Article(id=1320888873962554016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854048481, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854048481, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854048481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854048481, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=114, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888874176463521, articleId=1320888873962554016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Steam Explosion Pretreatment on Citrus Peel Pectin Structure and Emulsification Stability, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effects of steam explosion (SE) pretreatment on the structure and emulsification stability of citrus peel pectin (CP), different pressures (0.3 MPa and 0.45 MPa, 3 min) were applied to treat citrus peels. The structural characteristics of CP were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Meanwhile, emulsification stability of CP were assessed through surface interface tensiometer, laser particle sizer and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results revealed that the extraction yield of CP was significantly increased (P<0.05) after SE-0.3 MPa treatment from 7.59% to 21.17%. Moreover, molecular weight (Mw) of CP was reduced from 318.41 kDa to 114.22 kDa (0.3 MPa) and 48.26 kDa (0.45 MPa), respectively. Additionally, emulsion droplet size was significantly decreased (P<0.05) from 9.31 μm to 5.43 μm after SE-0.3 MPa treatment. No significant creaming, phase separation and increase of droplet size were observed in emulsion after storage at 25 ℃ for 21 days. This study provides a theoretical reference for the application of SE technology in the comprehensive utilization of citrus by-products.

, authors=Xiaohan YANG, Kemin MAO, Jingwen SUN, Zixin LIANG, Guifang TIAN*, Yaxin SANG*, authorsList=Xiaohan YANG, Kemin MAO, Jingwen SUN, Zixin LIANG, Guifang TIAN, Yaxin SANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guifang TIAN, Yaxin SANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888876126814902, articleId=1320888873962554016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=蒸汽爆破预处理对柑橘皮果胶结构和乳化稳定性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究蒸汽爆破(Steam explosion,SE)预处理对柑橘皮果胶(Citrus peel pectin,CP)结构和乳化稳定性的影响,本研究采用SE(0.3 MPa、0.45 MPa,3 min)技术处理柑橘皮后提取果胶,并制备了水包油(O/W)乳液。采用高效液相色谱、傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振波谱等方法对CP的结构特征进行表征,采用界面张力仪、激光粒度仪和激光共聚焦显微镜等方法对CP的乳化稳定性进行表征。结果表明SE预处理破坏了柑橘皮的组织结构,有利于果胶的释放和溶出,SE-0.3 MPa处理后的CP得率显著增加(P<0.05),由未经预处理时的7.59%增至21.17%;SE预处理降低了CP的分子量,由未经预处理时的318.41 kDa分别降至114.22 kDa(0.3 MPa)和48.26 kDa(0.45 MPa),有利于CP在O/W乳液界面的吸附;SE-0.3 MPa处理后的CP稳定的乳液粒径显著降低(P<0.05),由未经预处理时的9.31 μm降至5.43 μm,且在25 ℃下储存21 d后,乳液无显著乳析和分层现象,粒径大小无显著增加。该研究为SE技术在柑橘副产物的综合利用提供了理论参考。

