Article(id=1320888845034442911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854041584, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854041584, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854041584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854041584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=103, endPage=113, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888845248352416, articleId=1320888845034442911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Extraction Methods on Tea Seed Oil Quality and Physicochemical Characterization of Prepared Oleogels, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of hot pressing, solvent extraction, aqueous extraction, and aqueous enzymatic extraction on the quality of tea seed oil (TSO) and systematically characterized the physicochemical properties of oleogels prepared using monoglyceride (MG), beeswax (BW), rice bran wax (RBW), and γ-oryzanol/β-sitosterol (SO) as structuring agents. Results indicated that the fatty acid composition of TSO remained consistent across extraction methods, predominantly comprising oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. Solvent extraction achieved the highest yield (94.92%±2.68%), with lower acid value (0.46±0.01 mg KOH/g) and peroxide value (0.03±0.00 g/100 g), along with higher α-tocopherol (249.78±15.84 mg/kg) and squalene (186.56±10.99 mg/kg) contents. However, it exhibited lower total phenolics (111.11±8.96 mg GAE/kg) and total sterols (3695.82±215.45 mg/kg). In contrast, aqueous enzymatic extraction yielded 85.55%±3.64% oil, with comparable acid value (0.59±0.01 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (0.02±0.00 g/100 g), α-tocopherol (225.91±13.75 mg/kg), total phenolics (144.58±2.87 mg GAE/kg), and squalene (177.96±1.48 mg/kg) to solvent extraction (all P>0.05). Notably, it demonstrated significantly higher phytosterol content (4867.15±265.33 mg/kg) and environmental compatibility, establishing it as the optimal method for balancing extraction efficiency, bioactive retention, and sustainability. All four oleogels exhibited oil-binding capacities exceeding 93%. MG- and SO-based oleogels involved van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding, while BW and RBW oleogels relied solely on van der Waals interactions. X-ray diffraction revealed β and β′ polymorphs in MG, BW, and RBW oleogels, whereas SO oleogels exclusively formed β crystals. Texture analysis indicated that SO oleogels exhibited the highest oil-binding capacity (99.23%±1.68%) and hardness (5497.80±508.83 g) but poor spreadability. Conversely, MG oleogels balanced moderate hardness (746.47±58.29 g) and oil retention (97.80%±1.39%), rendering them suitable for solid fat replacement. In conclusion, aqueous enzymatic extraction is the preferred method for TSO production, and MG-based oleogel shows optimal potential as a solid fat substitute in food applications.

, authors=Lele LIU1, Yao PAN2, *, Hongyan LI1, *, authorsList=Lele LIU, Yao PAN, Hongyan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yao PAN, Hongyan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888847198703795, articleId=1320888845034442911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=提取方式对茶叶籽油品质的影响及其油凝胶的制备与理化性质表征, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究对比热榨法、溶剂浸提法、水剂法及水酶法对茶叶籽油(tea seed oil,TSO)品质的影响,并分别制备基于单甘酯(monoglyceride,MG)、蜂蜡(beeswax,BW)、米糠蜡(rice bran wax,RBW)和γ-谷维素/β-谷甾醇(γ-oryzanol/β-sitosterol,SO)的油凝胶,系统表征其理化性质。结果表明:TSO脂肪酸组成不受提取方式影响,主要成分为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸及硬脂酸。其中,溶剂浸提法提取率最高(94.92%±2.68%),酸价(0.46±0.01 mg KOH/g)与过氧化值(0.03±0.00 g/100 g)较低,α-生育酚(249.78±15.84 mg/kg)和角鲨烯(186.56±10.99 mg/kg)含量较高,但总酚(111.11±8.96 mg GAE/kg)及总甾醇(3695.82±215.45 mg/kg)含量较低;相比之下,水酶法提取率次之(85.55%±3.64%),且酸价(0.59±0.01 mg KOH/g)与过氧化值(0.02±0.00 g/100 g)接近溶剂浸提法,α-生育酚(225.91±13.75 mg/kg)、总酚(144.58±2.87 mg GAE/kg)、角鲨烯(177.96±1.48 mg/kg)含量与溶剂浸提法的TSO之间均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而植物甾醇的含量(4867.15±265.33 mg/kg)远高于溶剂浸提法提取的TSO,同时兼具环保性与活性成分保留优势,因此为最优提取方式。进一步研究发现,4种茶叶籽油凝胶的持油性均>93%,其中MG与SO油凝胶存在范德华力与氢键相互作用,而BW和RBW油凝胶仅具范德华力;X-射线衍射分析表明,MG、BW和RBW油凝胶含有β和β′晶型,SO油凝胶仅含β晶型。物性测试显示,SO油凝胶持油性(99.23%±1.68%)与硬度(5497.80±508.83 g)最高但涂抹性能较差,而MG油凝胶硬度(746.47±58.29 g)与持油性(97.80%±1.39%)表现均衡,适于作为固体脂肪替代品。综上,水酶法是提取茶叶籽油的最佳方式,单甘酯油凝胶最适合替代固体脂肪产品。

, authors=刘乐乐1, 潘瑶2, *, 李红艳1, *, authorsList=刘乐乐, 潘瑶, 李红艳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=潘瑶, 李红艳, authorNote=

刘乐乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
潘瑶(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
李红艳(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:。
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刘乐乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:

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刘乐乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:

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Food Research International, 2013, 53(1): 42−48., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888847462944948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888847467139253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, companyId=1320888847462944948, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888847475527862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, companyId=1320888847462944948, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南昌大学食品科学与资源挖掘国家重点实验室,江西南昌 330047)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888847530053815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888847538442424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, companyId=1320888847530053815, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330019, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888847551025337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, companyId=1320888847530053815, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南昌大学公共卫生学院,江西南昌 330019)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888849157443795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Apparent characteristics of tea seed oil extracted by different methods, figureFileSmall=tCrZiCfT3b3cByV+JSRQ2Q==, figureFileBig=lvxgd1dChpsBSnFogYVi7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849228746964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同方式提取的茶叶籽油表观特征, figureFileSmall=tCrZiCfT3b3cByV+JSRQ2Q==, figureFileBig=lvxgd1dChpsBSnFogYVi7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849409102037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=α-Tocopherol content of tea seed oil extracted by different methods, figureFileSmall=y8BOtVh8OTlxm3AfTHJAfg==, figureFileBig=WNeOZMvaBh7KCR7agOiAJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849480405206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同方式提取的茶叶籽油的α-生育酚含量

