳(%)显著性
OTU1955Thermoascus aurantiacus29.20(27.43,0.03~58.30)21.59(18.42,9.38~46.94)NS
OTU3162Saccharomycopsis fibuligera9.49(3.16,0.32~66.98)19.40(16.68,1.32~50.87)NS
OTU69Galactomyces6.68(7.16,3.41~10.11)0.39(0.31,0.03~0.89)***
OTU3749Dipodascus geotrichum4.01(3.90,1.42~7.30)0.32(0.15,0.01~1.03)***
OTU4336Dipodascus geotrichum2.57(2.58,0.94~3.78)0.50(0.31,0.02~2.06)***
OTU3417Rhizopus arrhizus2.03(1.99,0.22~3.66)0.36(0.16,0.01~1.79)***
OTU1797Wickerhamomyces anomalus1.63(1.91,0.17~3.00)3.12(0.58,0.06~15.62)NS
OTU4053Trichosporon asahii0.77(0.62,0.25~2.10)0.18(0.17,0.03~0.44)***
OTU941Lichtheimia ramosa0.60(0.46,0.03~2.29)0.39(0.08,0.01~3.25)NS
OTU3686Aspergillus proliferans0.49(0.15,0.01~3.34)1.53(0.11,0.03~14.12)NS
OTU683Millerozyma farinosa0.08(0.02,0.01~0.51)0.36(0.22,0.02~2.00)*
), ArticleFig(id=1320888893373796882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

泸州和南阳地区中温大曲核心OTU相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OTU ID鉴定结果泸州(%)南阳(%)显著性
OTU1955Thermoascus aurantiacus29.20(27.43,0.03~58.30)21.59(18.42,9.38~46.94)NS
OTU3162Saccharomycopsis fibuligera9.49(3.16,0.32~66.98)19.40(16.68,1.32~50.87)NS
OTU69Galactomyces6.68(7.16,3.41~10.11)0.39(0.31,0.03~0.89)***
OTU3749Dipodascus geotrichum4.01(3.90,1.42~7.30)0.32(0.15,0.01~1.03)***
OTU4336Dipodascus geotrichum2.57(2.58,0.94~3.78)0.50(0.31,0.02~2.06)***
OTU3417Rhizopus arrhizus2.03(1.99,0.22~3.66)0.36(0.16,0.01~1.79)***
OTU1797Wickerhamomyces anomalus1.63(1.91,0.17~3.00)3.12(0.58,0.06~15.62)NS
OTU4053Trichosporon asahii0.77(0.62,0.25~2.10)0.18(0.17,0.03~0.44)***
OTU941Lichtheimia ramosa0.60(0.46,0.03~2.29)0.39(0.08,0.01~3.25)NS
OTU3686Aspergillus proliferans0.49(0.15,0.01~3.34)1.53(0.11,0.03~14.12)NS
OTU683Millerozyma farinosa0.08(0.02,0.01~0.51)0.36(0.22,0.02~2.00)*
), ArticleFig(id=1320888893466071571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative abundance of dominant fungal species in medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优势真菌种泸州(%)南阳(%)显著性
Thermoascus aurantiacus31.11(29.73,0.03~59.69)23.34(19.96,10.2~49.72)NS
Thermomyces lanuginosus23.93(22.39,0~48.62)40.73(37.67,11.78~77.36)NS
Saccharomycopsis fibuligera9.55(3.21,0.32~67.30)19.51(16.84,1.37~51.05)NS
Rasamsonia composticola8.67(2.48,0.00~27.09)0.01(0.00,0.00~0.03)*
Dipodascus geotrichum8.54(8.00,2.86~14.82)0.85(0.48,0.03~3.21)***
Rhizopus arrhizus2.05(2.01,0.22~3.69)0.36(0.16,0.01~1.79)***
Wickerhamomyces anomalus1.67(1.95,0.17~3.06)3.18(0.59,0.06~15.99)NS
Lichtheimia ramosa1.27(1.00,0.04~4.52)0.52(0.11,0.01~4.30)*
Aspergillus flavus0.55(0.23,0.00~1.93)1.51(1.43,0.45~3.16)**
Aspergillus proliferans0.49(0.16,0.01~3.38)1.54(0.11,0.03~14.19)NS
Rhizomucor pusillus0.08(0.04,0.00~0.32)1.27(0.46,0.03~9.49)**
Issatchenkia orientalis0.00(0.00,0.00~0.02)2.46(0.06,0.00~22.99)**
), ArticleFig(id=1320888893545763348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

泸州和南阳地区中温大曲优势真菌种相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优势真菌种泸州(%)南阳(%)显著性
Thermoascus aurantiacus31.11(29.73,0.03~59.69)23.34(19.96,10.2~49.72)NS
Thermomyces lanuginosus23.93(22.39,0~48.62)40.73(37.67,11.78~77.36)NS
Saccharomycopsis fibuligera9.55(3.21,0.32~67.30)19.51(16.84,1.37~51.05)NS
