Article(id=1320889504995594281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320889172802515656, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854198931, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854198931, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854198931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854198931, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320889172802515656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854119730, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854119730, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=297, endPage=307, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889505192726570, articleId=1320889504995594281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and Performance Characterization of Eggshell Membrane Enzymatic Hydrolysate/Chitosan Composite Film, columnId=1261343852057772164, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Packaging and Machinery, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Eggshell-membrane-based films with antimicrobial and antioxidant functions can be used to preserve food to reduce economic losses and increase the comprehensive use of eggshell waste. We used biological enzymes to hydrolyze eggshell membranes, investigated the effects of hydrolysis conditions on lysozyme activity and the DPPH· scavenging rate of the enzyme solution. We prepared active packaging films via compositing the lyophilized material obtained from the enzyme solution of eggshell membrane and freeze-drying (enzymolysis of eggshell membrane (E-ESM)) with chitosan. Our aim was to investigate the effects of E-ESM on the chitosan film structure and properties and apply the film in preserving strawberry. The lysozyme activity and DPPH· clearance of the enzymatic solution of eggshell film were 2.26 U/mL and 38.23%, respectively, after 9 U/mg alkaline protease enzyme digestion at 50 ℃ for 4 h. The film prepared with E-ESM and chitosan in a 3:5 (v/v) ratio showed appropriate mechanical properties (tensile strength 11.32 MPa and fracture elongation 11.75%), UV-blocking ability (UV transmittance 42%), water vapor permeability ((8.89±0.6)×10−11 g·m/(m2·s·Pa)), and oxygen transmittance ((2.12±0.6)×10−5 g·mm/(m2·s)). The film inhibited 83.33% and 80.85% of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in experiments, respectively. Cell survival and biocompatibility were above 90% after 8 days of storage at 24 ℃. The weight loss rate (29.06%) in the experimental group was 15.43% lower than that of the control group. The malondialdehyde content (911.78 µmol/L) was 6.96% lower than that of the control group, and 74.82% of the VC content (57.27 mg/100 g) was retained compared with that of the control group, with a pH of 3.77 and brix of 11.03°Brix. The composite film was able to effectively extend the shelf-life of strawberries by 4~6 days and could be used as an active food packaging film.

, authors=Xinyi LI, Xialing WU*, Qun LIU, Wuyin WENG, Yucang ZHANG*, authorsList=Xinyi LI, Xialing WU, Qun LIU, Wuyin WENG, Yucang ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xialing WU, Yucang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889507386347583, articleId=1320889504995594281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=鸡蛋壳膜酶解物/壳聚糖复合薄膜的制备及性能表征, columnId=1261343861805334715, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=包装与机械, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于鸡蛋壳膜制备抗菌抗氧化功能的薄膜,既能作为食品保鲜材料减少经济损失,也可提高鸡蛋壳废弃物的综合利用价值。本研究利用生物酶水解鸡蛋壳膜,研究水解条件对酶解液溶菌酶活力和DPPH·清除率的影响,将蛋壳膜酶解液冷冻干燥获得的冻干物(Enzymolysis of egg shell membrane,E-ESM)与壳聚糖复合制备活性包装薄膜,研究E-ESM对壳聚糖薄膜结构和性能的影响,并将该薄膜应用于草莓保鲜试验。结果表明:9 U/mg碱性蛋白酶在50 ℃下酶解4 h后,蛋壳膜酶解液有2.26 U/mL的溶菌酶活力和38.23%的DPPH·清除率;E-ESM和壳聚糖以3:5(v:v)的比例制备的薄膜表现出良好的机械性能(拉伸强度11.32 MPa,断裂伸长率11.75%)、紫外光阻隔能力(紫外光透过率42%)、水蒸气透过率((8.89±0.6)×10−11 g·m/(m2·s·Pa))、氧气透过率((2.12±0.6)×10−5 g·mm/(m2·s))、对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑制率分别是83.33%和80.85%、生物相容性中细胞存活率均在90%以上。在24 ℃贮藏8 d后,实验组的失重率(29.06%)较对照组降低15.43%、丙二醛含量(911.78 µmol/L)较对照组降低6.96%、VC含量(57.27 mg/100 g)较对照组保留74.82%,pH(3.77)和糖度(11.03°Brix),结果表明复合薄膜能够有效延长草莓货架期4~6 d,具有作为活性食品包装薄膜的潜力。

, authors=李欣怡, 吴夏泠*, 刘群, 翁武银, 张玉苍*, authorsList=李欣怡, 吴夏泠, 刘群, 翁武银, 张玉苍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴夏泠, 张玉苍, authorNote=