注:不同字母表示差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),图3、图8同。

, figureFileSmall=y8BOtVh8OTlxm3AfTHJAfg==, figureFileBig=WNeOZMvaBh7KCR7agOiAJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849555902679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Total phenolic content of tea seed oil extracted by different methods, figureFileSmall=RsACA5ix8xCfpkrxqMZa/g==, figureFileBig=bpVoUof1m+VKN4un4p04KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849648177368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同方式提取的茶叶籽油的总酚含量, figureFileSmall=RsACA5ix8xCfpkrxqMZa/g==, figureFileBig=bpVoUof1m+VKN4un4p04KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849727869145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=FTIR spectra of tea seed oleogel prepared by different oleogel, figureFileSmall=6tSVWibIGfZXDQnRnInxvA==, figureFileBig=X6B+tS9CB0KL4rOdb1t4jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849782395098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶的FTIR光谱

注:MG-Oil:单甘酯油凝胶;BW-Oil:蜂蜡油凝胶;RBW-Oil:米糠蜡油凝胶;SO-Oil:γ-谷维素/β-谷甾醇油凝胶;S:β-谷甾醇;O:γ-谷维素;MG:单甘酯;BW:蜂蜡;RBW:米糠蜡,图5~图9同。

, figureFileSmall=6tSVWibIGfZXDQnRnInxvA==, figureFileBig=X6B+tS9CB0KL4rOdb1t4jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849870475483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=X-Ray diffraction patterns of tea seed oleogel prepared by different oleogel, figureFileSmall=CSihsXqbbWKRDfcJ1biDkw==, figureFileBig=Us0p3Hie6PBQHVB1XkHFKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888849941778652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶的X-射线衍射, figureFileSmall=CSihsXqbbWKRDfcJ1biDkw==, figureFileBig=Us0p3Hie6PBQHVB1XkHFKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850013081821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Apparent characteristics of tea seed oleogel prepared with different gelling agents, figureFileSmall=aRH7JMFm5ct+IGwMHx4Wmg==, figureFileBig=T7o6QCzENmR4P1feqehacg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850075996382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶表观特征, figureFileSmall=aRH7JMFm5ct+IGwMHx4Wmg==, figureFileBig=T7o6QCzENmR4P1feqehacg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850143105247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Polarized light microstructure of tea seed oil oleogels prepared with different gelling agents (400×), figureFileSmall=mdKgSn7OaDJyOmJCS1qzzA==, figureFileBig=K8RfUhnyU1V2TEPTsu9WmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850214408417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶的偏光显微结构(400×), figureFileSmall=mdKgSn7OaDJyOmJCS1qzzA==, figureFileBig=K8RfUhnyU1V2TEPTsu9WmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850281517281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Oil binding capacity and hardness of tea seed oil oleogels prepared with different oleogel agents, figureFileSmall=tqmn6P8yDtHLibdXol9lUQ==, figureFileBig=X4I+94ejr6wYtn+HBxow3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850340237538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶的持油性和硬度, figureFileSmall=tqmn6P8yDtHLibdXol9lUQ==, figureFileBig=X4I+94ejr6wYtn+HBxow3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850403152099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Rheological properties of tea seed oleogel prepared by different oleogel, figureFileSmall=h+9/DohaQVG8HAwHLghsFg==, figureFileBig=18Dm4qY7YCSZalyfU7+1Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850558341348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶的流变性能, figureFileSmall=h+9/DohaQVG8HAwHLghsFg==, figureFileBig=18Dm4qY7YCSZalyfU7+1Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888850617061605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of tea seed oil extracted by different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标热榨法溶剂浸提法水剂法水酶法
提取率(%)56.74±2.02d94.92±2.68a78.32±2.33c85.55±3.64b
色泽(25.4 mm)红值2.9±0.1a1.8±0.1b1.5±0.1c1.8±0.1b
黄值49.5±0.5c40.5±0.8d51.2±0.2b58.5±0.7a
酸价(mg KOH/g)1.08±0.03b0.46±0.01d1.26±0.02a0.59±0.01c
过氧化值(g/100 g)0.03±0.00a0.03±0.00a0.03±0.00a0.02±0.00a
水分及挥发物(%)0.06±0.00c0.18±0.01a0.15±0.01ab0.12±0.01b
相对密度0.964±0.070a0.922±0.08a0.960±0.070a0.924±0.070a
折光指数1.4700±0.0004a1.4680±0.0003b1.4700±0.0003a1.4704±0.0005a
碘值(g I2/100 g)85.92±0.14c88.70±0.47a87.31±0.47b87.30±0.13b
皂化值(mg KOH/g)186.81±3.22a179.91±3.54b187.71±3.94a183.46±1.14ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320888850684170470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方式提取的茶叶籽油的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化指标热榨法溶剂浸提法水剂法水酶法
提取率(%)56.74±2.02d94.92±2.68a78.32±2.33c85.55±3.64b
色泽(25.4 mm)红值2.9±0.1a1.8±0.1b1.5±0.1c1.8±0.1b
黄值49.5±0.5c40.5±0.8d51.2±0.2b58.5±0.7a
酸价(mg KOH/g)1.08±0.03b0.46±0.01d1.26±0.02a0.59±0.01c
过氧化值(g/100 g)0.03±0.00a0.03±0.00a0.03±0.00a0.02±0.00a
水分及挥发物(%)0.06±0.00c0.18±0.01a0.15±0.01ab0.12±0.01b
相对密度0.964±0.070a0.922±0.08a0.960±0.070a0.924±0.070a
折光指数1.4700±0.0004a1.4680±0.0003b1.4700±0.0003a1.4704±0.0005a
碘值(g I2/100 g)85.92±0.14c88.70±0.47a87.31±0.47b87.30±0.13b
皂化值(mg KOH/g)186.81±3.22a179.91±3.54b187.71±3.94a183.46±1.14ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320888850759667943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fatty acid composition of tea seed oil extracted by different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸(%)热榨法溶剂浸提法水剂法水酶法
C16:017.73±0.10b17.74±0.02b17.54±0.07b17.77±0.10a
C16:10.02±0.00b0.03±0.01a0.03±0.00a0.02±0.00b
C18:03.67±0.17a3.51±0.02a3.73±0.08a3.65±0.17a
C18:153.08±0.66a53.57±0.17a53.06±0.27a53.10±0.65a
C18:224.36±0.47a24.07±0.17a24.58±0.25a24.43±0.47a
C18:30.24±0.02a0.23±0.01a0.22±0.00a0.16±0.02b
C20:00.04±0.00a0.04±0.00a0.04±0.00a0.04±0.00a
C20:10.80±0.07a0.76±0.02a0.76±0.03a0.80±0.07a
C22:00.03±0.00a0.02±0.01b0.02±0.00b0.02±0.00b
C24:00.04±0.00a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.00a0.04±0.01a
∑SFA21.51±0.13a21.34±0.04a21.35±0.07a21.52±0.12a
∑UFA78.49±0.13a78.66±0.04a78.65±0.27a78.51±0.12a
∑MUFA53.90±0.60a54.36±0.16a53.85±0.51a53.92±0.58a
∑PUFA24.59±0.49a24.30±0.16a24.80±0.25a24.59±0.48a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888850839359720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同方法提取的茶叶籽油的脂肪酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸(%)热榨法溶剂浸提法水剂法水酶法
C16:017.73±0.10b17.74±0.02b17.54±0.07b17.77±0.10a
C16:10.02±0.00b0.03±0.01a0.03±0.00a0.02±0.00b
C18:03.67±0.17a3.51±0.02a3.73±0.08a3.65±0.17a
C18:153.08±0.66a53.57±0.17a53.06±0.27a53.10±0.65a
C18:224.36±0.47a24.07±0.17a24.58±0.25a24.43±0.47a
C18:30.24±0.02a0.23±0.01a0.22±0.00a0.16±0.02b
C20:00.04±0.00a0.04±0.00a0.04±0.00a0.04±0.00a
C20:10.80±0.07a0.76±0.02a0.76±0.03a0.80±0.07a
C22:00.03±0.00a0.02±0.01b0.02±0.00b0.02±0.00b
C24:00.04±0.00a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.00a0.04±0.01a
∑SFA21.51±0.13a21.34±0.04a21.35±0.07a21.52±0.12a
∑UFA78.49±0.13a78.66±0.04a78.65±0.27a78.51±0.12a
∑MUFA53.90±0.60a54.36±0.16a53.85±0.51a53.92±0.58a
∑PUFA24.59±0.49a24.30±0.16a24.80±0.25a24.59±0.48a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888850914857193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Phytosterol content of tea seed oil extracted by different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物甾醇(mg/kg)热榨法溶剂浸提法水剂法水酶法
角鲨烯160.47±9.86b186.56±10.99a174.62±12.45ab177.96±1.48ab
羊毛甾醇2235.55±203.03b2240.71±150.26b2472.42±118.89b3190.84±209.36a
羽扇豆醇1399.54±117.23a742.04±76.70c827.79±62.69c985.62±21.71b
∆7,22-麦角甾二烯醇559.75±25.76a489.52±35.59b443.49±22.54b328.93±32.66c
α-香树脂醇238.43±19.62ab199.17±15.53c210.11±22.64bc257.86±8.55a
豆甾醇59.97±7.13b24.38±2.12c20.38±1.65c103.90±6.58a
总甾醇4493.23±129.03b3695.82±215.45c3974.19±100.89c4867.15±265.33a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888851007131882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888845034442911, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同方式提取的茶叶籽油的植物甾醇含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物甾醇(mg/kg)热榨法溶剂浸提法水剂法水酶法
角鲨烯160.47±9.86b186.56±10.99a174.62±12.45ab177.96±1.48ab
羊毛甾醇2235.55±203.03b2240.71±150.26b2472.42±118.89b3190.84±209.36a
羽扇豆醇1399.54±117.23a742.04±76.70c827.79±62.69c985.62±21.71b
∆7,22-麦角甾二烯醇559.75±25.76a489.52±35.59b443.49±22.54b328.93±32.66c
α-香树脂醇238.43±19.62ab199.17±15.53c210.11±22.64bc257.86±8.55a
豆甾醇59.97±7.13b24.38±2.12c20.38±1.65c103.90±6.58a
总甾醇4493.23±129.03b3695.82±215.45c3974.19±100.89c4867.15±265.33a
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提取方式对茶叶籽油品质的影响及其油凝胶的制备与理化性质表征
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刘乐乐 1 , 潘瑶 2, * , 李红艳 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 103-113
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 103 -113
提取方式对茶叶籽油品质的影响及其油凝胶的制备与理化性质表征
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刘乐乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:

