Article(id=1320886792472088630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853552214, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853552214, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853552214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853552214, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=160, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886792673415224, articleId=1320886792472088630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Side-chain Groups in Monocyclic Aryl-glucoside Substrate on the Activity of Aspergillus niger β-Glucosidase, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

β-Glucosidase can hydrolyze aryl-glucoside and holds significant application value in the fields of food and biotransformation. To investigate the influence of substrate side-chain groups on the activity of β-glucosidase, the β-D-Glu from Aspergillus niger was cloned and expressed. Through in silico saturation mutagenesis followed by experimental validation, key amino acid was identified within 4 Å of the β-D-Glu binding pocket, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to analyze the structure-activity relationship between the enzyme and substrate. β-D-Glu exhibited significant differences in activity toward structurally similar monocyclic aryl-glycoside substrates with varying side chains. Specifically, the enzymatic activities toward salicin, arbutin, and pNPG were measured at 44.72, 103.97, and 839.02 IU/mL, respectively. Through in silico saturation mutagenesis followed by experimental validation, residue R98 was identified as a key amino acid within 4 Å of the β-D-Glu binding pocket. Mutation at this site exerted substrate-specific effects on catalytic activity towards different substrates. Compared to wild-type enzyme, R98F mutation increased the relative activity towards salicin to 266.08%, while R98I and R98Q mutations decreased the relative activities to 37.62% and 35.05%, respectively. All three mutants showed decreased relative activities towards arbutin, but the relative activities towards pNPG remained almost unchanged. Specifically, the R98F mutant exhibited significantly enhanced activity towards salicin, while its activity towards arbutin and pNPG decreased by 16.44% and 7.54%, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that differences in the polarity and electron-donating capacity of the side-chain groups in monocyclic aryl-glucoside substrates lead to distinct binding modes with the enzyme. The R98F mutation modulates both the conformational flexibility at the binding pocket entrance and the binding affinity between catalytic key residues and substrates. It is speculated that the mutation specifically enhances the hydrolytic activity toward salicin by improving both glycosidic bond cleavage efficiency and reaction rate. The results of this study help to reveal the hydrolysis characteristics of β-glucosidase towards different aryl-glucoside substrates and provide a scientific basis for the design and modification of this enzyme.

, authors=Ruilin HUANG1, Cheng PENG1, Yiling TANG1, Hui NI1, 2, 3, 4, Lijun LI1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Ruilin HUANG, Cheng PENG, Yiling TANG, Hui NI, Lijun LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886795840114763, articleId=1320886792472088630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团对黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

β-葡萄糖苷酶能水解芳基葡萄糖苷,在食品和生物转化领域具有重要应用价值。为了探究底物侧链基团对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响,克隆表达了黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-D-Glu)。通过虚拟饱和突变结合实验验证,在β-D-Glu结合口袋4 Å范围内鉴定出关键氨基酸,利用分子对接和分子动力学模拟分析酶与底物的构效关系。β-D-Glu对结构相似但侧链不同的单环芳基葡萄糖苷底物存在显著差异,对水杨苷、熊果苷和pNPG的酶活分别为44.72、103.97和839.02 IU/mL。关键氨基酸残基R98突变对不同底物的催化活性呈现特异性影响:R98F突变使水杨苷活性提升至原始酶的266.08%,而R98I和R98Q则分别降低至37.62%和35.05%;3个突变体对熊果苷的活性均有所下降,但对pNPG的活性则基本保持不变。其中,R98F突变体对水杨苷的催化活性显著提高,同时对熊果苷和pNPG的活性分别降低16.44%和7.54%。分子对接和分子动力学模拟结果表明,单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团的极性和给电子能力差异使底物与酶结合模式不同;R98F改变了结合口袋入口处构象柔性及催化关键氨基酸与底物的结合强度,推测突变通过提高对水杨苷糖苷键的断键能力和水解反应速度,从而特异性提高了其水解活性。本研究结果有助于揭示β-葡萄糖苷酶对不同芳基葡萄糖苷类底物的水解特征,为该酶设计改造提供科学依据。

, authors=黄瑞琳1, 彭程1, 唐艺玲1, 倪辉1, 2, 3, 4, 李利君1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=黄瑞琳, 彭程, 唐艺玲, 倪辉, 李利君, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李利君, authorNote=

黄瑞琳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李利君(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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黄瑞琳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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黄瑞琳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
3Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
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2福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室,福建厦门 361021
3厦门市食品生物工程技术研究中心,福建厦门 361021
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2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
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Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics, 2003, 1646(1): 157−163., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886796045635660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796054024269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796045635660, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796062412878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796045635660, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886796116938831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796125327440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796116938831, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796133716049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796116938831, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室,福建厦门 361021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886796196630610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796205019219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796196630610, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796213407828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796196630610, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3厦门市食品生物工程技术研究中心,福建厦门 361021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886796272128085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796276322390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796272128085, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4School of Marine Biology, Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886796284710999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, companyId=1320886796272128085, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4厦门海洋职业技术学院海洋生物学院,福建厦门 361021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886799870840960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structures of the monocyclic aryl-glucoside substrates salicin (A), arbutin (B) and pNPG (C), figureFileSmall=33HsSwe8bn53BK28r6lDIA==, figureFileBig=6dIHYC/sC2F+pU8dOcKPEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886799967309953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物水杨苷(A)、熊果苷(B)和pNPG(C)的结构图, figureFileSmall=33HsSwe8bn53BK28r6lDIA==, figureFileBig=6dIHYC/sC2F+pU8dOcKPEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800265105538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SDS-PAGE of β-D-Glu, figureFileSmall=IJ8/Z0AeT5F6u7Cw0Zbsaw==, figureFileBig=t2B+zMXTJYihp0kGO3ok8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800332214403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图2, caption=β-D-Glu的 SDS-PAGE