Rasamsonia composticola8.67(2.48,0.00~27.09)0.01(0.00,0.00~0.03)*
Dipodascus geotrichum8.54(8.00,2.86~14.82)0.85(0.48,0.03~3.21)***
Rhizopus arrhizus2.05(2.01,0.22~3.69)0.36(0.16,0.01~1.79)***
Wickerhamomyces anomalus1.67(1.95,0.17~3.06)3.18(0.59,0.06~15.99)NS
Lichtheimia ramosa1.27(1.00,0.04~4.52)0.52(0.11,0.01~4.30)*
Aspergillus flavus0.55(0.23,0.00~1.93)1.51(1.43,0.45~3.16)**
Aspergillus proliferans0.49(0.16,0.01~3.38)1.54(0.11,0.03~14.19)NS
Rhizomucor pusillus0.08(0.04,0.00~0.32)1.27(0.46,0.03~9.49)**
Issatchenkia orientalis0.00(0.00,0.00~0.02)2.46(0.06,0.00~22.99)**
), ArticleFig(id=1320888895223484949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Differential analysis of physicochemical indicators in medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标泸州南阳显著性
密度(g/cm3)0.77(0.77,0.74~0.80)0.82(0.81,0.78~0.88)***
曲皮硬度(g)13023.86(12404.20,11146.00~15636.20)15548.02(15058.80,13823.20~20465.00)**
曲心硬度(g)2529.73(2662.16,1138.20~3980.40)2128.28(2102.90,1417.00~3035.20)NS
水分活度0.66(0.67,0.61~0.73)0.57(0.59,0.38~0.63)***
水分含量(g/100 g)10.28(10.24,8.32~12.20)8.86(9.01,6.90~11.18)*
结合水(g/100 g)93.54(93.44,92.72~94.86)92.16(92.34,90.12~93.23)***
不易流动水(g/100 g)5.99(6.14,4.70~7.08)6.48(6.85,4.93~8.02)NS
自由水(g/100 g)0.47(0.44,0.18~1.04)1.36(1.46,0.04~2.64)*
酸度(mmol/10 g)0.88(0.89,0.79~0.97)0.95(0.95,0.64~1.20)NS
灰分(g/100 g)1.93(1.96,1.65~2.01)1.85(1.72,1.40~2.77)*
淀粉含量(g/100 g)58.24(58.20,53.85~60.75)55.59(55.77,52.92~58.04)**
氨基酸态氮含量(g/kg)3.01(3.04,2.32~3.72)0.42(0.44,0.08~0.62)***
蛋白质含量(g/100 g)15.40(15.07,14.45~17.34)14.33(14.36,13.29~15.13)**
酒化力(U)8.18(8.41,6.82~9.04)8.09(7.68,6.87~9.64)NS
发酵力(U)0.85(0.37,0.19~2.67)0.65(0.37,0.21~2.08)NS
液化力(U)0.72(0.73,0.52~0.84)1.20(1.13,0.63~1.84)*
酯化力(U)205.70(192.56,104.04~291.14)410.08(432.90,267.50~523.25)***
糖化力(U)314.52(241.60,166.20~552.80)531.50(558.60,281.40~708.60)**
), ArticleFig(id=1320888895307371030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888883601068479, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

泸州和南阳地区中温大曲理化指标差异分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标泸州南阳显著性
密度(g/cm3)0.77(0.77,0.74~0.80)0.82(0.81,0.78~0.88)***
曲皮硬度(g)13023.86(12404.20,11146.00~15636.20)15548.02(15058.80,13823.20~20465.00)**
曲心硬度(g)2529.73(2662.16,1138.20~3980.40)2128.28(2102.90,1417.00~3035.20)NS
水分活度0.66(0.67,0.61~0.73)0.57(0.59,0.38~0.63)***
水分含量(g/100 g)10.28(10.24,8.32~12.20)8.86(9.01,6.90~11.18)*
结合水(g/100 g)93.54(93.44,92.72~94.86)92.16(92.34,90.12~93.23)***
不易流动水(g/100 g)5.99(6.14,4.70~7.08)6.48(6.85,4.93~8.02)NS
自由水(g/100 g)0.47(0.44,0.18~1.04)1.36(1.46,0.04~2.64)*
酸度(mmol/10 g)0.88(0.89,0.79~0.97)0.95(0.95,0.64~1.20)NS
灰分(g/100 g)1.93(1.96,1.65~2.01)1.85(1.72,1.40~2.77)*
淀粉含量(g/100 g)58.24(58.20,53.85~60.75)55.59(55.77,52.92~58.04)**
氨基酸态氮含量(g/kg)3.01(3.04,2.32~3.72)0.42(0.44,0.08~0.62)***
蛋白质含量(g/100 g)15.40(15.07,14.45~17.34)14.33(14.36,13.29~15.13)**
酒化力(U)8.18(8.41,6.82~9.04)8.09(7.68,6.87~9.64)NS
发酵力(U)0.85(0.37,0.19~2.67)0.65(0.37,0.21~2.08)NS
液化力(U)0.72(0.73,0.52~0.84)1.20(1.13,0.63~1.84)*
酯化力(U)205.70(192.56,104.04~291.14)410.08(432.90,267.50~523.25)***
糖化力(U)314.52(241.60,166.20~552.80)531.50(558.60,281.40~708.60)**
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泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌群落结构和理化品质的差异性及相关性分析
