Article(id=1320886707298353485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853531907, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853531907, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853531907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853531907, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=200, endPage=211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886707541623118, articleId=1320886707298353485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Modification Preparation and Hypolipidemic Activity Exploration of Water-soluble Dietary Fiber from Grape Pomace, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to treat grape pomace-derived soluble dietary fiber (SDF) using two modification methods, optimize the modification parameters, compare the physicochemical properties of SDF before and after modification, and investigate its hypolipidemic effects in hyperlipidemic mice, thereby providing a theoretical basis for in-depth research on grape pomace SDF and food development. Using grape pomace SDF as the raw material, it was subjected to modification by microwave-acid (M-A) and cellulase-ultrasound wave (C-UW) methods. Based on single-factor experiments, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the experimental conditions and determine the optimal parameter combinations for modification. The physicochemical properties (including functional characteristics, cholesterol adsorption capacity, and cation exchange capacity) of unmodified SDF and the two modified SDF were compared. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were also conducted. Additionally, a hyperlipidemic mouse model was established to explore the hypolipidemic effects of SDF before and after modification. Measurements and analyses were conducted on mouse body weight, four lipid profile indicators, serum ALT and AST activities, liver indices, and histological staining of liver sections. Results showed that the optimal parameter combination for M-A method modified SDF was a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:24.97, microwave power of 220.56 W, microwave time of 60.24 s, and the yield of SDF was 22.17%. For validation, the process parameters were slightly adjusted to citric acid mass fraction 6%, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:25, and microwave power 240 W, resulting in an average SDF yield of 21.74%, with only a minor deviation of 0.41% from the theoretical yield. For the C-UW-modified SDF, the optimal parameters were: cellulase addition 0.38%, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 54.04℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time 28.61 min, resulting in an SDF yield of 28.8%. For validation, the process parameters were slightly adjusted to cellulase addition 0.4%, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 55 ℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time 30 min, resulting in an average SDF yield of 28.29%, with only a minor deviation of 0.51% from the theoretical yield. In terms of physicochemical properties, C-UW-modified SDF exhibited significant superiority over unmodified SDF and M-A-modified SDF. SEM results showed that C-UW-modified SDF formed a denser, rod-like structure, while FTIR analysis indicated that the main components and overall chemical structure of the three SDFs remained relatively stable without significant changes. These findings confirmed that C-UW-modified SDF demonstrated better modification effects compared to unmodified SDF and M-A-modified SDF. In the mouse experiments, compared to the model group, C-UW SDF significantly reduced TC, TG, and LDL-C, while significantly increasing HDL-C. Compared to other treatment groups (unmodified SDF, M-A SDF), C-UW SDF showed more pronounced effects in improving the four lipid profile indicators, particularly in reducing LDL-C and increasing HDL-C. Additionally, C-UW SDF exhibited a reducing effect on serum ALT and AST activities, an inhibitory effect on weight gain, and alleviated liver damage, protecting the integrity of hepatocytes. These results confirmed that C-UW SDF was more effective in reducing blood lipid levels in hyperlipidemic mice, laying a foundation for subsequent research on grape pomace SDF and food development.

, authors=Yan ZHANG1, Maimaiti Gulinuer1, Shuhua XUE2, Dihong QUAN2, Jianguo WANG2, Yajie GAO1, Chenlong LIU1, Wenxuan ZHANG1, Zunrui SANG1, Lingming KONG1, *, Huafeng YANG2, *, authorsList=Yan ZHANG, Maimaiti Gulinuer, Shuhua XUE, Dihong QUAN, Jianguo WANG, Yajie GAO, Chenlong LIU, Wenxuan ZHANG, Zunrui SANG, Lingming KONG, Huafeng YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lingming KONG, Huafeng YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886711656235361, articleId=1320886707298353485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=葡萄皮渣水溶性膳食纤维的改性制备及降脂活性研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在通过两种改性方法处理葡萄皮渣水溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF),优化改性参数,比较改性前后SDF的理化性质,并探究其对高脂血症小鼠的降血脂效果,为葡萄皮渣SDF的深入研究及食品研发提供理论依据。以葡萄皮渣SDF为原料,分别采用微波联合酸法(microwave- acid,M-A)与超声波联合纤维素酶法(cellulase-ultrasound wave,C-UW)对其进行改性处理,在单因素实验的基础上通过响应面法优化试验得到改性最优参数组合,将改性前SDF与两种改性SDF进行理化性质比较(功能特性、胆固醇吸附能力、阳离子交换能力),并进行扫描电子显微镜与傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,此外,建立高脂血症小鼠模型,探究改性前后SDF对小鼠降血脂效果,对小鼠体重、血脂四项、血清ALT与AST活性、肝脏指标及肝脏切片染色指标进行测定及分析。结果表明,M-A法改性SDF最优参数组合:料液比1:24.97、微波功率220.56 W、微波时间60.24 s,SDF得率22.17%,验证试验将工艺参数微调为柠檬酸质量分数6%、料液比1:25、微波功率240 W,SDF平均得率为21.74%,与理论得率相比仅有0.41%的微小偏差。C-UW法改性SDF最优参数组合:纤维素酶添加量0.38%、酶解温度54.04 ℃、酶解时间28.61 min,SDF得率28.8%,验证试验将工艺参数微调为纤维素酶添加量0.4%、酶解温度55 ℃、酶解时间30 min,SDF平均得率为28.29%,与理论得率相比仅有0.51%的微小偏差。理化性质得出C-UW改性SDF显著优于未改性SDF及M-A改性SDF。扫描电镜结果显示,C-UW改性SDF形成更为紧密的棍状结构,傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明三种SDF的主要组分及其整体的化学结构保持了相对稳定,未发生明显变化。由此证实C-UW改性SDF较未改性SDF及M-A改性SDF改性效果更好。小鼠试验结果表明,与模型组相比,C-UW SDF显著降低TC、TG和LDL-C,同时显著升高HDL-C。与其他处理组(未改性SDF、M-A SDF)相比,C-UW SDF在改善血脂四项指标上的效果更为突出,尤其在降低LDL-C和升高HDL-C方面。此外,C-UW SDF还表现出对血清ALT与AST的降低效果,体重增长的抑制作用,并减轻肝脏损伤,保护肝细胞完整性,证实了C-UW SDF在降低高脂血症小鼠血脂水平方面效果更为显著,为后续葡萄皮渣SDF的研究及食品研发奠定了基础。

, authors=张艳1, 古丽努尔·买买提1, 薛淑花2, 权娣红2, 王建国2, 高雅洁1, 刘辰龙1, 张文轩1, 桑尊瑞1, 孔令明1, *, 杨华峰2, *, authorsList=张艳, 古丽努尔·买买提, 薛淑花, 权娣红, 王建国, 高雅洁, 刘辰龙, 张文轩, 桑尊瑞, 孔令明, 杨华峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孔令明, 杨华峰, authorNote=

张艳(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工及综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孔令明(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工及综合利用,E-mail:。
杨华峰(1970−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:葡萄酒果酒酿造与葡萄籽皮精深加工,E-mail:。
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注:**表示两组血清指标数据差异极显著(P<0.01)。