李欣怡(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:鸡蛋壳废弃物综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴夏泠(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:生物质废弃物综合利用,E-mail:。
张玉苍(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物质废弃物综合利用,E-mail:。
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李欣怡(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:鸡蛋壳废弃物综合利用,E-mail:

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注:不同小写字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05;图5~图6、图9同。

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注:M为蛋白Maker、标品为溶菌酶标品、样品为E-ESM样品。

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注:贮藏末期不同小写字母表示数据差异显著,P<0.05。

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鸡蛋壳膜酶解物/壳聚糖复合薄膜的制备及性能表征
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李欣怡 , 吴夏泠 * , 刘群 , 翁武银 , 张玉苍 *
食品工业科技 | 包装与机械 2026,47(2): 297-307
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食品工业科技 |包装与机械 2026 , 47 (2) : 297 -307
鸡蛋壳膜酶解物/壳聚糖复合薄膜的制备及性能表征
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李欣怡 , 吴夏泠* , 刘群, 翁武银, 张玉苍*
作者信息
  • 集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021
通讯作者:
吴夏泠(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:生物质废弃物综合利用,E-mail:。
张玉苍(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物质废弃物综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李欣怡(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:鸡蛋壳废弃物综合利用,E-mail:

Preparation and Performance Characterization of Eggshell Membrane Enzymatic Hydrolysate/Chitosan Composite Film
Xinyi LI , Xialing WU* , Qun LIU, Wuyin WENG, Yucang ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030080
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基于鸡蛋壳膜制备抗菌抗氧化功能的薄膜,既能作为食品保鲜材料减少经济损失,也可提高鸡蛋壳废弃物的综合利用价值。本研究利用生物酶水解鸡蛋壳膜,研究水解条件对酶解液溶菌酶活力和DPPH·清除率的影响,将蛋壳膜酶解液冷冻干燥获得的冻干物(Enzymolysis of egg shell membrane,E-ESM)与壳聚糖复合制备活性包装薄膜,研究E-ESM对壳聚糖薄膜结构和性能的影响,并将该薄膜应用于草莓保鲜试验。结果表明:9 U/mg碱性蛋白酶在50 ℃下酶解4 h后,蛋壳膜酶解液有2.26 U/mL的溶菌酶活力和38.23%的DPPH·清除率;E-ESM和壳聚糖以3:5(v:v)的比例制备的薄膜表现出良好的机械性能(拉伸强度11.32 MPa,断裂伸长率11.75%)、紫外光阻隔能力(紫外光透过率42%)、水蒸气透过率((8.89±0.6)×10−11 g·m/(m2·s·Pa))、氧气透过率((2.12±0.6)×10−5 g·mm/(m2·s))、对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑制率分别是83.33%和80.85%、生物相容性中细胞存活率均在90%以上。在24 ℃贮藏8 d后,实验组的失重率(29.06%)较对照组降低15.43%、丙二醛含量(911.78 µmol/L)较对照组降低6.96%、VC含量(57.27 mg/100 g)较对照组保留74.82%,pH(3.77)和糖度(11.03°Brix),结果表明复合薄膜能够有效延长草莓货架期4~6 d,具有作为活性食品包装薄膜的潜力。

蛋壳膜  /  酶解  /  溶菌酶  /  复合薄膜  /  结构性能  /  草莓保鲜

Eggshell-membrane-based films with antimicrobial and antioxidant functions can be used to preserve food to reduce economic losses and increase the comprehensive use of eggshell waste. We used biological enzymes to hydrolyze eggshell membranes, investigated the effects of hydrolysis conditions on lysozyme activity and the DPPH· scavenging rate of the enzyme solution. We prepared active packaging films via compositing the lyophilized material obtained from the enzyme solution of eggshell membrane and freeze-drying (enzymolysis of eggshell membrane (E-ESM)) with chitosan. Our aim was to investigate the effects of E-ESM on the chitosan film structure and properties and apply the film in preserving strawberry. The lysozyme activity and DPPH· clearance of the enzymatic solution of eggshell film were 2.26 U/mL and 38.23%, respectively, after 9 U/mg alkaline protease enzyme digestion at 50 ℃ for 4 h. The film prepared with E-ESM and chitosan in a 3:5 (v/v) ratio showed appropriate mechanical properties (tensile strength 11.32 MPa and fracture elongation 11.75%), UV-blocking ability (UV transmittance 42%), water vapor permeability ((8.89±0.6)×10−11 g·m/(m2·s·Pa)), and oxygen transmittance ((2.12±0.6)×10−5 g·mm/(m2·s)). The film inhibited 83.33% and 80.85% of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in experiments, respectively. Cell survival and biocompatibility were above 90% after 8 days of storage at 24 ℃. The weight loss rate (29.06%) in the experimental group was 15.43% lower than that of the control group. The malondialdehyde content (911.78 µmol/L) was 6.96% lower than that of the control group, and 74.82% of the VC content (57.27 mg/100 g) was retained compared with that of the control group, with a pH of 3.77 and brix of 11.03°Brix. The composite film was able to effectively extend the shelf-life of strawberries by 4~6 days and could be used as an active food packaging film.

