Article(id=1320884011174576692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852889102, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852889102, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852889102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852889102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=294, endPage=305, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884011409457717, articleId=1320884011174576692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Quality Analysis and Exploration of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of 30 Crabapple Varieties, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate the quality characteristics of crabapple cultivars and facilitate resource utilization, we systematically evaluated 30 crabapple varieties using multidimensional analyses. Physicochemical parameters (fruit weight, moisture content, and soluble solids content) and bioactive profiles (xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, expressed as IC50) were quantified. Antioxidant potential was assessed using three established methods: DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity, and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power. Multivariate statistical approaches, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used for data interpretation. Notably, the cultivars contained substantial levels of total phenolics (2.749~80.877 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (3.522~167.312 mg RE/g DW), demonstrating strong negative correlations (P<0.05) with fruit morphometric parameters (diameter, length, and weight). These phytochemical profiles accounted for the remarkable antioxidant capacity and inhibition of xanthine oxidase. The PCA revealed that the first five principal components explained 82.570% of the total variance. Through the established quality evaluation model, cultivar '2010-6' emerged as the most promising candidate, characterized by the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, superior antioxidant activities (0.827, 0.654, and 0.518 mmol TE/g DW), and potent xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC50=2.724 mg/mL). Despite the suboptimal sugar–acid ratio (0.47~5.48), these findings position crabapples as valuable raw materials for functional food processing (such as juice and wine production) and natural bioactive compound extraction. This study establishes a scientific framework for the comprehensive quality assessment of crabapple resources, providing critical insights for varietal selection in nutraceutical development and value-added processing.

, authors=Yu LIU1, Hongjuan GE2, Xinxin ZHANG1, Jilu SUN2, Rongqun MA2, Xianghong MENG1, *, authorsList=Yu LIU, Hongjuan GE, Xinxin ZHANG, Jilu SUN, Rongqun MA, Xianghong MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xianghong MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884015247245892, articleId=1320884011174576692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=30种海棠果的综合品质分析及其黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性的探究, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为更好地了解不同品种海棠果的品质特性,有效利用海棠果资源,本研究测定了30个品种海棠果的单果重、水分含量、可溶性固形物等理化指标及黄嘌呤氧化酶半抑制浓度等生物活性指标,通过测定DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力比较了体外抗氧化活性,并对其进行了相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,所测品种海棠果中总酚含量(2.749~80.877 mg GAE/g DW)和总黄酮含量(3.522~167.312 mg RE/g DW)较高,其与果实横径、纵径、单果重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),具有较好的抗氧化活性和黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性。经主成分分析,5种主成分累计贡献率为82.570%,海棠果实综合评价模型筛选出‘2010-6’为品质最佳的品种,其总酚、总黄酮含量在所测品种中最高,且具有较好的抗氧化活性(0.827、0.654和0.518 mmol TE/g DW)和较强的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性(IC50=2.724 mg/mL),具有较好的开发利用的前景。海棠果的糖酸比(0.47~5.48)较小,更适宜用来加工制成果汁、果酒等产品,或作为提取活性物质的来源。本研究从营养品质、功能特性等方面对海棠果进行了全面的分析,为不同品种海棠果的开发利用提供理论依据。

, authors=刘瑜1, 葛红娟2, 张鑫鑫1, 孙吉禄2, 马荣群2, 孟祥红1, *, authorsList=刘瑜, 葛红娟, 张鑫鑫, 孙吉禄, 马荣群, 孟祥红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟祥红, authorNote=

刘瑜(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

葛红娟(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:苹果种质资源收集评价及矮化砧木选育,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孟祥红(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品营养加工与保鲜,E-mail:。
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Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2019, 43: e13028., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884015612150341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884015620538950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, companyId=1320884015612150341, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884015633121863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, companyId=1320884015612150341, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266404)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884015847031368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884015855419977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, companyId=1320884015847031368, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884015863808586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, companyId=1320884015847031368, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青岛市农业科学研究院,山东青岛 266100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884020116832881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Appearance and longitudinal section of the crabapple samples, figureFileSmall=RyoZyGAZvMV9g5Z9t5Dh1g==, figureFileBig=qMCcvw9ageD6GpusGY+a3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020179747442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同海棠果的果实外观及纵切面

注:01:‘A378’;02:‘大棠琴红’;03:‘大棠婷美’;04:‘大棠博来’;05:‘勋紫四号’;06:‘红勋一号’;07:‘黄太平’;08:‘64-13-3’;09:‘达尔文’;10:‘舞美’;11:‘64-13-9’;12:‘凯尔斯’;13:‘绚丽’;14:‘R4’;15:‘八棱海棠’;16:‘包头山丁子’;17:‘朱眉海棠’;18:‘海红’;19:‘槟子’;20:‘扁果海棠’;21:‘森林苹果’;22:‘红勋一号(伊犁)’;23:‘2010-6’;24:‘俄2’;25:‘火焰’;26:‘满州里’;27:‘JM7’;28:‘草原海棠’;29:‘B7E4’;30:‘绚丽(9.20)’。

, figureFileSmall=RyoZyGAZvMV9g5Z9t5Dh1g==, figureFileBig=qMCcvw9ageD6GpusGY+a3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020381074035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Correlation coefficients between fruit traits and biological properties, figureFileSmall=nrMMRsoOnjKSrUV10SFKAA==, figureFileBig=XFdyaWgN2jcS2dyQVIp20Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020464960116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=图2, caption=果实特性指标及生物活性指标间的相关性分析

注:*、**和***分别表示相关系数显著性P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=nrMMRsoOnjKSrUV10SFKAA==, figureFileBig=XFdyaWgN2jcS2dyQVIp20Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020540457589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=IC50 of Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of different varieties of crabapple fruit extracts, figureFileSmall=GrQiB3uTHNVVBx6r5Xvq9A==, figureFileBig=0Kl2ZDJIjIFcEz/bWDKAxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020611760758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同品种海棠果提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的半抑制浓度(IC50)

注:不同小写字母表示样品之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=GrQiB3uTHNVVBx6r5Xvq9A==, figureFileBig=0Kl2ZDJIjIFcEz/bWDKAxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020699841143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=PCA scree plot for different varieties of crabapples, figureFileSmall=g773ykWBG4/dSfjgVyY3Nw==, figureFileBig=1bR2hIdmNyVQBMA0Zvvu2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020771144312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同品种海棠果主成分分析碎石图, figureFileSmall=g773ykWBG4/dSfjgVyY3Nw==, figureFileBig=1bR2hIdmNyVQBMA0Zvvu2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020855030393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PC1 and PC2 loadings plot, figureFileSmall=heuY3szhlIMJJJkCT2JEXQ==, figureFileBig=aDEXEbfdFRzpFzgYJNNnnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020943110778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PC1和PC2载荷图, figureFileSmall=heuY3szhlIMJJJkCT2JEXQ==, figureFileBig=aDEXEbfdFRzpFzgYJNNnnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021031191163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Scores plot of PC1 versus PC2 for different varieties of crabapples, figureFileSmall=HU16BRLvY88SDPUzzDwpHQ==, figureFileBig=GWrZELprm5Jg31v3rIjm6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021102494332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同品种海棠果的PC1和PC2得分图