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注:图中大写字母判断ALT的显著性,小写字母判断AST的显著性,不同字母表示不同组别间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:(A)~(F)分别代表NC组、MC组、PC组、SDF组、M-A SDF组和C-UW SDF组。

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Factor and level design of response surface methodology for microwave-assisted acid modified soluble dietary fiber (SDF)

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水平因素
A料液比(g/mL)B微波功率(W)C微波时间(s)
−11:208030
01:2524060
11:3040090
), ArticleFig(id=1320886718958518717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微波联合酸改性SDF响应面试验设计因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A料液比(g/mL)B微波功率(W)C微波时间(s)
−11:208030
01:2524060
11:3040090
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719025627582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factor and level design of response surface methodology experiment for ultrasonic wave combined with cellulase-modified SDF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A纤维素酶添加量(%)B酶解温度(℃)C酶解时间(min)
−10.35020
00.45530
10.56040
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719092736447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

超声波联合纤维素酶改性SDF响应面试验设计因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A纤维素酶添加量(%)B酶解温度(℃)C酶解时间(min)
−10.35020
00.45530
10.56040
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719189205440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Response surface methodology design and results for the combination of microwave and acid modification of SDF from grape pomace

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实验号ABCSDF得率(%)
11−1016.05
20−1116.52
300021.75
400022.59
5−10116.80
601114.25
700022.62
8−10−116.65
901−113.90
1010−116.30
1110115.75
12−1−1015.40
13−11013.65
140−1−116.15
1500021.95
1611014.05
1700021.62
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719277285825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

微波联合酸改性葡萄皮渣SDF响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCSDF得率(%)
11−1016.05
20−1116.52
300021.75
400022.59
5−10116.80
601114.25
700022.62
8−10−116.65
901−113.90
1010−116.30
1110115.75
12−1−1015.40
13−11013.65
140−1−116.15
1500021.95
1611014.05
1700021.62
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719348588994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Variance analysis results of the regression equation model of SDF from grape pomace modified by microwave and acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型170.22918.9170.91<0.0001**
A0.015310.01530.05740.8175
B8.5518.5532.050.0008**
C0.012810.01280.04800.8328
AB0.015610.01560.05860.8157
AC0.122510.12250.45930.5197
BC0.000110.00010.00040.9851
A²39.79139.79149.20<0.0001**
B²75.85175.85284.38<0.0001**
C²29.72129.72111.43<0.0001**
残差1.8770.2667
失拟项0.981230.32711.480.3478
误差项0.885740.2214
总和172.0916
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719424086467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

微波联合酸改性葡萄皮渣SDF回归方程模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型170.22918.9170.91<0.0001**
A0.015310.01530.05740.8175
B8.5518.5532.050.0008**
C0.012810.01280.04800.8328
AB0.015610.01560.05860.8157
AC0.122510.12250.45930.5197
BC0.000110.00010.00040.9851
A²39.79139.79149.20<0.0001**
B²75.85175.85284.38<0.0001**
C²29.72129.72111.43<0.0001**
残差1.8770.2667
失拟项0.981230.32711.480.3478
误差项0.885740.2214
总和172.0916
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719520555460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Response surface methodology design and results for the combination of ultrasonic treatment and cellulase modification of SDF from grape pomace

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCSDF得率(%)
11−1023.35
2−11025.65
301−126.90
400028.75
5−1−1026.50
60−1127.10
700028.40
810123.70
900028.30
1001125.85
1100028.90
1210−124.20
13−10125.25
1411023.75
150−1−127.55
1600028.95
17−10−125.75
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719608635845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

超声波联合纤维素酶改性葡萄皮渣SDF响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号ABCSDF得率(%)
11−1023.35
2−11025.65
301−126.90
400028.75
5−1−1026.50
60−1127.10
700028.40
810123.70
900028.30
1001125.85
1100028.90
1210−124.20
13−10125.25
1411023.75
150−1−127.55
1600028.95
17−10−125.75
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719688327622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Variance analysis results of the regression equation model of SDF from grape pomace modified by ultrasonic treatment and cellulase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型57.9596.4438.21<0.0001**
A8.1018.1048.050.0002**
B0.690310.69034.090.0827
C0.720010.72004.270.0776
AB0.390610.39062.320.1718
AC0.002510.00250.01480.9065
BC0.090010.09000.53380.4887
A²37.86137.86224.59<0.0001**
B²3.0313.0317.990.0038**
C²3.8913.8923.080.0020**
残差1.1870.1686
失拟项0.833130.27773.200.1452
误差项0.347040.0867
总和59.1616
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719759630791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

超声波联合纤维素酶改性葡萄皮渣SDF回归方程模型方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型57.9596.4438.21<0.0001**
A8.1018.1048.050.0002**
B0.690310.69034.090.0827
C0.720010.72004.270.0776
AB0.390610.39062.320.1718
AC0.002510.00250.01480.9065
BC0.090010.09000.53380.4887
A²37.86137.86224.59<0.0001**
B²3.0313.0317.990.0038**
C²3.8913.8923.080.0020**
残差1.1870.1686
失拟项0.833130.27773.200.1452
误差项0.347040.0867
总和59.1616
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719910625736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Functional characteristics of SDF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品溶胀力(mL·g−1)持水力(g·g−1)持油力(g·g−1)
SDF1.03±0.06c1.52±0.02c2.35±0.06c
M-A SDF1.43±0.08b1.85±0.04b2.62±0.05b
C-UW SDF1.73±0.06a2.05±0.02a2.88±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886719981928905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

SDF的功能特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品溶胀力(mL·g−1)持水力(g·g−1)持油力(g·g−1)
SDF1.03±0.06c1.52±0.02c2.35±0.06c
M-A SDF1.43±0.08b1.85±0.04b2.62±0.05b
C-UW SDF1.73±0.06a2.05±0.02a2.88±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886720099369418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Body weight of mice in each group during the gavage period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别0 d7 d14 d21 d28 d
NC组24.09±1.35Cb25.04±1.10Bab25.66±1.44Ba26.15±1.61Ca26.51±1.51Ba
MC组26.25±1.86Bc27.32±1.99ABbc28.58±3.13Aab29.19±2.96Aab30.04±2.55Aa
PC组26.71±1.80Bab27.46±2.39Aa26.99±1.87ABab26.98±1.64ABCab25.59±1.82Bb
SDF组29.58±2.60Aa29.26±2.70Aa28.94±2.70Aa28.63±2.54ABa28.58±2.10Aa
M-A SDF组27.19±3.18Ba27.02±3.12ABa26.35±3.37ABa26.79±3.11ABCa26.27±2.50Ba
C-UW SDF组27.67±3.03ABa27.38±3.09ABa26.90±3.15ABa26.40±3.12BCa26.38±2.92Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1320886720191644107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