注:M为蛋白Marker;1为β-D-Glu。

, figureFileSmall=IJ8/Z0AeT5F6u7Cw0Zbsaw==, figureFileBig=t2B+zMXTJYihp0kGO3ok8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800411906180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optimal temperature (A), temperature stability (B), optimal pH (C), pH stability (D) for β-D-Glu, figureFileSmall=5BtQENDT7QFQ3f9lfZJuVQ==, figureFileBig=7fwLBffrXvXOR6PIk7wLsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800487403653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图3, caption=β-D-Glu的最适温度(A)、温度稳定性(B)、最适pH(C)、pH稳定性(D), figureFileSmall=5BtQENDT7QFQ3f9lfZJuVQ==, figureFileBig=7fwLBffrXvXOR6PIk7wLsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800567095430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relative enzyme activity of the 98th mutant of β-D-Glu, figureFileSmall=d4r581zd5k6QAdIQQ+Z+SQ==, figureFileBig=OhzzqL/I2fcInDpgkeEvwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800630009991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图4, caption=β-D-Glu第98位突变体相对酶活

注:每个突变体各为一组,相同字母表示组间差异不显著,不同字母表示组间存在显著差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=d4r581zd5k6QAdIQQ+Z+SQ==, figureFileBig=OhzzqL/I2fcInDpgkeEvwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800701313160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=2D diagram of the interaction between β-D-Glu and R98F with salicin, arbutin and pNPG, figureFileSmall=FdX38I+MisJFaDN8YtHCRg==, figureFileBig=n5z3S8oxM/pfVwpl/ewSVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800772616329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图5, caption=β-D-Glu和R98F与水杨苷、熊果苷、pNPG的相互作用2D图

注:A、B、C分别为β-D-Glu与水杨苷、熊果苷、pNPG;D、E、F分别为R98F与水杨苷、熊果苷、pNPG;G、H、I分别为R98I与水杨苷、熊果苷、pNPG;J、K、L分别为R98Q与水杨苷、熊果苷、pNPG。深绿色为氢键作用力;绿色为范德华力;浅绿色为C-H键作用力;紫色为Pi-Sigma作用力;洋红色为Pi-Pi Stacked/T-shaped作用力;粉色为Pi-Alkyl作用力;黄色为Pi-Sulfur作用力。

, figureFileSmall=FdX38I+MisJFaDN8YtHCRg==, figureFileBig=n5z3S8oxM/pfVwpl/ewSVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800835530890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=RMSD (A) and Rg (B) of β-D-Glu binding to different substrates and RMSD (C) and Rg (D) of R98F binding to different substrates, figureFileSmall=ARKI8EPWyl/qfZ9hsSSkfg==, figureFileBig=I59x9J4sbvcHFs7dNGYLAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800894251147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图6, caption=β-D-Glu与不同底物结合的RMSD值(A)和Rg值(B)和R98F与不同底物结合的RMSD值(C)和Rg值(D), figureFileSmall=ARKI8EPWyl/qfZ9hsSSkfg==, figureFileBig=I59x9J4sbvcHFs7dNGYLAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886800978137228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=RMSF of β-D-Glu and R98F complexed with salicin (A), arbutin (B) and pNPG (C), figureFileSmall=S5HHrO2GvVlAayFbnFpC7g==, figureFileBig=w62Cgl3DzVCeaWxc3iIrPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886801045246093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图7, caption=β-D-Glu和R98F与水杨苷(A)、熊果苷(B)、pNPG(C)复合物的RMSF值

注:β-D-Glu复合物体系的RMSF差值是由β-D-Glu复合物体系减去纯蛋白体系得出,R98F复合物体系的RMSF差值是由R98F复合物体系减去β-D-Glu复合物体系得出;TIM桶状结构域(22~356),α/β夹心结构域(385~588),FnIII结构域(654~860);区域a(301~310),区域b(716~723、736~749),区域c(193~216),区域d(510~520),区域e(716~725)。

, figureFileSmall=S5HHrO2GvVlAayFbnFpC7g==, figureFileBig=w62Cgl3DzVCeaWxc3iIrPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886801133326478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Stacking diagrams of β-D-Glu and R98F complexed with 3 substrate systems (A, B) and stacking diagrams of salicin, arbutin, and pNPG with β-D-Glu and R98F complex systems and best conformation diagram (C, D, E), figureFileSmall=1CftFf5azWAwlApElGky3Q==, figureFileBig=Cu8nnADnuN4yjylTL+qHjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886801217212559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=图8, caption=β-D-Glu和R98F与3个底物复合物体系叠合图(A、B)和水杨苷、熊果苷、pNPG分别与β-D-Glu和R98F复合物体系叠合图及最佳构象图(C、D、E)

注:底物:紫红色为水杨苷;黄色为熊果苷;橙色为pNPG。作用力:深绿色为氢键作用力;绿色为范德华力;浅绿色为C-H键作用力;洋红色为Pi-Pi Stacked/T-shaped作用力;粉色为Pi-Alkyl作用力;黄色为Pi-Sulfur作用力。

, figureFileSmall=1CftFf5azWAwlApElGky3Q==, figureFileBig=Cu8nnADnuN4yjylTL+qHjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886801334653072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relative enzyme activities of β-D-Glu mutants towards 3 substrates (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水杨苷熊果苷pNPG
β-D-Glu100.00100.00100.00
E69W125.72±16.03b45.14±1.94d49.25±6.90d
E69Y70.10±4.12c62.21±2.94b57.72±2.44c
R98F266.08±2.73a83.56±3.87a92.46±0.41b
R98I37.62±2.91d56.63±1.62c110.98±3.86a
R98Q35.05±2.43d63.90±3.28b93.54±3.55b
D99M58.04±5.46c0.37±0.67g4.88±0.20e
D99Y48.39±4.77d0.14±0.00g5.10±0.10e
L141K37.94±9.21d0.72±0.25g0.72±0.00e
D437W72.83±7.50c40.25±2.88e61.31±3.05c
Y511W71.70±3.21c29.61±0.70f49.25±3.45d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886801418539153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