egg shell membrane  /  enzymatic hydrolysis  /  lysozyme  /  composite film  /  structure and function  /  strawberry preservation
李欣怡, 吴夏泠, 刘群, 翁武银, 张玉苍. 鸡蛋壳膜酶解物/壳聚糖复合薄膜的制备及性能表征. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (2) : 297 -307 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030080
Xinyi LI, Xialing WU, Qun LIU, Wuyin WENG, Yucang ZHANG. Preparation and Performance Characterization of Eggshell Membrane Enzymatic Hydrolysate/Chitosan Composite Film[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (2) : 297 -307 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030080
贮藏保鲜是植物性食品在生产和加工中非常重要的阶段。据估计,全世界水果和蔬菜产品的损失超过20%,主要由微生物和植物生理因素造成[1]。传统石油基塑料包装(如聚乙烯、聚丙烯)难以降解,塑料物理降解产生的微塑料对海洋和土壤均造成了严重污染[2],已成为当今困扰人类的环保难题。随着食品工业安全标准的不断提升和可持续发展理念的深化,绿色安全可降解保鲜薄膜的研发已成为行业焦点,因此,开发适宜的采后保鲜技术对于保持果蔬采后品质具有重要意义[3]。在可降解的食品包装中加入安全的抗菌剂,制备抗菌包装材料,开发具有抗菌、抗氧化的食物保鲜包装薄膜已成为新型食品包装领域的研究热点。
在此背景下,开发安全对人体无害的生物材料成为必然选择。以壳聚糖为代表的天然生物基材料因可降解性、成膜性及天然抗菌性备受关注,但其抗氧化能力弱、抑菌谱窄等缺陷限制了其实际应用[4]。鸡蛋是最常见的食材之一,2023年我国存栏11.9亿只蛋鸡,2015~2023年中国的鸡蛋产量从2589万吨增长至3100万吨[5]。占鸡蛋总重量11%的附属产物—蛋壳通常被作为废弃物丢弃或者做低价值的应用[6]。鸡蛋壳中所包含的蛋壳膜(Egg shell membrane,ESM)约有90%的蛋白质,含有丰富的胶原蛋白、糖蛋白、溶菌酶等,特别是溶菌酶有抗菌活性、抗炎活性和抗氧化性等生物活性功能[7]。Wang等[8]的研究发现单宁酸对蛋壳膜具有结构调节作用且增强抗氧化性能,Khalid等[9]发现使用蜂蜜、蛋壳膜等材料制备薄膜可以提高抗炎、抗氧化性。因此,构建复合型活性包装成为突破方向:将含溶菌酶的活性材料与壳聚糖复合既能弥补单一材料的性能短板,又可实现废弃物的高值转化。
本研究聚焦农业废弃物资源化利用,利用生物蛋白酶对蛋壳膜进行水解,释放具有自由基清除能力的水解多肽及天然溶菌酶;研究了不同蛋壳膜酶解液冻干物(Enzymolysis of egg shell membrane,E-ESM)/壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)比例对共混膜的性能如光透过率、力学性能、水接触角的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、热重分析(Differential Scanning Caborimetry,DSC)和衰减全反射-红外光谱(Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,ATR-FTIR)等技术对E-ESM/CS复合薄膜进行了表征。最后,研究该薄膜对易氧化易腐食品(草莓)的保鲜效果。本研究将酶解产物与壳聚糖进行复合,构建有生物降解性、长效抗菌和抗氧化性能的多功能复合薄膜。该研究不仅为食品保鲜包装提供了环境友好型替代方案,同时实现了食品副产物的高值化利用,在降低材料成本与环境友好方面具有双重可持续性价值。
新鲜鸡蛋壳 从当地菜市场(中国,厦门,集美区印斗路)获得,经过纯水清洗后将蛋壳膜撕下;壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥85%) 浙江金壳药业股份有限公司;碱性蛋白酶(200 U/mg) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;中性蛋白酶(100 U/mg)、木瓜蛋白酶(800 U/mg)、胰蛋白酶(250 U/mg) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;胃蛋白酶(3000 U/mg) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;溶菌酶试剂盒(比浊法,编号:D799854-0030) 生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;草莓 购自国民水果(中国,厦门,集美区印斗南里28号);大肠杆菌(E. coli)ATCC 25992、金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aereus)CMCC(B)26003 购于上海鲁维科技有限公司。