灌胃期各组小鼠体重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别0 d7 d14 d21 d28 d
NC组24.09±1.35Cb25.04±1.10Bab25.66±1.44Ba26.15±1.61Ca26.51±1.51Ba
MC组26.25±1.86Bc27.32±1.99ABbc28.58±3.13Aab29.19±2.96Aab30.04±2.55Aa
PC组26.71±1.80Bab27.46±2.39Aa26.99±1.87ABab26.98±1.64ABCab25.59±1.82Bb
SDF组29.58±2.60Aa29.26±2.70Aa28.94±2.70Aa28.63±2.54ABa28.58±2.10Aa
M-A SDF组27.19±3.18Ba27.02±3.12ABa26.35±3.37ABa26.79±3.11ABCa26.27±2.50Ba
C-UW SDF组27.67±3.03ABa27.38±3.09ABa26.90±3.15ABa26.40±3.12BCa26.38±2.92Ba
), ArticleFig(id=1320886720267141580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Effects of different soluble dietary fibers on TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and AI in the serum of hyperlipidemia mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)HDL-C(mmol/L)LDL-C(mmol/L)AI(mmol/L)
NC组2.21±0.11f1.64±0.06b1.60±0.06c0.81±0.05b0.38±0.05d
MC组7.07±0.21a5.66±0.36a0.53±0.08f2.78±0.04a12.56±2.19a
PC组4.83±0.14b0.84±0.08c1.46±0.02d0.73±0.02c2.33±0.11b
SDF组4.13±0.04c0.66±0.03c2.12±0.02b0.54±0.05e0.94±0.03cd
M-A SDF组3.67±0.14d0.78±0.04c1.37±0.05e0.61±0.04d1.69±0.16bc
C-UW SDF组3.09±0.14e0.43±0.03d2.45±0.10a0.48±0.02f0.26±0.08d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886720351027661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

改性前后SDF对高脂血症小鼠血清中TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C及AI的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)HDL-C(mmol/L)LDL-C(mmol/L)AI(mmol/L)
NC组2.21±0.11f1.64±0.06b1.60±0.06c0.81±0.05b0.38±0.05d
MC组7.07±0.21a5.66±0.36a0.53±0.08f2.78±0.04a12.56±2.19a
PC组4.83±0.14b0.84±0.08c1.46±0.02d0.73±0.02c2.33±0.11b
SDF组4.13±0.04c0.66±0.03c2.12±0.02b0.54±0.05e0.94±0.03cd
M-A SDF组3.67±0.14d0.78±0.04c1.37±0.05e0.61±0.04d1.69±0.16bc
C-UW SDF组3.09±0.14e0.43±0.03d2.45±0.10a0.48±0.02f0.26±0.08d
), ArticleFig(id=1320886720426525134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Effects of SDF before and after modification on TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels in the liver of hyperlipidemia mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别TC
(μmol/g)
TG
(μmol/g)
HDL-C
(μmol/g)
LDL-C
(μmol/g)
NC组3.24±0.14e2.63±0.18e1.59±0.31a3.57±0.25c
MC组7.05±0.28a10.82±0.87a0.35±0.09c5.47±0.42a
PC组4.26±0.24d3.42±0.31d0.84±0.02b3.11±0.40d
SDF组5.63±0.29b4.52±0.40c0.69±0.06b4.37±0.33b
M-A SDF组5.55±0.26b4.29±0.22c0.80±0.02b3.48±0.31c
C-UW SDF组5.12±0.06c5.15±0.08b0.82±0.02b4.13±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1320886720531382735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886707298353485, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

改性前后SDF对高脂血症小鼠肝脏中TG、TC、HDL-C及LDL-C的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别TC
(μmol/g)
TG
(μmol/g)
HDL-C
(μmol/g)
LDL-C
(μmol/g)
NC组3.24±0.14e2.63±0.18e1.59±0.31a3.57±0.25c
MC组7.05±0.28a10.82±0.87a0.35±0.09c5.47±0.42a
PC组4.26±0.24d3.42±0.31d0.84±0.02b3.11±0.40d
SDF组5.63±0.29b4.52±0.40c0.69±0.06b4.37±0.33b
M-A SDF组5.55±0.26b4.29±0.22c0.80±0.02b3.48±0.31c
C-UW SDF组5.12±0.06c5.15±0.08b0.82±0.02b4.13±0.05b
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葡萄皮渣水溶性膳食纤维的改性制备及降脂活性研究
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张艳 1 , 古丽努尔·买买提 1 , 薛淑花 2 , 权娣红 2 , 王建国 2 , 高雅洁 1 , 刘辰龙 1 , 张文轩 1 , 桑尊瑞 1 , 孔令明 1, * , 杨华峰 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(6): 200-211
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (6) : 200 -211
葡萄皮渣水溶性膳食纤维的改性制备及降脂活性研究
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张艳1 , 古丽努尔·买买提1, 薛淑花2, 权娣红2, 王建国2, 高雅洁1, 刘辰龙1, 张文轩1, 桑尊瑞1, 孔令明1, * , 杨华峰2, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2新疆乡都酒业有限公司,新疆巴州 841100
通讯作者:
孔令明(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工及综合利用,E-mail:。
杨华峰(1970−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:葡萄酒果酒酿造与葡萄籽皮精深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张艳(2000−),女,硕士,研究方向:农产品加工及综合利用,E-mail:

Modification Preparation and Hypolipidemic Activity Exploration of Water-soluble Dietary Fiber from Grape Pomace
Yan ZHANG1 , Maimaiti Gulinuer1, Shuhua XUE2, Dihong QUAN2, Jianguo WANG2, Yajie GAO1, Chenlong LIU1, Wenxuan ZHANG1, Zunrui SANG1, Lingming KONG1, * , Huafeng YANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2Xinjiang Xiangdu Liquor Industry Co., Ltd., Bazhou 841100, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030086
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本研究旨在通过两种改性方法处理葡萄皮渣水溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF),优化改性参数,比较改性前后SDF的理化性质,并探究其对高脂血症小鼠的降血脂效果,为葡萄皮渣SDF的深入研究及食品研发提供理论依据。以葡萄皮渣SDF为原料,分别采用微波联合酸法(microwave- acid,M-A)与超声波联合纤维素酶法(cellulase-ultrasound wave,C-UW)对其进行改性处理,在单因素实验的基础上通过响应面法优化试验得到改性最优参数组合,将改性前SDF与两种改性SDF进行理化性质比较(功能特性、胆固醇吸附能力、阳离子交换能力),并进行扫描电子显微镜与傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,此外,建立高脂血症小鼠模型,探究改性前后SDF对小鼠降血脂效果,对小鼠体重、血脂四项、血清ALT与AST活性、肝脏指标及肝脏切片染色指标进行测定及分析。结果表明,M-A法改性SDF最优参数组合:料液比1:24.97、微波功率220.56 W、微波时间60.24 s,SDF得率22.17%,验证试验将工艺参数微调为柠檬酸质量分数6%、料液比1:25、微波功率240 W,SDF平均得率为21.74%,与理论得率相比仅有0.41%的微小偏差。C-UW法改性SDF最优参数组合:纤维素酶添加量0.38%、酶解温度54.04 ℃、酶解时间28.61 min,SDF得率28.8%,验证试验将工艺参数微调为纤维素酶添加量0.4%、酶解温度55 ℃、酶解时间30 min,SDF平均得率为28.29%,与理论得率相比仅有0.51%的微小偏差。理化性质得出C-UW改性SDF显著优于未改性SDF及M-A改性SDF。扫描电镜结果显示,C-UW改性SDF形成更为紧密的棍状结构,傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明三种SDF的主要组分及其整体的化学结构保持了相对稳定,未发生明显变化。由此证实C-UW改性SDF较未改性SDF及M-A改性SDF改性效果更好。小鼠试验结果表明,与模型组相比,C-UW SDF显著降低TC、TG和LDL-C,同时显著升高HDL-C。与其他处理组(未改性SDF、M-A SDF)相比,C-UW SDF在改善血脂四项指标上的效果更为突出,尤其在降低LDL-C和升高HDL-C方面。此外,C-UW SDF还表现出对血清ALT与AST的降低效果,体重增长的抑制作用,并减轻肝脏损伤,保护肝细胞完整性,证实了C-UW SDF在降低高脂血症小鼠血脂水平方面效果更为显著,为后续葡萄皮渣SDF的研究及食品研发奠定了基础。