注:将30个品种划分为3个主要类群。

, figureFileSmall=HU16BRLvY88SDPUzzDwpHQ==, figureFileBig=GWrZELprm5Jg31v3rIjm6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021161214589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Cluster analysis of different varieties of crabapples, figureFileSmall=JrJMHvrfJHb9J80pCxqdmA==, figureFileBig=WACscJl8kJ9kZhAhu4GAvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021232517758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同品种海棠果样品聚类分析, figureFileSmall=JrJMHvrfJHb9J80pCxqdmA==, figureFileBig=WACscJl8kJ9kZhAhu4GAvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021316403839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and chemical properties of different crabapple samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号样品名称横径(mm)纵径(mm)果形指数单果重(g)可食用部分比例(%)含水量(%)出汁率(%)还原糖
(mg/mL)
可滴定酸
(TA,g/L,以苹果酸计)
可溶性固形物
(TSS,°Brix)
糖酸比
(TSS/TA)
01A37826.03±1.42j23.48±1.50j0.90±0.06de8.88±0.36ij77.07±0.23cde84.15±0.15gh29.04±2.22defg97.80±1.69f6.899±0.066r14.3±0.1ef2.07
02大棠琴红38.54±3.35e34.06±3.62e0.88±0.05ef24.10±1.13f62.22±1.89i86.96±0.54bc43.08±4.43a72.37±0.45n8.435±0.050n10.9±0.1m1.29
03大棠婷美18.21±1.15mn14.57±1.10no0.80±0.03jk3.19±0.09mn59.78±1.70ij80.04±0.45kl3.03±1.40o48.86±0.64t21.460±0.227a10.0±0.1o0.47
04大棠博来22.08±1.19l19.49±1.52k0.88±0.06ef6.93±0.31jkl70.68±1.14fgh81.70±0.16j26.74±0.06fghi68.67±1.02op12.380±0.083g11.9±0.1j0.96
05勋紫四号49.94±4.81b41.71±5.28b0.83±0.04ghij62.58±1.57b79.42±1.24bcd88.29±0.01a31.36±2.84def59.80±0.75r12.510±0.066g9.5±0.1q0.76
06红勋一号31.31±2.42h25.84±2.80i0.82±0.04hijk16.09±0.80h85.00±1.00a87.11±0.32bc34.57±3.70bcd58.22±1.06r13.764±0.302f9.2±0.1r0.67
07黄太平42.63±3.45c33.68±2.95e0.79±0.05kl38.06±1.89c72.57±1.58fgh82.70±0.14i34.09±0.81cde87.98±1.80h7.086±0.331qr15.0±0.1d2.12
0864-13-338.75±2.67e33.20±2.80e0.86±0.06fgh27.46±0.27e63.64±2.61i87.43±0.07b28.32±3.12efgh52.27±0.66s14.314±0.188e9.0±0.0s0.63
09达尔文22.27±2.19l20.41±1.98k0.92±0.05de5.62±0.25klm78.05±2.03cd85.33±0.11de25.42±9.93fghi63.59±0.69q10.123±0.193jk10.1±0.0n1.00
10舞美42.76±2.37c38.69±2.89c0.91±0.06de35.43±1.75c70.75±1.40fgh84.95±0.81ef26.49±2.81fghi64.76±0.50q10.310±0.137ij9.8±0.1p0.95
1164-13-942.77±3.71c35.66±2.64d0.84±0.04ghij31.34±3.59d68.86±2.71gh86.96±0.16bc22.58±4.08hijk60.10±0.75r10.706±0.076h9.0±0.0s0.84
12凯尔斯24.07±1.98k20.69±1.54k0.86±0.06fg5.88±0.71klm74.91±1.33def81.76±0.16j18.30±2.01jkl113.36±1.15d7.108±0.069pqr15.8±0.0b2.22
13绚丽16.72±1.39no16.43±1.19lm0.99±0.06ab2.25±0.34n50.34±6.19k74.26±0.16p6.32±0.13no74.45±0.97lm9.952±0.023k12.2±0.0i1.23
14R426.82±2.65j23.82±1.70j0.89±0.05ef9.34±0.37ij71.50±1.27fgh78.81±0.13m28.21±1.91efgh126.64±2.57b2.609±0.057u14.3±0.0f5.48
15八棱海棠23.87±1.58k19.19±1.28k0.81±0.04ijk6.46±0.26jkl73.00±2.66efg82.00±0.12j17.13±0.36kl76.16±0.14kl9.947±0.125k13.7±0.1g1.37
16包头山丁子16.54±1.04o15.09±0.82mn0.91±0.06de2.27±0.18n56.17±1.55j77.85±0.35n9.30±1.64mn105.16±1.45e9.474±0.066l14.4±0.0e1.52
17朱眉海棠21.94±2.02l16.65±1.69lm0.76±0.04l4.53±0.42lmn72.22±2.26fgh82.67±0.47i21.55±3.63ijk84.86±2.26i5.634±0.019s10.1±0.0n1.79
18海红26.98±1.66j22.60±1.50j0.84±0.05ghi10.84±0.46i80.70±3.30abc81.98±0.46j38.54±0.49abc69.92±0.63o9.133±0.331m11.3±0.0l1.24
19槟子23.03±1.12kl22.70±1.96j0.99±0.07ab7.90±1.03jk77.23±4.37cde84.39±0.48fg34.91±1.53bcd76.70±0.44k7.791±0.057o9.5±0.0q1.22
20扁果海棠40.40±1.84d33.16±1.46e0.82±0.04hijk27.91±1.56e68.48±1.63gh84.63±0.34fg37.69±2.82abc76.28±1.51kl8.220±0.099n10.8±0.1m1.32
21森林苹果56.84±3.47a48.96±4.00a0.86±0.06fg79.22±8.04a83.76±1.10ab86.91±0.27bc40.68±3.58ab67.42±0.81p3.104±0.144t9.2±0.1r2.95
22红勋一号(伊犁)13.76±1.30f13.19±1.54g0.82±0.05hijk16.67±1.00h84.84±1.24a86.62±0.55c24.29±4.81ghij73.41±0.83mn15.623±0.281d9.7±0.0p0.62
232010-629.99±4.10p27.87±4.34o0.96±0.06bc1.69±0.30n45.27±4.14l74.63±0.30p9.41±2.76mn120.06±1.80c20.155±0.163b20.2±0.1a1.00
24俄218.61±1.64hi16.99±1.52gh0.93±0.05cd14.95±1.37h83.26±1.50ab88.50±0.54a40.56±1.57ab87.39±1.25h7.229±0.099pq8.1±0.0t1.12
25火焰18.12±1.63m16.66±1.74l0.91±0.06de3.32±0.32mn61.39±2.27i82.88±0.23i13.29±4.39lm137.67±0.66a6.998±0.033qr12.4±0.0h1.77
26满州里37.20±1.96mno31.23±2.06lm0.92±0.06de4.20±0.29lmn68.17±1.81h85.69±0.33d21.74±2.03ijk81.28±0.38j7.934±0.038o9.7±0.0p1.22
27JM729.52±1.81e29.13±1.39f0.84±0.03ghi25.26±0.93ef63.46±2.00i80.29±0.79k39.46±5.33abc74.37±0.99lm7.747±0.069o11.9±0.1j1.54
28草原海棠32.85±2.55i26.40±2.37g0.99±0.05ab14.98±2.32h77.73±3.29cd83.60±0.29h16.72±2.75kl44.16±0.43u17.064±0.238c10.1±0.1n0.59
29B7E417.20±1.47g17.16±1.57hi0.80±0.05ijk20.50±1.18g62.29±0.58i79.58±0.19l23.95±1.32ghij94.47±0.22g7.384±0.166p11.6±0.0k1.57
30绚丽(9.20)35.52±1.85mno29.26±2.31l1.00±0.05a2.95±0.23mn60.56±1.33i76.50±0.13o19.14±2.43jkl99.26±0.97f10.409±0.069i15.4±0.0c1.48
差异系数36.5234.387.36102.9214.164.6941.7828.0042.7422.8864.84
变化范围13.76~56.8413.19~48.960.76~1.001.69~79.2245.27~85.0074.26~88.503.03~43.0844.16~137.672.609~21.4608.1~20.20.47~5.48
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021408678528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同品种海棠果的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号样品名称横径(mm)纵径(mm)果形指数单果重(g)可食用部分比例(%)含水量(%)出汁率(%)还原糖
(mg/mL)
可滴定酸
(TA,g/L,以苹果酸计)
可溶性固形物
(TSS,°Brix)
糖酸比
(TSS/TA)
01A37826.03±1.42j23.48±1.50j0.90±0.06de8.88±0.36ij77.07±0.23cde84.15±0.15gh29.04±2.22defg97.80±1.69f6.899±0.066r14.3±0.1ef2.07
02大棠琴红38.54±3.35e34.06±3.62e0.88±0.05ef24.10±1.13f62.22±1.89i86.96±0.54bc43.08±4.43a72.37±0.45n8.435±0.050n10.9±0.1m1.29
03大棠婷美18.21±1.15mn14.57±1.10no0.80±0.03jk3.19±0.09mn59.78±1.70ij80.04±0.45kl3.03±1.40o48.86±0.64t21.460±0.227a10.0±0.1o0.47
04大棠博来22.08±1.19l19.49±1.52k0.88±0.06ef6.93±0.31jkl70.68±1.14fgh81.70±0.16j26.74±0.06fghi68.67±1.02op12.380±0.083g11.9±0.1j0.96
05勋紫四号49.94±4.81b41.71±5.28b0.83±0.04ghij62.58±1.57b79.42±1.24bcd88.29±0.01a31.36±2.84def59.80±0.75r12.510±0.066g9.5±0.1q0.76
06红勋一号31.31±2.42h25.84±2.80i0.82±0.04hijk16.09±0.80h85.00±1.00a87.11±0.32bc34.57±3.70bcd58.22±1.06r13.764±0.302f9.2±0.1r0.67
07黄太平42.63±3.45c33.68±2.95e0.79±0.05kl38.06±1.89c72.57±1.58fgh82.70±0.14i34.09±0.81cde87.98±1.80h7.086±0.331qr15.0±0.1d2.12
0864-13-338.75±2.67e33.20±2.80e0.86±0.06fgh27.46±0.27e63.64±2.61i87.43±0.07b28.32±3.12efgh52.27±0.66s14.314±0.188e9.0±0.0s0.63
09达尔文22.27±2.19l20.41±1.98k0.92±0.05de5.62±0.25klm78.05±2.03cd85.33±0.11de25.42±9.93fghi63.59±0.69q10.123±0.193jk10.1±0.0n1.00
10舞美42.76±2.37c38.69±2.89c0.91±0.06de35.43±1.75c70.75±1.40fgh84.95±0.81ef26.49±2.81fghi64.76±0.50q10.310±0.137ij9.8±0.1p0.95
1164-13-942.77±3.71c35.66±2.64d0.84±0.04ghij31.34±3.59d68.86±2.71gh86.96±0.16bc22.58±4.08hijk60.10±0.75r10.706±0.076h9.0±0.0s0.84
12凯尔斯24.07±1.98k20.69±1.54k0.86±0.06fg5.88±0.71klm74.91±1.33def81.76±0.16j18.30±2.01jkl113.36±1.15d7.108±0.069pqr15.8±0.0b2.22
13绚丽16.72±1.39no16.43±1.19lm0.99±0.06ab2.25±0.34n50.34±6.19k74.26±0.16p6.32±0.13no74.45±0.97lm9.952±0.023k12.2±0.0i1.23
14R426.82±2.65j23.82±1.70j0.89±0.05ef9.34±0.37ij71.50±1.27fgh78.81±0.13m28.21±1.91efgh126.64±2.57b2.609±0.057u14.3±0.0f5.48
15八棱海棠23.87±1.58k19.19±1.28k0.81±0.04ijk6.46±0.26jkl73.00±2.66efg82.00±0.12j17.13±0.36kl76.16±0.14kl9.947±0.125k13.7±0.1g1.37
16包头山丁子16.54±1.04o15.09±0.82mn0.91±0.06de2.27±0.18n56.17±1.55j77.85±0.35n9.30±1.64mn105.16±1.45e9.474±0.066l14.4±0.0e1.52
17朱眉海棠21.94±2.02l16.65±1.69lm0.76±0.04l4.53±0.42lmn72.22±2.26fgh82.67±0.47i21.55±3.63ijk84.86±2.26i5.634±0.019s10.1±0.0n1.79
18海红26.98±1.66j22.60±1.50j0.84±0.05ghi10.84±0.46i80.70±3.30abc81.98±0.46j38.54±0.49abc69.92±0.63o9.133±0.331m11.3±0.0l1.24
19槟子23.03±1.12kl22.70±1.96j0.99±0.07ab7.90±1.03jk77.23±4.37cde84.39±0.48fg34.91±1.53bcd76.70±0.44k7.791±0.057o9.5±0.0q1.22
20扁果海棠40.40±1.84d33.16±1.46e0.82±0.04hijk27.91±1.56e68.48±1.63gh84.63±0.34fg37.69±2.82abc76.28±1.51kl8.220±0.099n10.8±0.1m1.32
21森林苹果56.84±3.47a48.96±4.00a0.86±0.06fg79.22±8.04a83.76±1.10ab86.91±0.27bc40.68±3.58ab67.42±0.81p3.104±0.144t9.2±0.1r2.95