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刘乐乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:

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刘乐乐1 , 潘瑶2, * , 李红艳1, *
作者信息
  • 1南昌大学食品科学与资源挖掘国家重点实验室,江西南昌 330047
  • 2南昌大学公共卫生学院,江西南昌 330019
通讯作者:
潘瑶(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
李红艳(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘乐乐(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:

Effects of Extraction Methods on Tea Seed Oil Quality and Physicochemical Characterization of Prepared Oleogels
Lele LIU1 , Yao PAN2, * , Hongyan LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330019, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030169
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本研究对比热榨法、溶剂浸提法、水剂法及水酶法对茶叶籽油(tea seed oil,TSO)品质的影响,并分别制备基于单甘酯(monoglyceride,MG)、蜂蜡(beeswax,BW)、米糠蜡(rice bran wax,RBW)和γ-谷维素/β-谷甾醇(γ-oryzanol/β-sitosterol,SO)的油凝胶,系统表征其理化性质。结果表明:TSO脂肪酸组成不受提取方式影响,主要成分为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸及硬脂酸。其中,溶剂浸提法提取率最高(94.92%±2.68%),酸价(0.46±0.01 mg KOH/g)与过氧化值(0.03±0.00 g/100 g)较低,α-生育酚(249.78±15.84 mg/kg)和角鲨烯(186.56±10.99 mg/kg)含量较高,但总酚(111.11±8.96 mg GAE/kg)及总甾醇(3695.82±215.45 mg/kg)含量较低;相比之下,水酶法提取率次之(85.55%±3.64%),且酸价(0.59±0.01 mg KOH/g)与过氧化值(0.02±0.00 g/100 g)接近溶剂浸提法,α-生育酚(225.91±13.75 mg/kg)、总酚(144.58±2.87 mg GAE/kg)、角鲨烯(177.96±1.48 mg/kg)含量与溶剂浸提法的TSO之间均没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而植物甾醇的含量(4867.15±265.33 mg/kg)远高于溶剂浸提法提取的TSO,同时兼具环保性与活性成分保留优势,因此为最优提取方式。进一步研究发现,4种茶叶籽油凝胶的持油性均>93%,其中MG与SO油凝胶存在范德华力与氢键相互作用,而BW和RBW油凝胶仅具范德华力;X-射线衍射分析表明,MG、BW和RBW油凝胶含有β和β′晶型,SO油凝胶仅含β晶型。物性测试显示,SO油凝胶持油性(99.23%±1.68%)与硬度(5497.80±508.83 g)最高但涂抹性能较差,而MG油凝胶硬度(746.47±58.29 g)与持油性(97.80%±1.39%)表现均衡,适于作为固体脂肪替代品。综上,水酶法是提取茶叶籽油的最佳方式,单甘酯油凝胶最适合替代固体脂肪产品。