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王玉荣 1, 2, 3 , 张建辉 4 , 张凯 1, 2, 3 , 侯强川 1, 2, 3 , 郭壮 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(7): 186-195
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (7) : 186 -195
泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌群落结构和理化品质的差异性及相关性分析
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王玉荣1, 2, 3 , 张建辉4, 张凯1, 2, 3, 侯强川1, 2, 3, 郭壮1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1湖北文理学院 酿酒技术产业学院,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 2湖北文理学院 湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 3湖北文理学院 乳酸菌生物技术与工程襄阳市重点实验室,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 4河南省白酒多粮酿造工程技术研究中心,河南南阳 473399
通讯作者:
郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王玉荣(1993−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Analysis of the Differences and Correlations of Fungal Community Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang Regions
Yurong WANG1, 2, 3 , Jianhui ZHANG4, Kai ZHANG1, 2, 3, Qiangchuan HOU1, 2, 3, Zhuang GUO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Brewing Technology Industrial College, Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 2Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 3Xiangyang Lactic Acid Bacteria Biotechnology and Engineering Key Laboratory, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 4Baijiu Multi-grain Brewing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Nanyang 473399, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030204
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为比较不同地区中温大曲真菌群落和理化品质的差异,本研究采用PacBio SMRT测序技术和常规理化分析手段对泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样本的真菌群落结构和理化性质进行了比较分析,并通过普氏分析和相关性分析揭示了优势真菌种和理化品质之间的相关关系。真菌微生物分析结果显示,泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌类群均以橙色嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)、疏棉状嗜热霉(Thermomyces lanuginosus)和扣囊覆膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)为主,累积平均相对含量分别为64.59%和83.58%,且嗜热真菌(Rasamsonia composticola)和东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)分别被认为是泸州和南阳地区中温大曲的真菌生物标志物。理化分析结果表明,相较于南阳地区中温大曲,泸州地区中温大曲中水分活度、水分含量、结合水含量、灰分、淀粉含量、氨基酸态氮含量和蛋白质含量显著偏高(P<0.05),而密度、曲皮硬度和自由水含量以及液化力、酯化力和糖化力显著偏低(P<0.05)。关联性分析结果表明,中温大曲优势真菌种与理化指标之间存在复杂的相关关系。本研究的开展为揭示不同区域中温大曲真菌群落和理化品质的差异提供了重要支撑数据。

中温大曲  /  PacBio SMRT测序技术  /  真菌群落结构  /  理化品质  /  关联性分析

In this study, PacBio SMRT sequencing technology and conventional physicochemical analysis methods were employed to conduct a comparative analysis of the fungal community structure and physicochemical characteristics of medium-temperature Daqu samples from Luzhou and Nanyang regions. Furthermore, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and correlation analysis were performed to reveal the association between dominant fungal species and physicochemical properties. The results of fungal community analysis showed that the fungal communities in medium-temperature Daqu from both Luzhou and Nanyang regions were dominated by Thermoascus aurantiacus, Thermomyces lanuginosus, and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, with cumulative average