22红勋一号(伊犁)13.76±1.30f13.19±1.54g0.82±0.05hijk16.67±1.00h84.84±1.24a86.62±0.55c24.29±4.81ghij73.41±0.83mn15.623±0.281d9.7±0.0p0.62
232010-629.99±4.10p27.87±4.34o0.96±0.06bc1.69±0.30n45.27±4.14l74.63±0.30p9.41±2.76mn120.06±1.80c20.155±0.163b20.2±0.1a1.00
24俄218.61±1.64hi16.99±1.52gh0.93±0.05cd14.95±1.37h83.26±1.50ab88.50±0.54a40.56±1.57ab87.39±1.25h7.229±0.099pq8.1±0.0t1.12
25火焰18.12±1.63m16.66±1.74l0.91±0.06de3.32±0.32mn61.39±2.27i82.88±0.23i13.29±4.39lm137.67±0.66a6.998±0.033qr12.4±0.0h1.77
26满州里37.20±1.96mno31.23±2.06lm0.92±0.06de4.20±0.29lmn68.17±1.81h85.69±0.33d21.74±2.03ijk81.28±0.38j7.934±0.038o9.7±0.0p1.22
27JM729.52±1.81e29.13±1.39f0.84±0.03ghi25.26±0.93ef63.46±2.00i80.29±0.79k39.46±5.33abc74.37±0.99lm7.747±0.069o11.9±0.1j1.54
28草原海棠32.85±2.55i26.40±2.37g0.99±0.05ab14.98±2.32h77.73±3.29cd83.60±0.29h16.72±2.75kl44.16±0.43u17.064±0.238c10.1±0.1n0.59
29B7E417.20±1.47g17.16±1.57hi0.80±0.05ijk20.50±1.18g62.29±0.58i79.58±0.19l23.95±1.32ghij94.47±0.22g7.384±0.166p11.6±0.0k1.57
30绚丽(9.20)35.52±1.85mno29.26±2.31l1.00±0.05a2.95±0.23mn60.56±1.33i76.50±0.13o19.14±2.43jkl99.26±0.97f10.409±0.069i15.4±0.0c1.48
差异系数36.5234.387.36102.9214.164.6941.7828.0042.7422.8864.84
变化范围13.76~56.8413.19~48.960.76~1.001.69~79.2245.27~85.0074.26~88.503.03~43.0844.16~137.672.609~21.4608.1~20.20.47~5.48
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021496758913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, phloridzin and antioxidant capacity of different varieties of crabapple samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号样品名称总酚
(mg GAE/g DW)
总黄酮
(mg RE/g DW)
总花青素
(mg cyd-3-glu/g
DW)
根皮苷
(mg/g DW)
铁离子还原能力
(mmol TE/g DW)
DPPH自由基清除能力
(mmol TE/g DW)
ABTS+自由基清除能力
(mmol TE/g DW)
01A37837.701±0.881fg68.304±0.787e0.467±0.032d9.139±0.116f0.281±0.004e0.413±0.064h0.180±0.008lm
02大棠琴红11.170±0.265p17.808±0.344p0.851±0.020b3.925±0.023p0.104±0.002n0.303±0.021i−
03大棠婷美50.322±0.131d98.462±2.701c0.197±0.001h4.917±0.059mn0.358±0.008b0.472±0.011g0.245±0.011j
04大棠博来51.787±1.693c103.423±3.717b0.090±0.008k10.533±0.140d0.295±0.014d0.466±0.003g0.337±0.016ef
05勋紫四号5.462±0.076s7.093±0.172r0.446±0.004e3.474±0.090q0.060±0.003q0.243±0.010j−
06红勋一号8.874±0.137r15.427±0.172q0.194±0.007h3.661±0.023pq0.079±0.001p0.243±0.015j−
07黄太平22.981±0.566l43.899±1.810k0.020±0.002n8.681±0.228g0.158±0.002l0.281±0.010ij0.107±0.007no
0864-13-317.404±0.566n26.339±0.298o1.197±0.025a5.089±0.121m0.106±0.002n0.038±0.029m0.085±0.021o
09达尔文50.781±0.237cd95.982±1.031d0.569±0.004c12.068±0.412b0.274±0.005ef0.136±0.057k0.358±0.014de
10舞美10.033±0.430q14.435±0.298q0.303±0.006f5.398±0.061l0.091±0.005o0.475±0.016g0.119±0.006n
1164-13-92.749±0.066t3.522±0.957s0.065±0.003lm2.576±0.077r0.033±0.003r−−
12凯尔斯58.086±0.200b105.010±0.344b0.020±0.004n4.714±0.070no0.331±0.021c0.703±0.032b0.509±0.006b
13绚丽40.238±0.038e66.220±0.595f0.053±0.003m9.923±0.191e0.254±0.005g0.694±0.008bc0.385±0.018c
14R423.681±0.930l41.022±0.687l−6.444±0.086k0.135±0.003m0.025±0.004m0.158±0.009m
15八棱海棠36.192±1.051h63.343±1.639g−10.531±0.308d0.176±0.002jk0.088±0.007l0.243±0.003j
16包头山丁子34.092±0.702i57.589±0.298h−3.510±0.084q0.165±0.004kl0.092±0.016l0.188±0.002kl
17朱眉海棠18.388±0.337mn30.903±0.172m−7.257±0.172j0.101±0.003no−0.101±0.016no
18海红36.717±0.922gh63.046±0.620g−9.100±0.389f0.233±0.006h0.632±0.013e0.352±0.015de
19槟子31.249±0.211j52.530±0.515j−7.461±0.183j0.202±0.009i0.630±0.045e0.298±0.015gh
20扁果海棠18.147±0.100mn28.224±0.455no−4.536±0.100o0.133±0.007m0.530±0.011f0.210±0.010k
21森林苹果3.252±0.273t4.117±0.344s−3.547±0.115q0.042±0.005r0.480±0.024g0.084±0.004o
22红勋一号
(伊犁)
5.768±0.262s7.986±0.455r0.270±0.003g2.410±0.064r0.039±0.006r−0.029±0.019p
232010-680.877±1.511a167.312±1.744a0.173±0.004i11.695±0.131c0.518±0.005a0.827±0.024a0.654±0.020a
24俄234.136±1.218i55.208±1.657i0.138±0.006j8.073±0.110i0.213±0.004i0.687±0.010bcd0.289±0.013hi
25火焰19.154±0.328m29.315±0.595mn0.049±0.008m6.678±0.145k0.135±0.003m0.653±0.024cde0.166±0.019lm
26满州里13.226±0.447o17.708±0.298p0.024±0.005n3.923±0.032p0.102±0.007no0.625±0.008e0.162±0.019m
27JM719.285±0.286m30.407±0.620m−5.568±0.103l0.134±0.003m0.630±0.025e0.189±0.015kl
28草原海棠36.170±0.230h66.319±1.045f−18.830±0.329a0.264±0.003fg0.682±0.002bcd0.319±0.013fg
29B7E425.212±0.422k44.990±1.045k−8.369±0.036h0.181±0.002j0.646±0.015de0.270±0.006i
30绚丽(9.20采)38.510±0.512f69.792±1.297e0.075±0.001kl10.398±0.114d0.258±0.013g0.700±0.015b0.367±0.025cd
差异系数65.8075.01115.1651.0760.3852.2957.49
变化范围2.749~80.8773.522~167.3120~0.8512.41~18.8300.033~0.5180~0.8270~0.654
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021593227906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同品种海棠果总酚、总黄酮、总花青素和根皮苷含量及抗氧化活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号样品名称总酚
(mg GAE/g DW)
总黄酮
(mg RE/g DW)
总花青素
(mg cyd-3-glu/g
DW)
根皮苷
(mg/g DW)
铁离子还原能力
(mmol TE/g DW)
DPPH自由基清除能力
(mmol TE/g DW)
ABTS+自由基清除能力
(mmol TE/g DW)
01A37837.701±0.881fg68.304±0.787e0.467±0.032d9.139±0.116f0.281±0.004e0.413±0.064h0.180±0.008lm
02大棠琴红11.170±0.265p17.808±0.344p0.851±0.020b3.925±0.023p0.104±0.002n0.303±0.021i−
03大棠婷美50.322±0.131d98.462±2.701c0.197±0.001h4.917±0.059mn0.358±0.008b0.472±0.011g0.245±0.011j
04大棠博来51.787±1.693c103.423±3.717b0.090±0.008k10.533±0.140d0.295±0.014d0.466±0.003g0.337±0.016ef
05勋紫四号5.462±0.076s7.093±0.172r0.446±0.004e3.474±0.090q0.060±0.003q0.243±0.010j−
06红勋一号8.874±0.137r15.427±0.172q0.194±0.007h3.661±0.023pq0.079±0.001p0.243±0.015j−
07黄太平22.981±0.566l43.899±1.810k0.020±0.002n8.681±0.228g0.158±0.002l0.281±0.010ij0.107±0.007no
0864-13-317.404±0.566n26.339±0.298o1.197±0.025a5.089±0.121m0.106±0.002n0.038±0.029m0.085±0.021o
09达尔文50.781±0.237cd95.982±1.031d0.569±0.004c12.068±0.412b0.274±0.005ef0.136±0.057k0.358±0.014de
10舞美10.033±0.430q14.435±0.298q0.303±0.006f5.398±0.061l0.091±0.005o0.475±0.016g0.119±0.006n
1164-13-92.749±0.066t3.522±0.957s0.065±0.003lm2.576±0.077r0.033±0.003r−−
12凯尔斯58.086±0.200b105.010±0.344b0.020±0.004n4.714±0.070no0.331±0.021c0.703±0.032b0.509±0.006b
13绚丽40.238±0.038e66.220±0.595f0.053±0.003m9.923±0.191e0.254±0.005g0.694±0.008bc0.385±0.018c
14R423.681±0.930l41.022±0.687l−6.444±0.086k0.135±0.003m0.025±0.004m0.158±0.009m
15八棱海棠36.192±1.051h63.343±1.639g−10.531±0.308d0.176±0.002jk0.088±0.007l0.243±0.003j
16包头山丁子34.092±0.702i57.589±0.298h−3.510±0.084q0.165±0.004kl0.092±0.016l0.188±0.002kl
17朱眉海棠18.388±0.337mn30.903±0.172m−7.257±0.172j0.101±0.003no−0.101±0.016no
18海红36.717±0.922gh63.046±0.620g−9.100±0.389f0.233±0.006h0.632±0.013e0.352±0.015de
19槟子31.249±0.211j52.530±0.515j−7.461±0.183j0.202±0.009i0.630±0.045e0.298±0.015gh
20扁果海棠18.147±0.100mn28.224±0.455no−4.536±0.100o0.133±0.007m0.530±0.011f0.210±0.010k
21森林苹果3.252±0.273t4.117±0.344s−3.547±0.115q0.042±0.005r0.480±0.024g0.084±0.004o
22红勋一号
(伊犁)
5.768±0.262s7.986±0.455r0.270±0.003g2.410±0.064r0.039±0.006r−0.029±0.019p
232010-680.877±1.511a167.312±1.744a0.173±0.004i11.695±0.131c0.518±0.005a0.827±0.024a0.654±0.020a
24俄234.136±1.218i55.208±1.657i0.138±0.006j8.073±0.110i0.213±0.004i0.687±0.010bcd0.289±0.013hi
25火焰19.154±0.328m29.315±0.595mn0.049±0.008m6.678±0.145k0.135±0.003m0.653±0.024cde0.166±0.019lm
26满州里13.226±0.447o17.708±0.298p0.024±0.005n3.923±0.032p0.102±0.007no0.625±0.008e0.162±0.019m
27JM719.285±0.286m30.407±0.620m−5.568±0.103l0.134±0.003m0.630±0.025e0.189±0.015kl
28草原海棠36.170±0.230h66.319±1.045f−18.830±0.329a0.264±0.003fg0.682±0.002bcd0.319±0.013fg
29B7E425.212±0.422k44.990±1.045k−8.369±0.036h0.181±0.002j0.646±0.015de0.270±0.006i
30绚丽(9.20采)38.510±0.512f69.792±1.297e0.075±0.001kl10.398±0.114d0.258±0.013g0.700±0.015b0.367±0.025cd
差异系数65.8075.01115.1651.0760.3852.2957.49
变化范围2.749~80.8773.522~167.3120~0.8512.41~18.8300.033~0.5180~0.8270~0.654
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Initial eigenvalues and contribution rates of principal components