β-D-Glu突变体对3个底物的相对酶活(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水杨苷熊果苷pNPG
β-D-Glu100.00100.00100.00
E69W125.72±16.03b45.14±1.94d49.25±6.90d
E69Y70.10±4.12c62.21±2.94b57.72±2.44c
R98F266.08±2.73a83.56±3.87a92.46±0.41b
R98I37.62±2.91d56.63±1.62c110.98±3.86a
R98Q35.05±2.43d63.90±3.28b93.54±3.55b
D99M58.04±5.46c0.37±0.67g4.88±0.20e
D99Y48.39±4.77d0.14±0.00g5.10±0.10e
L141K37.94±9.21d0.72±0.25g0.72±0.00e
D437W72.83±7.50c40.25±2.88e61.31±3.05c
Y511W71.70±3.21c29.61±0.70f49.25±3.45d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886801506619538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Docking binding energies of β-D-Glu and mutants with different substrates (kcal/mol)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水杨苷熊果苷pNPG
β-D-Glu–6.2–6.4–6.8
R98F–6.9–6.7–7.2
R98I–7.0–7.1–7.0
R98Q–6.7–6.7–7.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320886801573728403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

β-D-Glu及突变体与不同底物的对接结合能(kcal/mol)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水杨苷熊果苷pNPG
β-D-Glu–6.2–6.4–6.8
R98F–6.9–6.7–7.2
R98I–7.0–7.1–7.0
R98Q–6.7–6.7–7.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320886801661808788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Free energy of binding of β-D-Glu and R98F with different substrate complex system (kJ/mol)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结合自由能
贡献项
β-D-GluR98F
水杨苷熊果苷pNPG水杨苷熊果苷pNPG
∆EvdW–71.634–64.973–66.839–55.039–60.702–66.806
∆Eelec–552.960–459.769–542.581–557.855–427.500–450.385
∆EPB277.050229.719311.734215.120196.242221.970
∆ESASA–15.145–14.413–14.879–14.391–13.992–13.306
∆Ebind–362.689–309.436–312.566–412.166–305.952–308.526
), ArticleFig(id=1320886801745694869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886792472088630, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

β-D-Glu和R98F与不同底物复合物体系结合自由能(kJ/mol)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结合自由能
贡献项
β-D-GluR98F
水杨苷熊果苷pNPG水杨苷熊果苷pNPG
∆EvdW–71.634–64.973–66.839–55.039–60.702–66.806
∆Eelec–552.960–459.769–542.581–557.855–427.500–450.385
∆EPB277.050229.719311.734215.120196.242221.970
∆ESASA–15.145–14.413–14.879–14.391–13.992–13.306
∆Ebind–362.689–309.436–312.566–412.166–305.952–308.526
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单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团对黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响
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黄瑞琳 1 , 彭程 1 , 唐艺玲 1 , 倪辉 1, 2, 3, 4 , 李利君 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(6): 160-170
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (6) : 160 -170
单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团对黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响
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黄瑞琳1 , 彭程1, 唐艺玲1, 倪辉1, 2, 3, 4, 李利君1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021
  • 2福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室,福建厦门 361021
  • 3厦门市食品生物工程技术研究中心,福建厦门 361021
  • 4厦门海洋职业技术学院海洋生物学院,福建厦门 361021
通讯作者:
李利君(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄瑞琳(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Effect of Side-chain Groups in Monocyclic Aryl-glucoside Substrate on the Activity of Aspergillus niger β-Glucosidase
Ruilin HUANG1 , Cheng PENG1, Yiling TANG1, Hui NI1, 2, 3, 4, Lijun LI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 3Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 4School of Marine Biology, Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361021, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030093
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β-葡萄糖苷酶能水解芳基葡萄糖苷,在食品和生物转化领域具有重要应用价值。为了探究底物侧链基团对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响,克隆表达了黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-D-Glu)。通过虚拟饱和突变结合实验验证,在β-D-Glu结合口袋4 Å范围内鉴定出关键氨基酸,利用分子对接和分子动力学模拟分析酶与底物的构效关系。β-D-Glu对结构相似但侧链不同的单环芳基葡萄糖苷底物存在显著差异,对水杨苷、熊果苷和pNPG的酶活分别为44.72、103.97和839.02 IU/mL。关键氨基酸残基R98突变对不同底物的催化活性呈现特异性影响:R98F突变使水杨苷活性提升至原始酶的266.08%,而R98I和R98Q则分别降低至37.62%和35.05%;3个突变体对熊果苷的活性均有所下降,但对pNPG的活性则基本保持不变。其中,R98F突变体对水杨苷的催化活性显著提高,同时对熊果苷和pNPG的活性分别降低16.44%和7.54%。分子对接和分子动力学模拟结果表明,单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团的极性和给电子能力差异使底物与酶结合模式不同;R98F改变了结合口袋入口处构象柔性及催化关键氨基酸与底物的结合强度,推测突变通过提高对水杨苷糖苷键的断键能力和水解反应速度,从而特异性提高了其水解活性。本研究结果有助于揭示β-葡萄糖苷酶对不同芳基葡萄糖苷类底物的水解特征,为该酶设计改造提供科学依据。

β-葡萄糖苷酶  /  酶活性  /  侧链基团  /  单环芳基糖苷类底物  /  分子动力学模拟

β-Glucosidase can hydrolyze aryl-glucoside and holds significant application value in the fields of food and biotransformation. To investigate the influence of substrate side-chain groups on the activity of β-glucosidase, the β-D-Glu from Aspergillus niger was cloned and expressed. Through in silico saturation mutagenesis followed by experimental validation, key amino acid was identified within 4 Å of the β-D-Glu binding pocket, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to analyze the structure-activity relationship between the enzyme and substrate. β-D-Glu exhibited significant differences in activity toward structurally similar monocyclic aryl-glycoside substrates with varying side chains. Specifically, the enzymatic activities toward salicin, arbutin, and pNPG were measured at 44.72, 103.97, and 839.02 IU/mL, respectively. Through in silico saturation mutagenesis followed by experimental validation, residue R98 was identified as a key amino acid within 4 Å of the β-D-Glu binding pocket. Mutation at this site exerted substrate-specific effects on catalytic activity towards different substrates. Compared to wild-type enzyme, R98F mutation increased the relative activity towards salicin to 266.08%, while R98I and R98Q mutations decreased the relative activities to 37.62% and 35.05%, respectively. All three mutants showed decreased relative activities towards arbutin, but the relative activities towards pNPG remained almost unchanged. Specifically, the R98F mutant exhibited significantly enhanced activity towards salicin, while its activity towards arbutin and pNPG decreased by 16.44% and 7.54%, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that differences in the polarity and electron-donating capacity of the side-chain groups in monocyclic aryl-glucoside substrates lead to distinct binding modes with the enzyme. The R98F mutation modulates both the conformational flexibility at the binding pocket entrance and the binding affinity between catalytic key residues and substrates. It is speculated that the mutation specifically enhances the hydrolytic activity toward salicin by improving both glycosidic bond cleavage efficiency and reaction rate. The results of this study help to reveal the hydrolysis characteristics of β-glucosidase towards different aryl-glucoside substrates and provide a scientific basis for the design and modification of this enzyme.