茶叶籽油  /  提取方式  /  水酶法  /  油凝胶  /  理化性质

This study investigated the effects of hot pressing, solvent extraction, aqueous extraction, and aqueous enzymatic extraction on the quality of tea seed oil (TSO) and systematically characterized the physicochemical properties of oleogels prepared using monoglyceride (MG), beeswax (BW), rice bran wax (RBW), and γ-oryzanol/β-sitosterol (SO) as structuring agents. Results indicated that the fatty acid composition of TSO remained consistent across extraction methods, predominantly comprising oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. Solvent extraction achieved the highest yield (94.92%±2.68%), with lower acid value (0.46±0.01 mg KOH/g) and peroxide value (0.03±0.00 g/100 g), along with higher α-tocopherol (249.78±15.84 mg/kg) and squalene (186.56±10.99 mg/kg) contents. However, it exhibited lower total phenolics (111.11±8.96 mg GAE/kg) and total sterols (3695.82±215.45 mg/kg). In contrast, aqueous enzymatic extraction yielded 85.55%±3.64% oil, with comparable acid value (0.59±0.01 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (0.02±0.00 g/100 g), α-tocopherol (225.91±13.75 mg/kg), total phenolics (144.58±2.87 mg GAE/kg), and squalene (177.96±1.48 mg/kg) to solvent extraction (all P>0.05). Notably, it demonstrated significantly higher phytosterol content (4867.15±265.33 mg/kg) and environmental compatibility, establishing it as the optimal method for balancing extraction efficiency, bioactive retention, and sustainability. All four oleogels exhibited oil-binding capacities exceeding 93%. MG- and SO-based oleogels involved van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding, while BW and RBW oleogels relied solely on van der Waals interactions. X-ray diffraction revealed β and β′ polymorphs in MG, BW, and RBW oleogels, whereas SO oleogels exclusively formed β crystals. Texture analysis indicated that SO oleogels exhibited the highest oil-binding capacity (99.23%±1.68%) and hardness (5497.80±508.83 g) but poor spreadability. Conversely, MG oleogels balanced moderate hardness (746.47±58.29 g) and oil retention (97.80%±1.39%), rendering them suitable for solid fat replacement. In conclusion, aqueous enzymatic extraction is the preferred method for TSO production, and MG-based oleogel shows optimal potential as a solid fat substitute in food applications.