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主成分特征值方差贡献率(%)累计贡献率(%)
18.33343.85643.856
22.63213.85557.711
32.14311.28068.990
41.5468.13877.128
51.0345.44282.570
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PCA初始特征值及贡献率

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主成分特征值方差贡献率(%)累计贡献率(%)
18.33343.85643.856
22.63213.85557.711
32.14311.28068.990
41.5468.13877.128
51.0345.44282.570
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021878440581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Component matrix

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编号指标PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5
1横径0.921−0.1260.1530.0410.279
2纵径0.900−0.1750.2490.0230.219
3果形指数0.900−0.1460.180−0.0050.309
4单果重0.896−0.0160.2920.1830.043
5可食用部分比例−0.8340.0640.142−0.2520.024
6水分含量−0.803−0.300−0.0010.2940.149
7出汁率−0.7670.0440.470−0.0800.043
8还原糖0.6790.4250.228−0.3670.247
9可滴定酸−0.6380.1500.2660.4510.258
10可溶性固形物0.615−0.1920.2640.3770.100
11糖酸比0.453−0.0600.4040.180−0.345
12总酚−0.0140.8840.0400.0300.244
13总黄酮0.298−0.8010.011−0.337−0.002
14总花青素0.4510.757−0.076−0.1280.035
15DPPH自由基清除能力−0.278−0.4750.054−0.2870.436
16ABTS+自由基清除能力−0.6160.0420.743−0.2050.001
17铁离子还原能力−0.6260.0220.706−0.2070.028
18IC500.4970.0130.5260.309−0.432
19根皮苷−0.540−0.054−0.0820.6700.303
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成分矩阵

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编号指标PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5
1横径0.921−0.1260.1530.0410.279
2纵径0.900−0.1750.2490.0230.219
3果形指数0.900−0.1460.180−0.0050.309
4单果重0.896−0.0160.2920.1830.043
5可食用部分比例−0.8340.0640.142−0.2520.024
6水分含量−0.803−0.300−0.0010.2940.149
7出汁率−0.7670.0440.470−0.0800.043
8还原糖0.6790.4250.228−0.3670.247
9可滴定酸−0.6380.1500.2660.4510.258
10可溶性固形物0.615−0.1920.2640.3770.100
11糖酸比0.453−0.0600.4040.180−0.345
12总酚−0.0140.8840.0400.0300.244
13总黄酮0.298−0.8010.011−0.337−0.002
14总花青素0.4510.757−0.076−0.1280.035
15DPPH自由基清除能力−0.278−0.4750.054−0.2870.436
16ABTS+自由基清除能力−0.6160.0420.743−0.2050.001
17铁离子还原能力−0.6260.0220.706−0.2070.028
18IC500.4970.0130.5260.309−0.432
19根皮苷−0.540−0.054−0.0820.6700.303
), ArticleFig(id=1320884023644242567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Principal component and comprehensive scores of different varieties of crabapples

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品种PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5综合得分排名
A3780.690.730.220.381.640.5511
大棠琴红−3.25−0.400.64−1.180.68−1.4724
大棠婷美2.68−3.04−1.53−1.60−0.070.4514
大棠博来2.41−1.130.030.860.701.015
勋紫四号−4.88−1.131.42−0.980.26−2.230
红勋一号−3.09−1.28−1.170.400.06−1.6327
黄太平−1.311.581.04−0.441.10−0.2219
64-13-3−2.54−2.71−0.01−1.631.23−1.5625
达尔文1.55−1.87−0.281.331.830.599
舞美−2.78−0.751.32−0.33−0.86−1.2523
64-13-9−4.26−0.48−0.25−1.60−0.80−2.1429
凯尔斯3.351.590.370.441.071.832
绚丽3.95−0.17−0.21−0.57−2.071.533
R40.154.83−0.87−0.251.280.697
八棱海棠1.170.01−1.340.040.840.4116
包头山丁子1.881.19−2.00−1.90−0.680.5710
朱眉海棠−0.700.94−2.730.200.35−0.4520
海红0.77−0.160.261.880.470.5312
槟子0.65−0.150.232.19−0.860.4215
扁果海棠−1.730.510.830.13−0.39−0.622
森林苹果−5.592.013.090.40−0.11−1.828
红勋一号(伊犁)−2.44−1.26−3.26−0.090.08−1.6226
2010-67.59−0.532.94−2.360.783.441
俄20.14−0.39−0.303.070.000.2217
火焰1.361.88−1.40−0.19−1.530.68
满州里−1.020.250.120.21−1.80−0.4821
JM7−0.600.880.410.17−0.76−0.1218
草原海棠1.84−2.731.621.83−0.860.716
B7E41.051.00−0.950.16−0.630.4713
绚丽(9.20)2.980.741.76−0.54−0.951.524
), ArticleFig(id=1320884023736517256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011174576692, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同品种海棠果果实主成分得分及综合得分