β-glucosidase  /  enzyme activity  /  side-chain group  /  monocyclic aryl-glycoside substrates  /  molecular dynamics simulation
黄瑞琳, 彭程, 唐艺玲, 倪辉, 李利君. 单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团对黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 160 -170 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030093
Ruilin HUANG, Cheng PENG, Yiling TANG, Hui NI, Lijun LI. Effect of Side-chain Groups in Monocyclic Aryl-glucoside Substrate on the Activity of Aspergillus niger β-Glucosidase[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 160 -170 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030093
β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.21)是一种水解酶,它参与末端非还原性葡萄糖和低聚糖相连的糖苷键的水解以及释放相应的配体[1]。β-葡萄糖苷酶对多种物质均具有活性,按照配基类型,其底物可分为:芳基葡萄糖苷[2−3],包括熊果苷、槲皮苷、水杨苷、普鲁宁、大豆苷等;葡糖二糖[4−5],包括麦芽糖、纤维二糖、龙胆二糖等;其他结构底物[6],包括月桂基葡糖苷等。芳基葡萄糖苷类底物是指葡萄糖通过β-糖苷键与芳香环相连的一类化合物,根据芳香基团结构可将芳基葡萄糖苷分为:熊果苷等单环芳基葡萄糖苷,虎杖苷等多环芳基葡萄糖苷,七叶苷等杂环芳基葡萄糖苷。
芳基葡萄糖苷类底物是多种食品的关键香气前体,在食品风味调控中具有独特优势[7]。芳基葡萄糖苷类底物具有抗菌、抗病毒和抗炎等药理功能[8],且这些功能大多与糖苷配基有关[9]。同时,虽然芳基葡萄糖苷类底物具有多种功能价值,但它们的生物活性通常需要β-葡萄糖苷酶将其水解后才能呈现出来,如健康食品关注的具有抗高血压、抗炎、抗癌、抗过敏特性的类黄酮,它们以糖苷形式存在时通常会抑制人体胃肠道吸收,通过β-葡萄糖苷酶水解获得糖苷配基可增加食品药理作用和生物利用度[10];如水解东莨菪苷生成的东莨菪素有降血压血脂等[11]药理活性和杀虫、杀螨、抑菌等[12]农用生物活性;水解槲皮苷生成的槲皮素具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、心脏保护等[13]药理作用;大豆中的异黄酮通常以无活性糖苷的形式存在,而只有被β-葡萄糖苷酶分解成游离异黄酮糖苷配基时,它们才具有生物活性[14]。
β-葡萄糖苷酶的催化活性是保障其应用的重要指标。有研究发现底物侧链基团互作的氨基酸与酶催化不同底物的活性变化具有较大关联性。来自纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌的β-葡萄糖苷酶BglH[15]对侧链基团长短和官能团不同的芳基糖苷底物亲和性差异极大,其对染料木苷的催化效率分别是大豆苷和pNPG的3倍和49倍;Arthan等[16]发现来自龙葵叶中的β-葡萄糖苷酶Torvosidase,其水解速率随着底物中烷基链长度的延长而增加。因此,深入了解侧链基团对酶活性的影响,有助于揭示β-葡萄糖苷酶对不同芳基葡萄糖苷类底物的水解特征。但目前尚未见相关的研究报道,这限制了β-葡萄糖苷酶在复杂底物体系中的应用优化。
由于芳基葡萄糖苷类底物广泛存在,其侧链基团呈现高度多样性和复杂性,本研究从结构最简单的单环芳基葡萄糖苷底物入手,探究芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团对β-葡萄糖苷酶催化活性的影响。利用黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶β-D-Glu(XP_001398816.1),研究了β-D-Glu与单环芳基葡萄糖苷类常见底物中侧链结构最简单的2个天然底物水杨苷(C13H18O7)、熊果苷(C12H16O7)和人工底物pNPG(C12H15NO8)的催化活性差异(图1),3个底物的苯环连接的官能团极性和结构不同对酶活性的影响。多数研究证明关键氨基酸的突变通常可以影响葡萄糖苷酶对不同底物的功能特征,如α-葡萄糖苷酶HBGase特异性水解蔗糖,其突变体Y227H改变为特异性水解麦芽糖[17];β-葡萄糖苷酶Lf18920活性位点附近关键氨基酸W274、G420和Q421的突变使其失去对藏红花素二龙胆二酯的水解功能[18];β-葡萄糖苷酶Sfβgly的突变体L428V提高了对纤维二糖的水解速率[19]。因此本研究对β-D-Glu结合口袋周围关键氨基酸进行突变,借助分子对接和动力学模拟探究了侧链基团的极性等因素对芳基葡萄糖苷类底物结合模式和对酶催化活性的影响。基于底物侧链基团的研究,为定向改造β-葡萄糖苷酶,提升功能性食品效价、天然药物生物利用度以及拓宽β-葡萄糖苷酶在食品与医药等领域的应用提供科学基础和实验依据。
Escherichia coli DH5α、Pichia pastoris GS115 由福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室保藏;黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-D-Glu)质粒载体pPIC9K-β-D-Glu 金唯智生物科技(苏州)有限公司合成;定点突变试剂盒、遗传霉素G418、EasyTaq Mix 全式金生物技术有限公司;质粒小提试剂盒、DNA纯化回收试剂盒 天根生化科技北京有限公司;SDS-PAGE凝胶快速配制试剂盒 碧云天生物技术公司;限制性内切酶Sal I 宝生物工程大连有限公司;氨苄青霉素Amp 北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司;水杨苷、熊果苷 上海源叶生物技术公司;对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(pNPG) 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;细菌学蛋白胨、技术琼脂粉、酵母粉、葡萄糖、氯化钠 国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