, authors=杨筱含, 毛可敏, 孙婧文, 梁紫鑫, 田桂芳*, 桑亚新*, authorsList=杨筱含, 毛可敏, 孙婧文, 梁紫鑫, 田桂芳, 桑亚新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=田桂芳, 桑亚新, authorNote=

杨筱含(1997−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品再利用与乳品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
田桂芳(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果品加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
桑亚新(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
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Food Hydrocolloids, 2020, 100: 105383., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888886461580060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888873962554016, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE Fan, ZHANG Wei, LAN Xiaohong, et al. Effects of high hydrostatic pressure and high pressure homogenization processing on characteristics of potato peel waste pectin[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 196: 474−482., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888886562243357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888873962554016, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Zhichang, LI Lingyu, ZHU Wenqing, et al. Pectins rich in RG-I and galactose extracted from garlic pomace: Physicochemical, structural, emulsifying and antioxidant properties[J]. 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Molecules, 2022, 27(12): 3747., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888886717432607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888873962554016, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Ruoxuan, FAN Hekai, LI Bowen, et al. Comparison on emulsifying and emulgelling properties of low methoxyl pectin with varied degree of methoxylation from different de-esterification methods[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 263: 130432., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888886797124384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888873962554016, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Ying, QU Wenjuan, LIU Yuxuan, et al. Chemical, structural and functional properties of pectin from tomato pulp under different peeling