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品种PC1PC2PC3PC4PC5综合得分排名
A3780.690.730.220.381.640.5511
大棠琴红−3.25−0.400.64−1.180.68−1.4724
大棠婷美2.68−3.04−1.53−1.60−0.070.4514
大棠博来2.41−1.130.030.860.701.015
勋紫四号−4.88−1.131.42−0.980.26−2.230
红勋一号−3.09−1.28−1.170.400.06−1.6327
黄太平−1.311.581.04−0.441.10−0.2219
64-13-3−2.54−2.71−0.01−1.631.23−1.5625
达尔文1.55−1.87−0.281.331.830.599
舞美−2.78−0.751.32−0.33−0.86−1.2523
64-13-9−4.26−0.48−0.25−1.60−0.80−2.1429
凯尔斯3.351.590.370.441.071.832
绚丽3.95−0.17−0.21−0.57−2.071.533
R40.154.83−0.87−0.251.280.697
八棱海棠1.170.01−1.340.040.840.4116
包头山丁子1.881.19−2.00−1.90−0.680.5710
朱眉海棠−0.700.94−2.730.200.35−0.4520
海红0.77−0.160.261.880.470.5312
槟子0.65−0.150.232.19−0.860.4215
扁果海棠−1.730.510.830.13−0.39−0.622
森林苹果−5.592.013.090.40−0.11−1.828
红勋一号(伊犁)−2.44−1.26−3.26−0.090.08−1.6226
2010-67.59−0.532.94−2.360.783.441
俄20.14−0.39−0.303.070.000.2217
火焰1.361.88−1.40−0.19−1.530.68
满州里−1.020.250.120.21−1.80−0.4821
JM7−0.600.880.410.17−0.76−0.1218
草原海棠1.84−2.731.621.83−0.860.716
B7E41.051.00−0.950.16−0.630.4713
绚丽(9.20)2.980.741.76−0.54−0.951.524
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30种海棠果的综合品质分析及其黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性的探究
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刘瑜 1 , 葛红娟 2 , 张鑫鑫 1 , 孙吉禄 2 , 马荣群 2 , 孟祥红 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(6): 294-305
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (6) : 294 -305
30种海棠果的综合品质分析及其黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性的探究
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刘瑜1 , 葛红娟2 , 张鑫鑫1, 孙吉禄2, 马荣群2, 孟祥红1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266404
  • 2青岛市农业科学研究院,山东青岛 266100
通讯作者:
孟祥红(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品营养加工与保鲜,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘瑜(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

葛红娟(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:苹果种质资源收集评价及矮化砧木选育,E-mail:

Comprehensive Quality Analysis and Exploration of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of 30 Crabapple Varieties
Yu LIU1 , Hongjuan GE2 , Xinxin ZHANG1, Jilu SUN2, Rongqun MA2, Xianghong MENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
  • 2Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030055
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为更好地了解不同品种海棠果的品质特性,有效利用海棠果资源,本研究测定了30个品种海棠果的单果重、水分含量、可溶性固形物等理化指标及黄嘌呤氧化酶半抑制浓度等生物活性指标,通过测定DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力比较了体外抗氧化活性,并对其进行了相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,所测品种海棠果中总酚含量(2.749~80.877 mg GAE/g DW)和总黄酮含量(3.522~167.312 mg RE/g DW)较高,其与果实横径、纵径、单果重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),具有较好的抗氧化活性和黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性。经主成分分析,5种主成分累计贡献率为82.570%,海棠果实综合评价模型筛选出‘2010-6’为品质最佳的品种,其总酚、总黄酮含量在所测品种中最高,且具有较好的抗氧化活性(0.827、0.654和0.518 mmol TE/g DW)和较强的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性(IC50=2.724 mg/mL),具有较好的开发利用的前景。海棠果的糖酸比(0.47~5.48)较小,更适宜用来加工制成果汁、果酒等产品,或作为提取活性物质的来源。本研究从营养品质、功能特性等方面对海棠果进行了全面的分析,为不同品种海棠果的开发利用提供理论依据。

海棠果  /  品质特性  /  综合分析  /  黄嘌呤氧化酶

To elucidate the quality characteristics of crabapple cultivars and facilitate resource utilization, we systematically evaluated 30 crabapple varieties using multidimensional analyses. Physicochemical parameters (fruit weight, moisture content, and soluble solids content) and bioactive profiles (xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, expressed as IC50) were quantified. Antioxidant potential was assessed using three established methods: DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity, and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power. Multivariate statistical approaches, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used for data interpretation. Notably, the cultivars contained substantial levels of total phenolics (2.749~80.877 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (3.522~167.312 mg RE/g DW), demonstrating strong negative correlations (P<0.05) with fruit morphometric parameters (diameter, length, and weight). These phytochemical profiles accounted for the remarkable antioxidant capacity and inhibition of xanthine oxidase. The PCA revealed that the first five principal components explained 82.570% of the total variance. Through the established quality evaluation model, cultivar '2010-6' emerged as the most promising candidate, characterized by the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, superior antioxidant activities (0.827, 0.654, and 0.518 mmol TE/g DW), and potent xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC50=2.724 mg/mL). Despite the suboptimal sugar–acid ratio (0.47~5.48), these findings position crabapples as valuable raw materials for functional food processing (such as juice and wine production) and natural bioactive compound extraction. This study establishes a scientific framework for the comprehensive quality assessment of crabapple resources, providing critical insights for varietal selection in nutraceutical development and value-added processing.