葡萄皮渣  /  水溶性膳食纤维  /  改性  /  理化性质  /  降血脂活性

This study aimed to treat grape pomace-derived soluble dietary fiber (SDF) using two modification methods, optimize the modification parameters, compare the physicochemical properties of SDF before and after modification, and investigate its hypolipidemic effects in hyperlipidemic mice, thereby providing a theoretical basis for in-depth research on grape pomace SDF and food development. Using grape pomace SDF as the raw material, it was subjected to modification by microwave-acid (M-A) and cellulase-ultrasound wave (C-UW) methods. Based on single-factor experiments, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the experimental conditions and determine the optimal parameter combinations for modification. The physicochemical properties (including functional characteristics, cholesterol adsorption capacity, and cation exchange capacity) of unmodified SDF and the two modified SDF were compared. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were also conducted. Additionally, a hyperlipidemic mouse model was established to explore the hypolipidemic effects of SDF before and after modification. Measurements and analyses were conducted on mouse body weight, four lipid profile indicators, serum ALT and AST activities, liver indices, and histological staining of liver sections. Results showed that the optimal parameter combination for M-A method modified SDF was a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:24.97, microwave power of 220.56 W, microwave time of 60.24 s, and the yield of SDF was 22.17%. For validation, the process parameters were slightly adjusted to citric acid mass fraction 6%, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:25, and microwave power 240 W, resulting in an average SDF yield of 21.74%, with only a minor deviation of 0.41% from the theoretical yield. For the C-UW-modified SDF, the optimal parameters were: cellulase addition 0.38%, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 54.04℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time 28.61 min, resulting in an SDF yield of 28.8%. For validation, the process parameters were slightly adjusted to cellulase addition 0.4%, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 55 ℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time 30 min, resulting in an average SDF yield of 28.29%, with only a minor deviation of 0.51% from the theoretical yield. In terms of physicochemical properties, C-UW-modified SDF exhibited significant superiority over unmodified SDF and M-A-modified SDF. SEM results showed that C-UW-modified SDF formed a denser, rod-like structure, while FTIR analysis indicated that the main components and overall chemical structure of the three SDFs remained relatively stable without significant changes. These findings confirmed that C-UW-modified SDF demonstrated better modification effects compared to unmodified SDF and M-A-modified SDF. In the mouse experiments, compared to the model group, C-UW SDF significantly reduced TC, TG, and LDL-C, while significantly increasing HDL-C. Compared to other treatment groups (unmodified SDF, M-A SDF), C-UW SDF showed more pronounced effects in improving the four lipid profile indicators, particularly in reducing LDL-C and increasing HDL-C. Additionally, C-UW SDF exhibited a reducing effect on serum ALT and AST activities, an inhibitory effect on weight gain, and alleviated liver damage, protecting the integrity of hepatocytes. These results confirmed that C-UW SDF was more effective in reducing blood lipid levels in hyperlipidemic mice, laying a foundation for subsequent research on grape pomace SDF and food development.