methods[J]. Food Chemistry, 2023, 403: 134373., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320888886868427553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888873962554016, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUMEREZ-FLORES J N, VERKEMPINCK S H E, van LOEY A M, et al. Targeted modifications of Citrus pectin to improve interfacial properties and the impact on emulsion stability[J]. 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注:图中不同小写字母表示差异显著,P<0.05;图4同。

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注:小写字母表示不同处理条件下的显著性差异,大写字母表示同一处理条件下的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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Mw, polydispersity index and DE of pectin under different SE pretreatment conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蒸汽爆破压力(MPa)Control0.30.45
分子量(kDa)318.41114.2248.26
多分散性指数(Mw/Mn)6.375.665.60
酯化度(%)70.65±1.31a68.40±1.97a61.17±2.07b
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不同蒸汽爆破预处理条件下果胶的分子量、多分散性指数和酯化度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蒸汽爆破压力(MPa)Control0.30.45
分子量(kDa)318.41114.2248.26
多分散性指数(Mw/Mn)6.375.665.60
酯化度(%)70.65±1.31a68.40±1.97a61.17±2.07b
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Monosaccharide composition and galacturonic acid of pectin under different SE pretreatment conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蒸汽爆破压力(MPa)Control0.30.45
GalA (mol %)34.62±1.42a34.70±1.51a22.92±0.91b
Ara (mol %)22.26±0.11c39.71±0.82a24.45±0.35b
Gal (mol %)21.01±0.21b16.97±0.45c22.15±0.55a
Rha (mol %)16.61±0.26a4.18±0.13b17.39±0.69a
Glu (mol %)13.89±0.51b2.52±0.15c21.89±1.49a
Xyl (mol %)1.69±0.07a0.92±0.04b1.04±0.07b
Man (mol %)1.69±0.02c2.48±0.08a2.35±0.02b
GalA/(Ara+Gal+Rha+Xyl)0.56±0.03a0.056±0.04c0.35±0.02b
Rha/GalA0.48±0.03b0.12±0.01c0.76±0.03a
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不同蒸汽爆破预处理条件下果胶的单糖组成和半乳糖醛酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蒸汽爆破压力(MPa)Control0.30.45
GalA (mol %)34.62±1.42a34.70±1.51a22.92±0.91b
Ara (mol %)22.26±0.11c39.71±0.82a24.45±0.35b
Gal (mol %)21.01±0.21b16.97±0.45c22.15±0.55a
Rha (mol %)16.61±0.26a4.18±0.13b17.39±0.69a
Glu (mol %)13.89±0.51b2.52±0.15c21.89±1.49a
Xyl (mol %)1.69±0.07a0.92±0.04b1.04±0.07b
Man (mol %)1.69±0.02c2.48±0.08a2.35±0.02b
GalA/(Ara+Gal+Rha+Xyl)0.56±0.03a0.056±0.04c0.35±0.02b
Rha/GalA0.48±0.03b0.12±0.01c0.76±0.03a
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蒸汽爆破预处理对柑橘皮果胶结构和乳化稳定性的影响