tea seed oil  /  extraction process  /  aqueous enzymatic extraction  /  oleogel  /  physicochemical properties
刘乐乐, 潘瑶, 李红艳. 提取方式对茶叶籽油品质的影响及其油凝胶的制备与理化性质表征. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 103 -113 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030169
Lele LIU, Yao PAN, Hongyan LI. Effects of Extraction Methods on Tea Seed Oil Quality and Physicochemical Characterization of Prepared Oleogels[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 103 -113 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030169
茶叶籽系山茶科山茶属茶树(Camellia sinensis)在茶叶生产过程中产生的伴生农副产品,其化学组分主要包括18%~22%的脂质类物质、10%~14%的茶皂苷元、19.89%的淀粉以及4%~5%的含氮化合物[1]。随着消费者对功能性油脂需求的增长,茶叶籽油展现出显著的市场潜力。茶叶籽油不仅呈现均衡的脂肪酸配比,更富含多类生物活性物质—包括但不限于植物固醇类化合物、酚类衍生物、维生素E异构体及三萜类物质[2]。这些功能性组分具有增强人体的免疫能力、降低心血管疾病风险、预防神经退行性疾病、促进人体生殖健康、抗肿瘤、抗菌和解毒等生理功能[3−4]。然而,尽管茶叶籽油具有诸多优势,但其市场认知度相对较低,此外,茶叶籽油的原料来源、生产工艺及产品质量控制等方面仍需进一步优化,以确保其营养成分的稳定性及产品的安全性,从而满足消费者对高品质食用油的需求。
近年来,提取方式创新成为提升茶叶籽油品质的研究热点。热榨法与溶剂浸提法是传统的提取方式,所得毛油需经过精炼流程方能获得最终产品。然而,在精炼环节,诸如脱色、脱臭等步骤会导致油脂中大部分具有生物活性的微量成分(如生育酚、多酚、角鲨烯及甾醇类物质)损失,显著降低油脂的营养价值。此外,传统油脂加工工艺存在高能耗、环境污染及溶剂残留风险,可能导致有害物质生成,进而影响油脂的食用安全性。水剂法与水酶法提取方式是近年来新兴的油脂提取技术,因其反应条件温和、操作流程简便、能耗较低、环境友好、微量活性成分保留率较高以及无有害物质生成等优点,正逐渐受到研究者的广泛关注。现有研究多聚焦单一提取方式优化,缺乏不同工艺对油脂综合品质影响的系统比对,这严重制约了加工技术的产业适配性选择。同时,在当代食品加工领域中,固态油脂给予食品功能特性、风味特色以及质地特征,但鉴于动物脂肪不利于健康,因此开发替代品成为关键[5−6]。油凝胶可有效减少饱和脂肪酸与反式脂肪酸的摄入,增加不饱和脂肪酸,具有改善膳食结构、降低心脑血管疾病风险的潜力,故其在食品工业中的应用研究日益增多[7]。
针对上述问题,本研究通过系统比较热榨法、溶剂浸提法、水剂法及水酶法对茶叶籽油基础理化性质(酸价、过氧化值)、脂肪酸组成与活性成分(总酚、生育酚、甾醇)的影响;其次,首次将油凝胶化技术引入茶叶籽油加工体系,探究凝胶剂类型对茶叶籽油凝胶理化性质的影响。本研究不仅为茶叶籽油的合理加工提供数据支撑和理论依据,更为开发新型功能性油脂制品开辟技术路径,拓展茶叶籽油在食品工业中的应用范围。
茶叶籽 郏县卡浩百货店提供;茶叶籽油 杭州久晟生物科技有限公司提供;稻壳 镇赉县镇赉镇版纳土特产店;生育酚(包含α、β、γ、δ四种同分异构体)(纯度≥98%)、角鲨烯(纯度≥98%)、5α-胆甾烷醇(纯度≥98%) 标准品,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;α-淀粉酶(酶活530 KNU/g) 上海Sigma-Aldrish公司;甲醇、正己烷、异丙醇、乙酸甲酯、四氢呋喃 色谱纯,西陇科学有限公司;β-谷甾醇(纯度≥75%)、γ-谷维素(纯度≥98%)、蜂蜡、米糠蜡、单甘酯 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;所有分离用有机溶剂均为国产分析纯。
6890N型气相色谱仪、5977B型气相质谱联用仪、Agilent 1100高效液相色谱仪 安捷伦科技有限公司;MK3-酶标仪 芬兰Thermo Multiskan公司;MD200-2氮吹仪 杭州奥盛仪器有限公司;REV212M-B旋转蒸发仪 雅马拓科技贸易(上海)有限公司;PLV-300全自动罗维朋比色计 杭州Perkone科技有限公司;2WAJ-阿贝折光仪 上海精密科学有限公司;H3-18K台式高速离心机 杭州庚雨仪器有限公司;Nicolet iS50傅里叶红外光谱分析仪 美国赛默飞世尔公司;D8ADAVNCE X-射线衍射仪 德国Bruker公司;TA-XTplus质构仪 英国SMS公司;DHR-2流变仪 美国WATER公司;Ni-U热台偏振光显微镜 上海通灏光电科技有限公司;GZX-9140MBE数显鼓风干燥箱 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;HH-2数显恒温水浴锅 常州越新仪器制造有限公司;D02-韩皇榨油机 东都宝电器科技有限公司;FW80高速万能粉碎机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;XJT-L50胶体磨 广州欣加特机械设备有限公司。
参考刘芳[8]的方法略有改动。采用150 ℃恒温烘箱对去壳后的茶叶籽进行30 min热处理,待样品冷却至室温后,称取360 g茶叶籽仁与20 g稻壳均匀混合。将混合物置于120 ℃条件下进行压榨处理,随后以4000 r/min的转速进行30 min离心分离取上层清油,最终获得热榨茶叶籽油。
参考肖义坡[9]的方法,将去壳茶叶籽使用粉碎机打碎,过80目筛,称取200 g茶叶籽粉末置于1 L烧杯中,加入800 mL石油醚溶剂,采用保鲜膜密封固定后,在1500 r/min转速条件下进行磁力搅拌萃取,经过12 h浸提后离心(4000 r/min,15 min)取上清液,所得上清液经真空浓缩处理获得茶叶籽油,将其置于4 ℃冰箱保存待测。
参考Yang等[10]的方法并进行适当修改。按照1.2.1.2处理茶叶籽得到粉末,将茶叶籽粉与73 ℃蒸馏水按1:3(m/v)混合,经胶体磨粉碎6 min,静置2~5 h后6000 r/min离心15 min,分离三层。收集上层乳化液,将水相与残渣混合二次处理,离心后合并乳化液,加入5%蒸馏水稀释,经两次冻融循环破乳,12000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清油,重复一次,合并清油。
参考郭华[11]和姜慧仙[12]的方法。以茶叶籽仁为原料,经粉碎后过80目筛,称取100 g粉末,快速加入350 mL 90 ℃的热水以防止结块,随后进行40 min的糊化处理。待体系温度降至65 ℃后,添加0.5%的中温α-淀粉酶进行4 h的酶解提取。提取完成后,在99 ℃水浴条件下处理5 min灭酶活,随后以4000 r/min的转速离心20 min,第一次分离上层油脂。针对乳化层,在−20 ℃冷冻8 h后在50 ℃条件下水浴20 min进行破乳,12000 r/min离心15 min,第二次分离上层油脂,合并两次分离获得的油脂。