grape pomace  /  soluble dietary fiber  /  modification  /  physicochemical properties  /  hypolipidemic activity
张艳, 古丽努尔·买买提, 薛淑花, 权娣红, 王建国, 高雅洁, 刘辰龙, 张文轩, 桑尊瑞, 孔令明, 杨华峰. 葡萄皮渣水溶性膳食纤维的改性制备及降脂活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 200 -211 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030086
Yan ZHANG, Maimaiti Gulinuer, Shuhua XUE, Dihong QUAN, Jianguo WANG, Yajie GAO, Chenlong LIU, Wenxuan ZHANG, Zunrui SANG, Lingming KONG, Huafeng YANG. Modification Preparation and Hypolipidemic Activity Exploration of Water-soluble Dietary Fiber from Grape Pomace[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 200 -211 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030086
高脂血症(hyperlipidemia,HLP)是体内脂质代谢失衡的表现,同时它也是直接导致动脉粥样硬化的关键因素[1−2]。据统计数据显示,心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVDs)每年夺去的生命占全球总死亡人数的32%,这也是推动全球死亡率上升的重要因素之一。近年来,随着我国经济的快速发展,居民生活水平显著提高,人们的膳食结构也发生了变化,高热量食物在饮食中的占比日益增加,而传统饮食中的低能量、高纤维的植物性食品的摄入量却逐年下滑。这种膳食营养平衡失调的现象导致糖尿病、心血管疾病、肥胖症、肠癌及便秘等一系列“富贵病”在我国呈现逐年攀升的趋势。
葡萄皮渣作为葡萄酒生产过程中的副产品,它富含多种有价值的生物活性物质,如花色苷、原花青素、单宁、酒石酸、果胶等[3]。水溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)是一种独特的纤维类型,富含微生物与生物多糖,易溶于水且不被人体消化酶分解,被誉为“第七大营养素”[4]。众多研究已证实SDF主要发挥着调节碳水化合物与脂类代谢的重要功能,且在改善肠道菌群、防癌抗癌、降血糖、降血脂以及预防糖尿病等多个方面均表现出正向作用[5−6]。林莹等[7]的研究结果表明,水溶性膳食纤维显著降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平。谢惠[8]研究了红枣可溶性膳食纤维对糖尿病动物模型的降血糖作用,发现红枣可溶性膳食纤维可通过改善胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢预防糖尿病的发生。Inoue等[9]将来自部分水解瓜尔豆胶的益生元膳食水溶性纤维添加到患有便秘症状的自闭症谱系障碍儿童的饮食中,观察肠道菌群及便秘等症状的变化,结果表明补充部分水解瓜尔豆胶会改变肠道菌群,显著增加每周排便的频率,并改善肠道菌群失调症状。Xu等[10]研究证实水溶性膳食纤维可安全有效地治疗慢传输型便秘,明显缩短结肠传输时间,改善便秘症状,并具有调节肠道菌群和维护肠道微生态的效果。李荣乔等[11]研究苦瓜水溶性膳食纤维对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖效果,结果证实苦瓜水溶性膳食纤维显著降低糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖和糖耐量,具有明确的降血糖作用。
微波、超声波作为一种新兴的物理改性方法,具有操作简便、条件温和、加热迅速、均匀、高效等特点。将微波与酸结合、超声波与纤维素酶结合,不仅缩短了制备时间,还减少了化学试剂的使用量,符合绿色化学的原则。陈仕学等[12]、张晨萍等[13]、李雄[14]及朱凤霞[15]分别以野生阳荷、豆粕、咖啡果皮和米糠为原料,通过不同方法(包括响应面法优化微波辅助提取、单因素实验和正交试验确定超声波-微波协同提取、超声波协同纤维素酶制备及超声波辅助酶法提取)优化了SDF的提取工艺,并获得了相应的最佳工艺条件及得率。作为葡萄酒生产副产品,葡萄皮渣富含多种生物活性物质,但原形态下SDF的利用率和生物活性有限,因此本研究通过微波辅助酸法(microwave- acid,M-A)及超声波辅助纤维素酶法(cellulase-ultrasound wave,C-UW)对其进行改性处理,旨在提升葡萄皮渣SDF的得率,改善其理化性质,并探讨葡萄皮渣SDF对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖症小鼠的降脂效果,为后续葡萄皮渣SDF的研究及功能食品的开发提供数据支持与理论基础。
C57BL/6J小鼠 购于新疆医科大学,生产许可证:SCXK(新)2024-0001;小鼠基础饲料MD12062、小鼠高脂饲料MD12033 江苏美迪森生物医药有限公司;新疆焉耆盆地赤霞珠葡萄皮渣 新疆库尔勒乡都酒业有限公司;乙酸、氢氧化钠、柠檬酸、无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;纤维素酶(酶活力50 u/mg) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;鸡蛋 市购;血脂康 北京北大维信生物科技有限公司;血清总胆固醇(TC)试剂盒、血清甘油三酯(TG)试剂盒、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)试剂盒、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;谷草转氨酶(AST)试剂盒、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)试剂盒 深圳雷杜生命科学股份有限公司。
BJ-800A粉碎机(小型) 德清拜杰电器有限公司;SHZ-B水浴恒温振荡器 上海博讯医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;M1-L236A微波炉 广东美的厨房电器制造有限公司;TD5A-WS台式低速离心机 长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;LXJ-ПB台式高速离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;DG-9070A鼓风干燥箱(电热恒温) 上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;R-100旋转蒸发仪 瑞士步琦有限公司;QL-866漩涡振荡仪 海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;FA1204B电子天平 上海仪天科学仪器有限公司;SHB-Ⅲ循环水式多用真空泵 郑州长城科工贸有限公司;KQ-250DE超声波清洗机 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;T6新世纪紫外可见光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;JSM-5900LV扫描电子显微镜 日本电子株式会社;Spectrun-100傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国PerkinElmer公司;BioTeK Epoch酶标检测仪 上海鹏仪电子科技有限公司;Chemray 420全自动生化分析仪 深圳雷杜生命科学股份有限公司。
将酿酒后的葡萄皮渣进行水洗除杂、并将其皮籽分离,将其放入60 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒定重量,再使用小型粉碎机对烘干后的葡萄皮渣进行粉碎,过孔径为0.18 mm的筛网,获得葡萄皮渣纤维原料粉,供后续试验使用。