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杨筱含 , 毛可敏 , 孙婧文 , 梁紫鑫 , 田桂芳 * , 桑亚新 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 114-121
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 114 -121
蒸汽爆破预处理对柑橘皮果胶结构和乳化稳定性的影响
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杨筱含 , 毛可敏, 孙婧文, 梁紫鑫, 田桂芳* , 桑亚新*
作者信息
  • 河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000
通讯作者:
田桂芳(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果品加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
桑亚新(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨筱含(1997−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品再利用与乳品加工,E-mail:

Effect of Steam Explosion Pretreatment on Citrus Peel Pectin Structure and Emulsification Stability
Xiaohan YANG , Kemin MAO, Jingwen SUN, Zixin LIANG, Guifang TIAN* , Yaxin SANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030195
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为了研究蒸汽爆破(Steam explosion,SE)预处理对柑橘皮果胶(Citrus peel pectin,CP)结构和乳化稳定性的影响,本研究采用SE(0.3 MPa、0.45 MPa,3 min)技术处理柑橘皮后提取果胶,并制备了水包油(O/W)乳液。采用高效液相色谱、傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振波谱等方法对CP的结构特征进行表征,采用界面张力仪、激光粒度仪和激光共聚焦显微镜等方法对CP的乳化稳定性进行表征。结果表明SE预处理破坏了柑橘皮的组织结构,有利于果胶的释放和溶出,SE-0.3 MPa处理后的CP得率显著增加(P<0.05),由未经预处理时的7.59%增至21.17%;SE预处理降低了CP的分子量,由未经预处理时的318.41 kDa分别降至114.22 kDa(0.3 MPa)和48.26 kDa(0.45 MPa),有利于CP在O/W乳液界面的吸附;SE-0.3 MPa处理后的CP稳定的乳液粒径显著降低(P<0.05),由未经预处理时的9.31 μm降至5.43 μm,且在25 ℃下储存21 d后,乳液无显著乳析和分层现象,粒径大小无显著增加。该研究为SE技术在柑橘副产物的综合利用提供了理论参考。

蒸汽爆破技术  /  果胶  /  结构变化  /  乳化稳定性

In order to investigate the effects of steam explosion (SE) pretreatment on the structure and emulsification stability of citrus peel pectin (CP), different pressures (0.3 MPa and 0.45 MPa, 3 min) were applied to treat citrus peels. The structural characteristics of CP were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Meanwhile, emulsification stability of CP were assessed through surface interface tensiometer, laser particle sizer and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results revealed that the extraction yield of CP was significantly increased (P<0.05) after SE-0.3 MPa treatment from 7.59% to 21.17%. Moreover, molecular weight (Mw) of CP was reduced from 318.41 kDa to 114.22 kDa (0.3 MPa) and 48.26 kDa (0.45 MPa), respectively. Additionally, emulsion droplet size was significantly decreased (P<0.05) from 9.31 μm to 5.43 μm after SE-0.3 MPa treatment. No significant creaming, phase separation and increase of droplet size were observed in emulsion after storage at 25 ℃ for 21 days. This study provides a theoretical reference for the application of SE technology in the comprehensive utilization of citrus by-products.