UH-5300紫外-可见分光光度计 日本HITACHI公司;STA 449F3/F5 TG分析仪 德国NETZSCH公司;LH 221透光率仪 中国深圳联辉诚科技有限公司;Everte数字千分尺 中国河南邦特工量具有限公司;AI-7000-SJ万能试验机 中国GOTECH公司;SDC100接触角仪 中国东菀市晟鼎精密仪器有限公司;WZS90A Brix糖度计 上海仪电物理光学仪器有限公司;FE28 pH计 梅特勒托利多公司;NICOLET IS50傅立叶红外光谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;Phenom Pro扫描电子显微镜 美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司。
蛋壳膜置于50 ℃烘箱中干燥,粉碎干燥后的蛋壳膜并用60目筛网筛分。5 g蛋壳膜粉加入100 mL去离子水中,加入9 U/mg的蛋白酶,用1 mol/L的NaOH和1 mol/L的HCl调节pH(胃蛋白酶pH=3,碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶pH=7),在40 ℃进行酶解。不同蛋白酶的最适条件存在差异,40 ℃是考虑科学性与可行性的最佳选择,统一pH条件确保各酶种的可比性,减少调节pH带来的误差。以酶解液溶菌酶酶活力和抗氧化活性为指标评估酶解效果。确认最适生物酶种类后,基于单因素实验法优化碱性蛋白酶酶解工艺:保持酶解温度(50 ℃)、酶解时间(4 h)两因素不变,探究碱性蛋白酶用量(3、6、9、12和15 U/mg)的影响;保持碱性蛋白酶用量(9 U/mg)、酶解时间(4 h)两因素不变,探究酶解温度(30、40、50、60和70 ℃)的影响;保持碱性蛋白酶用量(9 U/mg)、酶解温度(50 ℃)两因素不变,探究酶解时间(2、4、6、8和10 h)的影响。酶解结束后,在90 ℃下加热10 min将酶灭活。用布氏漏斗抽滤过滤除去固体,收集酶解液,冷冻干燥获得E-ESM。
将0.1 mmol/L的DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼)溶液与稀释10倍的蛋壳膜酶解液样品等体积混合,在室温、黑暗环境中放置30 min。用紫外-可见分光光度计记录在517 nm处的吸光度[10]。根据公式(1)计算蛋壳膜酶解液的DPPH·清除能力,评估蛋壳膜酶解液的抗氧化能力。
$\rm DPPH\cdot 清除率(\text{%})=1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{1}-{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\times 100 $
其中,A0是空白组的吸光度;A1是样品组的吸光度;A2是对照组的吸光度。
使用溶菌酶试剂盒测定蛋壳膜酶解液中的溶菌酶含量。利用去离子水将标准品配制成2.5 μg/mL的标准溶液。将一支溶壁微球菌菌粉加入1 mL PBS缓冲溶液,混合均匀,即为贮备菌液。按贮备菌液:缓冲溶液=1:19的比例配制成菌液,现用现配,用时摇匀。取200 µL蛋壳膜酶解液样品加入2000 µL菌液中充分混合。37 ℃水浴15 min,立即取出置于冰水浴中3 min,逐管取出倒入1 cm比色皿中,用分光光度计在530 nm处测量吸光度,去离子水作为参照溶液。
用SDS-PAGE表征E-ESM中溶菌酶的分子量范围,以溶菌酶标品作为对照。用12%(w/v)分离胶和5%(w/v)浓缩胶[11]进行电泳实验。运行结束后,用考马斯亮蓝染料R-250染色30 min后ddH2O脱色。使用凝胶成像系统对凝胶进行拍摄。
将E-ESM(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)分别加入100 mL CS(1wt%)溶液中,将薄膜溶液充分搅拌后进行45 min超声处理以去除气泡。采用流延法制备E-ESM/CS薄膜。在115 mm×165 mm的玻璃皿中加入70 mL薄膜溶液,在40 ℃烘箱中干燥24 h,获得E-ESM/CS薄膜[12]。
使用数字千分尺随机测量5个不同位置的薄膜厚度[13]。
使用透光率仪对E-ESM/CS薄膜在380~760 nm区间的可见光透过率(Visible light transmittance,VLT)和365 nm处的紫外线透过率(Ultra-violet transmittance,UVT)进行测定。将薄膜切割成5 cm×5 cm的正方形。测量0.04 mm薄膜的UVT和VLT[12]。
薄膜样品在测试前均已干燥,并使用ATR-FTIR对薄膜进行表征,扫描范围为4000~400 cm−1,分辨率为4 cm−1。
对制备的E-ESM/CS薄膜表面与横截面的微观形貌进行表征。利用导电胶将样品固定在载物台上,喷金,使用SEM分析样品的微观形貌,加速电压为5 kV。
利用TG分析仪对E-ESM/CS薄膜的热稳定性进行表征,表征条件:在N2氛围中,温度范围30~600 ℃,升温速率10 ℃/min[12]。
拉伸强度(Tensile strength,TS)和断裂伸长率(Elongation at break,EAB)是食品包装薄膜的重要机械性能之一[13]。将E-ESM/CS薄膜切割成哑铃状(75 mm×4 mm),测量,记录厚度。利用万能试验机对E-ESM/CS薄膜的机械性能进行测试,测试速率为20 mm/min。