relative abundances of 64.59% and 83.58%, respectively. Additionally, Rasamsonia composticola and Issatchenkia orientalis were identified as fungal biomarkers for medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang regions, respectively. Physicochemical analysis results indicated that, compared to medium-temperature Daqu from Nanyang, Daqu from Luzhou exhibited significantly higher water activity, moisture content, bound water content, ash content, starch content, amino acid nitrogen content, and protein content (P<0.05), while density, crust hardness, free water content, liquefaction power, esterification power, and saccharification power were significantly lower (P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed complex relationships between dominant fungal species and physicochemical indicators in medium-temperature Daqu. This study provides important supporting data for understanding the differences in fungal communities and physicochemical properties of medium-temperature Daqu across different regions.

medium-temperature Daqu  /  PacBio SMRT sequencing technology  /  fungal community structure  /  physicochemical properties  /  correlation analysis
王玉荣, 张建辉, 张凯, 侯强川, 郭壮. 泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌群落结构和理化品质的差异性及相关性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 186 -195 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030204
Yurong WANG, Jianhui ZHANG, Kai ZHANG, Qiangchuan HOU, Zhuang GUO. Analysis of the Differences and Correlations of Fungal Community Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Medium-temperature Daqu from Luzhou and Nanyang Regions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 186 -195 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030204
作为中国传统浓香型白酒酿造中不可或缺的糖化发酵剂与核心原料,中温大曲中蕴含着丰富的菌系、酶系和物系[1],是浓香型白酒酿造过程中核心微生物的主要来源,且其对白酒产量、品质及风味成分的形成发挥着至关重要的作用[2]。其中,中温大曲中定植的真菌微生物通过分泌多种关键酶类(淀粉酶、糖化酶和酯化酶等)主导酿酒原料的糖化、发酵以及风味前体物质的合成过程,其群落结构的多样性和稳定性对大曲理化特性(如糖化力、液化力和酸度等)和酒体品质具有决定性影响[3]。值得一提的是,中温大曲发酵过程中所富集的微生物主要来源于人工接种的曲母和酿造车间的微环境[4]。然而,受到地域环境、制曲原料和工艺参数等多重因素调控,不同产区中温大曲的微生物群落及理化品质呈现出明显的空间异质性,这可能影响其在白酒酿造中的适用性[5]。尽管已有学者关注中温大曲微生物类群,但现有研究多聚焦于单一产区[6]或特定工艺[7−8]下的微生物特征,针对不同地区中温大曲真菌群落与理化品质的系统研究及关联分析仍显不足。因此,深入解析不同地区中温大曲真菌群落结构与理化品质的差异,并揭示两者之间的相关关系,对于优化中温大曲制作工艺和提升酒体品质具有不可忽视的作用。
近年来,高通量测序技术和生物信息学技术的快速发展,为解析大曲中复杂微生物群落结构及其功能提供了有力手段。然而,传统的Illumina NGS(Next Generation Sequencing)平台虽已被广泛应用于真菌微生物群落研究,但其读长较短,难以实现真菌ITS区域的全长覆盖,限制了物种分类分辨率及群落功能潜力的深入挖掘[9]。相比之下,PacBio单分子实时(Single Molecule Real-Time,SMRT)测序技术凭借其超长读长和高准确性的特点,能够完整覆盖真菌整个ITS1-5.8S-ITS2区域,显著提高物种鉴定的精准度,尤其是在种水平微生物注释和稀有物种挖掘方面具有显著优势[10]。例如,崔梦君等[11]采用三代测序技术对高温和中高温大曲的真菌类群进行解析发现,高温大曲主要以疏棉状嗜热霉(Thermomyces lanuginosus)为主,而中高温大曲则主要以多育曲霉(Aspergillus proliferans)为主;吴成等[12]对高温大曲发酵过程中真菌多样性的研究指出,相较于二代高通量测序技术,SMRT测序技术在种水平上更适合于小类真菌多样性的鉴定。但由于SMRT成本相对较高,目前较少见到其在中温大曲真菌微生物中应用的研究报道。因此,基于SMRT测序技术解析中温大曲真菌群落结构是很有必要的。
纳入本研究的两个地区中温大曲均具有悠久的酿造技艺和文化传承,四川省泸州市是中国浓香型白酒的发源地[13],素有“川酒甲天下,酒城看泸州”的说法,而河南省南阳市的赊店白酒传承自古法酿酒技艺,已被列为河南省非物质文化遗产[14],且中国地图上两地之间1000多千米的空间距离伴随着因地理纬度、海拔高度、海陆位置等因素差异而形成的天然地域分异。综上所述,在长期人工驯化和自然选择下,两个地区均会形成具有区域特征的微生物群系,进而影响所酿造中温大曲的品质特征。因此,有必要开展两个地区中温大曲微生物群系与品质的分析,以明确两者之间的关联机制。