crabapple  /  quality characteristics  /  comprehensive analysis  /  xanthine oxidase
刘瑜, 葛红娟, 张鑫鑫, 孙吉禄, 马荣群, 孟祥红. 30种海棠果的综合品质分析及其黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性的探究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 294 -305 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030055
Yu LIU, Hongjuan GE, Xinxin ZHANG, Jilu SUN, Rongqun MA, Xianghong MENG. Comprehensive Quality Analysis and Exploration of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of 30 Crabapple Varieties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 294 -305 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030055
海棠(Malus spectabilis)为蔷薇科苹果属,在我国资源丰富,种植广泛。海棠的果实是药食两用食材[1],与商品苹果相比,海棠果实中维生素C、纤维素、矿质元素、特定酚类化合物、有机酸和氨基酸含量较高[2],不仅能够生津止渴、健脾止泻,还具有治疗消化不良、食积腹胀、痔疮等的作用,在中国,海棠用于治疗腹泻、消化不良等消化道疾病的传统医学已有数百年的历史[3]。近年来,研究者还发现海棠果具有多种功效,如降血糖[4]、抗氧化[5]、降低血清胆固醇[6],抗肿瘤[7]等。
高尿酸血症是血液中尿酸浓度异常升高的代谢性疾病,指成人在正常嘌呤饮食情况下,无论男性还是女性,非同日2次空腹血尿酸水平超过420 μmol/L[8],易引发痛风、肾结石及慢性肾病等并发症。目前,临床上使用的药物别嘌醇和非布司他,是通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)的活性,从而达到降低血清尿酸水平的目的[9],但这些药物具有一定的副作用,因此研究者开始寻求天然的活性物质,来抑制XO的活性。研究表明,海棠果中含有丰富的生物活性成分,如芦丁、(-)-表儿茶素、根皮素、没食子酸、原花青素B1、绿原酸、槲皮素、咖啡酸等[10],其中芦丁、(-)-表儿茶素、槲皮素和绿原酸等具有较好的XO抑制活性[11−13]。因此海棠果具有抑制XO活性及缓解高尿酸血症的潜力,目前尚未有研究报道。
海棠果虽可食用,具有较好的功能活性,但因其酚类物质和有机酸含量较多,味道酸涩[14],且海棠果果实较苹果小,很少被食用[15],鲜食利用率较低,因此大量的海棠果被丢弃,造成资源浪费。目前以海棠果为原料的加工食品种类相对较少[16],已进行综合品质分析、生物活性验证的海棠果品种也较少,人们对海棠果的品质特性、化学成分以及不同品种之间的联系缺乏系统的了解,因此分析不同品种海棠果的理化性质、营养品质尤为重要,能够为海棠果精深加工、资源利用提供理论依据,提高其经济价值。
青岛市农业科学研究院在育种基地里保存有近300份矮化苹果种质资源,其中包括野生海棠等中国特有的种质资源,在海棠果的研究和培育方面有显著成果。因此本研究选择了青岛市农业科学研究院部分具有代表性的海棠果品种,测定了其单果重、果形指数、水分含量等基本理化指标、体外抗氧化活性及黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性,为海棠果资源的综合利用提供了新思路。
海棠果样品 30个,采收于山东省青岛市和新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州。于2024年8~10月,果实完全成熟时手工采摘,采样后转移至实验室−80 ℃保存备用;福林酚、黄嘌呤氧化酶(0.02 U)、3,5-二硝基水杨酸试剂 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;芦丁(分析纯)、没食子酸(色谱纯) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;亚硝酸钠(分析纯)、九水合硝酸铝(分析纯)、醋酸钠(分析纯)、二甲基亚砜(分析纯)、邻苯二甲酸氢钾(分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;甲酸(色谱纯) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
AQUASEARCHER™pH计 奥豪斯仪器(上海)有限公司;HFD-4冷冻干燥机 上海贝晶生物技术有限公司;Powerwave XS酶标仪 美国Bio Tek公司;PAL-1阿贝折光仪 日本ATAGO公司;CR-400色差仪 柯尼卡美能达(中国)有限公司;X-7紫外可见光分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;Hei-VAP Value旋转蒸发仪 德国Heidolph公司;Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
海棠果去梗去核后,使用无菌均质仪将果肉匀浆,离心(8000 r/min,30 min)取上清液,备用。
海棠果去梗去核后使用冷冻干燥机进行冷冻干燥,在液氮保护下研磨成海棠果干粉。称取1 g海棠果冻干粉,加入40 mL 50%甲酸甲醇提取液(甲醇:水:甲酸=50:49:1),室温避光静置24 h后离心(8000 r/min,30 min),取上清液,用提取液冲洗两次以上并定容至50 mL,用于测定海棠果总酚、总黄酮、总花青素、根皮苷含量及体外抗氧化活性。同样的提取方法,提取液转移至旋蒸瓶,在35 ℃,200 r/min,最大真空度条件下将提取剂蒸干,使用0.1%二甲基亚砜溶液复溶至100 mg/mL,用于测定海棠果黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性。提取液储存于−80 ℃冰箱备用。
随机抽取20粒海棠果实,使用电子数显游标卡尺测量统计海棠果的横径和纵径,从而计算果形指数(纵径比横径)。
随机抽取5粒海棠果实,称重,重复3次,取平均值。去梗去核,称量果肉重量,按公式(1)计算可食用部分比例。重复3次,取平均值。
$ {\mathrm{m}}_{2}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}} $
式中,m0为去梗去核后果肉重量,g;m1为去梗去核前果实重量,g。
按照GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》中的直接干燥法进行测定。
随机抽取5粒海棠果实,记重量为m1,果实去梗去核后,使用无菌均质机将果实匀浆,8000 r/min的条件下离心取上清液,上清液质量为m0,重复3次,取平均值。
$ {\mathrm{m}}_{2}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}} $
式中,m0为匀浆上清液重量,g;m1为去梗去核前果实重量,g。
将匀浆上清液稀释100倍,取1 mL,用蒸馏水补至2.0 mL,然后加入1.5 mL 3,5-二硝基水杨酸试剂,混合均匀,沸水浴5 min,用流动冷水冷却后定容到25 mL,540 nm波长处测定吸光值。以葡萄糖标准溶液制作标准曲线:y=0.267x+0.0461(R2=0.9989),其中x为葡萄糖浓度,mg/mL,y为吸光度,代入标准曲线计算还原糖含量。
取1 mL上清液于50 mL蒸馏水中,使用标定好的NaOH溶液滴定至pH8.3,记录消耗的NaOH体积V1,使用蒸馏水做空白滴定,记录消耗NaOH体积V2,按公式(3)计算滴定酸含量X(g/kg,以苹果酸计,苹果酸转换系数为0.067)。每个样品重复3次取平均值。
$ \mathrm{X}=\mathrm{C}\times ({\mathrm{V}}_{1}{-\mathrm{V}}_{2})\times \mathrm{K}\times \mathrm{F}\times 1000 $
式中:C为NaOH的浓度,mol/L;V1为消耗NaOH体积,mL;V2为空白试验消耗NaOH体积,mL;K为酸的换算系数:以苹果酸计,0.067;F为样品稀释倍数。
使用阿贝折光仪测定匀浆上清液的可溶性固形物含量,重复3次,取平均值。
糖酸比为可溶性固形物与可滴定酸的比值。
将提取液稀释20倍作为样液。取样液1.0 mL,加入0.5 mL福林酚试剂,反应8 min后加入1.5 mL 20%碳酸钠溶液和7.0 mL蒸馏水,摇匀暗处反应2 h后测 765 nm处吸光值,结果以没食子酸计,标准曲线为y=0.0508x+0.0627(R2=0.9961),x为没食子酸浓度(mg/L),y为吸光度。
将提取液稀释10倍作为样液。取样液1.0 mL,加入4.4 mL 30%乙醇、5% NaNO2溶液0.3 mL并混匀,静置5 min后,加入10% Al(NO3)3溶液0.3 mL,摇匀后静置5 min。加入1.0 mol/L NaOH溶液4.0 mL,摇匀后静置10 min,510 nm波长下测定其吸光值,使用1.0 mL蒸馏水代替样液,作为对照,检测510 nm下吸光值,结果以芦丁计,标准曲线为:y=0.0056x+0.0495(R2=0.9994),x为芦丁浓度(mg/L),y为吸光度。
分别使用pH1.0缓冲液和pH4.5缓冲液2倍稀释海棠果提取物,在520 nm和700 nm下分别测定提取物稀释液的吸光度,使用蒸馏水做空白对照,在稀释后20~50 min内检测。根据下列公式计算花青素浓度,以花青素-3-葡萄糖苷当量表示,mg/L。
$\begin{split} &\text{花青素}(\text{矢车菊素}\text{-}3\text{-}\text{葡萄糖苷当量},\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{L})=\\&\frac{\mathrm{A}\times \mathrm{MW}\times \text{DF}}{\varepsilon \times 1}\times 1000 \end{split}$
式中:A=(A520−A700)pH1.0−(A520−A700)pH4.5;MW(花青素-3-葡萄糖苷(cyd-3-glu)的摩尔质量)为449.2 g/mol;DF为稀释因子;l为以cm为单位的光程;ε(cyd-3-glu的摩尔消光系数)为26900,L·mol−1·cm−1;1000为从g转换为mg的因子。
使用高效液相色谱法进行测定,色谱条件:ZORBAX Eclipse SB-C18,100 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm色谱柱,以0.5%的甲酸水溶液:乙腈(60:40,V/V)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,30 ℃柱温,进样20 μL,检测285 nm吸收峰。取海棠果提取物(同1.2.1.2),用流动相稀释2倍,过0.22 μm孔径滤膜,待检测。以根皮苷标准溶液制作标准曲线:y=21.067x−8.6055(R2=0.9999),x为根皮苷浓度(μg/mL),y为峰面积(mAU),根据标准曲线计算各品种的根皮苷含量。