TC-96/G/H(b)C PCR仪、EPS301 Powerpac Basic电泳仪、1652100电穿孔仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;Epoch 2T酶标仪 美国博腾仪器有限公司;5810R冷冻离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;GEAI600荧光凝胶成像仪 美国GE公司;DK-8D电热恒温水槽 常州国华电器有限公司;IS-RDV1立式恒温振荡器 美国精骐有限公司。
用PmeI对重组质粒pPIC9K-β-D-Glu进行线性化,DNA纯化回收试剂盒进行产物回收得到线性化质粒,后电击转化至P. pastoris GS115感受态细胞,通过MD平板和YPD抗性平板(含50 mg/mL的G418)筛选后,菌液PCR和测序验证得到阳性转化子。
将阳性转化子菌液按1%接种量在BMGY培养基培养,以0.5%(v/v)的甲醇作为碳源诱导菌体在BMMY液体培养基中表达,7 d后收集上清液为β-D-Glu粗酶液,并进行SDS-PAGE分析(80 V,60 min)。
将β-D-Glu的氨基酸序列提交SWISS-MODEL进行同源建模,使用 Structure Analysis and Verification Server v6.0 (SAVES v6.0) 服务器 (https://saves.mbi.ucla.edu/)的ERRART、VERIFY 3D、WHATCHECK、PROCHECK对构建的模型进行合理性评估[20−21]。
将得到的黑曲霉β-D-Glu模型与AaBGL1进行叠合,根据AcBGL1的催化活性位点预测出β-D-Glu的催化关键氨基酸[22]。运用Discovery Studio 2021中的Calculate Mutation Energy模块对结合口袋周围的关键氨基酸进行虚拟饱和突变,预测出每个残基突变成另外19个氨基酸的效果。推测突变能量越低,酶与底物的亲和力越强,根据突变能由小到大筛选出突变点[23−24]。
利用SnapGene软件设计引物,参照定点突变试剂盒构建突变体:以pPIC9K-β-D-Glu质粒为模板,各突变体引物见附表1(详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版),进行PCR扩增(扩增程序:95 ℃ 4 min;94 ℃ 1 min,55 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 2 min 30 s,进行30次循环;72 ℃ 10 min)。Dpn I酶切PCR产物(37 ℃,1.5 h),PCR产物自身环化(37 ℃,30 min),重组产物转入E. coli DH5α感受态细胞中,LB抗性平板(含100 μg/mL Amp)培养筛选后,采用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证并测序。后续步骤参照1.2.1。
DNS溶液:准确称量6.3 g 3,5-二硝基水杨酸溶解后,加入262 mL 2 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,再加酒石酸钾钠溶液(称取185 g的酒石酸钾钠加入500 mL的蒸馏水在温水浴中溶解(温度≤50 ℃)),称取5 g苯酚和5 g无水亚硫酸钠加入其中溶解并定容至1 L,转至棕色瓶中室温放置7 d后使用。
分别配制50 mmol/L的柠檬酸和磷酸氢二钠溶液,两者对调pH5.0即为柠檬酸盐缓冲液,用柠檬酸盐缓冲液配制2 mmol/L的不同底物溶液。
β-D-Glu的最适温度测定:50 µL酶液与100 µL的pNPG底物溶液在30~80 ℃水浴中反应10 min后,加入1 mL的1 mol/L Na2CO3终止反应,在410 nm的波长下测定吸光值,并计算酶活,以测得最高酶活为100%,计算其他温度下的相对酶活。温度稳定性的测定:以相同反应体系,在60 ℃下处理0~120 min后,测定残余酶活,以处理前的酶活为100%,计算不同处理时间的相对酶活。酶活(IU)定义:每分钟生成1 μmoL的对硝基苯酚(p-nitrophenol,pNP)所需的酶量被定义为一个活性单位。
β-D-Glu的最适pH测定:分别用pH3.0~8.0的缓冲液配制pNPG底物溶液,50 µL酶液与100 µL的pNPG底物溶液在最适温度下反应10 min后,加入1 mL的1 mol/L Na2CO3终止反应,在410 nm的波长下测定吸光值,并计算酶活,以测得最高酶活为100%,计算其他pH下的相对酶活。pH稳定性的测定:分别用pH3.0~8.0的缓冲液配制pNPG底物溶液,以相同反应体系,在60 ℃下处理24 h后,测定残余酶活,以处理前的酶活为100%,计算不同pH下处理后的相对酶活。
水杨苷、熊果苷为底物的酶活测定:100 µL酶液与300 µL的不同底物溶液在60 ℃水浴中反应20 min后,加入400 µL DNS溶液,沸水浴10 min终止反应,冷却至室温后在540 nm的波长下测定吸光值。酶活(IU)定义:每分钟生成1 μmoL的葡萄糖所需的酶量被定义为一个活性单位。pNPG为底物的酶活测定:50 µL酶液与100 µL的pNPG底物溶液在60 ℃水浴中反应10 min后,加入1 mL的1 mol/L Na2CO3终止反应,在410 nm的波长下测定吸光值。
灭活酶为空白,样品设置3个平行。以原始型β-D-Glu酶活为100%,计算各突变体的相对酶活。