本研究以四川省泸州市和河南省南阳市两个地区具有典型代表性的酿酒厂所生产的中温大曲作为研究对象,采用PacBio SMRT测序技术和常规理化检验方法对两个地区中温大曲的真菌群落结构和生理生化品质进行全面解析,并通过多元统计学分析方法进一步探究优势真菌种与关键理化指标之间的相关关系。本研究的开展旨在掌握更全面、更精确的中温大曲真菌微生物信息和理化特征,并探究不同地区中温大曲品质差异的内在原因,以期为中温大曲品质优化和浓香型白酒强化生产提供数据支撑。
TGuide S96磁珠法DNA提取纯化试剂盒 天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;KOD OneTM PCR Master Mix、KOD FX Neo 北京百灵克生物科技有限责任公司;Agencourt AMPure XP核酸纯化试剂盒 贝克曼库尔特有限公司;Qubit dsDNA HS测定试剂盒 美国赛默飞世尔公司;ExKubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit荧光定量检测试剂盒 上海吉泰依科赛生物科技有限公司;SMRTbell Template Prep Kit建库试剂盒 PacBio公司;氯化钠、碳酸钙、氢氧化钠、浓盐酸、浓硫酸、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、碘、碘化钾、无水乙酸钠、乙酸、乙醇、甲醛(均为分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
DFT-300小型高速粉碎机 温州顶力医疗器械有限公司;5810R型离心机(冷冻型) 德国Eppendorf公司;LHR-150生化培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;DYY-12型电泳仪 北京六一仪器厂;ND-2000C微量紫外分光光度计 美国Nano Drop公司;vetiri梯度基因扩增仪 美国AB公司;Qubit 4.0荧光计 美国赛默飞世尔公司;Sequel II测序仪 PacBio公司;R930机架式服务器 美国DELL公司;TA.XT Plus物性测试仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;AW-1水分活度仪 无锡碧波电子设备厂;MS-70快速水分测定仪、NMI20-025V-I型核磁共振成像分析仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;K1100凯氏定氮仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司。
本研究从四川省泸州市华西酒业有限公司和河南省南阳市赊店老酒股份有限公司的制曲车间分别获得中温大曲各10份,共计20份。样品采集遵循多层次、多点位原则,且保证是贮存三个月以上的陈曲,以确保样品具有代表性。每份大曲均为完整的曲块,表面呈现棕黄色且无明显菌斑,气味良好且以麦香为主。之后使用高速粉碎机将曲块粉碎混匀,储存于−40 ℃冰箱中用于后续实验。
参照DNA提取纯化试剂盒说明书进行中温大曲样本DNA提取,并使用Qubit dsDNA HS测定试剂盒和Qubit 4.0荧光计测定样本DNA浓度。使用真菌测序引物ITS3F(5′-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC-3′)和ITS4R(5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′)对样本ITS区进行全长聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)扩增[15],并使用核酸纯化试剂盒对PCR产物进行纯化,之后使用Qubit dsDNA HS测定试剂盒和Qubit 4.0荧光计对PCR产物进行定量分析,且通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外-可见分光光度计对PCR清洁产物进行质量评估[16]。最后,将检测合格的PCR纯化产物送往北京百迈客生物科技有限公司进行PacBio SMRT测序。
PacBio SMRT测序下机数据首先通过SMRT Link软件(v8.0)进行初步质控[17],去除低质量读长和适配子序列(目标片段重复次数≥5,最低预测准确率≥90%),形成高质量的环形一致性(Circular Consensus Sequencing,CCS)序列,并利用Lima软件(v1.7.0)识别Barcode序列信息以将CCS序列分配到不同样本并转化为fastq格式数据[18]。
基于UCHIME算法和gold数据库定位并去除嵌合体序列[19],得到有效数据用于后续分析。利用USEARCH将上述有效数据按照97%同源性进行可操作分类单元划分(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTU),并通过BLAST工具对每个OTU进行物种注释和分类学分析[20]。之后,借助QIIME平台(v1.9.1)进行多样性分析(α多样性和β多样性)和系统发育树构建,揭示大曲样本中真菌群落的组成和结构特征。
参照QB/T 4257-2011《酿酒大曲通用分析方法》对大曲样本的密度、酸度、灰分、淀粉含量、氨基酸态氮含量、酒化力、发酵力、液化力、酯化力和糖化力等理化指标进行分析。使用物性测试仪评估大曲样本的曲皮硬度和曲心硬度。参照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》使用凯氏定氮仪测定大曲样本的蛋白质含量。使用水分活度仪和水分测定仪检测大曲样本的水分活度和水分含量。使用低场核磁共振分析仪测定大曲样本的结合水、不易流动水和自由水的分布,参数设置:TD=90000,SW=333 kHz,TW=3500 ms,NS=64,DL1=0.04708 ms[21]。每个样品测试三次。
使用Origin软件、R软件和Cytoscape软件实现数据可视化分析。其中,Origin软件用于绘制真菌门、属和种水平的堆积柱状图;在R软件中,利用“BiodiversityR”包绘制物种累积箱型曲线图,利用“VennDiagram”绘制OTU韦恩图,利用“plotrix”和“rio”绘制OTU花瓣图,利用“ggplot2”包绘制小提琴图,利用“ggplot2”“ade4”和“vegan”包进行主坐标分析(Principal Co-ordinates Analysis,PCoA),利用“tidyverse”“microeco”和“magrittr”包进行线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size,LEfSE),利用“pROC”包绘制ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve)曲线,利用“vegan”包进行普氏分析(Procrustes Analysis,PA);使用R软件的“psych”包对两组数据集进行相关性分析和显著性检验,并通过Cytoscape软件绘制相关性网络图。