称取2.00 g经过预处理的葡萄皮渣,将其加入到料液比1:30(g/mL)、柠檬酸质量分数6%的溶液中,接着将混合物置于60 ℃的水浴恒温振荡器中进行振荡处理,5000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液进行旋蒸浓缩,向浓缩液中加入4倍体积的无水乙醇,在室温下进行醇沉处理,静置5 h,随后通过抽滤的方式分离出沉淀物,即滤渣;最后,将滤渣置于干燥箱中干燥至恒重,获得SDF。
准确称取2.00 g葡萄皮渣纤维原料粉末置于锥形瓶中,加入料液比1:30(g/mL)、柠檬酸质量分数6%的溶液,充分混合后,60 ℃水浴恒温振荡20 min,以确保葡萄皮渣纤维原料与柠檬酸溶液充分反应。随后,将锥形瓶从振荡器中取出,设置微波功率240 W,微波时间60 s进行萃取操作,萃取完成后于5000 r/min离心15 min,为使制备效率最大化,对过滤后的残渣进行二次提取,重复上述步骤,将两次离心所得的上清液合并,进行旋转蒸发。加入4倍体积的无水乙醇沉淀5 h,使用真空泵进行抽滤,干燥至恒定重量,得到M-A SDF[16−17]。
称取2.00 g预处理的葡萄皮渣,按料液比1:20(g/mL)加入蒸馏水并混合均匀,使用乙酸/氢氧化钠溶液调节混合液pH至4.0,加入定量纤维素酶,调节至目标温度置于250 W超声场中酶解一定时间,酶解结束后,100 ℃水浴加热10 min终止反应,以5000 r/min转速离心15 min,收集上清液,向上清液中加入4倍体积无水乙醇,室温静置醇沉5 h,抽滤分离沉淀物,滤渣经干燥至恒重,获得C-UW SDF[18−19]。
准确称取2.0 g样品,分别探究柠檬酸质量分数(3%、4%、5%、6%、7%)、料液比(1:20、1:25、1:30、1:35、1:40)、微波功率(80、240、400、640、800 W)、微波时间(30、60、90、120、150 s)对SDF得率的影响。考察单一因素时,其余因素固定为:柠檬酸质量分数6%、料液比1:30、微波功率240 W、微波时间60 s。
准确称取2.0 g样品,分别探究纤维素酶添加量(0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%)、酶解温度(40、45、50、55、60 ℃)、酶解时间(10、20、30、40、50 min)对SDF得率的影响。考察单一因素时,其余因素固定为:纤维素酶添加量0.4%、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解时间30 min。
采用响应面优化法确定最佳SDF改性的最佳工艺条件,以SDF得率为评价指标,分别探究M-A法和C-UW法对SDF改性效果的作用,并确定两种改性SDF的最佳工艺参数,试验因素水平设计分别见表1和表2。
$ \rm{S}DF得率(\text{%})=[(m_2-m_1)/m]\times100 $
式中:m代表葡萄皮渣纤维原料粉末样品的质量,g;m1代表滤纸在过滤前的干燥至恒重的质量,g;m2代表滤纸连同残留物质干燥至恒重的质量,g。
溶胀力(SC):分别准确称取1.00 g葡萄皮渣SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF,向量筒中添加20 mL蒸馏水,使其充分混匀,室温条件下静置24 h,读取量筒内的样品的体积数[20]。葡萄皮渣SDF的溶胀力按以下公式计算:
$\rm SC(mL/g)=\frac{{V}_{1}-V}{m} $
式中,m代表葡萄皮渣SDF样品的质量,g;V代表干品膨胀前的体积,mL;V1代表干品膨胀后的体积,mL。
持水力(WHC):分别准确称取1.00 g葡萄皮渣SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF放入烧杯中,加入20 mL蒸馏水,使其充分混匀,室温条件下静置24 h,用定量滤纸沥干样品水分,将湿样在5000 r/min条件下离心5 min后弃去水分,称取样品的质量[21]。葡萄皮渣SDF的持水力计算见下式:
$\rm WHC(\text{g}/g)=\frac{{m}_{2}-{m}_{1}}{{m}_{1}} $
式中,m1代表葡萄皮渣SDF样品的干质量,g;m2代表葡萄皮渣SDF样品的湿质量,g。
方法同持水力的测定。选用市售葵花籽油测定葡萄皮渣SDF的持油能力。
取鸡蛋黄,去除蛋清,加入9倍体积的去离子水稀释,充分搅打,在200 mL锥形瓶中分别加入50 mg SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF,添加15 mL上述蛋黄液,将pH分别调至2和7,模拟人的胃和肠道环境[22−23]。37 ℃搅拌2 h,于4000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液400 μL,将1 mL浓硫酸加入1.5 mL配制好的OPA试剂中,混匀后置于室温10 min,以550 nm波长检测样本的吸光度。以胆固醇标准浓度为横坐标x,以吸光度为纵坐标y绘制标准曲线,根据公式(y=0.0094x−0.0076,R2=0.9965)计算胆固醇的浓度。
$\rm 胆固醇吸附能力(mg/g)=\frac{a-b}{m} $
式中,a为吸附前蛋黄液中的胆固醇含量,mg;b为吸附后上清液中的胆固醇含量,mg;m为SDF加入量,g。
准确称量0.3 g SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF,溶解于30 mL 0.01 mol/L HCl溶液中,4 ℃下放置12 h,0.10 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液滴定至终点,记录消耗氢氧化钠溶液体积和pH变化,绘制氢氧化钠溶液体积和pH关系图。以不加样品的30 mL 0.01 mol/L HCl溶液为空白对照[24]。
参考唐顺博等[25]的方法进行扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)分析,取适量葡萄皮渣SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF粉末分别均匀涂抹于导电胶上,经过真空喷金处理后,获取300倍、1000倍扫描电镜图像。
将SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF样品干燥至恒重,每次分别称取约2 mg样品于玛瑙研钵中,加入100 mg干燥KBr粉末,完全研细混匀,压片,进行红外光谱(FTIR)分析,扫描波长为470~4000 cm−1,扫描次数为32次,分辨率为4 cm−1[21]。
试验采用了80只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,饲养环境温度控制在22±1 ℃,小鼠初始体重在16~18 g之间。首先,所有小鼠均接受为期一周的适应性喂养,期间统一喂食基础饲料并自由饮水。适应性喂养结束后,随机抽取72只小鼠改喂60%高脂肪饲料以建立模型,剩余8只作为空白对照组(NC),继续食用基础饲料。建模持续5周后,剔除未成功建模的小鼠,将除空白组外的其余小鼠随机分为五组:模型组(MC)、阳性对照组(PC)、SDF处理组(1.5 g/kg)、M-A SDF处理组(1.5 g/kg)和C-UW SDF处理组(1.5 g/kg),每组12只小鼠。分组完成后,NC组继续喂食基础饲料,其余各组继续高脂饲料喂养。根据小鼠体重进行灌胃给药,阳性对照药物选用血脂康(180 mg/kg),NC组和MC组则每日灌胃0.9%生理盐水(0.2 mL/20 g),给药期间小鼠可自由饮水和进食,给药周期为4周。4周后,小鼠禁食但不禁水12 h,随后称量体重,通过眼球取血收集血液样本,脊椎脱臼法处死并迅速解剖,取出肝脏,用冷生理盐水清洗以去除血水,使用多聚甲醛固定,以备后续试验数据的测定。本研究涉及的动物实验方案已经通过新疆农业大学实验动物福利伦理委员会审核批准。
将采集到的小鼠眼球血置于2 mL EP管,静置2 h,血清析出后,1500 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,按照试剂盒方法测定小鼠血清中的TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)及谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性;按照试剂盒方法测定肝脏中的TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C,并对肝脏切片进行病理分析。