以水杨苷、熊果苷、pNPG为配体,以1.2.2构建的β-D-Glu模型为受体。底物配体的三维结构由PubChem下载并经Chem3D进行能量最小化,使用AutoDock Vina运行对接分析,对β-D-Glu与各底物执行,通过软件遗传算法模拟底物蛋白对接,对接中心参数为(4.606,13.951,-6.122),对接盒子参数为(26×24×24)Å3,选择结合能最低的对接构象,利用Discovery Studio 2019 Client分析受体和配体的相互作用力。
将筛选出的对接最佳底物模型上传至ATB网站(https://atb.uq.edu.au/)生成底物的拓扑和结构文件,使用Gromacs 2020.6 [25−26],选择GROMOS96 54a7力场,以分子对接后的最佳酶-底物复合物构象为基础,将蛋白与配体复合物置于模拟盒子中,加入SPC模型水分子平衡系统,加入Na+中和模拟系统电荷。设置温度体系为333 K,采用最陡峭下降算法(Steepest descent algorithm)对体系进行能量最小化(Energy minimization,EM),再进行NVT平衡和NPT平衡,最后运行30 ns的非限制性分子动力学模拟。使用周期校正后的模拟轨迹进行酶与底物的构象分析。
根据MD模拟轨迹,分析均方根偏差(Root Mean Square Deviation,RMSD)、回旋半径(Radius of gyration,Rg)和均方根波动(Root Mean Square Fluctuation,RMSF)。分子力学泊松-玻尔兹曼表面积(molecular mechanics Poisson -Boltzmann surface area,MM-PBSA)法被用于计算配体与受体分子动力学模拟后结合自由能[27]。应用“MMPBSA.py v.16.0”脚本计算底物与β-D-Glu分子动力学模拟平衡后的结合自由能,将总结合自由能分解到各个残基上,分析残基贡献度。
所有实验做3次平行,实验结果以每个样本重复值的平均值±标准差表示。采用Microsoft Excel 2013对酶活、最适温度、最适pH的实验数据进行统计;采用LSD及邓肯检验法,使用SPSS 26.0软件以不同突变体对各底物的酶活进行显著性分析,其中P<0.05;采用Origin Pro 8.0软件和PyMOL 2.5软件对酶活和分子动力学模拟的结果进行绘图。
黑曲霉β-D-Glu经P. pastoris GS115表达所得的目的条带大约在120 kDa,比理论蛋白分子量(92.84 kDa)偏大30 kDa左右,推测是重组蛋白在表达的过程中发生了糖基化修饰(图2)。许多真核来源的β-葡萄糖苷酶在P. pastoris中表达都会存在糖基化修饰[28],如Talaromyces piceae 的β-葡萄糖苷酶TpBgl3A[29]。通过NetNGlyc-1.0[30]预测出黑曲霉β-D-Glu有15个糖基化位点,符合多1个糖链修饰造成分子量偏移约 2 kDa的结论[31]。
以pNPG为底物,黑曲霉β-D-Glu的最适温度为60 ℃(图3A和图3B),其最适温度与K. zonata[32]和Penicillium sp.的β-葡萄糖苷酶(bgls)[33]最适温度相同。黑曲霉β-D-Glu在60 ℃处理2 h后,对pNPG的残余酶活仍有36%。Volkov等[34]报道P. verruculosum的重组β-葡萄糖苷酶在60 ℃孵育3 h后,残余酶活为25%,Yan等[35]发现A. terreus的β-葡萄糖苷酶在60 ℃的温度下孵育1 h后,残余酶活为65.1%。
以pNPG为底物,黑曲霉β-D-Glu的最适pH为5.0,在偏酸性环境(pH3.0~6.0),其酶活均在60%以上(图3C和图3D)。与Coptotermes formosanus的β-葡萄糖苷酶Glu1B[36]和Flammulina velutipes CFK 3111的β-葡萄糖苷酶[37]最适pH相近。将黑曲霉β-D-Glu在pH3.0~8.0的范围内处理24 h,以处理前的酶活为100%,处理后对pNPG的残余酶活均在90%以上,Alteromonas sp.的β-葡萄糖苷酶经过3 h的处理,其酶活性在pH6.0~8.0范围内,能够保持70%以上[38],与之相比,黑曲霉β-D-Glu具有更好的pH稳定性。以上说明黑曲霉β-D-Glu具有较宽的pH适应范围及稳定性,具备较好的工业应用潜力。
在最适温度和最适pH条件下进行黑曲霉β-D-Glu酶活测定,以水杨苷为底物时,β-D-Glu酶活为44.72±0.17 IU/mL;以熊果苷为底物时,β-D-Glu酶活为103.97±0.14 IU/mL;以pNPG为底物时,β-D-Glu酶活为839.02±29.70 IU/mL。
通过HHpred[39]同源结构搜索,发现黑曲霉β-D-Glu(XP_001398816.1)与来自A. aculeatus的β-glucosidases(AaBGL1)[22](PDB:4IIB)的氨基酸序列相似程度达81.16%。使用SWISS-MODEL[40−41]建模得到黑曲霉β-D-Glu与AaBGL1的结构相似度极高,结构比对的RMSD值为1.669 Å(附图1和附图2,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。根据AcBGL1的催化活性位点预测出β-D-Glu结合口袋周围的关键氨基酸[22]。
为探究底物苯环上官能团与酶活的关联性,对β-D-Glu结合口袋周围的关键氨基酸进行虚拟饱和突变,根据突变能量从小到大筛选出10个突变点,分别为E69W、E69Y、R98F、R98I、R98Q、D99M、D99Y、L141K、D437W、Y511W,它们与原始酶的相对酶活差异如表1所示。E69W、R98F对水杨苷和R98I对pNPG的酶活为正影响,D99和L141的突变对3个底物酶活产生的负影响较大。以水杨苷为底物时,当98位的Arg突变为Phe时比Ile和Gln的相对酶活超7倍,强疏水性的Phe促使酶与葡萄糖基形成疏水作用力,对底物具有固定作用,稳定的结合构象利于酶对糖苷键的正确水解。E69突变成同为含苯环的Trp比Tyr相对酶活高55%,推测是Trp吲哚环的NH与芳香族底物侧链的π电子云之间形成的氢键作用强于Tyr[42],强相互作用力使酶与底物结合更加紧密,利于酶水解。