本研究借助PacBio SMRT测序平台对泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌微生物进行了分析,结果显示,从20份中温大曲样品中共获得237598条高质量有效序列。按照98.75%序列相似度阈值,将20份中温大曲有效序列进行合并和比对操作后共划分获得1085个OTU。基于OTU水平,本研究对泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样本的测序情况进行了统计分析。由图1(A)和(B)可知,随着中温大曲样本个数的增加,OTU数目不断累积,且物种累积箱型图曲线上升趋势逐渐平缓,表明测序量充足且测序数据合理,即纳入本研究的采样量可以有效反映两个地区中温大曲真菌物种丰富度。
本研究进一步对各样本中OTU分布情况进行了分析,且将两个地区中温大曲样本中均存在的OTU定义为共有OTU,仅存在于一个地区样本中的OTU定义为特有OTU,在所有样本中均存在的OTU定义为核心OTU。由图1(C)可知,从泸州和南阳地区中温大曲中分别划分到775个和913个OTU,包括603个共有OTU、172个泸州地区特有OTU和310个南阳地区特有OTU,这表明两个地区中温大曲存在相似性和特异性。由图1(D)可知,从两个地区中温大曲样本中共划分到11个核心OTU,仅占OTU总数目的1.01%。结合物种注释结果,本研究对中温大曲样本的核心OTU相对含量进行了深入解析,结果如表1所示。
由表1可知,中温大曲样本的11个核心OTU分别被鉴定为橙色嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus,OTU1955)、扣囊覆膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera,OTU3126)、半乳糖霉属(Galactomyces,OTU69)、地霉双足囊菌(Dipodascus geotrichum,OTU3749和OTU4336)、少根根霉(Rhizopus arrhizus,OTU3417)、异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus,OTU1797)、阿萨丝孢酵母(Trichosporon asahii,OTU4053)、总状横梗霉(Lichtheimia ramosa,OTU941)、多育曲霉(Aspergillus proliferans,OTU3686)和粉状米勒酵母(Millerozyma farinosa,OTU683)。其中,隶属于Thermoascus aurantiacus和Saccharomycopsis fibuligera的核心OTU是两个地区中温大曲样本的主要核心OTU,在泸州的中温大曲中平均相对含量分别为29.20%和9.49%,在南阳地区中温大曲中平均相对含量分别为21.59%和19.40%,这表明Thermoascus aurantiacus和Saccharomycopsis fibuligera是两个地区中温大曲共有的主要真菌类群。除此之外,隶属于Galactomyces、Dipodascus geotrichum、Rhizopus arrhizus和Trichosporon asahii的核心OTU在泸州地区中温大曲中极显著富集(P<0.001),而隶属于Millerozyma farinosa在南阳地区中温大曲中显著富集(P<0.05),这也进一步证实了两个地区中温大曲之间真菌微生物的特异性。
微生物群落结构多样性指数是评估微生物群落多样性的重要指标,可以综合反映微生物群落的物种丰富度、相对丰度和进化关系。本研究在相同测序深度下(9010 bp)计算了中温大曲样本的α多样性指数,用于分析两个地区中温大曲真菌群落多样性。其中,Chao1指数和辛普森指数分别反映样品中物种丰富度和多样性,指数越高代表物种的丰富度和多样性越大。由图2(A)可知,泸州和南阳地区中温大曲中平均Chao1指数分别为431和338。由图2(B)可知,泸州和南阳地区中温大曲中平均辛普森指数分别为0.75和0.66。由此可知,相较于南阳地区中温大曲,泸州地区中温大曲的物种丰富度和多样性更高,但其在统计学上均没有显著差异(Mann-Whitney,P>0.05)。
β多样性通过计算样本间距离反映样本(组)间是否具有微生物群落差异,又称为生境间的多样性,距离越远代表生境之间差异越大。本研究基于非加权和加权UniFrac距离进一步对两个地区中温大曲真菌微生物多样性进行了解析。由图2(C)可知,在不考虑物种丰度的情况下,泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样本之间具有分离趋势,分别位于X=0轴下方和上方。由图2(D)可知,在考虑物种丰度的情况下,泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样本在空间排布上亦呈现明显分离趋势,分别位于Y轴负半轴和正半轴。经过置换多元方差分析(Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance,PERMANOVA)检验发现,基于非加权和加权UniFrac距离,两个地区中温大曲真菌群落结构之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。由此可知,无论是否考虑物种丰度,两个地区中温大曲之间真菌群落均存在明显差异,这反映了地域因素对中温大曲真菌群落结构的影响。
基于数据库注释结果,本研究从门、纲、目、科、属和种共6个分类学水平对中温大曲真菌群落结构进行了分析。结果显示,1085个OTU共注释到8个真菌门,22个真菌纲,45个真菌目,91个真菌科,138个真菌属和201个真菌种。此外,本研究将中温大曲样本中平均相对含量大于1%的微生物类群定义为优势微生物类群,并对两个地区中温大曲优势真菌群落结构进行了分析,结果如图3所示。
由图3(A)可知,从两个地区中温大曲中共检测到3个优势真菌门,其中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为泸州地区中温大曲的优势真菌门,平均相对含量依次为94.85%、2.86%和1.52%;Ascomycota和Mucoromycota为南阳地区中温大曲的优势真菌门,平均相对含量分别为96.88%和2.24%。由图3(B)可知,从两个地区中温大曲中共检测到12个优势真菌属,其中嗜热子囊菌属(Thermoascus)、嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces)、覆膜孢酵母属(Saccharomycopsis)、罗森氏菌属(Rasamsonia)、双足囊菌属(Dipodascus)、耐碱酵母属(Galactomyces)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、威克汉姆酵母属(Wickerhamomyces)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和横梗霉属(Lichtheimia)为泸州地区中温大曲的优势真菌属,平均相对含量依次为31.45%、24.00%、9.55%、8.67%、8.55%、6.74%、2.10%、1.67%、1.45%和1.32%;Thermoascus、Thermomyces、Saccharomycopsis、Wickerhamomyces、Aspergillus、根毛霉属(Rhizomucor)和伊萨酵母属(Issatchenkia)为南阳地区中温大曲的优势真菌属,平均相对含量依次为23.51%、40.78%、19.51%、3.18%、3.61%、1.27%和2.46%。