steam explosion  /  pectin  /  structural change  /  emulsification stability
杨筱含, 毛可敏, 孙婧文, 梁紫鑫, 田桂芳, 桑亚新. 蒸汽爆破预处理对柑橘皮果胶结构和乳化稳定性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 114 -121 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030195
Xiaohan YANG, Kemin MAO, Jingwen SUN, Zixin LIANG, Guifang TIAN, Yaxin SANG. Effect of Steam Explosion Pretreatment on Citrus Peel Pectin Structure and Emulsification Stability[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 114 -121 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030195
柑橘是世界第一大类水果。据统计,在实际种植和生产加工中,柑橘副产物在全球范围内的年产量可达5400万吨[1],且通常被作为废弃物直接填埋或丢弃,只有少部分被用作动物饲料或再提取[2]。柑橘副产物中含有多种功能成分,包括多糖类(如果胶)、精油和多甲氧基黄酮等,其中,果胶约占柑橘皮干重的15%~30%。因此,将柑橘副产物作为果胶的提取原料,不仅可以减少环境污染和资源浪费,还提高了其附加值。作为天然的膳食成分,果胶因具备安全、成本低、来源广泛等特点,在食品领域的应用十分广泛。果胶是一种具有负电荷的复杂多糖,其结构主要包括同型半乳糖醛酸(Homogalacturonan,HG)、鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸Ⅰ(Rhamnogalacturonan I,RG-Ⅰ)和鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸Ⅱ(Rhamnogalacturonan II,RG-Ⅱ)三个部分[3]。果胶分子因同时包含亲水端和疏水端而能在水-油界面形成稳定的水化层,因此常被用作乳化剂[4]。但天然柑橘果胶具有结构复杂、分子量大、分布不均匀等特点,直接影响了其乳化稳定性。
蒸汽爆破(Steam explosion,SE)是一种预处理技术,能以相对较低的成本提取和降解生物聚合物[5]。在SE过程中,生物质被暴露在高压饱和蒸汽中,瞬时减压爆破可破坏生物质微观结构[6],从而释放功能成分。经过SE预处理的石榴皮由平滑、平整变得粗糙且有纹路,提高了石榴皮中总酚的提取量[7];SE预处理破坏了椰子中果皮的密集结构,提高了椰子中果皮的纤维得率[8];SE预处理显著影响了黑青稞的膨化度和糊化度,提高了黑青稞粉中游离多酚的含量[9]。然而,目前关于SE技术对果胶结构及其乳化稳定性的研究有限。
因此,本研究采用SE技术对柑橘皮进行预处理,用酸提醇沉淀法提取果胶,再用果胶溶液作水相,用混合油(香柠檬油+中链甘油三酯)为油相,制得一种水包油(O/W)型的乳液体系。然后,通过分析SE对柑橘皮果胶(Citrus peel pectin,CP)结构、物化特性以及乳化稳定性的影响,为SE技术在食品领域的应用提供参考,为柑橘副产物的再利用提供借鉴。
柑橘皮(红橘) 中国重庆的一个果园(2022年1月采摘,烘干后于常温通风处储存);香柠檬油、中链甘油三酯(MCT) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;单糖标准品(GalA,半乳糖醛酸;Ara,阿拉伯糖;Gal,半乳糖;Rha,鼠李糖;Glu,葡萄糖;Xyl,木糖;Man,甘露糖) 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;尼罗红 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;其他物质和试剂均为分析纯。
QB-300蒸汽爆破装置 苏州清正生态科技有限公司;SN-MS-H280D磁力搅拌器 上海尚普仪器设备有限公司;LC-2010C HT高效液相色谱仪(HPLC) 日本岛津公司;Agilent PL-GPC50凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC) 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;Nicolet iS20傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR) 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;AVANCE NEO 600M核磁共振波谱仪(NMR) 德国布鲁克公司;Dimension Icon原子力显微镜(AFM) 德国布鲁克公司;Zsizer Nano ZS ZEN3600纳米粒度和Zeta电位仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;MCR 302流变仪 奥地利安东帕公司;IKA-T25均质机 德国艾卡公司;Scientz-15高压均质机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;LSM 900激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM) 德国卡尔-蔡司公司;DCAT 21界面张力仪 德国DataPhysics公司;S3500激光粒度分析仪 美国麦奇克仪器有限公司;JS94K微电泳仪 上海中晨数字技术设备有限公司。