通过水滴法检测薄膜的水接触角(Water contact angle,WCA),分析E-ESM/CS薄膜的亲疏水性[14]。将10 µL的超纯水滴在薄膜表面,在每块E-ESM/CS薄膜上的5个不同位置测试WCA。
将薄膜样品(相对湿度50%)密封固定在试管口(试管尺寸:深度8 cm,直径1.7 cm),试管内预先装入完全干燥的硅胶作为干燥剂。随后,将密封好的试管称重,并置于恒温恒湿培养箱中(温度4 ℃,相对湿度78%±3%,湿度波动范围±3%)。连续监测3 d,每隔24 h取出试管称重,记录质量变化(ΔmW),以评估薄膜的水蒸气透过性能[15]。
$\rm \mathrm{水}\mathrm{蒸}\mathrm{气}\mathrm{透}\mathrm{过}\mathrm{率}(g\cdot mm/(m^2\cdot s\cdot Pa))=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{W}}\times \mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{t}\times \mathrm{A}\times \mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{P}} $
式中:ΔmW表示试管质量增加(g);x表示薄膜厚度(m);t表示试管质量增加的持续时间(s);A表示薄膜样品的渗透面积(m2);ΔP为812.5 Pa(4 ℃)。
氧气吸收器(6 g)由铁粉、活性炭和氯化钠按质量比1:2:3组成。将该混合物置于不同复合薄膜密封的称重瓶中,随后将称重瓶放入装有氯化钡饱和溶液的干燥器内。实验持续3 d,期间定期测定质量变化[16]。
$\rm \mathrm{氧}\mathrm{气}\mathrm{透}\mathrm{过}\mathrm{率}(g\cdot mm/(m^2\cdot s\cdot Pa))=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{O}}}{\mathrm{A}\times \mathrm{t}} $
式中,Δmo表示瓶子的附加质量(g);t表示平衡时间(s);A表示称重瓶的瓶口面积(m2)。
将大肠杆菌(E. coli,革兰氏阴性菌)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus,革兰氏阳性菌)作为模式细菌。将100 μL细菌悬浮液(1×107 CFU/mL)加入到含有10 mL LB培养基的试管中,分别加入200 mg不同E-ESM添加量的薄膜,在一支加入细菌悬浮液的培养基试管加入200 μL水作为对照组,然后将混合物放置在振荡器(150 r/min)中37 ℃培养12 h,每3 h取样测试。最后使用紫外-可见分光光度计测量600 nm处的溶液的吸光度。计算活菌数[14]。
对E-ESM/CS薄膜样品进行细胞毒性检测[17−18]。将直径为1.5 mm的薄膜在去离子水中浸泡12 h,然后将10 μL薄膜浸泡液直接加入L02细胞(1×105 CFU/mL)。孵育24 h后,除去培养基,加入100 μL 10%(v/v)CCK-8溶液。培养4 h后,利用酶标仪在450 nm处测定样品的吸光度。将去离子水作为对照组。每个样品进行6个平行实验。
以草莓为保鲜对象,研究E-ESM/CS薄膜的保鲜能力[19]。实验1、2组和对照组每组5颗表面完整无破损的草莓,平行3组。分别使用CS薄膜(实验1组)、E-ESM0.6%/CS薄膜(实验2组)包裹草莓置于塑料盒中,以未覆盖薄膜的草莓作为对照组,并在24 ℃、湿度70%±2%的条件下保存8 d。对草莓的生理生化指标进行测定。
利用重量法计算草莓在储存过程中的重量损失,记录样品质量的原始数据及贮存期间每日的质量数据。使用Brix糖度计测定糖度的变化。将果肉捣成浆,取1 g果肉添加1 mL去离子水调配成浆液,利用pH计测定pH。
将草莓洗净、沥干,去蒂后,称取可食部分10 g,按液料比6:1加入0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液进行研磨,获得草莓样品提取液,利用0.5 mol/L NaCl将提取液定容至10 mL,移至离心管中,4000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液即为待测草莓提取液。4 ℃冷藏避光保存。上清液吸光度的测定:准确移取离心2 mL上清液置于10 mL比色管中,加1.0 mL pH=4.7的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,用0.5 mol/L NaCl稀释至10 mL,摇匀。在波长265 nm处,以0.5 mol/L NaCl为参照,测定其吸光度。加硫酸铜处理的上清液吸光度测定:吸取1.00 mL样液,加入0.50 mL 100 µg/mL CuSO4溶液,再加入1.0 mL pH=4.7的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,按上述方法测定其吸光度[20]。
利用标准曲线计算待测样品与添加硫酸铜处理后的上清液待测样品的吸光值,相减计算出样品中VC的含量。
$\rm V_C含量(mg/100\; g) =\frac{\mathrm{c}\times {\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{总}}\times {\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{待}\mathrm{测}\mathrm{总}}\times 100}{{\mathrm{V}}_{1}\times {\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{总}}\times 1000} $