由图3(C)可知,从两个地区中温大曲中共检测到12个优势真菌种,其中黄嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)、疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)、扣囊覆膜酵母菌(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)、嗜热真菌(Rasamsonia composticola)、地霉双足囊菌(Dipodascus geotrichum)、少根根霉(Rhizopus arrhizus)、Wickerhamomyces anomalus和Lichtheimia ramosa为泸州地区中温大曲的优势真菌种,平均相对含量依次为31.11%、23.93%、9.55%、8.67%、8.54%、2.05%、1.67%和1.27%;Thermoascus aurantiacus、Thermomyces lanuginosus、Saccharomycopsis fibuligera、Wickerhamomyces anomalus、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、Aspergillus proliferans、微小根毛霉(Rhizomucor pusillus)和东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)为南阳地区中温大曲的优势真菌种,平均相对含量依次为23.34%、40.73%、19.51%、3.18%、1.51%、1.54%、1.27%和2.46%。为了进一步探究两个地区中温大曲真菌群落组成的差异,本研究采用Mann-Whitney检验法对中温大曲中优势真菌种进行了统计分析,结果如表2所示。
由表2可知,Thermoascus aurantiacus、Thermomyces lanuginosus和Saccharomycopsis fibuligera是泸州和南阳地区中温大曲的主要优势真菌种(平均相对含量约10%及以上),累积平均相对含量分别为64.59%和83.58%,且这些真菌种在两个地区之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。除此之外,Rasamsonia composticola、Dipodascus geotrichum、Rhizopus arrhizus和Lichtheimia ramosa在泸州地区中温大曲中显著富集(P<0.05),而Aspergillus flavus、Rhizomucor pusillus和Issatchenkia orientalis在南阳地区中温大曲中非常显著富集(P<0.01)。由此可知,两个地区中温大曲真菌群落结构存在相似性和特异性,这与上述OTU分析结果一致,且主要优势真菌种与核心OTU注释结果类似。
结合上述多样性分析结果可知,两个地区中温大曲之间真菌群落结构的差异不仅体现在高丰度菌群上,而且与低丰度菌群亦相关。因此,本研究采用线性判别分析效应量(Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size,LEfSe)对两个地区中温大曲中可能解释组间差异的真菌物种进行了分析,以线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)大于3.0作为标准评估每个真菌物种对各分组差异效果影响的大小,并结合ROC曲线进一步验证,旨在从中筛选出不同地区中温大曲真菌生物标志物,结果如图4所示。
由图4(B)可知,从两个地区中温大曲中共甄别到20个具有统计学差异的真菌物种(P<0.05),其中在泸州和南阳地区分别甄别到13个和7个。在真菌种水平上,Rasamsonia composticola、Dipodascus geotrichum和Rhizopus arrhizus在泸州地区中温大曲中显著富集(P<0.05),而Issatchenkia orientalis、Rhizomucor pusillus和Aspergillus flavus在南阳地区中温大曲中显著富集(P<0.05),这与上述Mann-Whitney检验分析结果一致。在物种水平上,作为各分组中LDA值最大的真菌种,Rasamsonia composticola和Issatchenkia orientalis被认为是对两个地区中温大曲真菌群落结构差异影响最大的真菌种,故将Rasamsonia composticola和Issatchenkia orientalis分别作为泸州和南阳地区中温大曲的真菌生物标志物。通过绘制ROC曲线进一步评估真菌生物标志物的预测准确率,由图4C可知,Rasamsonia composticola和Issatchenkia orientalis作为不同地区中温大曲真菌生物标志物的AUC(ROC曲线下方的面积大小)分别为0.8和0.86,均介于0.5到1之间,说明本研究将上述两个真菌物种作为不同地区中温大曲的真菌生物标志物具有较高的准确率。
硬度、水分、淀粉含量等理化指标在一定程度上可以反映大曲的品质优劣,而液化力、糖化力和酯化力等生化指标与大曲酶系功能息息相关[22],白酒发酵过程中通常依据大曲理化指标判断其是否适合发酵。为了实现对中温大曲品质的深度剖析,本研究对两个地区中温大曲的18个理化指标进行了解析,结果如表3所示。
由表3可知,相较于南阳地区中温大曲,泸州地区中温大曲的水分活度、水分含量、结合水含量、灰分、淀粉含量、氨基酸态氮含量和蛋白质含量显著偏高(P<0.05),而密度、曲皮硬度和自由水含量以及液化力、酯化力和糖化力显著偏低(P<0.05)。基于PCoA分析方法,本研究进一步对两个地区中温大曲的理化指标进行了降维分析,结果如图5所示。
由图5(A)可知,PCoA1和PCoA2的方差贡献率分别为90.32%和9.18%,两个地区中温大曲样本在空间排布上具有明显分离趋势,且具有显著差异(F=9.25,P=0.003)。由图5(B)可知,相较于泸州或南阳地区中温大曲样本的组内距离,两个地区中温大曲样本的组间显著偏高(R=0.315,P=0.005)。由上述分析结果可知,从整体上看,泸州和南阳地区中温大曲之间理化特征存在明显差异。
已有研究证实,大曲的品质指标与其微生物群落之间存在密切的关联,为了深入探究中温大曲理化指标对优势真菌群落结构的影响,本研究采用普氏分析,对纳入本研究的18个理化指标与12个优势真菌种进行了分析,结果如图6(A)所示。