在6个突变位点中,第98位精氨酸的突变点对3个底物催化活性的特异性影响最强,利于进一步研究侧链基团对酶活性的影响。对于水杨苷,R98F的酶活提高至原始型的266.08%,而R98I和R98Q对水杨苷的酶活降低幅度近65%(图4);对于熊果苷,3个突变体的酶活均有不同程度的降低;对于pNPG,R98I对pNPG的酶活相较原始型提高了10%,但总体均接近于原始型。因此后续选择R98F、R98I、R98Q进行结合模式、分子动力学模拟的分析。
AaBGL1的活性位点和催化残基位于桶状结构域和α/β夹层结构域之间的结构域界面,作为保留型的糖苷水解酶,其亲核试剂和酸/碱残基分别为Asp280和Glu509,功能氨基酸Trp281在亚位−1与葡萄糖基形成芳香堆叠相互作用。依此推测黑曲霉β-D-Glu的催化关键氨基酸分别是Asp280和Glu509,固定葡萄糖基的功能氨基酸为Trp281[22]。
黑曲霉β-D-Glu、R98F、R98I和R98Q分别与水杨苷、熊果苷和pNPG的对接结合能和对接情况如表2和图5所示。对接后的底物均结合在桶状结构域和α/β夹层结构域之间的结构域界面,催化氨基酸Glu509和Asp280均与末端葡萄糖形成氢键,功能位点Trp281在底物周围的4 Å出现,并与其形成疏水相互作用或范德华力。黑曲霉β-D-Glu结合底物时,Tyr248和Trp68起到辅助结合的作用,Tyr248主要与葡萄糖建立氢键作用,Trp68主要与顶端苯环及其官能团建立氢键或pi-pi堆叠作用。
对比3个R98突变体和原始酶与不同底物的对接构象,发现酶结合水杨苷时,R98F与水杨苷的相互作用和原始酶相似,但关键催化氨基酸Glu509和Asp280与底物形成的氢键距离都比原始型更短(原始型为1.96 Å和2.88 Å;R98F为1.86 Å和2.46 Å),R98F中Tyr511与苯环上羟甲基形成的氢键距离(2.64 Å)也较原始型中Arg98形成的氢键距离更短(3.19 Å),更强的氢键相互作用使酶与底物结合得更稳定[43],这可能是实验结果中R98F对水杨苷酶活提高的原因。R98I和R98Q与水杨苷末端葡萄糖基形成的氢键数量较原始酶减少,酶与底物间相互作用减弱使水解活性降低。酶结合熊果苷时,突变后活性位点与熊果苷的作用力种类发生较大变化,氢键作用增加,但疏水作用减少,原始酶中Trp68以pi-pi堆叠作用固定住苯环,而突变体由Asp437和Asp99以氢键作用结合于苯环上的羟基,推测同α-葡萄糖苷酶AglA催化合成熊果苷类似,是酶与苯环结合位姿的不同导致了酶活的差异[44]。酶结合pNPG时,原始酶形成的氢键作用较多,突变后氢键数量均减少,但疏水作用明显增强,使突变前后酶活波动幅度较小。总体看来,R98F对3个不同底物的相对酶活差异最大,进而以R98F为例研究了β-D-Glu及其突变酶与底物的结合模式。
以上述获得的对接构象作为分子动力学模拟的初始构象,对黑曲霉β-D-Glu和R98F与底物进行分子动力学模拟。借助RMSD值和Rg值分析不同底物的结合以及R98F突变对β-D-Glu结构稳定性的影响(图6)。在原始酶与底物的复合物体系中,底物结合使蛋白结构相对松散,结构灵活度增加。突变前后的复合物体系相比,R98突变成Phe后,复合物体系的波动范围更小,提升了结构的稳定性和紧密性,说明R98F使得酶-底物的构象更稳定。所有体系的RMSD值均在0.15~0.45 nm变化范围内,均能在反应时间内达到平衡状态,可进行后续的深入分析。
计算β-D-Glu和R98F的RMSF差值(差值为正数表示该区域柔性增强,差值为负数表示该区域刚性增强),分析催化结构域Loop区的刚柔性变化,以此判断原始酶和R98F与不同底物结合前后的运动趋势。结果如图7所示,酶结合水杨苷时,主要运动趋势变化为位于TIM桶状结构域中的区域a柔性增强和FnIII结构域中的区域b刚性增强;酶结合熊果苷时,主要运动趋势变化为位于TIM桶状结构域中的区域c刚性增强;酶结合pNPG时,主要运动趋势变化为α/β夹心结构域中的区域d和FnIII结构域中的区域e的刚性同时增大。这些区域的运动趋势变化可能与R98突变后的酶活变化相关。
对比原始酶和R98F复合物体系的RMSF差值,得出突变后主要参与底物结合的柔性区域的刚柔性发生明显变化。Chen等[45]发现酶关键区域的刚柔性对于蛋白结构的稳定至关重要,Wang等[46]研究的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶L234突变体通过增强Loop2的柔性促使酶活提升,这说明突变后酶关键区域的刚柔性变化对酶水解不同底物的活性有重要影响。与熊果苷结合时,催化结构域中的区域c在突变后刚性明显增强(RMSF差值>0.6 nm),可能限制了Loop区的动态性,使酶难以有效地与底物结合和释放,从而降低反应速率,这可能是R98F对熊果苷水解活性降低的原因之一。R98位于活性口袋的入口处,推测R98突变体通过影响这些柔性区域的刚柔性变化,使得酶能够更好地适应不同形状和结构的底物,因此进一步探究活性口袋附近关键Loop区的微观结构。
根据截取模拟轨迹中能量最低的构象,结合MM-PBSA结合自由能计算结果(表3),对比分析了酶突变前后与底物复合物的结构变化(图8)。通过叠合原始酶体系的结构发现(图8 A),底物主要依靠3个Loop区域(1:W449-A454,2:S279-A283,3:G508-N513)将其稳定在活性口袋内,Loop1主要通过范德华力辅助稳定底物构象,有助于位于Loop2和Loop3上的催化位点攻击糖苷键,推动催化反应的进行。β-D-Glu与已报道β-葡萄糖苷酶AcBGL1的结合模式最类似[22,47],底物末端葡萄糖处于亲核试剂Asp280与酸碱催化氨基酸Glu509之间并建立氢键,有利于稳定过渡态,促进催化反应;Asp92、Arg156和Lys189形成氢键网络,有利于稳定六元环的平面结构;Trp281更倾向通过疏水相互作用与底物顶端的苯环及其官能团结合,有助于固定底物,同时吲哚基团与底物苯环相互靠近,影响糖苷键的折叠角度;Trp68、Tyr305、Tyr511形成一个环位于活性口袋入口处识别底物,该环的不同结构导致了其他GH3家族β-D-Glu不同的底物特异性[22]。