使用蒸馏水将1.2.1.2制备的各品种海棠果提取物稀释50倍作为样液,检测ABTS+自由基清除能力。将7.4 mmol/L ABTS溶液与2.6 mmol/L过硫酸钾溶液按体积比1:1混合,避光静置16 h,实验时加入蒸馏水稀释,使其吸光值处于0.7±0.02,作为工作液。将0.2 mL样液与4.0 mL工作液混合均匀,室温下避光反应6 min,于734 nm处测定样品吸光值。以去离子水代替样液作为空白对照。以同样的方法用Trolox equivalents(TE)制作标准曲线:y=−0.0006x+0.6928(R2=0.9995),x为TE浓度(μmol/L),y为吸光度,计算各品种海棠果ABTS+自由基清除能力,结果以TE表示。
使用蒸馏水将1.2.1.2制备的各品种海棠果提取物稀释50倍作为样液,测定铁离子还原能力。取0.3 mol/L pH为3.6的醋酸盐缓冲液25 mL,10 mmol/L TPTZ溶液(以40 mmol/L HCl配制)2.5 mL,20 mmol/L FeCl3溶液2.5 mL,混合摇匀即得工作液。将30 μL样液与900 μL工作液混合均匀,避光静置30 min,于593 nm处测定样品吸光值。以同样的方法用Trolox equivalents(TE)制作标准曲线:y=0.0007x+0.1131(R2=0.999),x为TE浓度(μmol/L),y为吸光度,计算各品种海棠果铁离子还原能力,结果以TE表示。
使用蒸馏水将1.2.1.2制备的各品种海棠果提取物稀释50倍作为样液,检测DPPH自由基清除能力。使用甲醇配制DPPH自由基母液(125 mg/L),现配现用,避光低温贮存。使用时将母液用甲醇稀释5倍,即为工作液。将0.1 mL样液与3.9 mL工作液混合均匀,避光静置20 min,于517 nm处测定样品吸光值。以甲醇代替样液作为空白对照。以同样的方法用Trolox equivalents(TE)制作标准曲线:y=−0.0003x+0.4331(R2=0.9985),x为TE浓度(μmol/L),y为吸光度,计算各品种海棠果DPPH自由基清除能力,结果以TE表示。
将海棠果提取物(100 mg/mL)稀释至不同浓度(5、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80 mg/mL),以180 μL浓度为1 mmol/L的黄嘌呤为底物,加入150 μL样品(或抑制剂),90 μL 0.02 U黄嘌呤氧化酶,涡旋混合均匀,在37 ℃下反应30 min,加入180 μL 0.5 mol/L的盐酸终止反应,涡旋混合均匀,测295 nm处吸光值,计算IC50。
$ \mathrm{抑制率}(\text{%})=\frac{(\mathrm{B}-\mathrm{A})-(\mathrm{D}-\mathrm{C})}{(\mathrm{B}-\mathrm{A})}\times 100 $
式中:A为只含有黄嘌呤底物、终止剂及缓冲液的待测体系的吸光值;B为含有黄嘌呤氧化酶、黄嘌呤底物、终止剂及缓冲液的待测体系吸光值;C为只含有受试物、黄嘌呤底物、终止剂及缓冲液的待测体系的吸光值;D为含有受试物、黄嘌呤氧化酶、黄嘌呤底物、终止剂及缓冲液的待测体系的吸光值。
在所有实验中,测定三个平行样品,其数据表示为平均值±标准偏差。使用IBM SPSS Statistics 25软件进行Duncan's ANOVA的统计分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,不同字母表示各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。采用Origin 2024软件绘图。
海棠果的大小、形状和颜色是评价其品质的重要指标之一,影响鲜食和加工的适宜性。本研究所测海棠果的外观及纵切面见图1。30个海棠果品种中,有12个品种果肉颜色为红色或微粉色,分别为‘A378’、‘大棠琴红’、‘大棠婷美’、‘大棠博来’、‘勋紫四号’、 ‘红勋一号’、‘64-13-3’、‘达尔文’、‘舞美’、‘64-13-9’、‘凯尔斯’、‘红勋一号(伊犁)’。
30种海棠果的果实横径、纵径及果形指数见表1。参考蔡雪雁[17]的分类标准,将海棠果依据果实横径进行分类,可分为大果(25 mm以上)、中果(13~25 mm)、小果(6~13 mm)和特小果(6 mm以下),考虑到食品加工利用的适用性,本次采样的海棠果品种果实均较大,其中大果有17种,中果13种;根据果形指数,海棠果可分为长圆形(1)、椭圆形(0.9~1)、近圆形(0.8~0.9)和扁圆形(0.6~0.8),在所测的30个品种中,不同果形指数的品种数量分别为1、11、16和2个,近圆形的海棠品种最多。
果实重量和大小如表1所示。单果重量在1.69 g到79.22 g之间,大部分在20 g以下;可食用部分比例在45.27%到85.00%之间(表1)。单果重较大的品种有‘勋紫四号’、‘黄太平’、‘舞美’、‘64-13-9’、‘森林苹果’,30 g以上,其中‘森林苹果’单果重最大,达79.22 g;单果重较小的品种有‘绚丽’、‘包头山丁子’、‘2010-6’、‘绚丽(9.20)’,2 g以下,其中 ‘2010-6’单果重最小,仅1.69 g。17个品种的可食用部分比例高于平均值70.11%。高可食用部分比例有利于鲜食和产品加工[18]。
水分含量是海棠果内部品质的重要组成部分,可用来评估果实的口感、新鲜度、营养价值和储存条件。如表1,在所测的30个品种中,海棠果的水分含量在74.26%~88.50%,差异系数为4.69%,与Yu等[19]所测定的12个品种海棠果的水分含量区间基本一致。其中水分含量最高的是‘俄2’,最低的是‘绚丽’。
海棠果的出汁率不高,只有3.03%~43.08%,差异系数为41.78%,其中出汁率最高的品种为‘大棠琴红’,最低的为‘大棠婷美’。出汁率低的原因可能是海棠果中含有大量的果胶,可添加果胶酶对果浆进行酶解后取汁,从而提高出汁率[20]。
TSS、TAC是评价海棠果品质的重要指标,能够反映果实的口感、风味和成熟度,衡量果实糖分和酸度的平衡。如表1,本研究中的海棠果TSS从8.1°Brix到20.2°Brix不等(差异系数为22.88%),不同品种间差异显著,其中,‘2010-6’的TSS含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),可能是其含有较多的酸,而‘俄2’的TSS含量最低。TAC在2.609~21.460 g/L之间(表1),差异系数为42.74%,‘大棠婷美’、‘2010-6’的TAC含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),‘R4’的TAC含量最低。
TSS/TA是决定果实是否适合直接食用或加工的重要因素。30个品种的海棠果TSS/TA在0.47~5.48(表1),差异系数为64.84%,差异较大,可能与成熟度及生长条件等因素有关。其中TSS/TA最高的品种为‘R4’,最低的品种为‘大棠婷美’。通常来说,糖酸比小于5时,可感觉出明显的酸味,本研究所测海棠果中,除‘R4’以外的其他品种TSS/TA均小于5,酸味较突出,且海棠果的糖酸比通常远低于苹果,如Zhang等[21]测定的15种苹果的糖酸比在38.21到70.71之间,说明作为同科属植物的果实,苹果更适宜鲜食,而海棠果很少被直接食用,更适合通过加工,制成果汁、果酱和蜜饯等食品。
酚类物质是植物体内一类重要的有机化合物,有研究显示海棠果实中含有丰富的酚类物质[22]。本研究测定了30种海棠果的总酚、总黄酮和总花青素含量,如表2。总酚含量在2.749 mg GAE/g DW到80.877 mg GAE/g DW之间,总黄酮含量在3.522 mg RE/g DW到167. 312 mg RE/g DW之间,总花青素含量在0~0.851 mg cyd-3-glu/g DW之间,差异系数分别为65.80%、75.01%、115.16%,总酚及总黄酮含量最高的品种为‘2010-6’,最低的品种为‘64-13-9’,红果肉海棠果比白果肉海棠果的花青素含量高,最高的品种为‘64-13-3’。由于仅对海棠果冻干粉进行了一次提取,因此以上活性成分的含量与实际结果相比可能偏低。李楠等[23]测定了14种海棠果的总酚和总黄酮含量,分别为62.96~287.86 mg GAE/100 g FW和83.77~604.11 mg RE/100 g FW,且提出其与苹果果实中多酚及黄酮含量最高的部位—苹果皮的含量相当,说明海棠果中多酚及黄酮含量较高。有研究表明野生海棠中的总酚含量高于国产苹果[10],可能与其生长环境和遗传等因素有关,较高的总酚含量可能是其抗逆性较强的原因之一[24],因此,海棠作为苹果砧木的独特优势和其果实的生物活性成分,使其在果树育种与功能性食品开发中展现出双重价值。
经相关性分析(图2),发现总酚含量和果实的横径、纵径呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与单果重呈显著负相关(P<0.001),总黄酮含量与果实横径、纵径和单果重也有类似的关系。另外,总酚、总黄酮的含量与水分含量呈显著负相关(P<0.001)。因此,海棠果果实越小、水分含量越低,其总酚、总黄酮含量可能越丰富。李文静等[25]的研究也发现,海棠果果实越小,总酚、总黄酮含量越高。
根皮苷是苹果属植物中典型的酚类物质,最初是从苹果树皮中提取分离得到的酚类物质,属于黄酮类中的二氢查耳酮类物质[26],具有降低血糖、抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌和抑菌等多种重要的生物活性[27]。海棠作为苹果属植物,其中也含有较丰富的根皮苷。如表2所示,在本研究中的30个海棠果品种中,根皮苷含量在2.41~18.830 mg/g DW之间,差异系数为51.07%,‘草原海棠’的根皮苷含量最高,达18.830 mg/g DW,其次是‘达尔文’、‘2010-6’、‘大棠博来’、‘八棱海棠’、‘绚丽(9.20)’,根皮苷含量分别为12.068、11.695、10.533、10.531、10.398 mg/g DW,含量最低的为‘红勋一号(伊犁)’,仅2.41 mg/g DW。Han等[10]在三种海棠中发现了根皮苷,浓度分别为24.57、94.42、131.02 mg/kg DW,比苹果(2.87 mg/kg DW)高。因此海棠果可作为获取根皮苷的良好来源。
相关性分析(图2)发现,根皮苷含量与DPPH自由基清除能力呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与ABTS+自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力呈显著正相关(P<0.001),这与根皮苷具有良好的抗氧化性有关。另外,根皮苷含量与黄嘌呤氧化酶的IC50具有显著的负相关性(P<0.001),提示根皮苷可能是一种良好的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂。
本研究通过测定DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力,比较了不同品种海棠果的体外抗氧化活性。结果如表2,30个品种中,‘2010-6’的体外抗氧化活性最强,测得的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力分别为0.827 mmol TE/g DW、0.654 mmol TE/g DW和0.518 mmol TE/g DW。李媛[28]对3种海棠果实提取物的体外抗氧化活性进行了分析,其DPPH自由基清除活性的变化范围为3715.88~8948.83 μmol TE/100 g DW,ABTS+自由基清除活性的变化范围为4984.66~13325.81 μmol TE/100 g DW。与之相比,本研究所测海棠果,除‘64-13-3’、‘64-13-9’、‘R4’、‘朱眉海棠’、‘红勋一号(伊犁)’5个品种外,DPPH自由基清除能力均大于8948.83 μmol TE/100 g DW,含‘2010-6’在内的20个品种,ABTS+自由基清除能力大于13325.81 μmol TE/100 g DW,这可能与海棠果品种、提取方式等有关。张虹等[29]对11个苹果品种的抗氧化活性进行了测定,结果显示苹果的ABTS+自由基清除能力和DPPH自由基清除能力分别为16.2338~20.0307 μmol TE/100 g DW、14.088~27.2631 μmol TE/100 g DW,因此,与同科属的苹果相比,本研究所测海棠果具有更强的抗氧化活性。