由图6(A)可知,中温大曲理化指标与优势真菌种两个数据集之间具有显著一致性,表明两者之间的关联度较高。为了揭示中温大曲理化指标与优势真菌种之间具体的相关关系,本研究进一步对两者之间的相关关系进行了解析,实线代表正相关,虚线代表负相关。由图6(B)可知,中温大曲理化指标与优势真菌种之间存在复杂的相关性,主要涉及10个理化指标与8个优势真菌种之间的显著强相关性(P<0.05,|r|>0.5)。其中,Dipodascus geotrichum与结合水、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和氨基酸态氮含量呈显著正相关,与密度、液化力和酯化力呈显著负相关;Rasamsonia composticola与氨基酸态氮含量呈显著正相关,与酯化力呈显著负相关;Saccharomycopsis fibuligera与液化力呈显著正相关;Thermomyces lanuginosus与自由水呈显著正相关,与结合水呈显著负相关;Issatchenkia orientalis和Rhizomucor pusillus与曲皮硬度和液化力呈显著正相关;Aspergillus flavus与密度、液化力和酯化力呈显著正相关;Rhizopus arrhizus与氨基酸态氮含量和蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,与密度呈显著负相关。
微生物多样性赋予传统大曲丰富的菌群结构,其中核心微生物既为发酵过程提供动力与独特性,也为大曲的品质和风味提供稳定性与多样性。精准评估大曲中存在的微生物物种,揭示优势微生物与理化特性之间的关联性,对进一步提升大曲的品质、风味及安全性具有重要意义。本研究采用PacBio SMRT测序技术揭示泸州和南阳地区中温大曲真菌多样性和群落结构,并开展中温大曲优势真菌种与理化指标的相关性研究。
区域因素对中温大曲微生物群落结构的影响本质上源于微生物对环境因子变化的异质性响应,从而导致不同地区中温大曲微生物组成呈现多样性分布特征[23]。本研究通过分析发现,Thermoascus aurantiacus、Thermomyces lanuginosus和Saccharomycopsis fibuligera在泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样本中广泛分布且在两个地区之间无显著差异。其中,Thermoascus aurantiacus和Thermomyces lanuginosus是大曲中常见的嗜热/耐热真菌[24−27],且其在两个地区中温大曲样本中平均相对含量均在20%以上,表明耐高温微生物是本研究中温大曲的绝对优势微生物。除此之外,泸州地区中温大曲亦显著富集了其它嗜热微生物,如Rasamsonia composticola、Rhizopus arrhizus和Lichtheimia ramosa等,而南阳地区显著富集了更多最适生长温度为24~30 ℃的真菌微生物,如Aspergillus flavus、Rhizomucor pusillus和Issatchenkia orientalis等,这反映了作为核心环境因子的发酵温度对大曲微生物类群的关键调控作用[28]。XIAO等[29]研究亦证实,温度是影响中温大曲微生物菌群形成的内源性驱动力。综合上述分析可推测,相较于南阳地区中温大曲,泸州地区中温大曲的制曲温度可能更高。
大曲的理化指标被认为是衡量其品质好坏的重要依据,且中温大曲的质量与浓香型白酒的品质息息相关。本研究通过分析发现,相较于南阳地区中温大曲,泸州地区中温大曲的水分活度、水分含量、结合水含量、灰分、淀粉含量、氨基酸态氮含量和蛋白质含量显著偏高,而密度、曲皮硬度和自由水含量以及液化力、酯化力和糖化力显著偏低。基于相关性分析进一步发现,在原料组成和制作工艺高度相似的情况下,不同地区中温大曲品质特征的形成与真菌微生物群落的显著富集有关。之前的研究指出,氨基酸态氮含量极有可能是影响凤香型白酒窖泥微生物菌群分布差异的主要理化因子[30]。在本研究中,Rasamsonia composticola、Dipodascus geotrichum和Rhizopus arrhizus与氨基酸态氮含量之间存在显著正相关,泸州地区凭借显著富集上述真菌物种展现出明显偏高的氨基酸态氮含量,这一差异进一步验证了上述发现。同时,泸州地区中温大曲中显著富集的真菌物种与其淀粉和蛋白质含量的偏高亦不可分割。Rasamsonia composticola可以分泌内切-β-葡聚糖酶,可能间接影响淀粉-蛋白质复合体的结构,阻碍主流酶系的分解,导致淀粉和蛋白质残留量升高[31]。作为一类兼性厌氧微生物,Dipodascus geotrichum可以通过有氧呼吸将糖类物质快速转化为酒精,导致底物竞争减弱,淀粉基质残留[32]。水分活度和水分含量是评估水分状态的关键指标,在一定程度上可以反映大曲中微生物的生长情况和代谢反应[33]。尽管泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样品的水分活度存在显著差异,但其水分活度均低于0.70,这代表两个地区中温大曲真菌微生物生命活动均受到抑制。值得一提的是,高温状态会导致自由水流失,泸州地区中温大曲自由水含量偏低的可能与此有关,这也进一步验证了上述推测。
本研究综合比较了泸州和南阳地区中温大曲样本的真菌群落结构和理化品质的差异,并通过普氏分析和相关性分析揭示了优势真菌种和理化品质之间的关联性。分析结果显示,尽管两个地区中温大曲均形成了以Thermoascus aurantiacus和Thermomyces lanuginosus为绝对优势真菌物种的耐高温微生物群,但不同地区中温大曲真菌类群和理化品质仍存在明显差异,且两者之间具有显著相关关系。其中,优势真菌种Rasamsonia composticola、Dipodascus geotrichum、Rhizopus arrhizus和Lichtheimia ramosa在泸州地区中温大曲中显著富集,而优势真菌种Aspergillus flavus、Rhizomucor pusillus和Issatchenkia orientalis在南阳地区中温大曲中显著富集,结合这些微生物的生长温度进一步推测得知泸州地区中温大曲的制曲温度偏高。此外,上述显著富集微生物的存在亦是导致泸州地区中温大曲淀粉含量、氨基酸态氮含量和蛋白质含量显著偏高,而液化力、酯化力和糖化力显著偏低的重要微生物。本研究的开展为中温大曲真菌群落结构和理化特征的表征提供了科学依据,并为不同地区中温大曲品质优化提供了一定的见解。然而,目前关于中温大曲微生物类群和理化品质对大曲质量的具体作用机制尚未形成系统性认知。因此,在后续研究中,可以结合实际生产,利用虚拟仿真技术设计实验室模拟制曲体系,从微生物组成和理化指标两方面调控大曲制作,以期为推动传统制曲进一步自动化改造提供理论依据与思路。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030204
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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    1湖北文理学院 酿酒技术产业学院,湖北襄阳 441053
    2湖北文理学院 湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053
    3湖北文理学院 乳酸菌生物技术与工程襄阳市重点实验室,湖北襄阳 441053
    4河南省白酒多粮酿造工程技术研究中心,河南南阳 473399

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郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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