采用Excel软件进行数据统计处理,采用Origin 2021软件作图,Design Expert 13进行响应面法分析,采用SPSS 26.0软件中单因素方差法分析显著性差异,差异显著水平为P<0.05。
以柠檬酸质量分数6%、料液比1:30、微波功率240 W、微波时间60 s为固定值,保持其中三个因素条件不变的情况下,分别探究第四个因素对葡萄皮渣SDF得率的影响,结果如图1所示。
由图1可知,随着柠檬酸质量分数、料液比、微波功率、微波时间的增加,SDF得率呈现先上升而后下降的趋势。在柠檬酸质量分数为6%时,SDF得率最高。料液比为1:25时,SDF得率最高,表明在此料液比下,溶液既不过于稀释也不过于粘稠,传质阻力适中。
微波功率为240 W时,SDF得率最高,说明在此功率下,SDF分子能够吸收足够的微波能量来克服与葡萄皮渣的结合力,同时避免高温对SDF分子结构的破坏。微波时间为60 s时,SDF得率最高,表明在这个时间点上,SDF分子能够充分吸收微波的能量以克服与葡萄皮渣的结合力,同时又避免了长时间高温对SDF分子结构的破坏。综合考虑SDF得率影响程度,选用料液比(1:20、1:25、1:30 g/mL)、微波功率(80、240、400 W)、微波时间(30、60、90 s)进行三因素三水平响应面优化试验。
以纤维素酶添加量0.4%、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解时间30 min为固定值,保持其中两个因素条件不变的情况下,分别探究第三个因素对葡萄皮渣SDF得率的影响,结果如图2所示。
由图2可知,随着纤维素酶添加量、酶解温度及时间的递增,SDF得率呈现出先递增,继而递减,随后又小幅回升的变化趋势。当纤维素酶添加量达到0.4%时,SDF得率最高,主要是因为酶解产物随着酶浓度的提升而增加,但过高的酶浓度会导致部分膳食纤维被进一步水解为低聚糖,而该低聚糖无法被乙醇沉淀,从而降低SDF得率。当酶解温度为55 ℃时,处于该适宜温度范围内,此时SDF得率处于较高水平。而酶解温度超过55 ℃后,SDF得率下降,原因在于过高的温度不仅会使酶部分失活,还会增大溶液的黏度,阻碍底物与酶的充分接触,最终导致SDF得率降低。在酶解时间为30 min时,SDF得率最高,下降的原因可能是长时间的酶解作用与超声波的空化、微机械及热效应共同作用,导致膳食纤维发生降解为乙醇无法沉淀的低聚糖。因此,综合考虑选用纤维素酶添加量(0.3%、0.4%、0.5%)、酶解温度(50、55、60 ℃)、酶解时间(20、30、40 min)进行三因素三水平响应面优化试验。
表3、表4为M-A改性葡萄皮渣SDF响应面试验设计与结果和回归方程模型方差分析表。表5、表6为C-UW改性葡萄皮渣SDF响应面试验设计与结果和回归方程模型方差分析表。从表3、表4可以看出,模型F值为70.91,P<0.0001,表明该模型与试验数据之间存在极显著的差异,即模型能很好地解释试验数据中的差异;失拟项P=0.3478>0.05,回归模型相关系数R2=0.9892,R2Adj=0.9752,R2Pred=0.9007,R2接近1,R2Adj与R2Pred差值小于0.2,该模型展现出较高的拟合度,数据准确可靠。通过对F值的分析,可以明确三个因素对葡萄皮渣中SDF得率的影响程度为B>A>C,确定最佳工艺参数:料液比(1:24.97)、微波功率(220.56 W)、微波时间(60.24 s),SDF得率可达22.17%,为了便于实际操作,将工艺参数微调为柠檬酸质量分数6%、料液比1:25、微波功率240 W,基于调整后的参数,调整后的参数进行5次重复性试验验证,SDF得率稳定,平均得率为21.74%,与理论得率相比仅有0.41%的微小偏差,这有力证实了所建立的数学模型的准确性和可靠性。
从表5、表6可以看出,模型F值为38.21,P<0.0001,表明该模型与试验数据之间存在极显著的差异,即模型能很好地解释试验数据中的差异;失拟项P=0.1452>0.05,回归模型决定系数R2=0.9801,R2Adj=0.9544,R2Pred=0.7655,R2接近1,R2Adj与R2Pred差值小于0.2,该模型展现出较高的拟合度,数据准确可靠,通过对F值的分析,酶解条件对SDF得率影响大小顺序为:A>C>B,确定工艺参数:纤维素酶添加量(0.38%)、酶解温度(54.04 ℃)、酶解时间(28.61 min),SDF得率可达28.8%,为了便于实际操作,将工艺参数微调为纤维素酶添加量0.4%、酶解温度55 ℃、酶解时间30 min,并进行了验证试验。结果显示,调整后的参数下SDF得率稳定,平均得率为28.29%,与理论得率相比仅有0.51%的微小偏差,证实了所建立的数学模型的准确性和可靠性。由此可以看出,C-UW改性SDF得率高于M-A改性。
由表7知,改性处理显著改变了SDF的功能特性。具体表现为,经过M-A法和C-UW法改性后的SDF,其溶胀力、持水力、持油力相较于未改性的SDF均有了显著提升(P<0.05)。这一结果直接证明了M-A法与C-UW法在提高SDF溶胀力、持水力与持油力方面的有效性。进一步对比两种改性方法,可以发现C-UW法在提升功能特性方面的效果更为突出,这体现了酶解与超声联合处理的积极作用。改性葡萄皮渣SDF所展现出的这些优异功能特性,为其在食品工业、保健品、医药等多个领域的应用提供了广阔前景。
胆固醇在人体内具有多方面的生理功能,但当其水平异常升高时,可能诱发高脂血症,进而增加动脉粥样硬化、静脉血栓形成及胆石症等严重疾病的发生风险[26]。SDF能够吸附胆固醇,可以有效降低机体胆固醇含量,从而减少相关并发症的发生[27−28]。通过图3对比分析发现,在pH2的酸性环境和pH7的中性环境下,未改性SDF、M-A法改性SDF、C-UW法改性SDF的胆固醇吸附能力依次递增,且相较于未改性SDF,两种改性方法均能够提升SDF在两种pH环境下的胆固醇吸附能力,C-UW法提升效果更优。这一现象的原因可能在于,改性处理改变了SDF的分子结构和表面性质,使其能够更有效地与胆固醇分子结合。特别是C-UW法,通过超声波的空化效应和纤维素酶的酶解作用,可能进一步暴露了SDF分子中的活性位点,增强了其与胆固醇的相互作用,从而提高了胆固醇的吸附能力。
由图4,曲线的斜率变化可用来评估样品的阳离子交换能力。具体而言,当曲线斜率较小时,表明样品在交换过程中释放或吸收阳离子的速率较为平缓,这反映出样品具有较强的阳离子交换能力和较好的缓冲性能。与空白组(NC)相比,三种SDF(SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF)的曲线变化均相对平缓,说明它们均具备一定程度的阳离子交换能力。尽管各SDF样品组之间的曲线斜率存在细微差异,但整体来看,这些差异并不大,进一步证实了三者均展现出良好的阳离子交换能力。
图5显示了三种类型SDF样品分别放大300倍和1000倍后的电镜扫描图片,由SDF 300倍与1000倍的图片可以发现其呈现松散不规则球状,M-A SDF颗粒变得更加细小均匀,不规则球状转变成均匀毛绒花状,纤维形态更加明显,并且原先包裹在纤维中的一些球形颗粒也被释放出来,这一变化可能是由于微波处理产生的热效应和机械效应所导致,进而提高了其与水分子的接触机会,这可能是M-A SDF功能特性提高的原因。而C-UW SDF形态转变为密集但不均匀的棍状,这种形态变化可能与超声波的空化效应和纤维素酶的酶解作用有关。超声波产生的空化泡释放出的能量可能促进了SDF分子间的相互作用和重排,形成了更为紧密的棍状结构,增加了SDF分子间的相互作用力,从而提高了其功能特性。该现象与其改性后持水力和溶胀力等物理性质发生了显著变化的结果相吻合。
由图6,三种类型的SDF红外图谱趋势大致相同,葡萄皮渣SDF具有多糖的特征峰。3317.02~3600 cm−1处出现的宽圆弧形曲线的吸收峰是O-H的伸缩振动,说明SDF中有羟基以及结合水分。1500~2000 cm−1是双键的伸缩振动,1591.01 cm−1是C=C键,1000~1200 cm−1是C-O的振动,1068.39 cm−1是C-O-C环内醚中C-O伸缩振动,684.62 cm−1是糖分子中β-型的C-H直立键的变角振动吸收。各峰的数量、位置以及峰形均未观察到显著变化,这表明三种SDF的主要组分及其整体的化学结构保持了相对稳定,未发生明显变化。
高血脂症是指由于体内脂质代谢失衡,导致血浆中多种脂质成分超出正常范围的一种疾病状态。根据研究,高脂饮食会促使血浆中的TC、TG、LDL-C水平上升,而降低HDL-C的水平[29−30]。由图7,建模五周后,MC组小鼠的TC、TG、LDL-C浓度均极显著高于NC组小鼠(P<0.01),MC组HDL-C浓度较NC组极显著降低(P<0.01),说明小鼠造模成功。