茶叶籽油提取率的计算公式如下:
$ \text{提取率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}\times {\mathrm{w}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:m1表示茶叶籽油质量,g;m2表示茶叶籽质量,g;w1表示茶叶籽总脂肪含量,%。
酸价的测定采用GB 5009.229-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中酸价的测定》;过氧化值的测定采用GB 5009.227-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中过氧化值的测定》;折光指数的测定采用GB/T 5527-2024《动植物油脂 折光指数的测定》;相对密度的测定采用GB/T 5526-2024《动植物油脂 相对密度的测定》;水分及挥发物的测定采用GB 5009.236-2016《食品安全国家标准 动植物油脂水分及挥发物的测定》;碘值的测定采用GB/T 5532-2022《动植物油脂 碘值的测定》;色泽的测定采用GB/T 22460-2008《动植物油脂 罗维朋色泽的测定》;皂化值的测定采用GB/T 5534-2024《动植物油脂 皂化值的测定》;脂肪含量的测定采用GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》。
根据Musa等[13]的方法对茶叶籽油进行甲酯化,于气相色谱仪中检测脂肪酸。色谱条件:CP-Sil88型号石英毛细管色谱柱(100 m×0.25 mm×0.2 μm),载气为氢气,燃烧气为氢气和空气,进样口温度:250 ℃,进样量:1 μL,FID温度:250 ℃,采用不分流模式。升温程序为:0~4 min,45 ℃;4~14 min,45 ℃升温至175 ℃;14~41 min,保持175 ℃;41~51 min,175 ℃升温至215 ℃;51~86 min,保持215 ℃。
茶叶籽油中生育酚含量的测定参考Yuenyong等[14]的方法并稍加修改。精确量取1.0 g茶叶籽油,使用正己烷稀释至10 mL。过0.22 μm的有机滤膜后进行HPLC检测。
HPLC条件:Agilent 1100型液相色谱仪,依利特Hypersil ODS2型分离柱(5 μm,4.6 mm×250 mm),DAD检测器,流动相为正己烷和四氢呋喃。洗脱条件:正己烷:四氢呋喃=93:7,等梯度洗脱15 min,后运行1 min。色谱柱温度为35 ℃,流动相速率为0.8 mL/min,进样量为10 μL,检测波长设定为295 nm。
茶叶籽油中总酚含量的测定参考Mohamed等[15]的方法并略有修改。准确称取1.0 g油样于15 mL试管中,加入1 mL正己烷,涡旋,再加入2.5 mL 80%甲醇溶液,涡旋5 min后,5000 r/min离心10 min,取下层提取液,重复提取2次得到5 mL提取液,合并提取液,备用。取2 mL样品提取液,加入4 mL去离子水后,注入1 mL福林酚试剂,随后补充3 mL 1% Na2CO3,在常温环境中反应60 min,使用酶标仪在765 nm波长下检测吸光度。以没食子酸标准曲线来定量分析,所有样品平行3次。
参考Zhang等[16]的方法进行衍生化,取0.25 g茶叶籽油,加入100 μL 1 mg/mL的5α-胆甾烷醇(溶于正己烷)为内标,再加入4 mL 2 mol/L的NaOH/C2H5OH溶液,摇匀1 min,75 ℃条件下水浴0.5 h,之后分别加入4 mL正己烷和去离子水,摇匀1 min,4000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,再加入等量的正己烷萃取两次,合并上清液,氮气吹干,再加入100 μL正己烷和N,O-双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺,摇匀,于65 ℃烘箱中反应60 min,冷却至室温后使用氮气吹干剩余正己烷,最后加入1 mL色谱级正己烷用GC-MS分析。
气相色谱质谱联用分析参数设置:色谱柱初始温度200 ℃恒温30 s,随后以10 ℃/min程序升温至300 ℃并维持20 min。进样系统温度控制在280 ℃,色谱柱温箱恒定于200 ℃,采用氦气作为载气,流速设置为1.2 mL/min,分流比为50:1,进样体积为1 μL。质谱检测器参数为:接口温度250 ℃,电离源温度230 ℃,辅助加热区温度250 ℃,四级杆温度150 ℃,采用选择离子监测(SIM)模式进行数据采集。
分别称取2.4 g γ-谷维素/β-谷甾醇复合物(m=3:2)、蜂蜡、精制米糠蜡及单甘酯四种不同凝胶剂置于100 mL烧杯中,加入20 g茶叶籽油,在80 ℃恒温条件下进行磁力搅拌30 min,随后转移至4 ℃冰箱中冷藏24 h,得到γ-谷维素/β-谷甾醇油凝胶、蜂蜡油凝胶、米糠蜡油凝胶、单甘酯油凝胶。
根据Ma等[17]描述的方法,采用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱仪(Attenuated Total internal Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,ATR-FTIR)对茶叶籽油及其凝胶、单甘酯、蜂蜡、米糠蜡、γ-谷维素和β-谷甾醇等样品进行光谱表征,仪器参数设定为:波数范围4000~400 cm−1,累积扫描32次,分辨率4 cm−1。
根据Li等[18]描述的方法,将茶籽叶油凝胶试样均匀涂布于检测片凹槽中,在恒温25 ℃条件下,采用X-射线衍射技术对其晶体结构进行表征。仪器参数:以Cu作为辐射源,工作电压40 kV,电流强度30 mA,2θ角扫描区间为0°至45°,扫描速度保持4°/min,步长设置为0.01°,发射狭缝与防反射狭缝均设置为1.0 mm,接收狭缝宽度为0.1 mm。
根据Wang等[19]的方法,将茶叶籽油凝胶在80 ℃水浴锅中融化,取2~10 μL均匀分布于载玻片表面,立即覆盖盖玻片以确保样品均匀分散,冷却至室温,随后置于4 ℃恒温箱中静置12 h使其充分凝胶化,最后使用偏光显微镜目镜10倍、物镜40倍观察成像。平行实验重复3次,确保结晶过程的可重复性。
根据Li等[20]报道的方法。称取适量茶叶籽油凝胶样品(W2),9000 r/min离心15 min,倒置10 min后吸干沥出油,称重(W3)。重复三次取均值,按公式计算持油性。
$ 持油性(\text{%})=\frac{({\mathrm{W}}_{2}-{\mathrm{W}}_{1})\times (1-\mathrm{X})-({\mathrm{W}}_{2}-{\mathrm{W}}_{3})}{({\mathrm{W}}_{2}-{\mathrm{W}}_{1})\times (1-\mathrm{X})}\times 100 $
式中:W1为离心管质量,g;W2为离心前总质量,g;W3为离心后总质量,g;X为凝胶剂质量分数,%。
根据Ursachi等[21]的方法略作修改。将茶叶籽油凝胶样品置于25 mL烧杯,确保均匀平整,室温静置24 h后采用质构仪测定。参数:探头673005,测试速度1 mm/s,距离10 mm,后速2 mm/s,触发力1 g,以最大触发力表征硬度。