将热风烘干后的柑橘皮(水分含量约为16%)置于SE装置的不锈钢反应釜中,分别在0.3 MPa和0.45 MPa的压力下处理3 min(图1)[10]。
将SE处理前后的柑橘皮打碎后得柑橘皮粉(图1),加入20倍的去离子水,用HCl将pH调成2.0。然后在80 ℃的温度下,采用磁力搅拌器以1200 r/min的转速不断搅拌提取2 h。将搅拌后的样本置于冰水中迅速冷却,随后采用8层纱布过滤得上清。用95%的乙醇以1:3(V/V)的比例沉淀上清12 h。最后,将沉淀通过400目滤袋过滤,并在50 ℃下干燥6 h,将未经预处理的果胶命名为CP-Con,经SE预处理的果胶命名为CP-0.3和CP-0.45,并测定果胶得率[11],计算公式如下:
$\rm 果胶得率(\text{%}) =\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{M}}_{\text{2}}}\times 100 $
式中,M1为果胶质量(g),M2为柑橘皮粉质量(g)。
采用GPC测定果胶的相对分子质量(Mw)[12]。测试条件:洗脱液为NaNO3溶液,0.1 mol/L,流速为1 mL/min,温度保持在30 ℃。使用PEO和PEG进行校准,Agilent GPC软件用于数据处理。
果胶的酯化度(Degree of esterification,DE)采用滴定法测定[13]。将几滴酚酞滴入10 mg/mL的果胶溶液中。然后,向果胶溶液中滴入0.01 mol/L的NaOH,直到出现粉红色(V1)为止。然后在溶液中加入0.01 mol/L NaOH溶液10 mL,搅拌15 min,再加入0.01 mol/L HCl溶液10 mL,以中和0.01 mol/L的NaOH溶液。最后,使用0.01 mol/L NaOH继续对溶液进行滴定,直至溶液再次呈现粉红色(V2),DE计算公式如下:
$ \text{DE}(\text{%}) =\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}+{\text{V}}_{\text{2}}}\times 100 $
采用HPLC检测果胶的单糖组成和GalA含量[14]。10 mg果胶添加至4 mL三氟乙酸(2 mol/L),在高压灭菌锅中,121 ℃下水解2 h,于60 ℃负压蒸发至干燥后,溶于0.4 mL的NaOH(0.5 mol/L)和1 mL的PMP甲醇溶液(0.5 mol/L)中。混合物在70 ℃下反应1 h,冷却后用0.4 mL的HCl(0.5 mol/L)中和。最后,用1 mL三氯甲烷萃取得到溶液,重复两次以去除PMP,检测前用0.22 μm滤膜过滤。
单糖组成检测条件:Waters Symmetry C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm);流动相A为磷酸二氢钾(0.1 mol/L,pH6.85),流动相B为乙腈。梯度洗脱条件:0~22 min,乙腈18%;22~30 min,乙腈18%~40%;30~32 min,乙腈40%;32~35 min,乙腈40%~18%;紫外检测波长250 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,温度保持在25 ℃。GalA测试条件:CAPCELLPAK C18 MGⅡ型色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm);流动相为0.5%磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH2.3),紫外检测波长为210 nm,流速为0.6 mL/min,温度保持在30 ℃。
采用FT-IR光谱仪测定果胶的特征吸收峰[15]。测试条件为:扫描次数为32次,分辨率为4 s−1,扫描范围为650~4000 cm−1。
采用NMR波谱仪以进一步测定果胶的特征吸收峰[16]。将5 mg果胶溶于1 mL的D2O(99.96%)中,在室温下采集果胶1H NMR谱图,扫描次数256次,频率为600 MHz。
采用纳米粒度和Zeta电位仪测定果胶粒径的纳米粒度及Zeta电位[15]。用去离子水将果胶溶液稀释至适宜浓度后再进行实验。采用Zsizer软件对数据进行分析。
采用AFM观察果胶分子的微观形貌,设置为轻敲模式[17]。果胶浓度为10 μg/mL,探头为氮化硅悬臂梁(SCANASYST-AIR),谐振频率为70 kHz,弹簧常数为0.4 N/m。使用XEI设备对图像进行分析。
采用配备有同心圆筒(圆柱长度=40 mm;圆柱直径=27 mm)的流变仪测定果胶黏度[18]。将20 mL的果胶置于内筒,允许其稳定3 min。黏度测试在25 ℃下进行,剪切速率范围为0~100 s−1。
首先,采用均质机将油相(10 g/100 g,w/w,香柠檬油:MCT=1:1)和果胶溶液(1 g/100 g,w/w)混合,形成初始乳液。然后,在60 MPa下使用高压均质机对初级乳液进行处理,循环3次,得到最终乳液[1],将未经预处理的果胶稳定的乳液命名为E-Con,经SE处理后的果胶稳定的乳液命名为E-0.3和E-0.45。