式中,c为通过标准曲线方程计算得到的维生素C浓度,µg/mL;V总为吸取样品定容总体积,10 mL;V待测总为待测样品总体积,mL;100为100 g果蔬;V1为吸取样品溶液的体积,mL;W总为果蔬质量,g;1000为换算系数。
使用5 mL三氯乙酸(100 g/L)将1.0 g草莓碾碎。收集上清液并在4 ℃和10000 r/min离心后在4 ℃储存。将2 mL上清液和2 mL硫代巴比妥酸(Thiobarbituric acid,TBA)溶液(0.67%,w/w)在比色管中混合,煮沸20 min。冷却后,分别在450 nm(OD450),532 nm(OD532),和600 nm(OD600)处测定上清液吸光度[21]。
采用以下两个方程对草莓中MDA含量(CMDA,µmol/L)进行测定。
$\rm c=6.45\times \left(\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{D}}_{532}-\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{D}}_{600}\right)-0.56\times O{\mathrm{D}}_{450} $
$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{A}}=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times \mathrm{V}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
式中,c代表样品的MDA浓度(µmol/L);V代表样品提取物的总体积(mL);Vm代表用于测定的样品提取物的体积(mL)。
所有数据平行测量三次。使用Origin 2018软件绘制实验数据。使用SPSS统计软件对实验组和对照组进行数据处理,采用Duncan检验进行分析。P>0.05表示没有显著性差异。
以蛋壳膜酶解物的溶菌酶活力和DPPH·清除能力为指标,探究蛋壳膜的生物酶水解条件。在酶添加量9 U/mg的条件下,40 ℃下酶解4 h,研究5种蛋白酶(碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶)酶解蛋壳膜产物的溶菌酶活力和DPPH·清除能力(图1A)。胃蛋白酶在酸性的环境中具有较高的酶活力[21],故将胃蛋白酶体系的pH调为3。碱性蛋白酶,中性蛋白酶,木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶在pH为7均具有较高的酶活力[22−25],这四种酶体系的pH维持在7左右。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶能够更好的保留酶解液中溶菌酶的活性。Zhao等[26]在蛋壳和膜蛋白水解液检测到如组氨酸、精氨酸和缬氨酸等必需氨基酸,还发现了天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸和甘氨酸等非必需氨基酸,而Riko等[27]发现这些氨基酸都与抗氧化功能有关,抗氧化能力与其底物的氨基酸组成具有相关性。本研究使用的碱性蛋白酶源于地衣芽孢杆菌2709,其酶切位点广泛,可作用于疏水性或芳香族氨基酸的肽键,因此碱性蛋白酶酶解物暴露的疏水性氨基酸残基更多、抗氧化性更强,表明碱性蛋白酶在产生抗氧化肽中起关键作用[22]。因此,优选碱性蛋白酶对蛋壳膜进行酶解。进一步,进行酶用量、酶解温度和酶解时间的筛选。图1B结果表明,优先考虑溶菌酶活力,碱性蛋白酶用量9 U/mg时,酶解液具有良好的溶菌酶活力与抗氧化能力。如图1C所示,适当的升温可提高酶活,但当酶解温度升高到70 ℃时,酶解液中溶菌酶的活力陡降。这是由于较高的温度使溶菌酶变性,酶活力降低[28]。酶解4 h时,酶解液具有较高的溶菌酶活力和DPPH·清除率为38.23%(图1D)。由于6 h时对溶菌酶的活性提升并不大,因此,综合考虑时间效率,确定最佳酶解条件为碱性蛋白酶在50 ℃下处理蛋壳膜4 h,碱性蛋白酶用量9 U/mg。
用SDS-PAGE电泳对E-ESM分子量范围进行分析。SDS-PAGE结果显示E-ESM样品有多条蛋白质条带,表明ESM已被酶解为多种分子量不一的蛋白。从图2中可见,在10~15 kDa之间观察到与溶菌酶标品分子量范围一致的样品条带,说明E-ESM中含有溶菌酶。
利用ATR-FTIR对制备薄膜含有的基团结构进行表征(如图3)。纯CS薄膜的FTIR光谱在约3300 cm−1处宽的峰对应‒OH伸缩振动吸收峰与N-H伸缩振动吸收峰重叠形成的特征峰。在1642、1546、1400、1150 cm−1处分别对应酰胺I带、酰胺II带、‒CH2、C‒O键的特征峰。酰胺I带通常与蛋白质的C=O伸缩振动有关,蛋壳膜酶解液中含有较多的肽段或氨基酸,这些成分可能会与壳聚糖发生相互作用,影响酰胺I带的形状和强度。氢键的减弱和酰胺II带的峰位移动反映了壳聚糖分子结构的变化,进而影响了薄膜的机械性能、热稳定性和吸湿性等重要性质。随着鸡蛋壳膜酶解液的增加,3300 cm−1处‒OH、N-H的特征峰变得更宽、更弱,表明蛋壳膜酶解物与壳聚糖发生非共价相互作用(氢键),削弱了壳聚糖的氢键相互作用,酰胺II带的峰从1546 cm−1移到1530 cm−1,这一特征峰的变化是由鸡蛋壳膜酶解物与壳聚糖之间的非共价相互作用导致的[29−30]。