流变测试前,使用定制圆柱形模具切割油凝胶样品,确保样品形状统一。取适量茶叶籽油凝胶置于40 mm平行板夹具间,测试间隙设定为1000 μm,恒温25 ℃。首先进行稳态剪切测试,剪切速率在0.1~100 s−1范围内变化,平衡时间60 s,测试持续180 s。其次进行动态应变扫描,固定频率1.0 Hz,应变范围为0.001%~10%。最后实施动态频率扫描,恒定应变0.1%,频率范围0.1~100 Hz,以全面表征材料的流变行为,实验重复3次。
运用SPSS 25.0统计软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并采用Duncan多重比较法进行显著性检验(显著性水平α=0.05),所有实验均设置三次重复,数据以“平均值±标准差”形式呈现。在材料表征方面,X-射线衍射图谱的解析工作通过MDI Jade 6软件完成,红外光谱数据的特征峰识别与分析则借助OMNIC 32软件实现,最终实验数据的可视化处理均采用Origin 2025软件绘制完成。
由表1可知,溶剂浸提法的油脂提取率最高,其次为水酶法和水剂法,热榨法最低。溶剂浸提法的提取率最高可能是由于有机溶剂能够更有效地溶解油脂,从而实现更充分的提取。对于水酶法提取茶叶籽油,茶籽仁中淀粉含量较高,通过中温α-淀粉酶水解淀粉后,细胞结构受到破坏,促进油脂释放[1,12]。水剂法提取茶叶籽油的原理与水酶法类似,但在提取过程中未添加酶制剂,因此提取率低于水酶法。而热榨法的低提取率可能源于机械压力无法完全破坏细胞结构,导致油脂残留于籽粕中。
鉴于提取率的差异,进一步研究不同提取方式对茶叶籽油品质的影响具有重要意义。实验结果显示,不同提取方式对茶叶籽油色泽影响显著,热榨法红值最高,表明热榨油呈偏红色;水酶法黄值最高,表明水酶法茶叶籽油颜色偏黄。外观分析表明(图1),热榨法与溶剂浸提法呈淡黄色不透明,水剂法与水酶法则为清澈透明状态。这可能是由于不同提取方式对茶叶籽油中的色素、磷脂及甾醇产生不同的影响而引起色泽的差异[22]。
不同提取方式的茶叶籽油酸价(AV)和过氧化值(POV)分别为0.46~1.26 mg KOH/g和0.02~0.03 g/100 g。其中,AV在不同提取方式间表现出显著差异(P<0.05),POV均无显著差异(P>0.05)。尽管水剂法提取的茶叶籽油AV最高,但低于国家食品安全标准GB 2716-2018规定的界限(酸价≤4 mg KOH/g、过氧化值≤0.25 g/100 g),这一结果表明,提取过程中氢过氧化物及过氧化物的生成量处于较低水平,与文献的研究结论一致[23]。
相较于溶剂浸提法、水剂法与水酶法,热榨法制取的茶叶籽油含水率及挥发性物质含量明显较低。这一现象可能归因于溶剂浸提法中溶剂残留量相对较大,水剂法和水酶法提取时使用水量较大有关。此外,四种方式提取的茶叶籽油相对密度均无显著差异,而折光指数、碘值、皂化值有一定的差异,且碘值低而皂化值高,低碘值表明茶叶籽油是一种良好的不干性油,而高皂化值则指示茶叶籽油的脂肪酸分子量较小,亲水性较强,更适合作为化妆品原料[24]。
由表2可知,4种提取方式对茶叶籽油脂肪酸组成的影响主要体现在个别脂肪酸的细微差异上,而在总脂肪酸(SFA、UFA、MUFA、PUFA)分类上各提取方式间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在Delfan-Hosseini等[25]的研究中也发现了提取方式对马齿苋籽油的整体脂肪酸含量没有显著影响。从表中可以看出,茶叶籽油主要脂肪酸为C16:0、C18:0、C18:1、C18:2,且不饱和脂肪酸总量平均为78.58%,其中C18:1和C18:2之和约占不饱和脂肪酸的98.71%。研究表明,C18:1对代谢综合征、肥胖症、心血管疾病、糖尿病以及炎症等多种健康问题的预防和控制具有一定的积极作用,而亚油酸的摄入则与心脏代谢健康的改善密切相关[26−27]。因此,茶叶籽油的适量摄入对人体健康非常有益。
热榨法、溶剂浸提法、水剂法和水酶法提取的茶叶籽油中α-生育酚的含量范围在199.98±16.71 mg/kg至249.78±15.84 mg/kg之间,提取方式显著影响其含量(图2)。其中溶剂浸提法制备的茶叶籽油α-生育酚含量最高,热榨法最低,这与王呈馨等[28]报道的研究相似。这可能是热榨法的前处理温度高于其他提取方式的处理温度,α-生育酚会发生一定程度的分解,导致热榨法制得的茶叶籽油中α-生育酚含量最低。水剂法和水酶法制备的茶叶籽油的α-生育酚含量分别是222.23±22.53、225.91±13.75 mg/kg,虽然处于中等水平,但是毛油只需要适度精炼,生育酚含量可以最大程度地保留,而溶剂浸提法和热榨法获得的毛油需要经过“四脱”的精炼工艺,从而在很大程度上会造成生育酚的大量损失[29]。因此,水剂法和水酶法可以从源头最大程度地保留茶叶籽油中的α-生育酚含量以及简化精炼过程,有效节约了成本。
酚类化合物不仅能够有效捕捉自由基,减缓脂类氧化反应的进程,还能通过降低感官品质劣变,提升油脂的营养价值[30]。由图3可知,在比较的4种茶叶籽油的提取方式中,热榨法的总酚含量最高,达到了148.39±7.01 mg GAE/kg,而水酶法的酚类物质含量也相对较高,达到144.58±2.87 mg GAE/kg,两者在保留油脂中酚类物质的有效性上具有优势。与此同时,水剂法和溶剂浸提法的总酚含量则相对较低,分别为126.32±6.40 mg GAE/kg和111.11±8.96 mg GAE/kg,且溶剂浸提法的多酚含量最低,差异显著(P<0.05),这说明不同提取方式对茶叶籽油的总酚含量有所影响。热榨法之所以能够更好地保留茶叶籽油中的多酚物质,可能与其在高温烘烤过程中通过改变环境条件,抑制了多酚氧化酶的活性,从而保护了多酚不被氧化降解有关。相对而言,溶剂浸提法的总酚含量较低很可能是多酚在浸提过程中由于其微溶浸提溶剂使得大量多酚未能有效提取出来[31−32]。
由表3可知,茶叶籽油中检出羊毛甾醇、羽扇豆醇、∆7,22-麦角甾二烯醇、α-香树脂醇以及豆甾醇5种植物甾醇,其中羊毛甾醇含量最高,该发现与朱晋萱等[33]的研究结论一致。数据分析表明:热榨法提取的茶叶籽油∆7,22-麦角甾二烯醇和羽扇豆醇含量最高;水酶法则在豆甾醇、羊毛甾醇及总甾醇含量上具有优势;而溶剂浸提法和水剂法的甾醇含量总体低于前两种方法。值得注意的是,作为茶叶籽油特征性甾醇的羊毛甾醇,已被证实具有调节蛋白质稳态,降低白内障以及作为帕金森病潜在治疗剂等功能[34]。以上结果表明,提取方式对茶叶籽油中植物甾醇的含量有一定的影响。
在角鲨烯分析方面,研究显示四种方式提取的茶叶籽油中角鲨烯含量介于160.47±9.86~186.56±10.99 mg/kg之间。其中溶剂浸提法茶叶籽油的角鲨烯含量显著高于热榨法(P<0.05),而与水酶法和水剂法无统计学差异(P>0.05)。这一现象可能与角鲨烯的理化特性密切相关:该物质易溶于石油醚等有机溶剂而难溶于水,且对热敏感(如高温烘烤)、酶解等处理均会导致其结构破坏[35−36]。茶叶籽油中角鲨烯含量显著高于常见植物油,其含量分别为大豆油(16.3±0.2 mg/kg)、玉米胚芽油(68.0±6.7 mg/kg)、菜籽油(20.8±3.4 mg/kg)和葵花籽油(53.1±1.9 mg/kg)的2.4~11.4倍[37]。