如表8所示,从同一时间段内各组小鼠体重差异显著性来看,第0 d时,NC组小鼠体重较其他组差异显著(P<0.05),NC组灌胃14 d后体重增加显著(P<0.05);而高脂饲料各组中,MC组灌胃14 d时小鼠体重显著增加(P<0.05),PC组从灌胃7~28 d,小鼠体重显著下降(P<0.05),SDF组、M-A SDF组、C-UW SDF组在灌胃28 d后小鼠体重均有所降低,但变化不显著。在21 d时,根据数据分析,C-UW SDF组小鼠体重与PC组、SDF组和M-A SDF组相比,并无显著性差异(P>0.05),但与MC组相比也未达到显著性差异水平(虽趋势上有所降低,但统计上不显著)。至28 d时,SDF组小鼠体重较其他几组(除NC组外)表现出一定差异。整体而言,PC组、SDF组、M-A SDF组、C-UW SDF组在灌胃期间均显示出对小鼠体重增长的抑制作用,其中PC组的抑制作用较为显著。因此,可以认为改性前后的SDF对小鼠体重增长具有一定的影响。
表9为小鼠血清脂质指标。总胆固醇(TC):MC组TC值最高,显著高于其他组(P<0.05),表明高脂血症模型建立成功。PC组、SDF组、M-A SDF组和C-UW SDF组TC值均低于MC组,且呈现不同程度的降低,说明水溶性膳食纤维对降低TC有一定效果。C-UW SDF组TC值最低,与NC组接近,表明其降TC效果最佳。
甘油三酯(TG):MC组TG值最高,显著高于其他组(P<0.05),符合高脂血症特征。PC组、SDF组、M-A SDF组和C-UW SDF组TG值均显著低于MC组(P<0.05)。说明水溶性膳食纤维能有效降低TG。C-UW SDF组TG值最低,降TG效果最明显。
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C):MC组HDL-C值最低,显著低于其他组(P<0.05),表明高脂血症小鼠HDL-C水平下降。SDF组和C-UW SDF组HDL-C值较高,显著高于MC组(P<0.05),说明这两种水溶性膳食纤维能提高HDL-C水平。NC组HDL-C值处于中等水平,PC组和M-A SDF组HDL-C值相对较低。
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C):MC组LDL-C值最高,显著高于其他组(P<0.05),表明高脂血症小鼠LDL-C水平升高。SDF组、M-A SDF组和C-UW SDF组LDL-C值均显著低于MC组(P<0.05),说明这些膳食纤维能降低LDL-C水平。C-UW SDF组LDL-C值最低,降LDL-C效果最佳。
动脉粥样硬化(AI):对人而言,动脉硬化指数在正常范围内应低于4。一旦该指数超过4,即意味着动脉硬化可能已经发生,并且患心脑血管疾病的风险会随之增加[31]。本试验结果显示,MC组小鼠的动脉粥样硬化指数超出了4的界限,显示出动脉硬化迹象。无论是改性前还是改性后的SDF,均对高脂血症小鼠血清中的TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C及AI有不同程度血脂调节作用。其中,C-UW SDF组在降低TC、TG、LDL-C及AI水平,提高HDL-C水平方面表现最佳。
ALT和AST主要存在于肝细胞中,其活性水平可作为评估肝损伤或肝功能障碍的重要指标[32]。在血清和血浆中,ALT和AST的活性变化能够反映肝脏的功能状态。当肝细胞遭受损伤时,ALT和AST会释放入血,导致血清中这两种酶的活性升高,这一现象是肝脏受损的特异性生物标志[33]。小鼠血清中ALT和AST的活性如图8所示,MC组相较于NC组ALT和AST显著增高(P<0.05),表明长期饲喂高脂饲料会导致小鼠肝脏受损,经药物、SDF、M-A SDF、C-UW SDF干预后,PC组、SDF组、M-A SDF组及C-UW SDF组均能降低高脂血症小鼠血清中的ALT和AST活性,其中C-UW SDF组在降低ALT与AST活性更显著,PC组在降低AST活性较显著。结果表明,M-A SDF、C-UW SDF能减轻高脂血症小鼠肝脏损伤。这些结果与杨末[34]研究的碱法制备的绿豆皮可溶性膳食纤维可以降低高血脂小鼠血清中ALT和AST,减轻高脂饮食小鼠肝细胞损伤,保护肝细胞的完整性的研究结果一致。
表10为小鼠肝脏脂质指标,从TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C水平可知,MC组小鼠最高,均显著高于其他组(P<0.05),说明MC组小鼠肝脏中的脂质大量的沉积在肝脏中,通过灌胃水溶性膳食纤维均可以降低肝脏TG、TC和LDL-C水平,升高HDL-C水平,可以看出,改性前后SDF均使小鼠肝脏的TG、TC和LDL-C水平有不同程度的降低,HDL-C水平不同程度的升高,其中C-UW SDF表现出来的效果最佳。
六组小鼠肝脏HE染色如图9所示。图9(A)为空白组肝细胞切片,组织内可见少量肝细胞空泡变性(蓝色箭头),胞质可见体积微小的空泡;实质和血管周围少见淋巴细胞小灶性浸润(紫色箭头)。图9(B)为高脂组肝细胞切片,组织内可见多量肝细胞水肿(绿色箭头),胞质疏松淡染;较多肝细胞空泡变性(蓝色箭头),胞质可见体积微小的空泡;实质少见淋巴细胞小灶性浸润(紫色箭头)。图9(C)为阳性组肝细胞切片,组织内可见少量肝细胞空泡变性(蓝色箭头),胞质可见体积微小的空泡;实质少见淋巴细胞和粒细胞小灶性浸润(紫色箭头)。图9(D)为SDF组肝细胞切片,肝细胞圆润、饱满;实质偶见淋巴细胞和粒细胞浸润(紫色箭头)。图9(E)为M-A SDF组肝细胞切片,组织内偶见肝细胞空泡变性(蓝色箭头),胞质可见体积微小的空泡,未见明显炎性细胞浸润。图9(F)为C-UW SDF组肝细胞切片,组织内偶见肝细胞水肿(绿色箭头),胞质疏松淡染;偶见肝细胞空泡变性(蓝色箭头),胞质可见体积微小的空泡,未见明显炎性细胞浸润。该结果与上述血清脂质水平与肝脏脂质水平一致,说明改性后的水溶性膳食纤维对高脂血症小鼠能够起到一定的降血脂作用。
本试验通过M-A法与C-UW法对葡萄皮渣SDF进行了改性处理,并系统研究了改性前后SDF的理化性质及其对高脂血症小鼠的降脂效果。首先通过单因素实验筛选了关键工艺参数,随后利用响应面优化法确定了两种改性方法的最佳工艺条件,并通过验证实验确认了所得参数的可靠性。结果显示,C-UW法获得的SDF得率(28.8%)显著高于M-A法(21.74%),表明C-UW法在提高SDF提取效率方面具有优势。在理化性质比较中,C-UW SDF在功能特性、胆固醇吸附能力及阳离子交换能力方面均表现出显著优于未改性SDF和M-A SDF的特性。微观结构观察和化学结构分析进一步证实了改性前后SDF在形态和化学结构上的变化,这些变化与理化性质的改善相吻合。动物试验结果表明,改性前后的葡萄皮渣SDF均能显著改善高脂血症小鼠的生理指标,包括降低体重、调节血脂四项、降低血清ALT与AST活性、改善肝脏指标及肝脏切片染色病理分析结果。本研究系统地评价了改性SDF的理化性质及其生物活性,为葡萄皮渣SDF的深入研究和应用提供了更为全面的数据支持。然而,本研究仍存在一些局限性,如改性过程中SDF分子结构变化的具体机制尚需进一步探讨,以及改性SDF在人体内的代谢途径和长期安全性评估等。未来研究可围绕这些问题展开,通过分子生物学、代谢组学等手段深入解析SDF的改性机制,为葡萄皮渣SDF在功能性食品及医药领域的广泛应用奠定坚实基础。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030086
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
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    1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
    2新疆乡都酒业有限公司,新疆巴州 841100

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孔令明(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工及综合利用,E-mail:。
杨华峰(1970−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:葡萄酒果酒酿造与葡萄籽皮精深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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