对E-ESM/CS薄膜表面和横截面微观形貌进行SEM表征。如图4所示,纯CS薄膜和E-ESM 0.2%/CS薄膜、E-ESM 0.4%/CS薄膜的表面光滑。E-ESM 0.6%/CS薄膜、E-ESM 0.8%/CS薄膜表面出现聚集纹路。CS薄膜横截面没有孔隙,E-ESM 0.2%/CS薄膜横截面致密,没有孔隙,这种均匀致密的形貌特征使其具有良好的机械强度。蛋壳膜酶解物加入后薄膜的表面和横截面没有出现明显的缺陷、裂纹,表明蛋壳膜酶解物与壳聚糖具有良好的相容性,不同添加量对薄膜微观形貌影响较小,故通过其他方法对薄膜进行进一步表征。
薄膜厚度受胶体溶液体积、薄膜成分及其相互作用的影响。纯CS薄膜的厚度为0.032±0.002 mm,E-ESM(0.2%~0.8%)/CS薄膜的厚度分别为0.033±0.001、0.037±0.003、0.038±0.003、0.038±0.003 mm。随着薄膜中E-ESM含量的增加,薄膜的固含量增加,薄膜的厚度也逐渐增加(图5A)。随着E-ESM含量的增加,薄膜的颜色变深,这是由于E-ESM呈黄色。CS薄膜的VLT和UVT分别为0.93%和0.80%。相比之下,E-ESM(0.2%~0.8%)/CS薄膜的VLT和UVT分别从89.3%、76.1%下降到63.1%、40%(图5B)。E-ESM(0.2%~0.8%)/CS薄膜的UVT低于CS薄膜,说明E-ESM(0.2%~0.8%)/CS薄膜具有有效的紫外线阻隔性能,可以降低紫外线氧化效应,这对食品保鲜具有重要作用。E-ESM(0.2%~0.8%)/CS薄膜的紫外线阻隔性应归功于蛋壳膜水解产物中含有丰富的抗紫外线结构[31]。
使用万能试验机对薄膜的TS和EAB进行测试。CS薄膜和E-ESM(0.2%~0.8%)/CS薄膜的TS和EAB见图5C。CS薄膜的TS高达40 MPa。E-ESM的添加量在0.6%以内,薄膜的TS均大于10 MPa,表明复合薄膜具有良好的TS。薄膜的TS与EAB存在一定相互制约的关系。随着E-ESM的增加,薄膜的TS先升高后降低,而EAB与之相反。这是因为E-ESM的加入削弱了壳聚糖分子间的氢键相互作用,从而使高分子聚合物分子的迁移性增加。EAB反映了材料的韧性,较高的EAB可以使薄膜在受力时有一定的变形能力,减缓冲击力量带来的破坏,从而能够更好的应用于食品包装上。
WCA是评估包装薄膜亲/疏水性和表面湿润性的重要指标,通过测量E-ESM/CS薄膜的WCA,研究E-ESM对薄膜亲水性的影响。纯CS薄膜的WCA为98.36°。E-ESM/CS薄膜的WAC>100°(图5D),疏水性提高,这表明E-ESM的添加提高了薄膜的疏水性。这些结果证实,E-ESM的加入加强了分子内和分子间的氢键相互作用,从而减少了薄膜表面的亲水基团[11]。疏水性的E-ESM/CS薄膜具有用于食品保鲜的潜力。
在食品包装中,薄膜的水蒸气透过率反映了水蒸气在环境中的阻隔性能,通常受环境条件、膜结构和高分子性质的影响。食品包装往往需要一定的屏障,以减少外部环境(如水,氧气和紫外线)的影响。在图6A和图6B中,壳聚糖结构中含有丰富的亲水基团,对水分子有亲和力,纯壳聚糖的水蒸气透过率为(6.62±0.6)×10−11 g·mm/(m2·s·Pa)。随着E-ESM的加入,E-ESM 0.8%/CS水蒸气透过率为8.89(±0.6)×10−11 g·mm/(m2·s·Pa),较CS组增加(2.12±0.7)×10−11 g·mm/(m2·s·Pa)。进一步分析处理组间数据差异表明,在不同添加量条件下,壳聚糖与E-ESM形成的复合膜的WVP无显著差异。纯壳聚糖膜的氧气透过率为(1.65±0.5)×10−5 g·mm/(m2·s·Pa),加入E-ESM(0.2%~0.8%)后,最大氧气透过率为(2.12±0.6)×10−5 g·mm/(m2·s·Pa)(E-ESM 0.6%/CS组)。
采用热重分析(Thermo Gravimetry,TG)和差热重分析(Derivative Thermo Gravimetry,DTG)对E-ESM/CS薄膜的热稳定性进行研究,结果见图7。薄膜的热降解曲线大致在30~600 ℃范围内,结果表明,添加量0.2%~0.8% E-ESM的E-ESM/CS薄膜曲线相似,但E-ESM/CS薄膜的降解温度相较CS薄膜降低。薄膜表现出三个主要的失重过程:失重的初始阶段发生在30~200 ℃时,失重20%,这与薄膜中水分(自由水和结合水)的蒸发有关[14];第二阶段发生在220~360 ℃时,失重60%,壳聚糖热分解速率达到最大,是壳聚糖分解、氧化、燃烧的结果,归属为糖环的脱水、聚合物单元降解;第三阶段发生在400~500 ℃时,失重10%,这与壳聚糖分子骨架裂解有关。E-ESM的加入破坏了壳聚糖分子间的强相互作用,使壳聚糖骨架的裂解温度降低,薄膜的热稳定性略有降低。当温度低于200 ℃时,E-ESM/CS薄膜能保持良好的热稳定性,在大多数情况下可用作食品包装薄膜。
蛋壳膜中含有丰富的胶原蛋白,其酶解物具有易被微生物侵染的风险,因此研究了E-ESM/CS薄膜对两种模式细菌(S. aereus、E. coli)的抗菌活性,评估薄膜的抗菌能力。结果表明随着E-ESM添加量的增加,对两种常见模式细菌复合薄膜保持较强的抗菌活性(图8),对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑制率分别是83.33%和80.85%,表明该复合薄膜在食品保鲜薄膜领域具有一定的应用前景。