基于FTIR技术对四种茶叶籽油凝胶的分子间作用力进行表征分析(图4)。与纯茶叶籽油相比,所有油凝胶样品中,2924和2854 cm−1处的吸收峰向低波数方向移动,对应C-H键的伸缩振动,表明长链烷烃通过范德华力作用发生紧密堆积形成凝胶[38]。此外,1746 cm−1处的强吸收峰归属于酯基的C=O伸缩振动,3006 cm−1处的弱吸收峰与=C-H基团振动相关[39]。720 cm−1附近的吸收峰表征(CH2)n链的弯曲振动。在3150~3500 cm−1范围内,茶叶籽油、蜂蜡及米糠蜡油凝胶未检测到吸收峰,而单甘酯和γ-谷维素/β-谷甾醇油凝胶样品则显现出吸收峰(O-H拉伸振动),表明后面两者存在分子内或分子间氢键作用[40]。进一步对比指纹区(1000~1500 cm−1)光谱发现,不同凝胶剂的特征吸收峰差异显著,这与其化学结构多样性密切相关。综上,单甘酯和γ-谷维素/β-谷甾醇油凝胶的三维网络由范德华力与氢键协同构建,而蜂蜡及米糠蜡油凝胶则主要依赖范德华力维持结构稳定性。
油凝胶的X-射线衍射图谱由一系列短距离和长距离衍射峰组成。短间距反映了脂肪的同质多态性[38]。油脂的晶型通常分为α、β′和β,且α晶体峰值在4.15 Å,β′晶体峰值在3.80和4.20 Å,β晶体峰值在4.60 Å[41]。图5揭示了四种凝胶剂对茶叶籽油结晶特性的影响,MG油凝胶的多个晶面间距显示β晶型(4.70~3.78 Å)与β′晶型(4.70,4.53 Å)共存,表明其形成多晶型或复杂层状结构,其中d值范围(4.70,4.53 Å)与文献中单甘酯β′晶型特征一致[42]。BW油凝胶以β晶型(4.5~4.7 Å)为主,可能伴随少量β′(3.73 Å)或α(4.14 Å)晶型。RBW油凝胶的晶面间距显示β晶型(4.53、4.14、3.73 Å)与β′晶型(4.14和3.73 Å)共存,但主峰4.53 Å指向β晶型为主要结构,该晶型因具有较小晶粒尺寸,可形成致密晶体网络,从而提升液态油的包埋效率[38]。相比之下,SO油凝胶在4.59 Å处显示单一衍射峰,符合β晶型特征,表明其形成了高度有序的β晶型结构[43−44]。综上,四种油凝胶均以β或β′晶型为核心,但SO油凝胶为单一β晶型,其余三者存在晶型共存现象。
本研究采用不同凝胶剂制备了茶叶籽油凝胶,并对其宏观形貌与微观结构进行了表征(图6与图7)。结果表明,所有样品均能形成稳定的自支撑油凝胶体系,其中MG、BW和RBW三种凝胶剂制备的样品呈现乳白色,质地较为均匀,无明显分层,在偏光显微镜下观察到的MG油凝胶中可观察到随机分布的针状晶体,此前研究已报道类似的单甘酯油凝胶针状晶体形态[43]。在BW和RBW凝胶体系中,观察到细小的针状与纤维状晶体相互连接,构建了三维网络结构,该结果与文献中以BW及RBW为凝胶剂制备油凝胶的晶体形态相符[38−45]。SO油凝胶呈现淡黄色,且有一定的透明度,与其他三种相比,颜色更为鲜明,其晶体呈现放射状排列,并形成了相互交错的多瓣形聚集体,这与先前β-谷甾醇和γ-谷维素分子自组装形成管状微结构并构建油凝胶网络的结果类似[46]。有文献报道,这种差异主要源于不同凝胶剂的成胶机理[47]。因此,凝胶剂的类型对油凝胶体系的构建及其微观形貌具有决定性影响。
作为一种高脂食品材料,油凝胶的硬度和持油特性对其在食品工业中的应用具有重要影响。从图8可知,4种不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶持油性均超过93%,其中SO油凝胶表现出最优的持油性能(99.23%±1.68%),显著高于BW油凝胶(93.33%±2.89%)(P<0.05),但与MG和RBW油凝胶无显著差异(P>0.05)。MG(97.80%±1.39%)、RBW(95.33%±4.62%)油凝胶的持油性处于中等水平。这种现象可归因于β-谷甾醇与γ-谷维素内部存在的β晶型,通过高效聚合形成了稳定的凝胶网络[48]。在硬度方面,SO油凝胶(5497.80±508.83 g)与BW(453.02±52.95 g)、MG(746.47±58.29 g)、RBW(637.04±40.90 g)油凝胶之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),这种差异主要源于不同凝胶剂制备的油凝胶的晶体构型和分子间作用力不同。
如图9A所示,不同凝胶剂制备的茶叶籽油凝胶呈现显著流变特性差异:在低剪切速率(0~20 s−1)范围内,MG油凝胶的表观黏度介于SO,RBW与BW之间,表明其具备适中的流动性调控能力,这可能归因于其均匀的三维网络结构。凝胶体系的线性粘弹区及临界应变值可有效表征油凝胶的脆性特性,其中临界应变值与凝胶脆性呈负相关,与体系结构化程度呈正相关[49]。应变扫描显示(图9B),SO油凝胶具有最窄的线性粘弹区(0.001%~0.042%)和最高的储能模量,说明其形成致密刚性但脆性较大的网络结构;相比之下,MG油凝胶展现出更宽的线性粘弹区(0.001%~0.068%)及相对较低的储能模量,表明其网络结构柔韧性更佳,能承受更大应变而不发生结构破坏。频率扫描分析进一步证实(图9C):在0.1~100 Hz范围内,所有油凝胶均表现为弹性主导特性(G'>G''),其储能模量排序为SO油凝胶>MG油凝胶>RBW油凝胶>BW油凝胶。各油凝胶的G'值对频率变化不敏感,说明所有类型的油凝胶中均形成了稳定的三维网络结构[41]。
本研究采用热榨法、溶剂浸提法、水剂法、水酶法提取茶叶籽油,系统分析其理化指标、脂肪酸组成、生物活性成分的含量及凝胶剂类型对油凝胶结构和理化性质的影响。结果表明:溶剂浸提法提取率最高,所得酸价、过氧化值等较低,α-生育酚和角鲨烯含量较高,但总酚和总植物甾醇含量较低,且因后续需经复杂工艺精炼导致活性成分损失较多;水酶法提取效率仅次于溶剂浸提法,酸价、过氧化值也较低,α-生育酚、总酚、角鲨烯以及总植物甾醇含量均较高,其温和绿色的提取工艺仅需适度精炼即可,活性成分损失较小。综合提取率、活性成分保留及环保性优势,水酶法为茶叶籽油绿色可持续加工的理想选择。
在油凝胶结构和理化性质方面,MG和SO油凝胶的三维网络由范德华力与氢键协同构建,而BW及RBW油凝胶主要依赖范德华力;XRD图谱显示MG、BW、RBW油凝胶含β或β′晶型,而SO油凝胶仅含β晶型;PLM观察表明MG油凝胶中随机分布的针状晶体利于油凝胶网络的形成,而SO凝胶晶体排列致密但延展性低;理化性质方面,四种油凝胶持油性均>93%,满足食品加工对油脂稳定性需求,其中SO凝胶硬度最大(与β晶型致密性相关),MG凝胶次之;流变学特性表明MG油凝胶因表观黏度适中、线性粘弹区较宽(0.001%~0.068%)及储能模量平衡,在流动性控制、机械强度与结构稳定性间表现最优,适于开发涂抹型固体脂肪(如黄油替代品)或功能性食品载体。
综上,本研究通过对比提取工艺阐明水酶法在活性成分保留与绿色加工中的优势,同时基于凝胶特性分析提出MG油凝胶在食品领域的应用潜力,为茶叶籽油在健康食品(如低脂涂抹酱、脂溶性营养素载体)及化妆品(如天然润肤膏霜)中的高值化利用提供理论与技术支撑。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030169
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
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    1南昌大学食品科学与资源挖掘国家重点实验室,江西南昌 330047
    2南昌大学公共卫生学院,江西南昌 330019

通讯作者:

潘瑶(1993−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
李红艳(1986−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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