利用界面张力仪对所得果胶溶液与油相的界面张力进行检测。油的密度为0.877 g/mL,果胶溶液(1 g/100 g,w/w)的密度为1.012 g/mL[19]。
将鲜乳液与尼罗红(50:1,v/v)混合后静置1 min,通过CLSM对乳液的液滴表观进行可视化[20]。使用40×物镜采集图像。
使用激光粒度仪检测鲜乳液和静置21 d后的乳液粒径。乳液的体积平均粒径(D4,3)表示如下:
$ {\text{D}}_{\text{4},\text{3}}=\sfrac{{\sum}_{\text{i}}{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}{\text{d}}_{\text{i}}^{4}}/{{\sum}_{\text{i}}{\text{n}}_{\text{i}}{\text{d}}_{\text{i}}^{3}} $
式中,ni为滴数,di为液滴粒径。
鲜乳液滴的Zeta电位通过用微电泳仪测定。先用去离子水稀释乳液200倍后,做pH校正,再进行测试。通过Henry方程计算Zeta电位[21]。
将鲜乳液置于10 mL的摇菌管中于25 ℃静置21 d,以观察乳液的长期储存稳定性。静置期间,拍照观察乳液的分层和乳析情况[22]。
所有实验重复3次,以平均值±标准差表示。使用IBM SSPS Statistics 26.0软件进行数据统计分析,采用Duncan’s multiple range test进行方差分析(ANOVA)后的多重比较(P<0.05)。采用Origin 2023软件进行作图分析。
果胶位于植物的细胞壁中,与纤维素和半纤维素紧密结合,这直接影响了实际生产中果胶的得率[2]。如图2所示,原始柑橘皮果胶(CP-Con)得率为7.59%,在0.3 MPa的SE处理下(CP-0.3),果胶的得率提高到21.17%,这可能是因为在SE处理过程中,柑橘皮经过瞬时的爆破,使其原有的紧密结构变得疏松多孔,增加了柑橘皮的表面积,使得果胶在提取过程中更易溶出。同先前报道的文献类似[23],SE预处理提高了茯苓(Poria cocos)皮中可溶性膳食纤维的得率。然而,当SE压力增加至0.45 MPa时(CP-0.45),果胶的得率降至13.08%,这是因为较高的SE压力伴随着高温,使柑橘皮碳化,果胶开始降解[24]。
果胶的Mw是影响其乳化稳定性的关键因素。由表1可见,随着SE压力的增加,果胶分子量逐渐降低:CP-Con(318.41 kDa)>CP-0.3(114.22 kDa)>CP-0.45(48.26 kDa),这主要归因于SE处理过程中的热降解和瞬时减压,使得果胶分子链发生断裂,且SE压力越大分子链断裂越严重。此外,经SE处理后的果胶多分散性指标(Mw/Mn)逐步降低:CP-Con(6.37)>CP-0.3(5.66)>CP-0.45(5.60),表明果胶具有了良好的均一性。这说明SE预处理可以提高果胶的得率和均一性,可用于实际生产。
DE用于表示果胶分子中GalA的C-6位上的羧基(-COOH)被甲基化(-COOCH3)的程度。市面上,通常采用碱法脱酯和酸法脱酯来获得DE较低的果胶[25]。高含量的甲酯基会抑制果胶分子内部的聚集,从而抑制果胶分子在O/W界面的吸附,低含量的甲酯基将减少果胶分子间的阻碍,形成更灵活的果胶链,有助于果胶在O/W界面形成厚的果胶层[26−27]。如表1所示,原始柑橘皮中提取的果胶DE为70.65%。在0.3 MPa下,DE降至68.40%但无显著差异,当SE压力增至0.45 MPa时,DE显著降至61.17%(P<0.05),表明SE是一种绿色的、对果胶具有降酯效果的技术。
果胶的单糖组成和GalA含量与其结构特征密切相关,果胶的乳化稳定性也依赖于主链的长度和侧链的分支情况[28]。表2显示,柑橘皮中提取的果胶主要由GalA、Ara、Gal、Rha、Xyl、Glu和Man组成,且在SE预处理后组成没有发生改变。其中,GalA的占比最大,Ara次之。GalA/(Ara+Gal+Rha+Xyl)表示果胶分子的线性程度,数值越大表示线性程度越大。在0.3 MPa的SE处理之后,果胶的GalA/(Ara+Gal+Rha+Xyl)显著降低(0.56降至0.056)(P<0.05),这说明果胶的主链发生大幅度断裂。在0.45 MPa下,果胶的GalA/(Ara+Gal+Rha+Xyl)又增至0.35,这说明随着SE压力的增加果胶分子的主链和侧链同时发生断裂[28]。Rha/GalA表现出与GalA/(Ara+Gal+Rha+Xyl)相似的变化趋势,进一步表现出果胶主链和侧链在较低的SE处理压力(0.3 MPa)下发生断裂,并随着SE压力(0.45 MPa)的增加而出现不同程度的断裂。
果胶在不同SE条件下的特征峰采用FT-IR光谱分析。如图3A所示,在3309 cm−1的吸收峰代表CH2、CH3中C-H的伸缩振动[28];2927 cm−1吸收峰代表O-H伸缩振动;1731 cm−1和1607 cm−1的吸收峰归因于酯羰基(C=O)的伸缩振动和羧酸基(COO-R)的伸缩振动[29];在0.45 MPa处理下,1731 cm−1处吸收峰强度下降,1607 cm−1处强度上升,表明果胶脱酯化,与酯化度结果相符;1230 cm−1和1017 cm−1的吸收峰则分别代表吡喃糖环中醚键(C-O-C)和羟基(O-H)的伸缩振动[30],吸收峰值在CP-0.45中的减弱表明果胶发生降解,此前也有文献表明,高静水压处理也会引起果胶的降解[31]。在920 cm−1的吸收峰与果胶分子中β-糖苷键的作用有关[32]。此外,SE预处理前后果胶没有出现新的吸收峰,这说明果胶在SE处理过程中只发生了物理断裂。