蓝莓因富含花青素和多酚类物质被广泛认为是高抗氧化水果,唐柯等[30]测定了3种蓝莓的清除DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的能力和铁离子还原能力分别为96.0~114.5 μmol TE/g FW、26.9~47.9 μmol TE/g FW和16.8~77.9 μmol TE/g FW,而李楠等[23]研究结果显示每100 g贴梗海棠鲜果清除DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的能力分别为716.19 μmol TE/100 g FW、2433.72 μmol TE/100 g FW,铁离子还原能力为1780.73 μmol TE/100 g FW,抗氧化能力在部分指标上接近蓝莓等传统高抗氧化水果,说明海棠果具有较好的抗氧化活性。
本研究发现,DPPH自由基清除能力与海棠果总酚、总黄酮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),ABTS+自由基清除能力与海棠果总酚、总黄酮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.001),同样,铁离子还原能力也与海棠果总酚、总黄酮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.001),这与Chen的研究结果一致[31]。Li等[32]也发现,海棠果实乙醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物的总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性呈显著正相关,且乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性与总酚含量的相关性更高(分别为0.927、0.944和0.975)。
植物多酚提取物是天然的抗氧化剂[33],多项研究都表明,植物的总抗氧化能力与总酚含量之间存在显著的正相关性。Huber等[34]发现,在苹果皮甲醇提取物中的酚类化合物,(-)-表儿茶素、(-)-儿茶素、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、根皮苷和绿原酸与抗氧化能力具有相关性。海棠果实是制备高抗氧化活性的酚类提取物的良好来源,具有替代苹果渣生产酚类提取物的巨大潜力。
黄嘌呤氧化酶参与体内的嘌呤代谢,是尿酸生成的关键酶[35],抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性可以减少尿酸的生成,从而降低血清尿酸水平。本研究检测了30个品种海棠果提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的半抑制浓度(IC50),结果如图3所示。各个品种的海棠果均具有一定的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性。其中,‘2010-6’的XO抑制活性最强,IC50值为2.724 mg/mL,其次是‘绚丽’,IC50值为3.075 mg/mL,另外,‘大棠博来’、‘达尔文’、‘凯尔斯’、‘八棱海棠’、‘火焰’的XO抑制活性也较好,IC50值分别为6.928、5.817、5.631、6.513、6.682 mg/mL。Wang等[18]测定了21种酸樱桃的XO抑制活性,结果为2.619~17.950 mg/mL,有多项研究发现,酸樱桃可以降低血尿酸的含量,延缓痛风的发生[36−37],本研究所测海棠果XO抑制活性与之相当,说明海棠果具有降低血清尿酸水平,改善高尿酸血症的潜在活性。
Pearson相关性分析表明,XO的IC50值与总酚含量(P<0.001)、总黄酮含量(P<0.001)呈显著负相关性,但与总花青素含量无显著相关性(P>0.05)。因此,海棠果提取物的XO抑制活性可能与其中含有丰富的酚类、黄酮类物质有关,而本研究所测海棠果中的总花青素含量偏低,可能是其与XO抑制活性无显著相关性的原因。有多项研究表明,植物中提取的多酚、黄酮类物质具有XO抑制活性[38],如苦参提取物中的槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素、芦丁、金丝桃苷、原儿茶酸和槲皮素等多酚类化合物被鉴定为XO抑制剂,IC50值分别为0.03、0.11、0.07、5.62、11.48、22.13和367.82 mg/mL[39]。雪菊提取物中分离的8个多酚类化合物具有较强或中等抑制活性,IC50在0.65~29.11 μmol/L之间[40]。本研究所测的海棠果也具有较好的体外XO抑制活性,是具有潜在的改善高尿酸血症功效的功能性食品。
使用SPSS对海棠果测得的数据进行主成分分析,计算相关矩阵的特征值及其方差贡献率,用于确定保留的主成分或因子数量,以初始特征值>1为提取标准。表3结果显示,前5个主成分(PC1、PC2、PC3、PC4、PC5)的累计方差贡献率为82.570%(>80%),说明前五个成分能够解释大部分的数据变异,剩余17.430%的变异可能来自噪声或次要因素,可舍弃。同时,不同品种海棠果主成分分析碎石图(图4)也表明各主成分所代表信息的走势情况,第5主成分后曲线明显平缓。因此,本研究选择前五个主成分进行后续分析。
通过成分矩阵对确定保留的主成分赋予实际意义。成分矩阵结果(表4)显示,PC1的方差贡献率为43.856%,对其贡献较大的是横径、纵径、果形指数、单果重等,主要反映了果实的物理特征,通常与果实的生长条件和品种有关,可用于评估果实的生长状况和品种差异。PC2的方差贡献率为13.855%,对其贡献较大的是总酚、总黄酮、总花青素,主要反映了果实中的生物活性成分,可以用于评估果实的营养价值和功能活性。PC3的方差贡献率为11.280%,对其贡献较大的是ABTS+自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力和IC50,可以用于评估果实的抗氧化活性和潜在的药用价值。PC4的方差贡献率为8.138%,对其贡献较大的是根皮苷,根皮苷是一种具有多种生物活性的化合物,如抗氧化、抗菌和抗炎作用,因此PC4可以用于评估果实中特定成分的含量和生物活性。PC5的方差贡献率为5.442%,对其贡献较大的指标是IC50,IC50值越低,提取物的抑制活性越强,可用于评估果实提取物的生物活性和潜在药用价值。
为综合评价各海棠果的整体品质,对各主成分的载荷值及得分进行计算,不同品种海棠果的载荷图、得分图如图5和图6所示,依据各主成分的方差贡献率,构建综合评价模型F=0.439×PC1+0.139×PC2+0.113×PC3+0.081×PC4+0.054×PC5,其中F为不同品种海棠果的综合得分,反映海棠果品质的优劣,得分较高的海棠果,表明其整体品质较好,可能在物理特征、抗氧化成分、抗氧化能力等方面表现优异。根据其综合得分的高低对不同的海棠果的品质进行排序,结果(表5)表明,‘2010-6’、‘凯尔斯’、‘绚丽’、‘绚丽(9.20)’和‘大棠博来’的综合质量得分较高,说明其综合品质较好,可对其进行深入研究和加工利用,如优先用于品种选育中以保证果实品质;在市场推广中,对综合得分较高的品种进行宣传,以吸引消费者。
聚类分析是一种无监督学习方法,用于将数据集中的对象根据相似性分组成多个簇。如图7所示,可将30种海棠果分为3类,第一类为‘2010-6’,该品种总酚、总黄酮含量最高,抗氧化活性最好,还原糖和可溶性固形物含量较高,但果型偏小,更适合作为活性物质提取的来源,更重要的是,其黄嘌呤氧化酶IC50较低,具有降低体内血清尿酸水平的潜力,可能作为一种有益于高尿酸血症的活性物质的来源。第二类包括‘森林苹果’、‘红勋一号(伊犁)’、‘红勋一号’、‘64-13-9’、‘舞美’、‘勋紫四号’、‘64-13-3’、‘大棠琴红’,除‘森林苹果’外,此类海棠果果肉颜色为红色,花青素含量较为丰富,如将其加工为产品,如果汁、果酒,色泽更加吸引消费者,且有研究表明,红色海棠与绿色海棠相比,能更加有效地减少自由基和诱导癌细胞凋亡[41]。其余海棠果为第三类,个别品种如‘R4’,糖酸比较高,口感较其他海棠果更好,因此可鲜食或加工制成果脯、果酱等产品;‘草原海棠’、‘达尔文’等海棠果根皮苷含量较高,可对其进行提取利用。
本研究选取了30个品种的海棠果,进行了品质指标的测定及相关分析。结果表明,海棠果具有较高的总酚、总黄酮含量(分别为2.749~80.877 mg GAE/g DW、3.522~167.312 mg RE/g DW),大部分海棠果都具有较好的抗氧化活性,且显示出体外黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性,如‘2010-6’的XO抑制活性IC50为2.724 mg/mL。相关性分析结果表明,总酚、总黄酮含量与海棠果实大小、抗氧化活性、黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性呈现较强的相关性。通过PCA分析建立了海棠果实综合评价模型,其中,海棠果‘2010-6’的综合得分最高,是一个品质较好的品种,未来可对其进行活性成分的提取、利用。本研究提供了30种海棠果的基本信息,包括基本营养成分指标和生物活性指标,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,比较了不同品种海棠果的品质,为海棠果精深加工及品种选育方面提供了理论指导,以期解决海棠果的资源浪费现象。另外,本研究表明了海棠果具有体外黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性,但尚未进行体内降尿酸活性的验证,因此后续可对其降尿酸活性进行进一步的验证,探索其缓解高尿酸血症及痛风的功效及机制。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030055
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
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    1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266404
    2青岛市农业科学研究院,山东青岛 266100

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孟祥红(1973−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品营养加工与保鲜,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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