为了进一步评估E-ESM/CS薄膜应用于食品包装领域的安全性,对E-ESM/CS薄膜的细胞毒性进行检测。如图9所示,控制组和所有实验组的L02细胞均表现出高于90%的活力。样本与对照组没有明显差异(P>0.05),表明E-ESM/CS薄膜具有良好的生物相容性及应用于食品包装的安全性。
基于性能表征结果,选择E-ESM 0.6%/CS的薄膜作为草莓保鲜的包装薄膜。利用E-ESM/CS薄膜包装草莓,表征薄膜的保鲜能力。草莓的新鲜度可通过其外观(图10A)及失重率来评估。图10B显示了不同处理组的草莓失重率。E-ESM 0.6%/CS薄膜覆盖草莓的失重率低于对照组,主要是因为E-ESM 0.6%/CS薄膜在草莓表面形成保护屏障,能够延缓和抑制水分的扩散。E-ESM 0.6%/CS组草莓保存8 d后失重率为29.06%±0.7%,对照组失重率为34.36%±3%,CS薄膜组失重率为26.75%±3%。CS薄膜的失重率略低于E-ESM 0.6%/CS组,这可能与CS薄膜横截面形貌致密而E-ESM 0.6%/CS具有轻微的层状结构和小的孔洞结构有关。薄膜的覆盖能够阻断部分水分子的运动,减缓水分的蒸发,进一步提高了保鲜效果。在此基础上添加具有抗氧化性能的E-ESM,同时E-ESM 0.6%/CS薄膜具有良好的疏水性[32],这种结构不仅抑制了与呼吸有关的代谢活动,延缓了果实中细胞的老化和霉变的减少,改善了水分屏障性质,减小失重率,延长草莓的货架期。
MDA作为自由基引起的脂质过氧化分解产物,可用于评估细胞膜的氧化损伤程度,反映草莓的新鲜程度。图10C表明,在贮藏过程中,对照组和CS薄膜组MDA含量均显著增加(P<0.05)。MDA含量在CS组中持续快速增加,而E-ESM 0.6%/CS组前4 d增加较慢,归因于E-ESM的抗氧化作用,它能抑制细胞膜中的脂质氧化[33]。贮藏第8 d,E-ESM 0.6%/CS组MDA含量最低(848.32 μmol/L)。结果表明,E-ESM的添加能够抑制MDA含量的增加,有助于提高薄膜的抗氧化性能,清除组织中的活性氧自由基,减少氧化损伤,维持细胞膜的完整性。E-ESM 0.6%/CS薄膜在贮藏前期和中期时表现出较高的抗氧化能力,从而保持草莓的新鲜度。此外,该薄膜具有良好的阻隔性能,可以有效地减少水分蒸腾和耗散,从而减少MDA的积累[34]。
图10D表明草莓在成熟的过程中VC含量的变化趋势。贮藏第6~8 d,对照组和CS组VC含量迅速降低,在最后2 d储存期间VC减少,这可能是抗坏血酸与空气中的氧气结合时发生自氧化。由于草莓采摘后仍存在未完全转化的前体物质,E-ESM 0.6%/CS组延缓草莓的代谢过程,使VC含量在8 d内成上升趋势,表明复合薄膜能有效延缓草莓后熟。
图10E表明草莓贮藏过程中的pH变化趋势。草莓果实中的酸主要为有机酸,pH变化主要与果实中的有机酸含量改变有关,随着果实逐渐变红,pH会持续升高。成熟度变高,pH上升的同时也在加速果实劣变。
未成熟的草莓糖含量较低,当草莓成熟度变高时,糖含量随之增加,图10F在第4 d时对照组糖度上升明显,CS组、E-ESM 0.6%/CS组在保鲜初期糖度变化不明显,因为薄膜减弱了草莓的呼吸强度,延缓草莓成熟期。在第8 d对照组比E-ESM 0.6%/CS组糖度增加了20%,而CS组草莓糖度降低,可能是由于水果成熟过程中代谢消耗使糖分减少,甜度降低。结果表明E-ESM 0.6%/CS能够有效延长草莓货架期。
本研究以鸡蛋壳膜为原料,采用碱性蛋白酶在50 ℃对蛋壳膜进行4 h酶解,成功制备了具有高溶菌酶活性(2.26 U/mL)和显著抗氧化性(DPPH自由基清除率38.23%)的酶解液E-ESM。ATR-FTIR结果证实E-ESM与CS间形成氢键相互作用,使酰胺II带从1546 cm−1移至1530 cm−1。SEM结果显示复合薄膜微观结构致密无缺陷。E-ESM0.6%/CS薄膜表现出优异的机械性能、紫外线阻隔性和疏水性(接触角>100°)。草莓保鲜实验表明,在8 d贮藏期内,E-ESM0.6%/CS组草莓失重率为29.06%,MDA含量降低,VC含量上升,有效延缓了后熟代谢。本研究直接利用E-ESM与CS复合,保留了蛋壳膜的天然活性成分,开发出适用于易腐败果蔬的复合活性包装材料,实现蛋壳废弃物高值化利用。美中不足的是当前蛋壳膜的酶解产物分子量分布较宽,未来需进一步优化反应条件以提高产物活性和肽段特异性。本研究结果为活性包装材料的设计提供了新思路,有一定的应用价值。

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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030080
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
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作者信息
    集美大学海洋食品与生物工程学院,福建厦门 361021

通讯作者:

吴夏泠(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:生物质废弃物综合利用,E-mail:。
张玉苍(1964−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物质废弃物综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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