为了进一步观察SE预处理对果胶结构的影响,图3B展示了所有果胶的NMR波谱图。4.69 ppm处信号峰为溶剂信号(D2O)[33];4.97、3.61、3.89、4.02和4.44 ppm附近信号峰分别来自GalA-H1、GalA-H2、GalA-H3、GalA-H4和GalA-H5[34];5.04、4.19、4.10、4.15和3.81 ppm附近的信号峰分别来自Ara-H1、Ara-H2、Ara-H3、Ara-H4和Ara-H5[16]。此外,3.69 ppm处信号峰归因于酯化GalA上的-OCH3[34]。NMR结果进一步表明,GalA和Ara是本研究所提取果胶的主要成分,这与单糖组成的结果一致。
图4A显示果胶粒径随SE压力增大而减小,其变化趋势与Mw相同,进一步说明了SE预处理可以使果胶分子链发生断裂,降低果胶Mw,使果胶分子结构发生改变。果胶分子的Zeta电位主要影响乳液体系的静电相互作用,较高的Zeta电位绝对值有利于乳液稳定。如图4B显示,所有果胶的Zeta电位均为负值,这是因为果胶是一种阴离子多糖,GalA上的羧基发生电离(-COO−)使其带附负电[35]。此外,所有果胶的Zeta电位绝对值均小于10 mV,且样本间无显著差异,这说明了本研究中果胶稳定的乳液稳定性主要与空间相互作用相关,而不是静电相互作用。
为了更直观地观察果胶的微观结构,图5展示了SE前后果胶的AFM形貌图。与CP-Con相比,CP-0.3分子开始聚集,呈现为球状,驼峰高度为1.6 nm。CP-0.45的驼峰高度为557.4 pm,说明果胶分子链发生了进一步断裂,与分子量和粒径的结果一致。
果胶溶液的黏度直接决定了乳液体系的黏度,较高的体系黏度可以抑制乳液液滴聚集,但黏度过高则不利于乳液制备过程中果胶分子在O/W界面的吸附[36]。图6所示为SE预处理前后果胶的流变行为结果,果胶全部呈现剪切变稀的特点。随着SE处理压力的增加,果胶的黏度逐渐降低,这主要与果胶的Mw和粒径大小有关,与之前的研究结果类似[31]。正如AFM结果所示(图5),高Mw的CP-Con具有明显的网状结构,使得果胶溶液具有高黏度的特点,SE预处理后的果胶Mw降低(CP-0.3、CP-0.45),无明显的网状结构,因此果胶溶液的黏度降低。
乳液体系的稳定机理主要与界面相关。因此,评价乳液的稳定性时,界面张力是其中一个重要的参照因素。如图7所示,与E-Con相比,E-0.3和E-0.45的界面张力减小,这可能归因于小Mw的果胶可以快速地吸附在O/W界面,形成稳定的吸附层,从而降低界面张力。有关研究显示,低界面张力对乳液的稳定性更有帮助[19]。以上结果初步证明SE预处理可能会影响果胶的乳化稳定性。
以CLSM直观观察鲜乳液中的液滴大小及聚集程度。同时,激光粒度仪用于鲜乳液粒径的检测。如图8和图9A所示,E-Con的液滴有明显的聚集行为,粒径大小为9.31 μm,这可能是因为较高的体系黏度(图6)不利于液滴的分散[36]。与E-Con相比,E-0.3和E-0.45呈现更加均匀的液滴分布(图8),粒径分别降低至5.43 μm和5.51 μm(图9A,鲜乳液),这主要归因于SE预处理后CP-0.3和CP-0.45具有较低的体系黏度,以及较小且均匀的分子结构,乳液制备过程中可以更快地吸附于水油界面层,形成厚且致密的果胶层,从而使乳液的稳定性得到提高,与之前的研究结果一致[36]。
静电斥力是乳液抗凝聚稳定性的因素之一,因此采用微电泳仪测定了鲜乳液的Zeta电位[35]。E-Con、E-0.3和E-0.45的Zeta电位绝对值分别为23.79、21.69以及25.84 mV,如图9B所示,结果显示没有显著性差异,这进一步表明本研究中乳液稳定的主要因素是空间位阻作用而非静电相互作用。
静置稳定性可以直观地反映乳液在实际贮存条件下的变化,图10展示了在25 ℃下储存21 d后所有乳液的照片,所有乳液无明显的乳析和分层现象。与此同时,采用激光粒度仪测定静置21 d后乳液粒径的大小。如图9A所示,在静置21 d后,E-Con的粒径由鲜乳液时的9.31 μm显著增加至14.69 μm(P<0.05),这主要是较大的界面张力和乳液粒径所导致的,E-0.3和E-0.45的粒径在静置21d后没有显著变化,说明小粒径乳液在长期储存中有助于维持其稳定性。
本研究发现,SE预处理可以通过破坏柑橘皮的结构,显著提高柑橘皮果胶的得率,从而提高柑橘副产物作为果胶提取原料的附加值。通过观察果胶的结构特征发现,SE处理过程中的瞬时爆破显著破坏了果胶的分子链,使果胶Mw降低,且分布更为均匀,更有利于实际应用。此外,采用滴定法和FITR观察果胶的DE发现,SE处理可以降低果胶的DE,说明SE是一种绿色的、可获得低DE果胶的预处理技术。经0.3 MPa处理后,果胶稳定的乳液粒径显著降低,使得乳液获得了更好的空间稳定性,且在25 ℃下储存21 d后,乳液粒径无显著性增加,乳液无明显的乳析和分层现象。综上,本研究为柑橘副产物的再利用以及SE技术在食品加工领域的应用提供了借鉴。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030195
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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    河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000

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田桂芳(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:果品加工与营养健康,E-mail:。
桑亚新(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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