通过叠合R98突变体系的结构发现(图8B),R98各突变体侧链结构的不同、Trp68吲哚基团和各底物顶端苯环上官能团极性的差异,使各底物顶端苯环出现偏离,进而糖苷键折叠方向和角度出现差异。Landersjö等[48]的研究表明糖苷键的折叠构象可能改变糖基的相对位置,从而影响底物与酶的结合模式。受苯环的偏离折叠的影响,Loop1和Loop2通过构象调整稳定底物末端葡萄糖,但葡萄糖基的深度及其平面也出现偏离。底物辅助结合的功能位点发生变化:Glu159和Glu197的羧基的极性以及Trp68与苯环建立pi-pi堆叠作用,有利于稳定复合物构象。因此推断,R98突变通过改变糖苷键的折叠角度及Loop区的构象调整,从而差异化水解不同底物。
根据结合自由能的结果(表3和附表2~附表7,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)所示,R98F与水杨苷复合物体系的结合最稳定。β-D-Glu和R98F对3种底物的∆Eelec在结合自由能贡献中均占比最大(β-D-Glu:–459.769至–552.960 kJ/mol;R98F:–427.500至–557.855 kJ/mol),表明结合主要以静电互作为主,此外,对3种底物的∆EPB在结合自由能贡献中的占比仅次于∆Eelec(β-D-Glu:229.719至311.734 kJ/mol;R98F:196.242至221.970 kJ/mol),表明极性溶剂化自由能在结合中为辅,促进结合的同时稳定复合物构象,Ye等[49]研究的烯酰辅酶A裂解酶突变体的静电相互作用和极性溶剂化能也是影响酶活的主要因素。突变后β-D-Glu仅对水杨苷的亲和力有明显的提升,对熊果苷和pNPG的亲和力无明显影响,推测亲和力的提升可能是R98F对水杨苷酶活提高的重要因素。
β-D-Glu活性口袋入口处的Glu69、Asp99、Asp437和Tyr511位点的侧链对底物顶端苯环的构象有不同程度的影响。底物顶端与苯环相连的官能团分为3种:醇羟基、酚羟基和硝基,后两者与苯环直接相连并处于对位。与原始酶相比,R98F失去a区域附近Ala282与水杨苷形成的疏水作用力,可能是促使2.4.2中a区域柔性变强的原因,a区域位于催化结构域偏上方,其柔性的增强利于构象的动态变化,可能保障底物顺利进出通道,提升了催化效率。原始酶中广义酸碱催化氨基酸Glu509与水杨苷葡萄糖基形成1个氢键作用(1.43 Å),R98F的Glu509与水杨苷苯环上的醇羟基和葡萄糖基形成3个氢键作用(1.39、1.39、1.59 Å)和2个C-H键作用。强相互作用有利于Glu509削弱糖苷键的稳定性,并与过渡态形成更稳定的相互作用,降低了反应的活化能,使质子转移过程高效进行。酶与水杨苷的复合物构象显示突变后范德华力明显增强,与结合自由能计算结果一致,疏水相互作用的增强可能会提高β-葡萄糖苷酶与底物的亲和力并增加酶催化的周转率[50]。结合口袋入口处构象的灵活性和催化关键氨基酸与底物正确的紧密结合可能促使R98F对水杨苷酶活的大幅度提高。
与水杨苷的醇羟基相比,熊果苷顶端的酚羟基供电子能力很强[51],可能改变催化环境的电荷分布,使得底物与酶活性位点的电荷互补发生变化。Díaz等[52]发现电荷环境的变化可能影响酶与底物的结合模式,Trp281与水杨苷和pNPG的苯环形成pi-pi相互作用,而β-D-Glu与熊果苷结合时,Tyr305与其苯环上的酚羟基形成氢键作用,突变后R98F的Asp437在同一位置与熊果苷形成氢键作用。突变后较弱的疏水作用可能不利于酶固定熊果苷,易使其顶端苯环折叠偏移,同时吸引Asp69的侧链向其靠近,进而影响末端葡萄糖不能结合至更深的位置,导致糖苷键无法处于与催化氨基酸进行高效动态相互作用的最佳距离范围内,这可能是R98F对熊果苷催化活性降低16.44%的原因。
pNPG顶端苯环的硝基极性很强,影响苯环对位的电子密度[53],β-D-Glu与pNPG结合时,Arg98和Trp281在苯环的对立面形成pi-pi相互作用,形成稳定的“三明治”结构固定住底物,可能不利于底物运动。当Arg98突变为Phe时,强极性的硝基与非极性的Phe不匹配,仅剩Trp68与苯环形成pi-pi相互作用,底物相对更灵活,利于反应的快速进行。另外,β-D-Glu为保留型催化机制,与pNPG结合时,R98F的亲核试剂Asp280在4 Å范围内没有与底物形成相互作用,与糖苷键距离较远,不易进攻糖苷键上的异头碳,难以形成过渡态中间体,可能导致反应速率下降[54]。底物更加灵活,但糖苷键断键能力减弱,这可能是R98F对pNPG催化活性小幅度降低的原因。
本研究筛选并突变了黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶β-D-Glu结合口袋周围的关键氨基酸,探讨了单环芳基葡萄糖苷类底物侧链基团对β-葡萄糖苷酶水解活性的影响。通过靶向突变结合口袋入口处的关键氨基酸,发现底物侧链苯环上的官能团的极性和官能团的给电子能力影响了结合口袋入口处构象的灵活性、酶水解糖苷键的能力、酶与底物结合的位置和稳定性,从而使酶对不同底物的活性呈现特异性变化。这一结果与Dayan等[55]关于糖苷配基结构影响底物特异性的结论一致,拓展了“配基-酶相互作用”在β-葡萄糖苷酶功能调控的作用机制。但本研究仅探讨了结构简单的单环芳基葡萄糖苷底物侧链基团与β-葡萄糖苷酶水解活性的关联性,鉴于芳基葡萄糖苷底物的多样性,后续将依据底物的结构特征,深入研究不同类型侧链基团对酶活性的影响机制。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030093
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
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    1集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021
    2福建省食品微生物与酶工程重点实验室,福建厦门 361021
    3厦门市食品生物工程技术研究中心,福建厦门 361021
    4厦门海洋职业技术学院海洋生物学院,福建厦门 361021

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李利君(1973−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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